Manila galleon - Knowledge

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its review, NPS obtained independent, confidential comments from professional historians. The NPS staff concluded that the Drake's Cove site is the "most probable" and "most likely" Drake landing site. The National Park System Advisory Board Landmarks Committee sought public comments on the Port of Nova Albion Historic and Archaeological District Nomination and received more than two dozen letters of support and none in opposition. At the Committee's meeting of November 9, 2011, in Washington, DC, representatives of the government of Spain, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and Congresswoman Lynn Wolsey all spoke in favor of the nomination: there was no opposition. Staff and the Drake Navigators Guild's president,

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did find Hawaii during their voyages, they would not have published their findings and the discovery would have remained unknown. From Gaetano's account, the Hawaiian islands were not known to have any valuable resources, so the Spanish would not have made an effort to settle them. This happened in the case of the Marianas and the Carolines, which were not effectively settled until the second half of the 17th century. Spanish archives contain a chart that depicts islands in the latitude of Hawaii but with the longitude ten degrees east of the Islands (

669: 430: 1608:, gave the presentation. The Nomination was strongly endorsed by committee member Dr. James M. Allan, Archaeologist, and the Committee as a whole which approved the nomination unanimously. The National Park System Advisory Board sought further public comments on the Nomination, but no additional comments were received. At the Board's meeting on December 1, 2011, in Florida, the nomination was further reviewed: the Board approved the nomination unanimously. On October 16, 2012, Secretary of the Interior 382: 1453: 862: 441: 1439: 1467: 607: 1310: 1286: 709: 767:, processed silk cloth and other valuable commodities. Cargoes varied from one voyage to another but often included goods from all over Asia: jade, wax, gunpowder and silk from China; amber, cotton and rugs from India; spices from Indonesia and Malaysia; and a variety of goods from Japan, the Spanish part of the so-called 1076:

Sailors averaged age 28 or 29 while the oldest were between 40 and 50. Ships' pages were children who entered service mostly at age 8, many orphans or poor taken from the streets of Seville, Mexico and Manila. Apprentices were older than the pages and if successful would be certified as sailor at age

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Monterey, California, was about two months and three weeks out from Manila in the 18th century, and the galleon tended to stop there 40 days before arriving in Acapulco. Galleons stopped in Monterey prior to California's Spanish settlement in 1769; however, visits became regular between 1777 and 1794

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in exchange for New World silver. Silver prices in Asia were substantially higher than in America, leading to an arbitrage opportunity for the Manila galleon. Most of the cargo value exchanged for silver consisted in luxurious goods from all Asia such as Indian ivory and precious stones, Chinese silk

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of Filipino and Southeast Asian origin made up the majority of the crew. Other crew were made up of deportees and criminals from Spain and the colonies. Many criminals were sentenced to serve as crew on royal ships. Less than a third of the crew was Spanish and they usually held key positions aboard

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Due to the route's high profitability but long voyage time, it was essential to build the largest possible galleons, which were the largest class of European ships known to have been built until then. In the 16th century, they averaged from 1,700 to 2,000 tons, were built of Philippine hardwoods and

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The Manila–Acapulco galleon trade ended in 1815, a few years before Mexico gained independence from Spain in 1821. After this, the Spanish Crown took direct control of the Philippines, and governed directly from Madrid. Sea transport became easier in the mid-19th century after the invention of steam

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in masses held by the Archbishop of Manila. If the expedition was successful the voyagers would go to La Ermita (the church) to pay homage, and offer gold and other precious gems or jewelries from Hispanic countries to the image of the virgin. So it came to be that the virgin was named the "Queen of

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and thence to Spain itself. Many of the so-called "Kastilas" or Spaniards in the Philippines were actually of Mexican descent, and the Hispanic culture of the Philippines is influenced by Spanish and Mexican culture in particular. Soldiers and settlers recruited from Mexico and Peru also gathered in

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In 2010, the Philippines foreign affairs secretary organized a diplomatic reception attended by at least 32 countries, for discussions about the historic galleon trade and the possible establishment of a galleon museum. Various Mexican and Filipino institutions and politicians also made discussions

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commanded a fleet of six ships that left Acapulco in 1542 with a Spanish sailor named Ivan Gaetan or Juan Gaetano aboard as pilot. Depending on the interpretation, Gaetano's reports seem to describe the discovery of either Hawaii or the Marshall Islands in 1555. If it was Hawaii, Gaetano would have

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based in Seville. This led to the passing of a decree in 1593 that set a limit of two ships sailing each year from either port, with one kept in reserve in Acapulco and one in Manila. An "armada", or armed escort of galleons, was also approved. Due to official attempts to control the galleon trade,

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By the 18th century, it was understood that a less northerly track was sufficient when nearing the North American coast, and galleon navigators steered well clear of the rocky and often fogbound northern and central California coast. According to historian William Lytle Schurz, "They generally made

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The Drakes Cove site began its review by the National Park Service (NPS) in 1994, thus starting an 18-year study of the suggested Drake sites. The first formal nomination to mark the Nova Albion site at Drake's Cove as a National Historic Landmark was provided to NPS on January 1, 1996. As part of

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The westward route from Mexico passed south of Hawaii, making a short stopover in Guam before heading for Manila. The exact route was kept secret to protect the Spanish trade monopoly against competing powers, and to avoid Dutch and English pirates. Due to this policy of discretion, if the Spanish

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At port, goods were unloaded by dockworkers, and food was often supplied locally. In Acapulco, the arrival of the galleons provided seasonal work, as for dockworkers who were typically free black men highly paid for their back breaking labor, and for farmers and haciendas across Mexico who helped

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maintains that the Spanish did not have the ability to properly explore the Pacific Ocean and were not capable of finding the islands which lay at a latitude 20° north of the westbound galleon route and its currents. However, Spanish exploration in the Pacific was paramount until the late 18th

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and as a fundamental source of income for Spanish colonists in the Philippine Islands. Galleons used for the trade between East and West were crafted by Filipino artisans. Until 1593, two or more ships would set sail annually from each port. The Manila trade became so lucrative that

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20. Mortality rates were high with ships arriving in Manila with a majority of their crew often dead from starvation, disease and scurvy, especially in the early years, so Spanish officials in Manila found it difficult to find men to crew their ships to return to Acapulco. Many

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Some scholars, particularly American, have dismissed these claims as lacking credibility. Debate continues as to whether the Hawaiian Islands were actually visited by the Spanish in the 16th century with researchers like Richard W. Rogers looking for evidence of Spanish

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In 2015, the Unesco National Commission of the Philippines (Unacom) and the Department of Foreign Affairs organized an expert's meeting to discuss the trade route's nomination. Some of the topics presented include the Spanish colonial shipyards in

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in the Pacific. These ships traveled solo, outside the convoy system of the galleons. While these solo voyages would not immediately replace the galleon system, they were more efficient and better able to avoid being captured by the

515:, off the east coast of Japan, before catching the westerlies that would take them back across the Pacific. He commanded a vessel which completed the eastward voyage in 129 days; this marked the opening of the Manila galleon trade. 289:

and porcelain, cloves from the Moluccas islands, cinnamon from Ceylon and ginger, lacquers, tibores, tapestries and perfumes from all Asia. In addition, Filipino slaves were also traded to Mexico from 1505 to the mid 1600s (

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The first motivation for land exploration of present-day California was to scout out possible way stations for the seaworn Manila galleons on the last leg of their journey. Early proposals came to little, but in 1769, the

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The trade of goods and exchanges of people were not limited to Mexico and the Philippines, since Guatemala, Panama, Ecuador, and Peru also served as supplementary streams to the main one between Mexico and Philippines.

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The cargoes arrived in Acapulco and were transported by land across Mexico. Mule trains would carry the goods along the China Road from Acapulco first to the administrative center of Mexico City, then on to the port of

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of various origins, including East Africa, Portuguese India, the Muslim sultanates of Southeast Asia, and the Spanish Philippines, were transported from Manila and sold in New Spain. African slaves were categorized as

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in a painted boat with an awning or canopy over the stern. They were dressed in clothing of white and yellow, and one wore a sword at his side and a feather in his hat. On landing, they kneeled down in prayer. The

1349:, a writer and missionary who lived in early 19th century Hawaii, and recorded several folk stories about foreigners who had visited Hawaii prior to first contact with Cook. According to Hawaiian writer 1090:, and had goods transported by muleteers, which provided opportunities for indigenous people in Mexico. By providing for the galleons, Spanish colonial America was tied into the broader global economy. 1398:. Spain has also backed the nomination and suggested that the archives related to the route under the possession of the Philippines, Mexico, and Spain be nominated as part of another UNESCO list, the 538:, arriving on October 8, 1565. Most of his crew died on the long initial voyage, for which they had not sufficiently provisioned. Arellano, who had taken a more southerly route, had already arrived. 3111: 3294:

Oropeza Keresey, Deborah (2007). "Los 'indios chinos' en la Nueva España: la inmigración de la Nao de China, 1565–1700." PhD dissertation, El Colegio de México, Centro de Estudios Históricos.

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bound for Spain. The transport of goods overland by porters, the housing of travelers and sailors at inns by innkeepers, and the stocking of long voyages with food and supplies provided by

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of the Philippines. Even after the galleon era, and at the time when Mexico finally gained its independence, the two nations still continued to trade, except for a brief lull during the

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Over 250 years, there were hundreds of Manila galleon crossings of the Pacific Ocean between present-day Mexico and the Philippines, with their route taking them just south of the

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It took at least four months to sail across the Pacific Ocean from Manila to Acapulco, and the galleons were the main link between the Philippines and the viceregal capital at

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and six galleys were constructed in Philippine shipyards. The average cost was 78,000 pesos per galleon and at least 2,000 trees. The galleons constructed included the

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Valdez-Bubnov, Ivan (2019). "Crown, trade, church and indigenous societies: The functioning of the Spanish shipbuilding industry in the Philippines, 1571–1816".

6022: 5695: 4782: 573: ... After all, these were preeminently merchant ships, and the business of exploration lay outside their field, though chance discoveries were welcomed". 290: 4387: 919: 1612:

signed the nomination and on October 17, 2012, The Drakes Bay Historic and Archaeological District was formally announced as a new National Historic Landmark.

3745: 549:, Drake turned north, hoping to meet another Spanish treasure ship coming south on its return from Manila to Acapulco. He failed in that regard, but staked 1410:, underwater archaeology in the Philippines, the route's influences on Filipino textile, the galleon's eastward trip from the Philippines to Mexico called 5622: 1517: 2002: 1956: 1526: 519: 6122: 2942: 6087: 6082: 5734: 1063: 3121: 3036:"Perhaps the leading authority on Hawaiian shipwrecks today", writes Peter von Buol, referring to Richard W. Rogers in the Fall 2006, Vol. 38, No. 3 5602: 4706: 3384: 803:. The lack of detailed records makes it difficult to estimate the total number of slaves transported or the proportions of slaves from each region. 368: 5981: 4686: 553:

somewhere on the northern California coast. Although the ship's log and other records were lost, the officially accepted location is now called

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This navigational activity poses the question as to whether Spanish explorers did arrive in the Hawaiian Islands two centuries before Captain

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Between 1565 and 1815, 108 ships operated as Manila galleons, of which 26 were captured or sunk by the enemy during wartime, including the

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McCarthy, William J. (1993). "Between Policy and Prerogative: Malfeasance in the Inspection of the Manila Galleons at Acapulco, 1637."

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The term "Manila galleon" can also refer to the trade route itself between Acapulco and Manila that was operational from 1565 to 1815.

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with backing from Spain, which has also suggested the tri-national nomination of the archives on the Manila–Acapulco Galleons in the

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Bjork, Katharine (1998). "The Link that Kept the Philippines Spanish: Mexican Merchant Interests and the Manila Trade, 1571–1815."

6057: 5650: 4966: 4961: 4334: 3818: 2943:"Hawaii Nature Notes the Publication of the Naturalist Division, Hawaii National Park and the Hawaii Natural History Association" 5166: 3268:

The Atlantic World and the Manila Galleon: Circulation, Market, and Consumption of Asian Goods in the Spanish Empires, 1565-1650

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was 51.5 m (169 ft 0 in) long. Most of the ships were built in the Philippines; only eight were built in Mexico.

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The Manila-Acapulco Galleons: the Treasure Ships of the Pacific: With an Annotated List of the Transpacific Galleons 1565-1815

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than across Mexico. They tried to establish a regular land crossing there, but the thick jungle and tropical diseases such as

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Mexipino: A History of Multiethnic Identity and the Formation of the Mexican and Filipino Communities of San Diego, 1900–1965

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In 2015, the Philippines and Mexico began preparations for the nomination of the Manila–Acapulco Galleon Trade Route in the

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on the westward leg of their round trip and yet there are no records of contact with the Hawaiians. British historian

340: 312:, representing a trade route from Asia that crossed to the Americas, thereby connecting all the world's continents in 5856: 5016: 4923: 4863: 3092: 668: 293:). The route also fostered cultural exchanges that shaped the identities and the culture of the countries involved. 5901: 5500: 4883: 4838: 4510: 4397: 4309: 4281: 3908: 3878: 3514: 2918: 2417: 1302: 1116: 500: 473: 465: 3499: 3469: 5779: 5419: 5369: 5227: 5126: 4622: 4495: 4460: 4412: 4314: 3926: 3810: 3464: 2819: 2810:

La Follette, Cameron; Deur, Douglas; Griffin, Dennis; Williams, Scott S. (July 2018). "Oregon's Manila Galleon".

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Economic shocks due to the arrival of Spanish-American silver in China were among the factors that led to the

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to conquer the Philippines in 1564, Urdaneta was given the task of finding a return route. Reasoning that the

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To settle and trade with these islands from the Americas, an eastward maritime return path was necessary. The

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The Publication of the Naturalist Division, Hawaii National Park, and the Hawaii Natural History Association

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In 2018, Mexico reopened its Manila galleon gallery at the Archaeological Museum of Puerto Vallarta, Cuale.

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helped pave the way by sailing north from Mexico to explore the Pacific coast, reaching just north of the

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Historical atlas of the North Pacific Ocean: maps of discovery and scientific exploration, 1500–2000

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The theory that the first European visitors to Hawaii were Spanish is reinforced by the findings of

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shipyard was the construction and outfitting of the galleons for the Manila to Acapulco trade run."

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This Pacific route was the alternative to the trip west across the Indian Ocean, and around the

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is named "La Desgraciada" (the unhappy, or unfortunate), and what appears to be the Island of

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Around 80% of the goods shipped back from Acapulco to Manila were from the Americas – silver,

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discovered the eastward return route in 1565. Sailing as part of the expedition commanded by

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The galleons sailed the Pacific, bringing to the Americas cargoes of Chinese and other Asian

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https://glocat.geneseo.edu/discovery/fulldisplay/alma995443659904833/01SUNY_GEN:01SUNY_GEN

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In 2013, the Philippines released a documentary regarding the Manila galleon trade route.

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stock the ships with food before voyages. On land, travelers were often housed at inns or

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Coulter, John Wesley (June 1964). "Great Britain in Hawaii: The Captain Cook Monument".

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were not developed until the mid-eighteenth century). In this manuscript, the Island of

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was lost, twenty Manila galleons wrecked within the Philippine archipelago. In 1596 the

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in Metro Manila, one of the necessary steps in nominating the trade route to UNESCO.

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asking that no more fleets attempt the New Spain–East Asia route, lest they be lost.

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Early Navigation in the Asia-Pacific Region: A Maritime Archaeological Perspective

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Law of coartación (which allowed slaves to buy their freedom, and that of others)

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In 2020, Mexico released a documentary regarding the Manila galleon trade route.

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decreed the suppression of the route and the following year, with the end of the

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and claimed them for Spain. Although Magellan was killed by natives commanded by

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made the first successful round trips that year, by taking advantage of the

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In 2014, the idea to nominate the Manila–Acapulco Galleon Trade Route as a

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The Manila–Acapulco Galleon Memorial at Plaza Mexico in Intramuros, Manila.

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The wrecks of the Manila galleons are legends second only to the wrecks of

831: 476:. The frustration of these failures is shown in a letter sent in 1552 from 3182:"'El Galeón de Manila: The Spice Route' reopens museum in Puerto Vallarta" 1634:

La Nao de China, 1565-1815. Navegación, comercio e intercambios culturales

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White represents the route of the Manila galleons in the Pacific and the

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The Spanish inaugurated the Manila galleon trade route in 1565 after the

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The Age of Trade: The Manila Galleons and the Dawn of the Global Economy

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before departing Acapulco helped to stimulate the economy of New Spain.

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The Manila–Acapulco galleon trade finally began when Spanish navigators

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The galleon trade was supplied by merchants largely from port areas of

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as the Atlantic winds did, they sailed north, going all the way to the

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shipped from Manila. The Manila Galleon route was an early instance of

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changed to reflect from which city the ship sailed, setting sail from

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Hawaiʻ Chronicles: Island History from the Pages of Honolulu Magazine

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In Manila, the safety of ocean crossings was commended to the virgin

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about the importance of the galleon trade in their shared history.

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concerned seven foreigners who landed eight generations earlier at

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in the Caribbean. In 1568, Miguel López de Legazpi's own ship, the

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also tried sailing east from the Philippines, but could not find "

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Manila-Acapulco galleon trade route, showing onward route to Spain

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Galleons transported goods to be sold in the Americas, namely in

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contraband and understating of ships' cargoes became widespread.

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ratified the dissolution. The last ship to reach Manila was the

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as a medium of exchange. As such, goods were mostly bought with

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Blue Latitudes: Boldly Going Where Captain Cook Has Gone Before

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The Manila-Acapulco Galleons: The Treasure Ships of the Pacific

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The Confusions of Pleasure: Commerce and Culture in Ming China

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century. Spanish navigators discovered many islands including

716:, a merchant map showing trade routes with its epicenter from 600: 1270:

in the South Pacific. Spanish navigators also discovered the

331:

or return route from the Philippines to Mexico. Urdaneta and

1813:(in Spanish) (102). Spain: Ministry of Defence (Spain): 16. 545:

also reached the California coast, in 1579. After capturing

1579: – Historical region known as the Spanish West Indies 1552: – Mesoamerican peoples in the Southeast Asian country 660:

because the Crown ordered the galleon to stop in Monterey.

3299:

Shipwreck of Hawai'i: a maritime history of the Big Island

3025:

Shipwrecks of Hawaii: A Maritime History of the Big Island

1834:

Andrés de Urdaneta, agustino. En carreta sobre el Pacífico

444:

Northerly trade route as used by eastbound Manila galleons

254:

from the late 16th to early 19th century. The name of the

2321:, Berkeley: University of California Press, p. 205, 1838:

Andrés de Urdaneta, Augustinian. By cart over the Pacific

1636:. Universidad de Sevilla. ISBN 8447215377, 9788447215379. 1394:

was initiated by the Mexican and Filipino ambassadors to

1781:

China and the Birth of Globalization in the 16th Century

593:), providing safe harbors for returning Manila galleons. 238:, with its Asian territories, collectively known as the 3282:

A History of the Manila-Acapulco Slave Trade, 1565–1815

2398:

Asian Slaves in Colonial Mexico: From Chinos to Indians

1832:

Rodríguez Rodríguez, I.; Álvarez Fernández, J. (1991).

1536:

Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets

1522:

Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets

1508: – Overview of immigration along the Galleon Route 687:

via Manila served as a major source of revenue for the

452:, which tried this a few years later, failed. In 1529, 2250:"Forgotten history? The polistas of the Galleon Trade" 1131:, the event is described in the oral histories of the 938:

In 1740, as part of the administrative changes of the

565:

their landfall well down the coast, somewhere between

3708:

Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, northernmost France

3259:

Carrera Stampa, Manuel (1959). "La Nao de la China."

1306:

been one of the first Europeans to find the islands.

1250:

and the Philippines in the North Pacific, as well as

2555:(10th ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. 1724:"La Nao de China: The Spanish Treasure Fleet System" 1560:

Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback

1545:

Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback

5428: 5322: 5315: 5200: 5049: 5042: 5035: 4932: 4801: 4725: 4669: 4590: 4547: 4436: 4358: 4300: 4262: 4198: 4157: 4121: 1512:

Global silver trade from the 16th to 19th centuries

1330:is named "La Mesa" (the table). Islands resembling 530:, California, then followed the shoreline south to 178: 163: 155: 134: 119: 111: 103: 79: 2873: 1520: – Spanish colonial period of the Philippines 883:, which was reserved to Portugal according to the 402:sailed west across the Pacific using the westward 3226:Pacific Eldorado: A History of Greater California 2913:(1996). "The Manila Galleons". In Bob Dye (ed.). 2876:Empire: How Spain Became a World Power, 1492–1763 2758:La Follette, Cameron; Deur, Douglas (July 2018). 1514: – International trade route carrying silver 1484: – Ethnic group of Asian-descending Mexicans 3164:"Manila-Acapulco Galleon Museum rises in SM MOA" 2615:for Chinese vessels that might have been larger. 1502: – Indigenous people of the Mariana Islands 1139:, which suggest that some of the crew survived. 907:Acapulco before they were sent to settle at the 426:, made it back to Spain by continuing westward. 2551:Burkholder, Mark A.; Johnson, Lyman L. (2019). 2341:1493: Uncovering the New World Columbus Created 2289:1493: Uncovering the New World Columbus Created 2167:"Interior Designates 27 New National Landmarks" 1677:Fundación Museo Naval. Retrieved 4 August 2023. 436:in 1628, Mexican terminus of the Manila galleon 296:The Manila galleons were known in New Spain as 2278: 2276: 1050:. "From 1729 to 1739, the main purpose of the 865:Sample of goods brought via Manila galleon in 5780: 3897:, a northernmost portion of Brazilian Amazon) 3378: 2539:Forced Migration in the Spanish Pacific World 2501:Orientierungen: Zeitschrift zur Kultur Asiens 1490: – Naval battle of the Eighty Years' War 799:while all slaves of Asian origin were called 300:("The China Ship") on their voyages from the 8: 3572:Independence of Spanish continental Americas 3352:Manila Galleons along the Californian coasts 2670:Leon-Guerrero, Jillette (November 4, 2015). 1805:in the fifth centenary of his birthday] 50: 6093:19th-century disestablishments in New Spain 3203:[In search of the Manila Galleon]. 3143:Sembrano, Edgar Allan M. (April 26, 2015). 3093:"The Second Coming of Filipinos to America" 2521:. University of California, Santa Barbara. 2418:"Episode 76: The Trans-Pacific Slave Trade" 2248:Medillo, Robert Joseph P. (June 19, 2015). 1213:captured in 1753–54 by George Compton; and 589:(which became the administrative center of 5787: 5773: 5765: 5636: 5531: 5319: 5046: 5039: 4666: 4655: 4544: 4533: 4259: 4248: 4118: 4107: 4075: 4012: 3949: 3864: 3787: 3727: 3641: 3630: 3401: 3385: 3371: 3363: 2344:, Random House Digital, pp. 149–150, 2292:, Random House Digital, pp. 123–163, 2193:"The Drake Navigators Guild Press Release" 1850:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 1779:Flynn, Dennis O.; Arturo Giráldez (2010). 1527:History of the west coast of North America 920:Nuestra Señora de la Soledad de Porta Vaga 422:in the Philippines, one of his ships, the 56: 49: 5691:Colonial universities in Hispanic America 3301:. Haleiwa, Hawaii: Pilialoha Publishing. 3289:Colonial Latin American Historical Review 3284:. Tubigon, Bohol: Mater Dei Publications. 2646: 2627:International Journal of Maritime History 2497:"Connecting China with the Pacific World" 2443: 2441: 1799:en el quinto centenario de su nacimiento" 1417:In 2017, the Philippines established the 1320:reliable methods of determining longitude 647:Learn how and when to remove this message 5696:Colonial universities in the Philippines 3326:. New York: E. P. Dutton & Co., Inc. 2364: 2362: 1840:] (in Spanish). Zamora. p. 181. 1573: – Spanish colony from 1565 to 1901 6113:19th century in the Spanish East Indies 6108:18th century in the Spanish East Indies 6103:17th century in the Spanish East Indies 6098:16th century in the Spanish East Indies 4687:Free Company of Volunteers of Catalonia 3277:. Lanham, MA: Rowman & Littlefield. 2905: 2903: 2901: 2582: 2580: 1880: 1864: 1793:Pereira Fernández, José Manuel (2008). 1632:Bernabéu Albert, Salvador, ed. (2013). 1625: 1596: 1215:Nuestra Señora de la Santísima Trinidad 1186:Nuestra Senora de la Santisima Trinidad 6018:History of the Philippines (1565–1898) 2416:Rose, Christopher (January 13, 2016). 2001:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 1994: 1955:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 1948: 1903:. Douglas & McIntyre. p. 18. 1843: 1666: 1664: 1662: 1518:History of the Philippines (1521–1898) 1155:off the coast of Baja California; the 27:Royal Spanish trading ships, 1565–1815 6038:Military history of the Pacific Ocean 2967:. University of Hawaii Press, p. 45. 2541:, p. 235. Cambridge University Press. 2371:"The Economics of the Manila Galleon" 1660: 1658: 1656: 1654: 1652: 1650: 1648: 1646: 1644: 1642: 1550:Mexican settlement in the Philippines 1278:archipelagos during their search for 982:powered ships and the opening of the 398:In 1521, a Spanish expedition led by 7: 6128:Philippines–Spain military relations 6023:Spanish colonization of the Americas 3968:Captaincy General of the Philippines 3460:New Laws in favour of the indigenous 3357:Asociación Cultural Galeón de Manila 3060:Angara, Edgardo (October 18, 2014). 1567: – Spanish soldier and explorer 1342:are named "Los Monjes" (the monks). 1058:could carry 300–500 passengers. The 629:adding citations to reliable sources 5812:Austronesian maritime trade network 5671:Indochristian painting in New Spain 3347:Metropolitan Museum: Manila Galleon 3313:"The Manila Galleon and California" 3162:Fernandez, Butch (August 8, 2017). 2507:: 144–145 – via Academia.edu. 1496: – Spanish navigator (d. 1545) 1379:Preparations for UNESCO nominations 1123:At least one galleon, probably the 4638:Commerce Consulate of Buenos Aires 3319:, Vol. 21, No. 2, pp. 107–126 3280:Luengo, Josemaria Salutan (1996). 3201:"En búsqueda del Galeón de Manila" 846:, where they were loaded onto the 818:trading primarily functioned on a 814:, as well as in European markets. 676:in the Atlantic. (Blue represents 159:Nao de China or Galeón de Acapulco 25: 3612:Independence of Equatorial Guinea 3317:Southwestern Historical Quarterly 3091:Rodis, Rodel (October 26, 2013). 2591:. AuthorHouse. pp. 128–130. 2384:. New York University, Abu Dhabi. 597:The Manila galleon and California 547:a Spanish ship heading for Manila 6088:1810s disestablishments in Spain 6083:1565 establishments in New Spain 5723:Criollos in the colonial society 5651:Spanish missions in the Americas 4773:Charles Bonaventure de Longueval 2855:ISBN 145677543X, 9781456775438. 1465: 1451: 1437: 1169:Nuestra Señora de la Encarnación 605: 406:. The expedition discovered the 5750:Great Potosí Mint Fraud of 1649 3340:Nuestra Senora de la Concepcion 3266:Gasch-Tomás, José Luis (2018). 2697:"Shipwrecks of the Philippines" 2495:Schottenhammer, Angela (2019). 2424:. University of Texas at Austin 1749:Stampa, Manuel Carrera (1959). 1691:. New York: Viking. p. 4. 700:to protect the monopoly of the 616:needs additional citations for 507:of the Pacific might move in a 464:also failed. In 1542, however, 460:" across the Pacific. In 1543, 3802:Captaincy General of Guatemala 3510:Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659) 3322:Schurz, William Lytle (1939). 3311:Schurz, William Lytle. (1917) 3110:Galvez, Manny (July 5, 2015). 2963:By Oliver, Douglas L. (1989). 2828:10.5403/oregonhistq.119.2.0150 2782:10.5403/oregonhistq.119.2.0160 2730:. Springer. pp. 146–168. 2454:Colonial Latin American Review 2401:. Cambridge University Press. 2266:Schurz, William Lytle (1939). 2231:Schurz, William Lytle (1939). 1783:. Farnham: Ashgate Publishing. 1532:Landing of the first Filipinos 1506:Filipino immigration to Mexico 1419:Manila–Acapulco Galleon Museum 1177:Nuestra Senora de la Covadonga 1: 6118:Early modern economic history 5701:General Archive of the Indies 4962:Francisco Vázquez de Coronado 4633:Camino Real de Tierra Adentro 4618:Guipuzcoan Company of Caracas 3567:Third Treaty of San Ildefonso 3520:War of the Spanish Succession 3485:Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604) 3199:Roa, Óscar (April 23, 2020). 2672:"Manila Galleon Crew Members" 2466:10.1080/10609164.2016.1180787 1488:Battles of La Naval de Manila 115:From 1565 to 1815 (250 years) 63: 18:Manila–Acapulco galleon trade 6123:Mexico–Philippines relations 6078:1565 establishments in Spain 3773:Captaincy General of Yucatan 3703:Union with Holy Roman Empire 3682:Southern Italy (Kingdoms of 3597:German–Spanish Treaty (1899) 3062:"A Galleon Museum in Manila" 1830:The letter is referenced as 1400:Memory of the World Register 1225:Possible contact with Hawaii 1159:, which was sunk in 1600 in 1010:Between 1609 and 1616, nine 358:Memory of the World Register 304:because they carried mostly 167:Trading maritime route from 6068:Merchant sailing ship types 4253:Administrative subdivisions 3450:War of the League of Cognac 3338:Findings from the wreck of 3223:Osborne, Thomas J. (2013). 3023:Rogers, Richard W. (1999). 2949:. June 1959. Archived from 2812:Oregon Historical Quarterly 2765:Oregon Historical Quarterly 2722:Williams, Scott S. (2016). 1689:The Prize of All the Oceans 1110:was lost and 1798 when the 1024:Nuestra Senora de Guadalupe 828:silver mined from New Spain 822:due to Ming China's use of 520:west coast of North America 341:Mexican War of Independence 6149: 6043:Military history of Manila 6028:Age of Sail ships of Spain 4967:Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar 4952:Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada 4854:Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca 3752:), Western United States ( 3515:Portuguese Restoration War 2919:University of Hawaii Press 2859:. Retrieved 4 August 2023. 2517:Guevarra, Rudy P. (2007). 1558: – Spanish missionary 696:merchants petitioned king 480:by the Spanish missionary 5802: 5735:Slavery in Spanish Empire 5646: 5635: 5541: 5530: 5022:Pere d'Alberní i Teixidor 4763:Álvaro de Bazán the Elder 4665: 4654: 4623:Barcelona Trading Company 4543: 4532: 4388:New Andalusia (1501–1513) 4258: 4247: 4117: 4106: 4085: 4022: 3963: 3895:Venezuela, part of Guyana 3874: 3797: 3748:, Central United States ( 3737: 3651: 3640: 3629: 3480:Bruneian–Spanish conflict 3465:Expulsion of the Moriscos 3411: 3400: 3273:Giraldez, Arturo (2015). 3229:. John Wiley & Sons. 2917:. Vol. I. Honolulu: 2820:Oregon Historical Society 2774:Oregon Historical Society 2726:. In Wu, Chunming (ed.). 2237:. New York: E. P. Dutton. 1811:Revista de Historia Naval 1801:[Andrés de Urdaneta: 1199:Action of 30 October 1762 561:south of Cape Mendocino. 291:trans-Pacific slave trade 55: 5982:Varangians to the Greeks 5676:Quito painting tradition 5666:Cusco painting tradition 5027:García López de Cárdenas 5017:Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera 4924:Felipe González de Ahedo 4844:Pedro Menéndez de Avilés 3421:Conquest of the Americas 3254:Journal of World History 2985:The Geographical Journal 2639:10.1177/0843871419860698 2537:Mehl, Eva Maria (2016). 2448:Seijas, Tatiana (2016). 1353:, one of these stories: 1301:'s first visit in 1778. 1189:captured in 1762 by HMS 454:Álvaro de Saavedra Cerón 232:Viceroyalty of New Spain 6058:Pacific Coast of Mexico 5822:Dvaravati–Kamboja route 5461:Comuneros (New Granada) 5238:Balearic Islands (1558) 4957:Hernán Pérez de Quesada 4884:Ruy López de Villalobos 4839:Miguel López de Legazpi 4753:García de Toledo Osorio 3617:Western Sahara conflict 3607:Independence of Morocco 3547:Treaty of Madrid (1750) 3490:Piracy in the Caribbean 3475:French Wars of Religion 2395:Tatiana Seijas (2014). 1687:Williams, Glyn (1999). 1303:Ruy López de Villalobos 1120:was wrecked in Japan. 928:end of the Ming dynasty 522:, Urdaneta's ship, the 501:Miguel López de Legazpi 466:Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo 210:), originally known as 207: 96: 5706:Colonial Spanish Horse 5380:Colonia del Sacramento 4603:Spanish treasure fleet 4180:Royal Decree of Graces 3003:Horwitz, Tony (2003). 2853:, p. 510. AuthorHouse. 2848:Fish, Shirley (2011). 2587:Fish, Shirley (2011). 2553:Colonial Latin America 2221:Schurz 1917, p.107-108 1583:Spanish treasure fleet 1368: 1314: 1294: 1125:Santo Cristo de Burgos 1007: 968:Ferdinand VII of Spain 869: 848:Spanish treasure fleet 732: 680: 541:The English privateer 445: 437: 395: 377:Discovery of the route 373: 199: 88: 44:considered for merging 5987:Way of the Patriarchs 5897:Polynesian navigation 5817:Canadian canoe routes 4864:Vasco Núñez de Balboa 4824:Juan Sebastián Elcano 4139:Council of the Indies 3500:Spanish–Moro conflict 3470:Ottoman–Habsburg wars 3430:Treaty of Tordesillas 3342:in the Marianas, 1638 3291:2, no. 2, pp. 163–83. 3263:9 no. 33, pp. 97-118. 3256:vol. 9, no. 1, 25–50. 2613:Chinese treasure ship 1795:"Andrés de Urdaneta: 1606:Edward Von der Porten 1543: – Spanish noble 1355: 1312: 1288: 1282:in the 17th century. 1203:San Bernardino Strait 1002: 899:made it impractical. 885:Treaty of Tordesillas 864: 743:, as depicted in the 711: 671: 581:established ports at 528:Santa Catalina Island 526:, hit the coast near 443: 432: 384: 371: 6048:History of New Spain 6033:Naval ships of Spain 5922:Sepik Coast exchange 5661:Mesoamerican Codices 5385:Comuneros (Paraguay) 5223:Siege of Castelnuovo 4809:Christopher Columbus 4628:Consulate of the Sea 4608:Casa de Contratación 4199:Titles and positions 3592:Spanish–American War 3582:Liberal constitution 3425:Asia and the Pacific 3124:on December 14, 2017 2953:on February 1, 2014. 1983:on February 22, 2014 1937:on February 22, 2014 1897:Derek Hayes (2001). 1751:"La Nao de la China" 1494:Bernardo de la Torre 1179:captured in 1743 by 1151:captured in 1587 by 913:Spanish–American War 702:Casa de Contratación 625:improve this article 462:Bernardo de la Torre 323:friar and navigator 6013:Spanish East Indies 5957:Trans-Saharan trade 5847:Incense trade route 5390:Cartagena de Indias 5012:Diego de Mazariegos 4982:Pere Fages i Beleta 4849:Sebastián de Ocampo 4330:Provincias Internas 4302:Captaincies General 4216:Municipal president 4185:School of Salamanca 3956:Spanish East Indies 3935:Misiones Orientales 3807:Spanish West Indies 3771:, Central America ( 3718:Pyrénées-Orientales 3671:Union with Portugal 3562:Napoleonic invasion 3542:War of Jenkins' Ear 3297:Rogers, R. (1999). 3186:Vallarta Daily News 3046:, published by the 2987:, Vol. 130, No. 2. 2965:The Pacific Islands 2911:Kane, Herb Kawainui 2703:on January 10, 2016 2203:on October 17, 2016 2122:. September 8, 2011 1571:Spanish East Indies 1392:World Heritage Site 1289:Pacific Ocean with 1028:Angel de la Guardia 934:End of the galleons 726:Spanish Philippines 678:Portuguese routes.) 513:38th parallel north 351:World Heritage List 314:global silver trade 302:Spanish East Indies 240:Spanish East Indies 52: 5877:Maritime Silk Road 5872:Maritime republics 5852:Indian Ocean trade 5686:Academia Antártica 5641:Other civil topics 5007:Pánfilo de Narváez 4909:Sebastián Vizcaíno 4874:Andrés de Urdaneta 4834:Juan Ponce de León 4819:Ferdinand Magellan 4793:Bernardo de Gálvez 4692:Indian auxiliaries 4190:Trial of residence 4170:Laws of the Indies 3954:Asia and Oceania ( 3815:Dominican Republic 3324:The Manila Galleon 3149:Inquirer Lifestyle 2921:. pp. 25–32. 2268:The Manila Galleon 2234:The Manila Galleon 2173:. October 17, 2012 1730:. November 4, 2015 1459:Philippines portal 1351:Herb Kawainui Kane 1315: 1295: 1065:Santísima Trinidad 1008: 944:navíos de registro 889:Panamanian isthmus 870: 733: 728:, then across the 698:Philip II of Spain 681: 579:Portola expedition 497:Andrés de Urdaneta 493:Alonso de Arellano 446: 438: 400:Ferdinand Magellan 396: 391:claims during the 374: 333:Alonso de Arellano 325:Andrés de Urdaneta 216:Galeón de Acapulco 5995: 5994: 5977:Volga trade route 5902:Rome-India routes 5762: 5761: 5758: 5757: 5631: 5630: 5536:Spanish conquests 5526: 5525: 5522: 5521: 5518: 5517: 5514: 5513: 5311: 5310: 4992:Pedro de Alvarado 4977:Gaspar de Portolà 4972:Pedro de Valdivia 4947:Francisco Pizarro 4899:Nicolás de Ovando 4894:Alonso de Ercilla 4869:Alonso de Salazar 4702:Ships of the line 4650: 4649: 4646: 4645: 4528: 4527: 4524: 4523: 4243: 4242: 4239: 4238: 4102: 4101: 4098: 4097: 4074: 4073: 4031:Northern Africa ( 4027:Equatorial Guinea 4011: 4010: 3948: 3947: 3863: 3862: 3786: 3785: 3777:Spanish Caribbean 3750:Spanish Louisiana 3726: 3725: 3661:Crown of Castille 3625: 3624: 3602:Spanish Civil War 3577:Adams–Onís Treaty 3557:Nootka Convention 3505:Thirty Years' War 3495:Eighty Years' War 3416:Catholic Monarchs 3406:Timeline–immersed 3261:Historia Mexicana 3236:978-1-4051-9454-9 3072:on April 16, 2016 3027:. 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Archived from 1929: 1921: 1915: 1914: 1894: 1888: 1878: 1872: 1862: 1856: 1855: 1849: 1841: 1829: 1827: 1825: 1808: 1790: 1784: 1777: 1771: 1770: 1746: 1740: 1739: 1737: 1735: 1720: 1714: 1709: 1703: 1702: 1684: 1678: 1672: 1668: 1637: 1630: 1613: 1601: 1565:Pedro de Unamuno 1561: 1546: 1537: 1523: 1475: 1470: 1469: 1468: 1461: 1456: 1455: 1454: 1447: 1442: 1441: 1440: 1231:Hawaiian Islands 1165:Oliver Van Noort 1153:Thomas Cavendish 779:, porcelain and 652: 645: 641: 638: 632: 609: 601: 567:Point Conception 551:an English claim 420:battle of Mactan 393:Age of Discovery 337:Kuroshio Current 226:that linked the 218:, refers to the 200:Galeón de Manila 99: 89:Galeón de Manila 80:Native name 68: 65: 62:Manila galleon ( 60: 53: 51:Galeón de Manila 47: 21: 6148: 6147: 6143: 6142: 6141: 6139: 6138: 6137: 6053:Colonial Mexico 5998: 5997: 5996: 5991: 5887:Penarikan Route 5798: 5793: 5763: 5754: 5730:Old inquisition 5642: 5627: 5537: 5510: 5466:Trinidad (1797) 5436:La Noche Triste 5424: 5420:San Juan (1797) 5370:San Juan (1595) 5307: 5196: 5036:Notable battles 5031: 4997:Martín de Ursúa 4928: 4859:Alonso de Ojeda 4829:Juan de la Cosa 4814:Pinzón brothers 4797: 4768:John of Austria 4743:Martín de Goiti 4721: 4661: 4642: 4586: 4539: 4520: 4432: 4428:Terra Australis 4423:Río de la Plata 4368:Castilla de Oro 4354: 4296: 4292:Río de la Plata 4254: 4235: 4194: 4153: 4149:Santa Hermandad 4113: 4094: 4090:Terra Australis 4081: 4070: 4037:Spanish Morocco 4018: 4007: 3998:Northern Taiwan 3959: 3944: 3915:Río de la Plata 3870: 3859: 3793: 3792:Central America 3782: 3764: 3733: 3722: 3666:Crown of Aragon 3647: 3636: 3621: 3537:Bourbon Reforms 3407: 3396: 3391: 3334: 3329: 3248: 3246:Further reading 3243: 3237: 3222: 3218: 3213: 3212: 3198: 3197: 3193: 3188:. June 3, 2018. 3180: 3179: 3175: 3161: 3160: 3156: 3142: 3141: 3137: 3127: 3125: 3117:Philstar Global 3109: 3108: 3104: 3090: 3089: 3085: 3075: 3073: 3066:Manila Bulletin 3059: 3058: 3054: 3035: 3031: 3022: 3018: 3002: 2998: 2993:10.2307/1794586 2982: 2978: 2962: 2958: 2941: 2940: 2936: 2929: 2909: 2908: 2899: 2892: 2868: 2867: 2863: 2847: 2843: 2809: 2808: 2804: 2794: 2792: 2757: 2756: 2752: 2742: 2740: 2738: 2721: 2720: 2716: 2706: 2704: 2695: 2694: 2690: 2680: 2678: 2669: 2668: 2664: 2624: 2623: 2619: 2610: 2606: 2599: 2586: 2585: 2578: 2563: 2550: 2549: 2545: 2536: 2532: 2516: 2512: 2494: 2493: 2489: 2447: 2446: 2439: 2427: 2425: 2415: 2409: 2394: 2393: 2389: 2373: 2369:Mejia, Javier. 2368: 2367: 2360: 2352: 2336:Charles C. Mann 2334: 2329: 2311: 2310: 2306: 2300: 2284:Charles C. Mann 2282: 2281: 2274: 2265: 2261: 2247: 2246: 2242: 2230: 2229: 2225: 2220: 2216: 2206: 2204: 2191: 2190: 2186: 2176: 2174: 2165: 2164: 2160: 2150: 2148: 2140: 2139: 2135: 2125: 2123: 2114: 2113: 2109: 2099: 2097: 2096:on May 25, 2017 2093: 2081: 2080: 2076: 2066: 2064: 2063:on May 25, 2017 2060: 2048: 2047: 2043: 2033: 2031: 2030:on May 25, 2017 2027: 2015: 2014: 2010: 1993: 1986: 1984: 1980: 1973: 1971:"Archived copy" 1969: 1968: 1964: 1947: 1940: 1938: 1934: 1927: 1925:"Archived copy" 1923: 1922: 1918: 1911: 1896: 1895: 1891: 1879: 1875: 1863: 1859: 1842: 1831: 1823: 1821: 1806: 1792: 1791: 1787: 1778: 1774: 1748: 1747: 1743: 1733: 1731: 1722: 1721: 1717: 1710: 1706: 1699: 1686: 1685: 1681: 1670: 1669: 1640: 1631: 1627: 1622: 1617: 1616: 1602: 1598: 1593: 1588: 1559: 1544: 1541:María de Lajara 1535: 1521: 1500:Chamorro people 1471: 1466: 1464: 1457: 1452: 1450: 1443: 1438: 1436: 1433: 1381: 1280:Terra Australis 1260:Solomon Islands 1227: 1161:Bahía de Manila 1145: 1096: 1074: 997: 992: 960:Cortes of Cádiz 940:Bourbon Reforms 936: 923:the Galleons". 820:silver standard 666: 653: 642: 636: 633: 622: 610: 599: 591:Alta California 486:Simão Rodrigues 408:Mariana Islands 379: 366: 298:La Nao de China 212:La Nao de China 146: 83: 75: 66: 48: 32: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6146: 6144: 6136: 6135: 6130: 6125: 6120: 6115: 6110: 6105: 6100: 6095: 6090: 6085: 6080: 6075: 6070: 6065: 6060: 6055: 6050: 6045: 6040: 6035: 6030: 6025: 6020: 6015: 6010: 6000: 5999: 5993: 5992: 5990: 5989: 5984: 5979: 5974: 5969: 5964: 5959: 5954: 5952:Tea Horse Road 5949: 5944: 5939: 5934: 5929: 5927:Siberian Route 5924: 5919: 5914: 5909: 5904: 5899: 5894: 5892:Manila galleon 5889: 5884: 5882:Old Salt Route 5879: 5874: 5869: 5867:Lapita culture 5864: 5859: 5857:King's Highway 5854: 5849: 5844: 5839: 5834: 5829: 5824: 5819: 5814: 5809: 5803: 5800: 5799: 5794: 5792: 5791: 5784: 5777: 5769: 5760: 5759: 5756: 5755: 5753: 5752: 5747: 5742: 5737: 5732: 5727: 5726: 5725: 5715: 5714: 5713: 5703: 5698: 5693: 5688: 5683: 5678: 5673: 5668: 5663: 5658: 5653: 5647: 5644: 5643: 5640: 5633: 5632: 5629: 5628: 5626: 5625: 5620: 5615: 5610: 5605: 5600: 5595: 5590: 5585: 5584: 5583: 5578: 5573: 5568: 5558: 5553: 5548: 5546:Canary Islands 5542: 5539: 5538: 5535: 5528: 5527: 5524: 5523: 5520: 5519: 5516: 5515: 5512: 5511: 5509: 5508: 5503: 5498: 5493: 5488: 5483: 5478: 5473: 5468: 5463: 5458: 5453: 5448: 5443: 5438: 5432: 5430: 5426: 5425: 5423: 5422: 5417: 5412: 5407: 5402: 5400:Túpac Amaru II 5397: 5392: 5387: 5382: 5377: 5372: 5367: 5362: 5357: 5352: 5347: 5345:Bogotá savanna 5342: 5337: 5332: 5326: 5324: 5317: 5313: 5312: 5309: 5308: 5306: 5305: 5300: 5295: 5290: 5285: 5280: 5275: 5270: 5265: 5260: 5255: 5253:Spanish Armada 5250: 5245: 5240: 5235: 5230: 5225: 5220: 5215: 5210: 5204: 5202: 5198: 5197: 5195: 5194: 5189: 5184: 5179: 5174: 5169: 5164: 5159: 5154: 5149: 5147:White Mountain 5144: 5142:Cape Celidonia 5139: 5137:English Armada 5134: 5129: 5124: 5119: 5114: 5109: 5104: 5099: 5094: 5089: 5084: 5079: 5074: 5069: 5064: 5059: 5053: 5051: 5044: 5037: 5033: 5032: 5030: 5029: 5024: 5019: 5014: 5009: 5004: 4999: 4994: 4989: 4984: 4979: 4974: 4969: 4964: 4959: 4954: 4949: 4944: 4938: 4936: 4930: 4929: 4927: 4926: 4921: 4916: 4914:Juan Fernández 4911: 4906: 4901: 4896: 4891: 4889:Diego Columbus 4886: 4881: 4876: 4871: 4866: 4861: 4856: 4851: 4846: 4841: 4836: 4831: 4826: 4821: 4816: 4811: 4805: 4803: 4799: 4798: 4796: 4795: 4790: 4785: 4780: 4775: 4770: 4765: 4760: 4755: 4750: 4745: 4740: 4735: 4729: 4727: 4723: 4722: 4720: 4719: 4717:Army of Africa 4714: 4709: 4704: 4699: 4697:Spanish Armada 4694: 4689: 4684: 4679: 4673: 4671: 4663: 4662: 4659: 4652: 4651: 4648: 4647: 4644: 4643: 4641: 4640: 4635: 4630: 4625: 4620: 4615: 4610: 4605: 4600: 4598:Manila galleon 4594: 4592: 4588: 4587: 4585: 4584: 4579: 4574: 4569: 4564: 4559: 4553: 4551: 4541: 4540: 4537: 4530: 4529: 4526: 4525: 4522: 4521: 4519: 4518: 4513: 4508: 4503: 4498: 4493: 4488: 4483: 4478: 4473: 4468: 4463: 4458: 4453: 4448: 4442: 4440: 4434: 4433: 4431: 4430: 4425: 4420: 4415: 4410: 4405: 4400: 4395: 4390: 4385: 4380: 4375: 4370: 4364: 4362: 4356: 4355: 4353: 4352: 4347: 4342: 4337: 4332: 4327: 4322: 4317: 4312: 4306: 4304: 4298: 4297: 4295: 4294: 4289: 4284: 4279: 4274: 4268: 4266: 4256: 4255: 4252: 4245: 4244: 4241: 4240: 4237: 4236: 4234: 4233: 4228: 4223: 4218: 4213: 4208: 4202: 4200: 4196: 4195: 4193: 4192: 4187: 4182: 4177: 4172: 4167: 4161: 4159: 4155: 4154: 4152: 4151: 4146: 4141: 4136: 4131: 4125: 4123: 4115: 4114: 4112:Administration 4111: 4104: 4103: 4100: 4099: 4096: 4095: 4093: 4092: 4086: 4083: 4082: 4079: 4072: 4071: 4069: 4068: 4033:Western Sahara 4029: 4023: 4020: 4019: 4016: 4009: 4008: 4006: 4005: 4000: 3995: 3964: 3961: 3960: 3953: 3946: 3945: 3943: 3942: 3931:Banda Oriental 3912: 3898: 3875: 3872: 3871: 3868: 3861: 3860: 3858: 3857: 3852: 3847: 3842: 3837: 3832: 3827: 3822: 3804: 3798: 3795: 3794: 3791: 3784: 3783: 3781: 3780: 3746:Coastal Alaska 3738: 3735: 3734: 3731: 3724: 3723: 3721: 3720: 3715: 3710: 3705: 3700: 3695: 3680: 3679: 3678: 3673: 3668: 3663: 3652: 3649: 3648: 3645: 3638: 3637: 3634: 3627: 3626: 3623: 3622: 3620: 3619: 3614: 3609: 3604: 3599: 3594: 3589: 3584: 3579: 3574: 3569: 3564: 3559: 3554: 3549: 3544: 3539: 3534: 3529: 3528: 3527: 3517: 3512: 3507: 3502: 3497: 3492: 3487: 3482: 3477: 3472: 3467: 3462: 3457: 3452: 3447: 3442: 3437: 3432: 3427: 3418: 3412: 3409: 3408: 3405: 3398: 3397: 3394:Spanish Empire 3392: 3390: 3389: 3382: 3375: 3367: 3361: 3360: 3354: 3349: 3344: 3333: 3332:External links 3330: 3328: 3327: 3320: 3309: 3295: 3292: 3285: 3278: 3271: 3264: 3257: 3249: 3247: 3244: 3242: 3241: 3235: 3219: 3217: 3214: 3211: 3210: 3191: 3173: 3168:BusinessMirror 3154: 3135: 3102: 3083: 3052: 3029: 3016: 2996: 2976: 2956: 2934: 2927: 2897: 2890: 2861: 2841: 2802: 2750: 2736: 2714: 2688: 2662: 2633:(3): 559–573. 2617: 2604: 2597: 2576: 2561: 2543: 2530: 2510: 2487: 2437: 2435: 2434: 2407: 2387: 2358: 2356: 2355: 2350: 2327: 2313:Brook, Timothy 2304: 2298: 2272: 2259: 2240: 2223: 2214: 2184: 2158: 2133: 2107: 2074: 2041: 2008: 1962: 1916: 1909: 1889: 1873: 1857: 1785: 1772: 1741: 1715: 1704: 1697: 1679: 1638: 1624: 1623: 1621: 1618: 1615: 1614: 1595: 1594: 1592: 1589: 1587: 1586: 1580: 1574: 1568: 1562: 1553: 1547: 1538: 1529: 1524: 1515: 1509: 1503: 1497: 1491: 1485: 1482:Asian Mexicans 1478: 1477: 1476: 1462: 1448: 1432: 1429: 1380: 1377: 1359:Kealakekua Bay 1226: 1223: 1219:Samuel Cornish 1217:, in 1762, by 1144: 1141: 1108:Espiritu Santo 1100:treasure ships 1095: 1092: 1073: 1070: 1044:Espiritu Santo 996: 993: 991: 988: 964:Peninsular War 935: 932: 844:Gulf of Mexico 689:Spanish Empire 665: 662: 655: 654: 613: 611: 604: 598: 595: 571:Cape San Lucas 482:Francis Xavier 478:Portuguese Goa 378: 375: 365: 362: 327:pioneered the 192:Manila galleon 186: 185: 180: 176: 175: 165: 161: 160: 157: 153: 152: 143:Spanish Empire 136: 132: 131: 121: 117: 116: 113: 109: 108: 107:Manila galleon 105: 101: 100: 81: 77: 76: 61: 31: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6145: 6134: 6131: 6129: 6126: 6124: 6121: 6119: 6116: 6114: 6111: 6109: 6106: 6104: 6101: 6099: 6096: 6094: 6091: 6089: 6086: 6084: 6081: 6079: 6076: 6074: 6071: 6069: 6066: 6064: 6061: 6059: 6056: 6054: 6051: 6049: 6046: 6044: 6041: 6039: 6036: 6034: 6031: 6029: 6026: 6024: 6021: 6019: 6016: 6014: 6011: 6009: 6006: 6005: 6003: 5988: 5985: 5983: 5980: 5978: 5975: 5973: 5970: 5968: 5965: 5963: 5960: 5958: 5955: 5953: 5950: 5948: 5947:Brouwer Route 5945: 5943: 5940: 5938: 5935: 5933: 5930: 5928: 5925: 5923: 5920: 5918: 5915: 5913: 5910: 5908: 5905: 5903: 5900: 5898: 5895: 5893: 5890: 5888: 5885: 5883: 5880: 5878: 5875: 5873: 5870: 5868: 5865: 5863: 5860: 5858: 5855: 5853: 5850: 5848: 5845: 5843: 5840: 5838: 5835: 5833: 5830: 5828: 5825: 5823: 5820: 5818: 5815: 5813: 5810: 5808: 5805: 5804: 5801: 5797: 5790: 5785: 5783: 5778: 5776: 5771: 5770: 5767: 5751: 5748: 5746: 5743: 5741: 5738: 5736: 5733: 5731: 5728: 5724: 5721: 5720: 5719: 5716: 5712: 5709: 5708: 5707: 5704: 5702: 5699: 5697: 5694: 5692: 5689: 5687: 5684: 5682: 5681:Tapada limeña 5679: 5677: 5674: 5672: 5669: 5667: 5664: 5662: 5659: 5657: 5654: 5652: 5649: 5648: 5645: 5638: 5634: 5624: 5621: 5619: 5616: 5614: 5611: 5609: 5606: 5604: 5601: 5599: 5596: 5594: 5591: 5589: 5586: 5582: 5579: 5577: 5574: 5572: 5569: 5567: 5564: 5563: 5562: 5559: 5557: 5554: 5552: 5549: 5547: 5544: 5543: 5540: 5533: 5529: 5507: 5504: 5502: 5499: 5497: 5494: 5492: 5489: 5487: 5484: 5482: 5479: 5477: 5474: 5472: 5469: 5467: 5464: 5462: 5459: 5457: 5454: 5452: 5449: 5447: 5444: 5442: 5439: 5437: 5434: 5433: 5431: 5427: 5421: 5418: 5416: 5413: 5411: 5408: 5406: 5403: 5401: 5398: 5396: 5393: 5391: 5388: 5386: 5383: 5381: 5378: 5376: 5373: 5371: 5368: 5366: 5363: 5361: 5358: 5356: 5353: 5351: 5348: 5346: 5343: 5341: 5338: 5336: 5333: 5331: 5328: 5327: 5325: 5321: 5318: 5314: 5304: 5301: 5299: 5296: 5294: 5291: 5289: 5286: 5284: 5281: 5279: 5276: 5274: 5273:Montes Claros 5271: 5269: 5266: 5264: 5261: 5259: 5256: 5254: 5251: 5249: 5246: 5244: 5241: 5239: 5236: 5234: 5231: 5229: 5226: 5224: 5221: 5219: 5216: 5214: 5213:Vienna (1529) 5211: 5209: 5206: 5205: 5203: 5199: 5193: 5190: 5188: 5185: 5183: 5180: 5178: 5175: 5173: 5170: 5168: 5165: 5163: 5160: 5158: 5155: 5153: 5150: 5148: 5145: 5143: 5140: 5138: 5135: 5133: 5130: 5128: 5125: 5123: 5120: 5118: 5115: 5113: 5110: 5108: 5105: 5103: 5100: 5098: 5095: 5093: 5090: 5088: 5085: 5083: 5080: 5078: 5075: 5073: 5070: 5068: 5065: 5063: 5060: 5058: 5055: 5054: 5052: 5048: 5045: 5041: 5038: 5034: 5028: 5025: 5023: 5020: 5018: 5015: 5013: 5010: 5008: 5005: 5003: 5000: 4998: 4995: 4993: 4990: 4988: 4985: 4983: 4980: 4978: 4975: 4973: 4970: 4968: 4965: 4963: 4960: 4958: 4955: 4953: 4950: 4948: 4945: 4943: 4942:Hernán Cortés 4940: 4939: 4937: 4935: 4934:Conquistadors 4931: 4925: 4922: 4920: 4917: 4915: 4912: 4910: 4907: 4905: 4904:Juan de Ayala 4902: 4900: 4897: 4895: 4892: 4890: 4887: 4885: 4882: 4880: 4877: 4875: 4872: 4870: 4867: 4865: 4862: 4860: 4857: 4855: 4852: 4850: 4847: 4845: 4842: 4840: 4837: 4835: 4832: 4830: 4827: 4825: 4822: 4820: 4817: 4815: 4812: 4810: 4807: 4806: 4804: 4800: 4794: 4791: 4789: 4786: 4784: 4781: 4779: 4776: 4774: 4771: 4769: 4766: 4764: 4761: 4759: 4758:Duke of Savoy 4756: 4754: 4751: 4749: 4746: 4744: 4741: 4739: 4736: 4734: 4731: 4730: 4728: 4724: 4718: 4715: 4713: 4710: 4708: 4705: 4703: 4700: 4698: 4695: 4693: 4690: 4688: 4685: 4683: 4680: 4678: 4675: 4674: 4672: 4668: 4664: 4657: 4653: 4639: 4636: 4634: 4631: 4629: 4626: 4624: 4621: 4619: 4616: 4614: 4611: 4609: 4606: 4604: 4601: 4599: 4596: 4595: 4593: 4589: 4583: 4580: 4578: 4575: 4573: 4570: 4568: 4565: 4563: 4560: 4558: 4557:Dollar (Peso) 4555: 4554: 4552: 4550: 4546: 4542: 4535: 4531: 4517: 4516:Santo Domingo 4514: 4512: 4509: 4507: 4504: 4502: 4499: 4497: 4494: 4492: 4489: 4487: 4484: 4482: 4479: 4477: 4474: 4472: 4469: 4467: 4464: 4462: 4459: 4457: 4454: 4452: 4449: 4447: 4444: 4443: 4441: 4439: 4435: 4429: 4426: 4424: 4421: 4419: 4416: 4414: 4411: 4409: 4406: 4404: 4401: 4399: 4396: 4394: 4393:New Andalusia 4391: 4389: 4386: 4384: 4381: 4379: 4376: 4374: 4371: 4369: 4366: 4365: 4363: 4361: 4357: 4351: 4348: 4346: 4343: 4341: 4340:Santo Domingo 4338: 4336: 4333: 4331: 4328: 4326: 4323: 4321: 4318: 4316: 4313: 4311: 4308: 4307: 4305: 4303: 4299: 4293: 4290: 4288: 4285: 4283: 4280: 4278: 4275: 4273: 4270: 4269: 4267: 4265: 4264:Viceroyalties 4261: 4257: 4250: 4246: 4232: 4229: 4227: 4224: 4222: 4219: 4217: 4214: 4212: 4209: 4207: 4204: 4203: 4201: 4197: 4191: 4188: 4186: 4183: 4181: 4178: 4176: 4173: 4171: 4168: 4166: 4163: 4162: 4160: 4156: 4150: 4147: 4145: 4142: 4140: 4137: 4135: 4132: 4130: 4127: 4126: 4124: 4120: 4116: 4109: 4105: 4091: 4088: 4087: 4084: 4077: 4066: 4062: 4058: 4054: 4050: 4046: 4042: 4038: 4034: 4030: 4028: 4025: 4024: 4021: 4014: 4004: 4001: 3999: 3996: 3993: 3989: 3985: 3981: 3977: 3973: 3969: 3966: 3965: 3962: 3957: 3951: 3940: 3936: 3932: 3928: 3924: 3920: 3916: 3913: 3910: 3906: 3902: 3899: 3896: 3892: 3888: 3884: 3880: 3877: 3876: 3873: 3869:South America 3866: 3856: 3853: 3851: 3848: 3846: 3843: 3841: 3838: 3836: 3833: 3831: 3828: 3826: 3823: 3820: 3816: 3812: 3808: 3805: 3803: 3800: 3799: 3796: 3789: 3778: 3774: 3768: 3763: 3759: 3755: 3754:Spanish Texas 3751: 3747: 3743: 3740: 3739: 3736: 3732:North America 3729: 3719: 3716: 3714: 3713:Franche-Comté 3711: 3709: 3706: 3704: 3701: 3699: 3696: 3693: 3689: 3685: 3681: 3677: 3674: 3672: 3669: 3667: 3664: 3662: 3659: 3658: 3657: 3654: 3653: 3650: 3643: 3639: 3632: 3628: 3618: 3615: 3613: 3610: 3608: 3605: 3603: 3600: 3598: 3595: 3593: 3590: 3588: 3585: 3583: 3580: 3578: 3575: 3573: 3570: 3568: 3565: 3563: 3560: 3558: 3555: 3553: 3550: 3548: 3545: 3543: 3540: 3538: 3535: 3533: 3530: 3526: 3523: 3522: 3521: 3518: 3516: 3513: 3511: 3508: 3506: 3503: 3501: 3498: 3496: 3493: 3491: 3488: 3486: 3483: 3481: 3478: 3476: 3473: 3471: 3468: 3466: 3463: 3461: 3458: 3456: 3453: 3451: 3448: 3446: 3443: 3441: 3438: 3436: 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1157:San Diego 1149:Santa Ana 1133:Tillamook 1104:San Pablo 909:presidios 874:cochineal 852:haciendas 816:East Asia 808:New Spain 757:Zhangzhou 583:San Diego 524:San Pedro 286:porcelain 147:(current 139:New Spain 42:is being 6008:Galleons 5917:Sea lane 5832:Hærvejen 5608:Colombia 5593:Honduras 5506:Asomante 5491:Ayacucho 5481:Carabobo 5456:Curalaba 5233:Ceresole 5127:Gembloux 5087:Mühlberg 4802:Mariners 4660:Military 4582:Doubloon 4567:Maravedí 4511:Santiago 4418:Paraguay 4144:Germania 3984:Caroline 3939:Malvinas 3923:Paraguay 3883:Colombia 3825:Trinidad 3692:Sardinia 3532:Bourbons 3043:Prologue 2872:(2004). 2338:(2011), 2315:(1998), 2286:(2011), 1997:cite web 1951:cite web 1767:25134990 1431:See also 1408:Sorsogon 1272:Pitcairn 1244:Marianas 1193:and HMS 1143:Captures 1040:Salbador 1036:Santiago 1012:galleons 1003:Spanish 990:Galleons 867:Acapulco 840:Veracruz 753:Haicheng 741:Quanzhou 730:Far East 724:and the 718:Quanzhou 587:Monterey 536:Acapulco 532:San Blas 450:Trinidad 434:Acapulco 424:Victoria 416:Lapulapu 410:and the 385:Iberian 280:such as 248:Acapulco 222:trading 204:Filipino 173:Americas 135:Location 129:Acapulco 123:Between 112:Duration 93:Filipino 46:. › 35:template 5740:Asiento 5711:Mustang 5571:Yucatán 5566:Chiapas 5446:Tucapel 5278:Passaro 5228:Algiers 5218:Preveza 5187:Tetouan 5182:Vitoria 5172:Bitonto 5112:Antwerp 5107:Lepanto 5062:Bicocca 4538:Economy 4461:Charcas 4456:Caracas 4350:Yucatán 4221:Regidor 4206:Alcalde 4134:Cabildo 4041:Tripoli 3980:Mariana 3927:Charcas 3903:(Peru, 3887:Ecuador 3850:Bonaire 3845:Curazao 3830:Jamaica 3758:Florida 3216:Sources 2254:Rappler 2171:Doi.gov 1340:Molokai 1276:Vanuatu 1201:in the 1197:at the 1191:Panther 1137:Clatsop 1088:mesones 1005:galleon 897:malaria 842:on the 777:screens 749:Yuegang 694:Seville 472:at the 364:History 256:galleon 220:Spanish 196:Spanish 171:to the 85:Spanish 5718:Castas 5476:Boyacá 5451:Guiana 5441:Iguape 5365:Recife 5303:Mactan 5298:Annual 5263:Rocroi 5258:Leiden 5243:Djerba 5177:Bailén 5132:Ostend 5117:Azores 4712:Legión 4677:Tercio 4670:Armies 4572:Escudo 4501:Panamá 4496:Mexico 4491:Manila 4446:Bogotá 4231:Vecino 4226:Syndic 4057:Béjaïa 4017:Africa 4003:Tidore 3891:Panama 3855:Belize 3762:Mexico 3688:Sicily 3684:Naples 3646:Europe 3305: 3233: 3011: 2971: 2925: 2888: 2834: 2788: 2734: 2655: 2595: 2569: 2559: 2525: 2480: 2472: 2405: 2348: 2325: 2296: 1907: 1817: 1765: 1695: 1396:UNESCO 1338:, and 1328:Hawaii 1266:, and 1258:, the 1254:, the 1252:Tuvalu 1246:, the 1242:, the 1079:indios 1052:Cavite 1046:, and 832:Potosí 801:chinos 797:cafres 793:negros 788:slaves 761:Fujian 747:, and 737:Fujian 722:Manila 355:UNESCO 348:UNESCO 282:spices 260:Cavite 252:Manila 214:, and 164:Motive 149:Mexico 125:Manila 5613:Chile 5581:Petén 5556:Aztec 5375:Bahia 5350:Penco 5340:Cusco 5268:Downs 5248:Tunis 5167:Ceuta 5152:Breda 5102:Malta 5082:Tunis 5077:Pavia 4591:Trade 4506:Quito 4471:Cusco 4310:Chile 4045:Tunis 3992:Palau 3909:Chile 3840:Aruba 3835:Haiti 3769:] 3698:Milan 3656:Spain 3038:issue 2832:S2CID 2818:(2). 2786:S2CID 2772:(2). 2653:S2CID 2478:S2CID 2374:(PDF) 2094:(DOC) 2061:(DOC) 2028:(DOC) 1981:(PDF) 1974:(PDF) 1935:(PDF) 1928:(PDF) 1869:30–31 1836:[ 1807:(PDF) 1763:JSTOR 1591:Notes 1336:Lanai 1072:Crews 674:flota 664:Trade 557:, on 262:, in 224:ships 120:Venue 5618:Inca 5561:Maya 5496:Guam 5429:Lost 5201:Lost 5122:Mons 4562:Real 4486:Lima 4373:Cuba 4315:Cuba 4287:Perú 4063:and 4061:Ifni 4053:Oran 3976:Guam 3905:Acre 3901:Peru 3811:Cuba 3690:and 3303:ISBN 3231:ISBN 3130:2017 3078:2016 3048:NARA 3009:ISBN 2969:ISBN 2923:ISBN 2886:ISBN 2797:2019 2745:2019 2732:ISBN 2709:2020 2683:2019 2611:See 2593:ISBN 2567:OCLC 2557:ISBN 2523:ISBN 2470:ISSN 2430:2016 2403:ISBN 2382:0023 2346:ISBN 2323:ISBN 2294:ISBN 2209:2013 2179:2019 2153:2019 2128:2019 2102:2019 2069:2019 2036:2019 2003:link 1989:2015 1957:link 1943:2015 1905:ISBN 1852:link 1826:2020 1815:ISSN 1736:2020 1693:ISBN 1324:Maui 1274:and 1240:Guam 1209:and 1195:Argo 1135:and 895:and 830:and 812:Peru 810:and 712:The 585:and 569:and 509:gyre 495:and 284:and 250:and 190:The 127:and 5323:Won 5050:Won 4158:Law 4055:, 3775:), 3756:), 3040:of 2989:doi 2824:doi 2816:119 2778:doi 2770:119 2643:hdl 2635:doi 2462:doi 1163:by 974:or 951:of 834:. 795:or 755:in 720:to 627:by 484:to 316:. 230:'s 6004:: 4059:, 4051:, 4047:, 4043:, 4039:, 4035:, 3990:, 3986:, 3982:, 3978:, 3974:, 3937:, 3925:, 3921:, 3907:, 3893:, 3889:, 3885:, 3817:, 3813:, 3767:es 3760:, 3686:, 3423:, 3315:, 3184:. 3166:. 3147:. 3114:. 3095:. 3064:. 2945:. 2900:^ 2884:. 2880:. 2830:. 2814:. 2784:. 2768:. 2762:. 2674:. 2651:. 2641:. 2631:31 2629:. 2579:^ 2565:. 2505:31 2503:. 2499:. 2476:. 2468:. 2458:25 2456:. 2452:. 2440:^ 2420:. 2380:. 2376:. 2361:^ 2275:^ 2252:. 2195:. 2169:. 2144:. 2118:. 2085:. 2052:. 2019:. 1999:}} 1995:{{ 1953:}} 1949:{{ 1885:31 1848:}} 1844:{{ 1809:. 1757:. 1753:. 1726:. 1673:. 1641:^ 1402:. 1375:. 1334:, 1262:, 1221:. 1205:; 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