298:. While the piano note, then, can only decay, the organ note may increase in volume or undergo other dynamic changes. Some modern electronic instruments allow for volume to vary with the force applied to the key and permit the organist to sustain the note and alter both its attack and decay in a variety of ways. For example, Hammond organs often have an expression pedal, which enables the performer to increase or decrease the volume of a note, chord, or passage. All of these variables mean that both the technique of organ playing and the resulting music are quite different from those of the piano. Nevertheless, the trained pianist may play a basic organ repertoire with little difficulty, although more advanced organ music will require specialized training and practice, as the musician has to learn to play on multiple manuals, set stops and other controls while performing, and play the
381:
278:, etc.). When depressed, an organ key continues to sound its note at the same volume until the organist releases the key, unlike a piano key, whose note gradually fades away as the string vibrations fade away. On the other hand, while the pianist may allow the piano notes to continue to sound for a few moments after lifting their hands from the keys by depressing the sustain pedal, most organs have no corresponding control; the note invariably ceases when the organist releases the key. The exception is some modern electronic instruments and relatively contemporary upgrades to theatre pipe organ consoles, which may have a knee lever which sustains the previous chords or notes. The knee lever enables an organist to hold a chord or note during a
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131:
344:, which group together a series of different tones. Divisions are usually standardised within pipe organs belonging to certain regions; in the English school of organ building, common divisions include the Great, Swell, Choir, Solo and Echo, while French organs commonly include Grand Orgue, Positif, Récit and Echo. German organ divisions include the Hauptwerk, Rückpositiv, Brustwerk and Oberwerk, while in Dutch, common divisions are Hoofdwerk, Rugwerk, Borstwerk and Bovenwerk. Finally,
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25:
250:" (e.g., 16 ft, 8 ft, 4 ft 2 ft, etc.) they wish to use. Synthesizers can program separate manuals to emulate sounds of various orchestral sections or instruments, using imitative digital sounds or sampling of real instruments, or using entirely synthesized sounds. On digital synthesizer instruments a performer can produce the sounds of an entire
115:
158:(a keyboard on which notes are played with the feet), such as an organ; or when referring to one of the keyboards on an instrument that has more than one hand-operated keyboard, such as a two- or three-manual harpsichord. (On instruments that have neither a pedalboard nor more than one hand-operated keyboard, the word "manual" is
353:
pulled out or pushed in automatically. This is of particular benefit in pieces where a number of stops have to be pulled out or pushed in between sections. Devices known as couplers are sometimes available to link the manuals, so that the stops (and pipes) normally played on one can be played from another.
233:
On smaller electronic organs and synthesizers, the manuals may span fewer octaves, and they may also be offset, with the lower one an octave to the left of the upper one. This arrangement encourages the organist to play the melody line on the upper manual while playing the harmony line, chords or
352:
Various other controls, such as stops, pistons, and registration presets are usually located adjacent to the manuals to allow the organist ready access to them while playing. This further increases the instrument's versatility, as a piston or other preset function can cause multiple stops to be
246:) can emulate this style of play. Hammond organs differ from pipe organs in that pipe organs can only pull a stop out (that is, turn on a stop) or push it in (turning off this stop); in contrast, Hammond organs typically have drawbars, so that the player can control how much of each "
348:
are usually composed of Great, Accompaniment, Solo, Bombarde and
Orchestral divisions. Organ builders choose different divisions to accommodate the type of music played, the space in which the organ is installed, as well as the desired character and tone of the instrument.
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Organs and synthesizers can, and usually do, have more than one manual; most home instruments have two manuals, while most larger organs have two or three. Elaborate pipe organs and theater organs can have four or more manuals. The manuals are set into the
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have fewer keys, such as 61 or 73 keys. Some smaller electronic organs may have manuals of four octaves or less (25, 49, 44, or even 37 keys). Changes in registration through use of drawknobs, stop tabs, or other mechanisms to control
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Another difference is that of dynamic control. Unlike the case of piano keys, the force with which the organist depresses the key has no relation to the note's resonance; instead, the organist controls the volume through use of the
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262:
Despite the superficial resemblance to piano keyboards, organ manuals require a very different style of playing. Organ keys often require less force to depress than piano keys; however, the keys on
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allow such instruments to achieve an aggregate range well in excess of pianos and other keyboard instruments even with manuals of shorter pitch range and smaller size.
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through the use of all available manuals in conjunction with the pedalboard and the various registration controls.
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314:, has two manuals. Each manual has drawbars which are used to control the registration for each manuals.
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Music written to be played only on the manuals (and not using the pedals) can be designated by the word
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keyboard, with long, usually ivory or light-colored keys for the natural notes of the
Western
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Different manuals on pipe organs are usually used to play stops from a variety of
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169:(first attested in 1511, but particularly common in the 17th and 18th centuries).
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on the lower manual. On pipe organs each manual plays a specific subset of the
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286:, thus freeing their hands to turn a page in the sheet music, change stops,
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205:, or 61 keys. Piano keyboards, by contrast, normally have 88 keys; some
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a choir or orchestra, or shift hands to another manual.
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with three manuals. The two lower manuals are each five
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in range, while the uppermost manual spans two octaves.
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One of the key types of electromechanical organs, the
201:. A typical, full-size organ manual consists of five
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225:The organ console in St. Mary Redcliffe church in
185:The layout of a manual is roughly the same as a
428:The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians
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469:
8:
51:introducing citations to additional sources
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780:
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462:
454:
417:Williams, Peter (2001). "Manualiter". In
386:A three manual digital synthesizer organ.
1196:Musical instrument parts and accessories
41:Relevant discussion may be found on the
409:
360:
118:The console of the Great Organ at the
16:Musical keyboard played with the hands
330:Types of manuals and related controls
7:
398:An Oberheim Dual Manual synthesizer.
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258:Organ manuals vs. piano keyboards
391:
379:
363:
34:relies largely or entirely on a
23:
336:Organ console § Keyboards
1:
374:synthesizer with two manuals.
242:, and electric organs (e.g.,
229:, England, with four manuals.
162:a synonym for "keyboard".)
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333:
709:
431:(2nd ed.). London:
306:Electromechanical organs
1121:Piano Technicians Guild
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264:mechanical instruments
230:
143:
127:
124:Aristide Cavaillé-Coll
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224:
133:
117:
1191:Keyboard instruments
1142:Amplifiers, speakers
984:Generalized keyboard
815:keyboard instruments
433:Macmillan Publishers
120:Church of St Sulpice
47:improve this article
989:Isomorphic keyboard
979:Enharmonic keyboard
869:Electronic keyboard
686:Trompette militaire
557:Combination action
266:can be very heavy (
152:keyboard instrument
62:"Manual" music
1149:Keyboard amplifier
1069:Piano construction
739:Historical Society
327:
231:
144:
128:
1178:
1177:
777:
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566:Tubular-pneumatic
561:Electro-pneumatic
442:978-1-56159-239-5
296:expression pedals
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97:
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536:Expression pedal
516:Eight-foot pitch
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325:has two manuals.
268:St Sulpice Paris
182:(or "keydesk").
136:electronic organ
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948:Piano accordion
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531:Crescendo pedal
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276:St Etienne Caen
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1060:Pedal keyboard
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211:digital pianos
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45:. Please help
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1163:Miscellaneous
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919:Theatre organ
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829:Bowed clavier
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423:Tyrrell, John
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272:St Ouen Rouen
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244:Hammond organ
241:
240:organ's stops
237:
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191:musical scale
188:
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180:organ console
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103:December 2009
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67:
64: –
63:
59:
58:Find sources:
52:
48:
44:
38:
37:
36:single source
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
1021:
999:Short octave
879:Harmonichord
691:Voix céleste
681:Registration
651:Tibia Clausa
520:
498:Construction
426:
412:
370:A 1970s-era
351:
341:
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309:
292:
261:
232:
184:
176:
166:
164:
159:
147:
145:
100:
90:
83:
76:
69:
57:
33:
1108:Maintenance
1081:Innovations
1027:Split sharp
1017:Frequencies
958:Synthesizer
884:Harpsichord
822:Instruments
701:Zimbelstern
485:Pipe organs
323:Hammond B-3
312:Hammond B-3
216:organ stops
154:that has a
1185:Categories
1045:Expression
914:Reed organ
909:Pipe organ
874:Fortepiano
854:Clavichord
754:Repertoire
724:Fairground
696:Vox humana
671:Ophicleide
591:En chamade
404:References
334:See also:
167:manualiter
156:pedalboard
146:The word "
73:newspapers
1076:Acoustics
864:Claviharp
744:Portative
676:Plein-jeu
548:Swell box
543:Tremulant
372:Fairlight
342:divisions
252:orchestra
248:pipe rank
122:built by
43:talk page
963:Virginal
894:Melodica
839:Carillon
834:Calliope
749:Positive
506:Builders
425:(eds.).
236:bassline
173:Overview
126:in 1862.
1091:Aliquot
1055:Sustain
972:Layouts
926:Orphica
844:Celesta
811:Musical
764:Theatre
666:Mixture
661:Gedackt
641:Bourdon
606:Voicing
601:Scaling
553:Tracker
511:Console
357:Gallery
288:conduct
284:cadence
280:fermata
227:Bristol
203:octaves
140:octaves
87:scholar
1131:Wrench
1126:Tuning
1116:Action
1086:Wiring
1037:Pedals
953:Spinet
889:Keytar
734:German
729:French
714:Barrel
656:Cornet
618:Tuning
526:Pedals
521:Manual
439:
195:sharps
148:manual
89:
82:
75:
68:
60:
1096:Cross
931:Piano
899:Organ
849:Chime
769:Water
759:Shoes
719:Crawl
646:Tibia
628:Stops
583:Pipes
199:flats
187:piano
94:JSTOR
80:books
1050:Soft
1009:Keys
813:and
632:List
613:Reed
596:Flue
571:Stop
489:list
437:ISBN
209:and
197:and
66:news
282:or
160:not
134:An
49:by
1187::
435:.
421:;
321:A
274:,
270:,
803:e
796:t
789:v
634:)
630:(
491:)
487:(
477:e
470:t
463:v
447:
445:.
105:)
101:(
91:·
84:·
77:·
70:·
53:.
39:.
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