349:, which indicates that he probably held the status of a slave. He referred himself as "Manoochehr Khan, Fatteh Ali Shahee" in a document he had written in 1822, which demonstrates that he was a slave of Fath-Ali Shah. Kondo states that "We can assume that his early career was quite similar to that of any slave elite member in the medieval Middle East." He had the responsibility of leading more than 500 eunuchs, including Georgians, Turks, and Kurds, who were responsible for protecting the royal harem. No prince or princess could enter the royal castle without his approval since he oversaw the entrance doors. Each day at lunch and dinner, he brought a bowl of water for washing hands and a pot of drinking water to the royal harem. He also always accompanied Fath-Ali Shah when he left the palace. He occasionally engaged in sports with the princes in the harem. He was referred to as "my partner" by Fath-Ali Shah.
31:
307:
434:) be released into his care. He had done this at the urging of Agha Ya'qub, who wanted to return to his homeland. Griboyedov dispatched his Armenian and Georgian assistants to deliver the Georgian concubines to the Russian embassy, relying on a clause in the Treaty of Turkmenchay that called for the trading of prisoners of war. Griboyedov was told by Manuchehr Khan to abandon the legation because he was in danger, but he declined. The clergy incited a mob to attack the Russian legation the following day (10 February), which they did, killing all but one of its sizable staff.
443:
383:
193:, which in Georgian means "box of languages" and attests to the family's linguistic skill. Armenians played a significant part in Georgian history from the 16th to the 18th centuries, and numerous courtiers of Armenian ancestry worked as writers and interpreters for the Georgian kings. The Enikolopians began learning languages while they were young, and they frequently served in diplomatic positions thanks to their command of Armenian, Georgian, Persian, Turkish, and Arabic.
489:. As a result, "he became in effect the viceroy of much central and southwestern Iran and delegated authority in Kermanshah to a series of subordinate governors". Around the same time, still in the 1830s, Manuchehr Khan was responsible for the establishment of a central court of justice in Isfahan, which had both secular and religious judges, and in its implementation was "roughly resembling the historical
405:. In general, the peace party feared the capability of the Russian Empire and wanted armed conflict to be avoided at all costs. They were more accustomed to dealing with people from other cultures and knew more about Russia. The Iranians eventually lost the second war with the Russians, and were thus forced to sign the
558:
Together with his peers, Manuchehr Khan established a business to buy jewelry for the ladies of the royal harem at affordable costs. This business enjoyed great success up until its dissolution in 1819. In order to acquire gifts to give to Fath-Ali Shah in the hopes of becoming appointed to positions
393:
In Fath-Ali Shah's court, two factions had developed during the course of building policy toward Russia. One faction advocated for peace with Russia, and the other for war. Both were heavily lobbying Fath-Ali Shah and Abbas Mirza. The first question at hand was what to do if Russia did not stop their
502:
arrived in
Isfahan in 1846, Manuchehr gave him protection and, allegedly, offered military services to conquer Iran and spread his teachings into the country and even beyond it. Báb reportedly declined the offer, but accepted the governor's protection. Manuchehr Khan died shortly thereafter and Báb,
429:
led a sizable
Russian embassy to Tehran in order to deliver the signed treaty and handling other matters, such as war reparations. There Griboyedov showed the condescending behaviour of a conqueror toward the Iranians when enforcing the conditions of the Treaty of Turkmenchay. He ordered that the
522:
Together with
Khosrow Khan Gorji and Agha Ya'qub, Manuchehr Khan began important commercial endeavors. The Armenian historian Galust Shermazanian reported that Manuchehr Khan used Stefan of New Julfa and Samuel of Tbilisi as his proxies. This demonstrates the significance of the local and ethnic
352:
In addition to his skills and distinctive heritage as an Armeno-Georgian aristocratic
Manuchehr Khan occasionally received help from his first relatives. The Qajar slave system was more reliant on the shah's character than the Safavid system, which is known for its systematic inclusion and
265:
was a volunteer army of
Georgian nobility commanded by Ivane Orbeliani. However, after a disagreement between the two, Orbeliani chose to withdraw his forces back to Georgia. The Iranian army, commanded by Pir-Qoli Khan Qajar and Ali-Qoli Khan Shahsevan, ambushed them as they were leaving
30:
421:
village. Instead, he assigned it to Muslim convert Bizhan Khan, who performed well. Additionally, Manuchehr Khan attended the peace treaty talks held in
Turkmanchay and was responsible for preparing and transporting the war-loss payment for the Russians there.
559:
of authority in the provinces, Manuchehr Khan would loan the business' income to courtiers. In Tehran, he gained recognition as the deputy of the provincial governors. A document from 1822 shows that
Manuchehr Khan made a major acquisition by paying 48,565
353:
integration of
Caucasian local elites. In contrast to the pre-existing slave-soldiers framework, Manuchehr Khan's rise explicitly shows the Iranian model of the slave elite system, where familial and local connections were essential.
563:
to the chief merchant of
Baghdad, Elias Antoon. What he purchased, is unknown. He became one of the richest men in the country by investing the money he earned from his business ventures in both urban and rural properties.
394:
occupation of Gokcha and Balagh-lu. The state of the Muslim minority under
Russian authority and, lastly, whether and to what extent Russia had been weakened as a result of its internal crises, were secondary concerns.
181:. His forebears were renowned Armenians who moved from Armenia to Georgia in the 17th century and worked as official translators for the Georgian king. After the relocation, the family changed their name from
328:
Chongur Enikolopiant was given the Persian name Jansuz ("soul inflaming"), castrated, converted to Islam and started working as an eunuch in the court. He soon rose the position of chief eunuch (
1334:
225:. According to the Japanese historian Nobuaki Kondo, "It must have been too difficult for the author to link Manuchehr Khan with the prophet Muhammad, or any other Islamic saints."
1247:(2019). "Lives of the Enikolopians: Multilingualism and the Religious-National Identity of a Caucasus Family in the Persianate World". In Amanat, Abbas; Ashraf, Assef (eds.).
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after complaints by the people of his governorate. Manuchehr Khan was subsequently appointed as the new governor of Kermanshah. In 1838, he was given the governorship of
1319:
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In 8 June 1829, Neshat Isfahani died, and thus his title of "Mo'tamed al-Dowleh" ("Trustee of the State") was passed on to Manuchehr Khan by Fath-Ali Shah.
397:
Manuchehr Khan was amongst those who advocated for peace, alongside other prominent figures such as the chief scribe Neshat Isfahani; the foreign minister
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417:. Using Manuchehr Khan's advise, Fath-Ali Shah had avoided assigning Iranian natives to the first delegation during the peace treaty talks in the
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The court however, was disbanded due to the presented opposition of those who found it to be working against their personal interests. When
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160:. His father was Mirza Gurgen Khan, a seasoned diplomat who served under the Georgian kings. His mother Voskum Khanum was from the city of
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class, including Chongur Enikolopiant. Along with three Russians and two other Armenian youngsters (Andre Ghaytmazeants, later
960:
935:
105:
228:
The family made a conscious effort to establish connections with the government and religious community of Iran, as well as
1154:
Floor, Willem (2009). "Judicial and Legal Systems iv. Judicial System From the Advent of Islam Through the 19th Century".
100:
1221:
Kondo, Nobuaki (2004). "The Vaqf and Religious Patronage of Manūchihr Khān Muʿtamad al-Dawlah". In Gleave, Robert (ed.).
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Christian-Muslim Relations. A Bibliographical History Volume 20. Iran, Afghanistan and the Caucasus (1800-1914)
322:
203:(kings) of Iran. This story is made up and was written to boost Manuchehr Khan's reputation. The author of the
196:
According to certain Persian texts, Manuchehr Khan's forebears were viziers of Georgian vice-kings under the
430:
Georgian concubines who were held in the harems of the Qajars (including those of the former prime minister
357:
262:
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406:
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360:, who had become unable to handle them due to his old age. In 1824, Manuchehr Khan was appointed as the
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138:, who became one of the most powerful statesmen of the country in the first half of the 19th century.
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of "Gorji" (Georgian) and also reported as a "Georgian purchased as a slave" by his acquaintance
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336:" and the more prestigious Iranian name "Manuchehr", which was also the name of a shah of the
250:
1165:
Hambly, Gavin R. G. (1991). "Iran during the reigns of Fath 'Alī Shāh and Muhammad Shāh". In
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1110:(2016). "Prelude to War: The Russian Siege and Storming of the Fortress of Ganjeh, 1803–4".
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on August 4 with a sizable caravan. They captured many Georgians who were part of the
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Iran at War: Interactions with the Modern World and the Struggle with Imperial Russia
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of Iran. In the same year, one of the forces that fought under the Russian commander
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555:, their Armenian trading network spanned the all of Iran and the neighboring lands.
1015:
462:
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332:) and became a close advisor to Fath-Ali Shah, who rewarded him with the title of "
197:
1127:
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Pivot of the Universe: Nasir Al-Din Shah Qajar and the Iranian Monarchy, 1831-1896
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tried to connect him to Iranian kingship by claiming that he was a descendant of
1172:
The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 7: From Nadir Shah to the Islamic Republic
1166:
152:
nobility class, Manuchehr Khan was born as Chongur Enikolopiant in the city of
1143:
Calmard, Jean (2015). "Kermansah iv. History from the Arab Conquest to 1953".
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was added to the domain of Manuchehr Khan, which already included Kermanshah,
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69:
35:
Portrait of Manuchehr Khan Gorji in the style of Mohammad Isma'il. Dated 1840
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Manuchehr Khan died in Isfahan on 9 February 1847. He was buried in the
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65:
47:
278:, and Hakob/Ya'qub Margarean, later Agha Ya'qub), he was delivered to
1206:. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 170–171.
1049:. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 407–421.
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left without an influential patron, fell in disfavor with the shah.
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Manuchehr Khan later assumed the responsibilities of the minister
926:
McCants, William (2004). "Babiyya". In Martín, Richard C. (ed.).
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governor of the province as Yahya Mirza was too young to do so.
200:
477:, an office he would keep until his death. In 1839, the entire
511:
1204:
Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume I/2: ʿAbd-al-Hamīd–ʿAbd-al-Hamīd
953:
Mysticism and Dissent: Socioreligious Thought in Qajar Iran
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Governorship of the western and central provinces of Iran
167:
Although Manuchehr Khan was frequently referred with the
827:
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1169:; Hambly, Gavin R. G.; Melville, Charles Peter (eds.).
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469:(r. 1834–1848), was recalled to the Iranian capital of
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Encyclopedia of Islam & the Muslim World, Volume 1
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Walcher, Heidi (2006). "Isfahan viii. Qajar Period".
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Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume IX/4: Fārs II–Fauna III
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and the daughter of a certain Hakobjan Agha Amatun.
425:In 1829, the distinguished Russian poet and author
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76:
58:
40:
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1222:
465:, who was also the brother of then incumbent king
409:on 28 February 1828, in which they agreed to cede
343:Most Persian sources describe Manuchehr Khan as a
514:, the same place where Fath-Ali Shah was buried.
1249:The Persianate World: Rethinking a Shared Sphere
1335:Converts to Shia Islam from Eastern Orthodoxy
8:
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146:A member of the Enikolopian family and the
16:Governor of Isfahan, Qajar Iran (died 1847)
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29:
18:
1282:Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. XIII, Fasc. 6
955:. Syracuse University Press. p. 95.
523:backgrounds of the slave elites. Through
1320:Emigrants from Georgia (country) to Iran
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1268:"Russo-Iranian wars 1804-13 and 1826-8"
930:. Granite Hill Publishers. p. 96.
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247:a war erupted between Iran and Russia
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1330:Former Georgian Orthodox Christians
1325:Shia Muslims from Georgia (country)
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1225:Religion and Society in Qajar Iran
1196:"ʿAbd-al-Vahhāb Moʿtamad-al-dawla"
14:
297:Service in the Iranian government
253:, which had been governed by the
1340:People of the Russo-Persian Wars
364:of Yahya Mirza, the governor of
1310:Military personnel from Tbilisi
1229:. Routledge. pp. 227–244.
368:. Manuchehr Khan served as the
316:
284:
221:), the king of the pre-Islamic
216:
1350:History of Kermanshah province
130:; died 9 February 1847) was a
106:Nariman Khan Qavam al-Saltaneh
1:
1370:Qajar governors of Kermanshah
1128:10.1080/00210862.2016.1159779
101:Solayman Khan Saham al-Dowleh
98:Abraham Enikolopian (brother)
1365:Qajar governors of Khuzestan
1360:History of Lorestan province
1375:Qajar governors of Lorestan
1251:. Brill. pp. 169–195.
399:Mirza Abolhassan Khan Ilchi
128:منوچهر خان گرجی معتمدالدوله
1391:
1315:Qajar governors of Isfahan
1177:Cambridge University Press
1266:Pourjavady, Reza (2023).
1068:. Yale University Press.
457:In 1837, the governor of
111:Jahangir Khan Ajudanbashi
28:
726:, pp. 183–184, 186.
386:Signing ceremony of the
358:Mirza Shafi Mazandarani
208:Mada'ih al-mu'tamadiyya
177:, he was in reality an
1066:Iran: A Modern History
1064:Amanat, Abbas (2017).
1039:"Fatḥ-ʿAlī Shah Qājār"
1037:Amanat, Abbas (1999).
951:Bayat, Mangol (1982).
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390:
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1157:Encyclopaedia Iranica
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508:Fatima Masumeh Shrine
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407:Treaty of Turkmenchay
388:Treaty of Turkmenchay
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309:
302:Early career and rise
81:Fatima Masumeh Shrine
1179:. pp. 144–173.
1120:Taylor & Francis
675:, pp. 227, 228.
427:Alexander Griboyedov
23:Manuchehr Khan Gorji
1300:18th-century births
1285:. pp. 657–675.
1194:Javadi, H. (1982).
1108:Bournoutian, George
990:, pp. 407–421.
901:, pp. 657–675.
858:, pp. 170–171.
795:, pp. 118–119.
750:, pp. 184–185.
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467:Mohammad Shah Qajar
403:Mirza Saleh Shirazi
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261:during the Russian
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518:Business endeavors
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276:Khosrow Khan Gorji
1258:978-90-04-38728-7
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899:Walcher 2006
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863:
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817:Behrooz 2023
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310:Portrait of
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119:
118:
77:Burial place
44:18th-century
1305:1847 deaths
1122:: 107–124.
988:Amanat 1999
868:Hambly 1991
856:Javadi 1982
844:Hambly 1991
832:Amanat 2017
419:Turkmanchay
415:Nakhichevan
1294:Categories
1000:Maeda 2019
976:Maeda 2019
962:0815628536
937:0028656032
914:Floor 2009
781:Kondo 2004
769:Kondo 2004
748:Maeda 2019
736:Kondo 2004
724:Maeda 2019
685:Maeda 2019
673:Kondo 2004
661:Maeda 2019
637:Maeda 2019
625:Maeda 2019
613:Maeda 2019
601:Kondo 2004
580:Maeda 2019
568:References
459:Kermanshah
183:Mamkiniyan
142:Background
136:Qajar Iran
70:Qajar Iran
1136:163302882
529:Astrakhan
483:Khuzestan
245:In 1804,
212:Khosrow I
205:anthology
95:Relatives
1274:. Brill.
1086:(2023).
1018:(1997).
553:Calcutta
495:court".
487:Lorestan
371:de facto
187:Inikulub
179:Armenian
103:(nephew)
1202:(ed.).
1045:(ed.).
1009:Sources
545:Bushehr
541:Baghdad
492:mazalem
475:Isfahan
448:Isfahan
289:), the
272:aznauri
198:Safavid
162:Hamadan
158:Georgia
154:Tbilisi
149:aznauri
124:Persian
66:Isfahan
52:Georgia
48:Tbilisi
1255:
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1072:
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1026:
959:
934:
551:, and
549:Madras
525:Tabriz
485:, and
471:Tehran
411:Erivan
362:vizier
346:ghulam
268:Erivan
236:Career
230:Russia
132:eunuch
87:Father
1198:. In
1132:S2CID
1118:(1).
1041:. In
561:toman
533:Rasht
366:Gilan
321:) by
291:Qajar
251:Ganja
201:shahs
170:nisba
1253:ISBN
1231:ISBN
1208:ISBN
1181:ISBN
1094:ISBN
1070:ISBN
1051:ISBN
1024:ISBN
957:ISBN
932:ISBN
413:and
334:khan
59:Died
41:Born
1124:doi
512:Qom
510:in
500:Báb
185:to
156:in
134:in
1296::
1270:.
1130:.
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1126::
1102:.
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314:(
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189:/
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
