31:
246:
327:, methane from decaying organic matter, fumes from smouldering insulation, or even gasoline poured down the toilet. This can cause a fire, power outages, and in some cases, an explosion. In the United States, they are most common in New York City, with 3,369 "manhole events", including 32 explosions recorded in 2014. They were most common in summer due to increased electricity use. Chicago reported fewer than 10 events with no explosions, despite also using road salt in the winter.
417:...in the several weeks beginning in mid-February 2004, when, slowly at first but with mounting velocity, manhole covers started to disappear from roads and pavements around the world. As Chinese demand drove up the price of scrap metal to record levels, thieves almost everywhere had the same idea. As darkness fell, they levered up the iron covers and sold them to local merchants, who cut them up and loaded them onto ships to China. The first displacements were felt in
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50:
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nuclear tests, a 900-kilogram (1,984 lb) steel plate cap was blasted off the test shaft at an unknown speed and appeared as a blur on a single frame of film of the test. It was never recovered, but it likely burned up in the atmosphere due to friction. If by some stroke of luck the manhole cover
539:
BS9124 for example). EN 124 specifies several weight classes depending on the application and is also being used in some countries outside the
European Union. The lightest class A15 (cast iron) manhole cover can withstand a maximum weight of 1.5 tonnes. It would typically be restricted to light duty
555:
In Japan, a number of manhole covers have been featuring artistic designs since the 1980s. There is enough interest in them to allow merchandise and conventions, with an estimated 12,000 designs spread across Japan by 2019. These could be found in nearly all cities and towns in the country. Popular
546:
The
Fabricated Access Covers Trade Association (FACTA) provides its own specification which came into effect in 2013. It has a similar scope as the EN 124, focuses on wheel loadings and is based on the European standards for structural steelwork. The FACTA specification applies to solid top covers,
334:
is replacing 38,000 maintenance hole covers, starting in high-traffic areas, with a safer design. A rail allows the cover to lift up to 4 inches (100 mm) and let gases escape, but prevents it from flying into the air and damaging buildings or cars or injuring pedestrians. In some places where
93:(especially in Europe, or where cover theft is of concern). Because of law restricting acceptable manual handling weights, Europe has seen a move towards lighter weight composite manhole cover materials, which also have the benefits of greater slip resistance and electrical insulating properties.
200:
A round manhole cover cannot fall through its circular opening, whereas a square manhole cover might fall in if it were inserted diagonally in the hole. The existence of a "lip" holding up the lid means that the underlying hole is smaller than the cover, so that other shapes might suffice. (A
127:
The covers usually feature "pick holes", into which a hook handle tool is inserted to lift them. Pick holes can be concealed for a more watertight lid, or can allow light to shine through. A manhole pick or hook is typically used to lift them, though other tools can be used as well, including
81:
or a combination of the two. This makes them inexpensive, strong, and heavy, usually weighing more than 113 kilograms (249 lb) . The weight helps to keep them in place when traffic passes over them, and makes it difficult for unauthorized people without suitable tools to remove them.
540:
applications in pedestrian areas, gardens, patios, driveways and similar. By contrast, the heaviest class F900 manhole cover can withstand a maximum weight of 90 tons, making it suitable for docks, airports, and other extreme heavy-duty applications.
235:
A round flat metal casting will typically warp in its center (concave or convex) leaving the rim flat and evenly supported, whereas a casting with multiple sides will typically warp at its corners which allows the grate to rock as traffic crosses
335:
road salt is not a concern, the covers have vents to let gases escape. To prevent and mitigate safety problems, the company is also installing monitoring equipment to detect dangerous gases and fires, and increasing inspection frequency.
46:, an opening large enough for a person to pass through that is used as an access point for an underground vault or pipe. It is designed to prevent anyone or anything from falling in, and to keep out unauthorized persons and material.
231:
A round manhole cover can be easily locked in place with a quarter turn (as is done in countries like France), which makes them hard to open without a special tool. Lockable covers do not have to be made as heavy to resist being
164:
Manhole covers may be marked to indicate what sort of services exist under them and what group maintains those services, such as the local water system, telecommunications firm, subway or train services, or natural gas firm.
315:
in New York City. As result of this and other incidents, increased attention has been focused on these hazards, including technical conferences on stray voltage detection and prevention. Insulation failures can be caused by
150:, their ubiquity and the many patterns and descriptions printed on them has led some people to collect pictures of covers from around the world. According to Remo Camerota, the author of a book on the subject titled
257:
Other manhole shapes can be found, usually squares or rectangles. For example, in the United
Kingdom nearly all manhole covers are square or rectangular and very occasionally triangular, but almost never circular.
735:
285:
A robotics research paper in 2011 suggested that robots could examine the shapes of specific manhole covers and use them to calculate their geographic position, as a double-check on GPS data.
266:, is unusual for having triangular manhole covers that point in the direction of the underlying flow. In 2011, the city began gradually phasing out the triangles, which were made by a local
189:. Originally meant as a psychological assessment of how one approaches a question with more than one correct answer, the problem has produced a number of alternative explanations, from the
218:
The bearing surfaces of manhole frames and covers are machined to assure flatness and prevent them from becoming dislodged by traffic. Round castings are much easier to machine using a
1151:
844:
215:
A round manhole cover of a given diameter has a smaller surface area than a square cover of the same width, thus less material is needed to cast the manhole cover, meaning lower cost.
643:
96:
A manhole cover sits on a metal base, with a smaller inset rim which fits the cover. The base and cover are sometimes called "castings", because they are usually made by a
168:
The name "manhole" is sometimes changed to make it gender neutral. The city of
Berkeley, California, for example, changed the official term to "maintenance hole" in 2019.
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712:
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EN 124 does not apply for gratings of prefabricated drainage channels (according to EN 1433) or floor and roof gullies in buildings (specified in EN 1253-1).
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519:. After the event, Dr. Robert R. Brownlee described the best estimate of the cover's speed from the photographic evidence as "going like a bat out of hell!"
817:
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more than 10,000 manhole covers were taken in two months in 2004. These were replaced with concrete covers, but these were also stolen, this time for the
375:
of the car he was following, a
Courage C24 Porsche. This caused the trailing Porsche to catch fire, and safety issues ended the race shortly afterwards.
270:, because they were not large enough to meet modern safety standards and a manufacturer for larger triangles could not be found. Some manhole covers in
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tops with a clear opening up to 1 m for areas subjected to pedestrian or vehicular traffic (covers with a clear opening over 1 m are specified in the
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to lift a manhole cover off its recess. During races on city streets, manhole covers must therefore be welded or locked down to prevent injury. In
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How Would You Move Mount Fuji? Microsoft's Cult of the Puzzle – How the World's
Smartest Company Selects the Most Creative Thinkers
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429:... Wherever the sun set, pilferers worked to satisfy China's hunger. More than 150 covers disappeared during one month in
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Round tubes are the strongest and most material-efficient shape against the compression of the earth around them.
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A manhole cover was accidentally launched from its shaft during an underground nuclear test in 1957. During the
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1269:"The fastest object ever launched was a manhole cover — here's the story from the guy who shot it into space"
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had made it into orbit, it would have been the first man-made object to do so, as it pre-dated the launch of
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818:"City inevitably must replace unique triangular manhole covers | News, Sports, Jobs - The Nashua Telegraph"
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The Boston area experienced 62 "events" in 2021 (down from 212 in 2018). As of 2022, local utility company
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recessed covers designed for structural or non-structural infill and surface drainage products.
421:, the island country just off China's southeast coast. The next were in other neighbors such as
154:, 95% of Japanese municipalities have their own cover design, often with colorful inlaid paint.
131:
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issues have become a significant concern for utilities. On
January 16, 2004, Jodie S. Lane was
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The question of why manhole covers are typically round (in some countries) was made famous by
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2019:
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1997:
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1227:"Learning to Contain Underground Nuclear Explosions By Dr. Robert R. Brownlee - June 2002"
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394:, where missing manhole covers caused at least eight deaths in 2004. According to China's
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97:
49:
1503:
1170:"10,000 manhole covers vanish - Fingers pointed at Growing craze for Drugs, SNAP lottery"
107:
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2012:
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921:"East Village Woman Was Electrocuted on Street With Metal Plate, Medical Examiner Says"
598:
462:
461:, nearly 200 grates and covers were stolen in 2004. A manhole cover designed by artist
62:
1341:"Manhole Mania: Exploring Japan's Trendy Manhole Cover Art! | LIVE JAPAN travel guide"
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by 38 days. A calculation before the event gave a predicted speed of six times Earth
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2002:
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After manhole explosions near U, Met
Council warns not to flush gas down the toilet
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Ancient Roman sewer grate made out of lime sandstone, 1st century AD, excavated at
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would also serve this purpose, but round covers are much easier to manufacture.)
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977:"The solution to Boston's manhole explosions is an engineering 'game changer'"
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278:, are triangular, and hinged. Some triangular water-main covers also exist in
193:("Manhole covers are round because manholes are round") to the philosophical.
17:
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1036:"Manhole covers and memorial plaques: what's being stolen in the recession?"
588:
512:
437:'s "great drain robbery" saw more than a hundred vanish in a few days. From
317:
182:
74:
54:
119:
1590:(More than a hundred different kinds of manhole covers from Nagoya, Japan)
1587:
1213:"Chatham County police ask for help after dozens of manhole covers stolen"
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Removable plate atop an opening large enough for a person to pass through
61:
Manhole covers date back at least to the era of ancient Rome, which had
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The utilization of manhole covers as street art has also been done in
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1987:
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Circular covers do not need to be rotated to align with the manhole.
161:, usually for resale as scrap, particularly when metal prices rise.
1445:"Young Saigoneers Turn Manhole Covers Into Street Art | Saigoneer"
477:
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106:
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29:
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Dual carriageway / Divided highway / Expressway
1593:
1152:"Gormless: someone has stolen the Anthony Gormley manhole cover!"
249:
Scrapped manholes and covers of various shapes at a road work in
1624:
398:, about "240,000 manhole and street-drain covers were stolen in
1597:
1011:"Real Flying Saucers: Why Manhole Covers Take Flight in Summer"
228:
A round manhole cover can be more easily moved by being rolled.
2455:
1111:
944:
1530:
Designs
Underfoot: The Art of Manhole Covers in New York City
1582:
42:
is a removable plate forming the lid over the opening of a
1419:"Foreigners praise Taiwan 'street art' painted on manhole"
320:, age, rats biting the wires, or vibrations from traffic.
710:"Hundreds of manhole covers stolen around Genesee County"
564:, have also been featured in the covers with hundreds of
1061:"Woman falls down sewer after thieves steal drain cover"
774:
ABC News: "Berkeley switches manhole to maintenance hole
783:
781:
465:
was stolen in 2013, ten years after its installation.
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1975:
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899:"I, for one, welcome our manhole-seeking overlords"
877:"picture of triangular water-main in San Francisco"
623:"enotes.com: How Products are Made - Manhole Cover"
498:reported 30 manhole covers stolen in a single day.
789:
364:(located in a public park in Montreal, Quebec), a
1248:"Operation Plumbob at the Nuclear Weapon Archive"
594:List of New York City manhole cover abbreviations
383:The theft of manhole covers often increases when
338:Because of their aerodynamic design, some modern
323:Electrical arcing can ignite insulation, leaking
845:"Nashua's triangular covers historic and unique"
699:, December 21, 2005. Accessed December 19, 2008.
642:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
390:Manhole cover theft can be a serious problem in
449:, unsuspecting pedestrians stumbled into holes.
311:after stepping on a metal manhole cover, while
146:Although the covers are too large to be easily
371:struck a manhole cover that was lifted by the
1609:
1393:"Just What Japan Needs: More Gundam Manholes"
970:
968:
966:
964:
8:
725:, July 14, 2008. Accessed December 19, 2008.
157:Despite their weight and cumbersome nature,
1195:"Stolen manhole covers put 'lives at risk'"
2408:
2053:
1640:
1616:
1602:
1594:
625:. Archived from the original on 2008-12-09
1005:
1003:
761:"$ 15,000 in Manhole Covers Stolen in Va"
691:"Severely punish theft of manhole covers"
1572:– exhaustive article by Debbie Moorhouse
1525:. San Francisco: Blurb Books. (No ISBN.)
1107:"Putting a lid on rampant manhole theft"
1508:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press.
1293:
1291:
1289:
1115:. Beijing. Mar 15, 2005. Archived from
614:
1475:Drainspotting: Japanese Manhole Covers
975:Alexander Thompson (August 10, 2022).
949:Jodie S. Lane Public Safety Foundation
635:
2712:Median / Central reservation
1367:"Street art: Japanese manhole covers"
919:Ramirez, Anthony (January 19, 2004).
491:had dozens of manhole covers stolen.
196:Reasons for the shape might include:
85:Manhole covers may also be made from
73:Manhole covers are often made out of
7:
1583:The ultimate manhole covers web site
1313:Manhole Cover Sizes and Applications
1301:, pages 6ff, Kent Stainless, Ireland
1132:"Manhole covers vanish in the night"
666:, September 29, 2011, archived from
502:1957 Operation Plumbbob nuclear test
1566:concerning manhole cover explosions
1178:. September 7, 2004. Archived from
1087:"China manhole thefts prove deadly"
159:manhole covers are sometimes stolen
2630:Risk compensation (road transport)
1570:Manhole Covers in Space—and Online
1477:. New York: Mark Batty Publisher.
1154:. December 4, 2013. Archived from
25:
1215:. FOX 5 Atlanta. January 7, 2022.
843:Brooks, David (August 21, 2011).
2996:Glossary of road transport terms
1023:from the original on 2022-12-06.
1532:. Sharon, Conn.: Design Books.
1316:, June 13, 2017, archived from
531:of 1994 applies to manhole and
185:when they began asking it as a
1130:Muir, Hugh (25 October 2004).
1:
2978:Pavement performance modeling
2968:International roughness index
1588:manhole archives 元東京人の名古屋まち歩き
566:Pokémon-themed manhole covers
111:Pick holes in manhole cover,
34:A round manhole and its cover
2973:Present serviceability index
2767:Sidewalk / Pavement
2312:Diamond grinding of pavement
788:Poundstone, William (2003).
355:World Sportscar Championship
2945:Underpass / Tunnel
2940:Overpass / Flyover
2694:High-occupancy vehicle lane
2584:Driving under the influence
1658:Freeway / Motorway
3053:
1872:Highway systems by country
1522:Transylvanian Street Metal
1034:Ryan, Susan (2012-06-10).
897:Marks, Paul (2011-02-08).
556:media franchises, such as
292:
123:Manhole valve made in 2022
2991:
2983:Granular base equivalency
2802:Traffic signal preemption
2210:Right-in/right-out (RIRO)
2116:Single-point urban (SPUI)
1551:The Pascal-B nuclear test
1519:Raymond, Douglas (2007).
658:"Japanese manhole covers"
483:In March and April 2012,
413:describes the phenomenon:
362:Circuit Gilles Villeneuve
135:Painted manhole cover in
2963:Pavement condition index
2689:High-occupancy toll lane
2684:Contraflow lane reversal
2659:Barrier transfer machine
736:"Time Warner Cable News"
87:glass-reinforced plastic
65:grates made from stone.
3032:Subterranea (geography)
1817:Express-collector setup
1473:Camerota, Remo (2010).
1175:The Telegraph (Kolkata)
824:. No. 28 July 2012
822:www.nashuatelegraph.com
496:Chatham County, Georgia
207:curve of constant width
3001:Road types by features
2896:Raised pavement marker
2863:Constant-slope barrier
2787:Traffic directionality
2777:Street running railway
2200:Protected intersection
1564:State of Massachusetts
1528:Stuart, Diana (2003).
523:Loading classification
489:Niagara Falls, Ontario
451:
407:China Shakes the World
254:
187:job-interview question
143:
124:
116:
58:
35:
2858:Concrete step barrier
2195:Offset T-intersection
1577:Collections of photos
1267:Harrington, Rebecca.
1199:niagarafallsreview.ca
415:
248:
134:
122:
113:Palo Alto, California
110:
52:
33:
2901:Road surface marking
2599:Single-vehicle crash
2322:Full depth recycling
2220:Seagull intersection
1229:. Radiochemistry.org
1182:on October 10, 2004.
57:(present-day Vienna)
2727:Pedestrian crossing
2290:Reinforced concrete
2126:Three-level diamond
1837:Two-lane expressway
1822:Farm-to-market road
289:Security and safety
2757:Runaway truck ramp
2579:Driver's education
2367:Rubberized asphalt
2302:Crocodile cracking
2225:Split intersection
1993:Hierarchy of roads
1954:Single carriageway
1425:. 24 December 2020
1158:on April 13, 2014.
1019:. 19 August 2015.
715:2008-08-29 at the
663:Governing Magazine
527:The European norm
508:Operation Plumbbob
494:In December 2021,
396:Xinhua News Agency
255:
144:
125:
117:
91:composite material
59:
36:
3009:
3008:
2817:Wide outside lane
2643:
2642:
2620:Automotive safety
2501:Road slipperiness
2248:
2247:
2096:Diverging diamond
2043:
2042:
1959:Single-track road
1901:Bicycle boulevard
1140:. guardian.co.uk.
796:. Little, Brown.
387:prices are high.
295:Urban exploration
203:Reuleaux triangle
16:(Redirected from
3044:
3027:Public utilities
3022:Street furniture
2853:Cat's eye (road)
2674:Complete streets
2446:Dead Man's Curve
2409:
2347:Pavement milling
2262:Asphalt concrete
2205:Quadrant roadway
2146:
2068:
2054:
2020:Street hierarchy
1668:Elevated highway
1641:
1618:
1611:
1604:
1595:
1496:
1461:
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1458:
1456:
1441:
1435:
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1432:
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1415:
1409:
1408:
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1389:
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1356:
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1352:
1337:
1331:
1330:
1329:
1328:
1322:
1308:
1302:
1295:
1284:
1283:
1281:
1279:
1273:Business Insider
1264:
1258:
1257:
1255:
1254:
1244:
1238:
1237:
1235:
1234:
1223:
1217:
1216:
1209:
1203:
1202:
1190:
1184:
1183:
1166:
1160:
1159:
1148:
1142:
1141:
1127:
1121:
1120:
1103:
1097:
1096:
1083:
1077:
1076:
1074:
1072:
1057:
1051:
1050:
1048:
1046:
1031:
1025:
1024:
1007:
998:
993:
987:
986:
982:The Boston Globe
972:
959:
958:
956:
955:
941:
935:
934:
932:
931:
916:
910:
909:
907:
906:
894:
888:
887:
885:
884:
873:
867:
866:
864:
862:
857:on July 25, 2015
853:. Archived from
850:Nashua Telegraph
840:
834:
833:
831:
829:
814:
808:
807:
795:
785:
776:
771:
765:
764:
763:. 10 March 2014.
757:
751:
750:
748:
747:
738:. Archived from
732:
726:
706:
700:
687:
681:
680:
679:
678:
672:
654:
648:
647:
641:
633:
631:
630:
619:
537:British Standard
303:In urban areas,
128:electromagnets.
21:
3052:
3051:
3047:
3046:
3045:
3043:
3042:
3041:
3012:
3011:
3010:
3005:
2987:
2955:
2949:
2920:
2911:Traffic barrier
2871:F-Shape barrier
2826:
2782:Traffic calming
2742:Reversible lane
2732:Pedestrian zone
2717:Motorcycle lane
2679:Contraflow lane
2651:time allocation
2650:
2639:
2635:Underride guard
2603:
2565:
2451:Expansion joint
2413:
2403:
2396:
2382:Stamped asphalt
2244:
2175:Continuous flow
2148:
2144:
2143:
2135:
2069:
2065:grade-separated
2062:
2061:
2039:
1998:Private highway
1971:
1876:
1790:
1672:
1630:
1622:
1579:
1547:
1485:
1472:
1469:
1467:Further reading
1464:
1454:
1452:
1443:
1442:
1438:
1428:
1426:
1417:
1416:
1412:
1402:
1400:
1391:
1390:
1386:
1376:
1374:
1365:
1364:
1360:
1350:
1348:
1347:. 16 April 2019
1339:
1338:
1334:
1326:
1324:
1320:
1310:
1309:
1305:
1296:
1287:
1277:
1275:
1266:
1265:
1261:
1252:
1250:
1246:
1245:
1241:
1232:
1230:
1225:
1224:
1220:
1211:
1210:
1206:
1193:Tony Ricciuto.
1192:
1191:
1187:
1168:
1167:
1163:
1150:
1149:
1145:
1129:
1128:
1124:
1105:
1104:
1100:
1085:
1084:
1080:
1070:
1068:
1059:
1058:
1054:
1044:
1042:
1033:
1032:
1028:
1009:
1008:
1001:
994:
990:
974:
973:
962:
953:
951:
943:
942:
938:
929:
927:
918:
917:
913:
904:
902:
901:. New Scientist
896:
895:
891:
882:
880:
875:
874:
870:
860:
858:
842:
841:
837:
827:
825:
816:
815:
811:
804:
787:
786:
779:
772:
768:
759:
758:
754:
745:
743:
734:
733:
729:
717:Wayback Machine
707:
703:
688:
684:
676:
674:
670:
656:
655:
651:
634:
628:
626:
621:
620:
616:
612:
585:
553:
525:
517:escape velocity
504:
468:In the city of
381:
366:Brun Motorsport
313:walking her dog
301:
291:
243:
179:
174:
98:casting process
71:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3050:
3048:
3040:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3014:
3013:
3007:
3006:
3004:
3003:
2998:
2992:
2989:
2988:
2986:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2959:
2957:
2951:
2950:
2948:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2928:
2926:
2922:
2921:
2919:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2881:Jersey barrier
2878:
2873:
2868:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2834:
2832:
2828:
2827:
2825:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2812:Unused highway
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2792:Traffic island
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2655:
2653:
2645:
2644:
2641:
2640:
2638:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2611:
2609:
2605:
2604:
2602:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2589:Drowsy driving
2586:
2581:
2575:
2573:
2567:
2566:
2564:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2471:Level crossing
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2417:
2415:
2406:
2398:
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2395:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2293:
2292:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2269:
2264:
2258:
2256:
2250:
2249:
2246:
2245:
2243:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2170:Channelization
2167:
2162:
2157:
2155:3-way junction
2151:
2149:
2140:
2137:
2136:
2134:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2072:
2070:
2057:
2051:
2049:Road junctions
2045:
2044:
2041:
2040:
2038:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2016:
2015:
2013:business route
2010:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1979:
1977:
1973:
1972:
1970:
1969:
1964:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1943:
1941:Primitive road
1938:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1884:
1882:
1878:
1877:
1875:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1812:County highway
1809:
1807:Collector road
1804:
1798:
1796:
1792:
1791:
1789:
1788:
1783:
1781:United Kingdom
1778:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1716:Czech Republic
1713:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1682:
1680:
1674:
1673:
1671:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1649:
1647:
1645:Limited-access
1638:
1632:
1631:
1623:
1621:
1620:
1613:
1606:
1598:
1592:
1591:
1585:
1578:
1575:
1574:
1573:
1567:
1553:
1546:
1545:External links
1543:
1542:
1541:
1526:
1517:
1505:Manhole Covers
1497:
1483:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1462:
1436:
1423:The China Post
1410:
1399:. 20 July 2021
1384:
1358:
1332:
1303:
1285:
1259:
1239:
1218:
1204:
1185:
1161:
1143:
1122:
1119:on 2005-03-20.
1098:
1078:
1052:
1026:
999:
988:
960:
936:
925:New York Times
911:
889:
868:
835:
809:
802:
777:
766:
752:
727:
708:Mickle, Bryn.
701:
682:
649:
613:
611:
608:
607:
606:
601:
599:Public utility
596:
591:
584:
581:
568:across Japan.
552:
549:
524:
521:
503:
500:
463:Antony Gormley
380:
377:
342:create enough
290:
287:
242:
239:
238:
237:
233:
229:
226:
223:
216:
213:
210:
178:
175:
173:
170:
70:
67:
26:
24:
18:Manhole covers
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3049:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3019:
3017:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2993:
2990:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2960:
2958:
2952:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2930:
2929:
2927:
2923:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2891:Noise barrier
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2848:Cable barrier
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2835:
2833:
2829:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2797:Traffic lanes
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2737:Refuge island
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2702:Living street
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2669:Climbing lane
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2656:
2654:
2652:
2646:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2612:
2610:
2606:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2576:
2574:
2572:
2571:Human factors
2568:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2536:Traffic light
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2486:Oversize load
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2476:Manhole cover
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2418:
2416:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2399:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2307:Crushed stone
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2291:
2288:
2287:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2259:
2257:
2255:
2251:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2190:Michigan left
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2142:Intersections
2138:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2091:Directional T
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2073:
2071:
2066:
2060:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2046:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2008:special route
2006:
2005:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1980:
1978:
1974:
1968:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1926:Frontage road
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1886:
1885:
1883:
1879:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1802:Arterial road
1800:
1799:
1797:
1793:
1787:
1786:United States
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1683:
1681:
1679:
1675:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1650:
1648:
1646:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1636:Types of road
1633:
1629:
1626:
1619:
1614:
1612:
1607:
1605:
1600:
1599:
1596:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1580:
1576:
1571:
1568:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1548:
1544:
1539:
1538:1-58574-639-8
1535:
1531:
1527:
1524:
1523:
1518:
1515:
1514:0-262-13302-4
1511:
1507:
1506:
1501:
1500:Melnick, Mimi
1498:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1484:9780982075470
1480:
1476:
1471:
1470:
1466:
1451:. 15 May 2017
1450:
1449:saigoneer.com
1446:
1440:
1437:
1424:
1420:
1414:
1411:
1398:
1394:
1388:
1385:
1373:. 17 May 2019
1372:
1368:
1362:
1359:
1346:
1342:
1336:
1333:
1323:on 2017-12-05
1319:
1315:
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1300:
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1214:
1208:
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1200:
1196:
1189:
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1177:
1176:
1171:
1165:
1162:
1157:
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1144:
1139:
1138:
1133:
1126:
1123:
1118:
1114:
1113:
1108:
1102:
1099:
1095:. 2004-01-29.
1094:
1093:
1088:
1082:
1079:
1067:. 16 Nov 2011
1066:
1065:The Telegraph
1062:
1056:
1053:
1041:
1040:TheJournal.ie
1037:
1030:
1027:
1022:
1018:
1017:
1012:
1006:
1004:
1000:
997:
992:
989:
984:
983:
978:
971:
969:
967:
965:
961:
950:
946:
940:
937:
926:
922:
915:
912:
900:
893:
890:
878:
872:
869:
856:
852:
851:
846:
839:
836:
823:
819:
813:
810:
805:
803:0-316-91916-0
799:
794:
793:
784:
782:
778:
775:
770:
767:
762:
756:
753:
742:on 2014-04-13
741:
737:
731:
728:
724:
723:
722:Flint Journal
718:
714:
711:
705:
702:
698:
697:
692:
686:
683:
673:on 2018-08-27
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541:
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530:
522:
520:
518:
514:
509:
501:
499:
497:
492:
490:
486:
485:Ajax, Ontario
481:
480:inside them.
479:
475:
471:
466:
464:
460:
456:
450:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
414:
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408:
403:
401:
397:
393:
388:
386:
378:
376:
374:
373:ground effect
370:
367:
363:
359:
356:
353:
350:, during the
349:
345:
341:
336:
333:
328:
326:
321:
319:
314:
310:
306:
305:stray voltage
300:
299:Stray voltage
296:
288:
286:
283:
281:
280:San Francisco
277:
273:
269:
265:
264:New Hampshire
261:
252:
247:
240:
234:
230:
227:
224:
221:
217:
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208:
204:
199:
198:
197:
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176:
171:
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160:
155:
153:
152:Drainspotting
149:
142:
138:
133:
129:
121:
114:
109:
105:
103:
99:
94:
92:
88:
83:
80:
76:
68:
66:
64:
56:
51:
47:
45:
41:
40:manhole cover
32:
19:
3037:Road hazards
2916:Traffic cone
2906:Rumble strip
2807:Truck bypass
2762:Shared space
2722:Passing lane
2707:Managed lane
2664:Bicycle lane
2546:Washboarding
2541:Traffic sign
2475:
2466:Hairpin turn
2235:Texas U-turn
2165:Box junction
2059:Interchanges
2003:Route number
1911:Country lane
1653:Bike freeway
1529:
1521:
1504:
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855:the original
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740:the original
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689:Liu Shinan.
685:
675:, retrieved
668:the original
661:
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627:. Retrieved
617:
604:Scruffy dome
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447:Kuala Lumpur
416:
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309:electrocuted
302:
284:
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191:tautological
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126:
104:techniques.
102:sand-casting
100:, typically
95:
84:
72:
60:
39:
37:
2954:Performance
2886:Kassel kerb
2843:Botts' dots
2831:Demarcation
2531:Storm drain
2496:Road debris
2421:Aquaplaning
2414:environment
2402:Road safety
2280:Cobblestone
2230:Superstreet
2035:Winter road
1983:Concurrency
1976:Other terms
1967:Sunken lane
1936:Main street
1881:Local roads
696:China Daily
533:storm drain
459:East London
411:James Kynge
385:scrap metal
369:Porsche 962
340:racing cars
325:natural gas
148:collectible
69:Description
3016:Categories
2956:indicators
2925:Structures
2876:Guard rail
2752:Road verge
2625:Seat belts
2561:Snowsquall
2526:Speed bump
2506:Road train
2327:Glassphalt
2267:Bioasphalt
2240:Turnaround
2215:Roundabout
2145:(at-grade)
2111:Roundabout
2076:Cloverleaf
1931:Green lane
1867:Trunk road
1795:Main roads
1678:By country
1455:1 December
1429:1 December
1403:1 December
1377:1 December
1351:1 December
1345:LIVE JAPAN
1327:2017-06-21
1299:"Manholes"
1278:9 December
1253:2011-04-08
1233:2011-04-08
1092:BBC Online
954:2011-06-02
930:2009-12-03
905:2011-04-08
883:2013-12-05
861:August 21,
746:2014-04-13
677:2016-01-09
629:2007-11-18
610:References
443:Gloucester
427:Kyrgyzstan
402:in 2004."
332:Eversource
293:See also:
232:dislodged.
2747:Road diet
2649:Space and
2594:Road rage
2481:Oil spill
2441:Crosswind
2431:Black ice
2426:Avalanche
2352:Permeable
2185:Jughandle
2180:Hook turn
2086:Free-flow
2030:Toll road
1949:Side road
1906:Boulevard
1862:Super two
1857:Ring road
1832:Link road
1731:Hong Kong
1686:Australia
1628:hierarchy
1493:317463479
1321:(website)
1297:Brochure
879:. Maa.org
828:24 August
671:(website)
589:Coal hole
513:Sputnik 1
318:road salt
205:or other
183:Microsoft
89:or other
75:cast iron
55:Vindobona
2935:Causeway
2772:Shoulder
2608:Vehicles
2556:Whiteout
2516:Rockfall
2511:Roadkill
2436:Bleeding
2412:Road and
2372:Sealcoat
2297:Corduroy
2285:Concrete
2275:Chipseal
2254:Surfaces
2106:Raindrop
1921:Driveway
1916:Dead end
1896:Backroad
1847:2+2 road
1842:2+1 road
1766:Portugal
1756:Pakistan
1562:for the
1502:(1999).
1371:CBS News
1021:Archived
1016:NBC News
713:Archived
638:cite web
583:See also
439:Montreal
435:Scotland
423:Mongolia
272:Hamilton
253:, Sweden
177:Circular
79:concrete
2838:Bollard
2822:Woonerf
2551:Washout
2491:Pothole
2404:factors
2392:Texture
2362:Plastic
2342:Macadam
2131:Trumpet
2081:Diamond
1852:Parkway
1827:Highway
1741:Ireland
1721:Germany
1711:Croatia
1691:Belgium
1560:Siemens
1071:2 April
1045:2 April
577:Vietnam
562:Pokémon
470:Kolkata
431:Chicago
400:Beijing
352:Group C
276:Bermuda
268:foundry
251:Brastad
44:manhole
2931:Bridge
2615:Airbag
2387:Tarmac
2332:Gravel
2160:Bowtie
2101:Parclo
2025:Stroad
1988:Detour
1963:Street
1891:Avenue
1776:Taiwan
1761:Poland
1726:Greece
1701:Canada
1696:Brazil
1556:Report
1536:
1512:
1491:
1481:
1397:Kotaku
800:
573:Taiwan
558:Gundam
551:As art
529:EN 124
455:Newham
419:Taiwan
344:vacuum
260:Nashua
2357:Plank
2271:Brick
2121:Stack
1887:Alley
1771:Spain
1751:Nepal
1746:Italy
1736:India
1706:China
478:rebar
474:India
392:China
379:Theft
241:Other
220:lathe
172:Shape
141:Japan
137:Osaka
115:, USA
63:sewer
2867:Curb
2698:Lane
2461:Ford
2377:Sett
2317:Dirt
1945:Road
1625:Road
1534:ISBN
1510:ISBN
1489:OCLC
1479:ISBN
1457:2021
1431:2021
1405:2021
1379:2021
1353:2021
1280:2020
1073:2014
1047:2014
863:2011
830:2018
798:ISBN
644:link
575:and
560:and
487:and
425:and
358:race
348:1990
297:and
2521:Rut
2456:Fog
2337:Ice
1558:by
1112:CNN
453:In
445:to
441:to
405:In
360:at
236:it.
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