Manuel Roxas - Knowledge

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March 21, 1947, the United States granted the Philippines some $ 17.7 million in military aid and another $ 25 million to assist with reconstruction. The Communist Huk rebellion led to fears in the United States that the Huks might come to power while the fact that the Kuomintang were clearly losing the Chinese civil war by this point led to the very real possibility that Chinese Communists might come to the power. In turn, there was much fear in Washington that a Communist China would grant the Soviet Union air and naval bases. The possibility of a Communist China vastly increased the geopolitical importance of the Philippines to the United States, which wanted to retain its air and naval bases in the Philippines to maintain control of the South China Sea. The Americans made it clear that they were prepared to pay "handsomely" for the right to keep their Filipino bases, which Roxas exploited.

1549:, left for the United States. During his U.S. visit, Roxas came out clearly for the United States to maintain its bases after independence, saying in a speech: "We will welcome the existence of your naval, air and army bases on such of our soil as it is mutually agreeable for the common protection of the United States and the Philippines, and will co-operate in the defense and security of those bases insofar as it is within our power to do so". After the experience of the Japanese occupation, Filipino public opinion was no longer against the presence of American bases after independence in quite the same way as before 1941. However, the U.S. government was apparently not aware of the change in public opinion, and favored Roxas as the man best able to allow the United States to keep its bases after independence. 990: 1490: 1553:

law enjoyed by American military personnel envisioned in the agreement would not be popular with Filipino public opinion. He also made it clear that he was more comfortable with the Americans mostly having naval and air bases in the Philippines, and wanted the number of U.S. Army bases kept to the minimum. Some aspects of the Roxas desiderata were incorporated in the final agreement as the Americans agreed to reduce the number of bases in the Philippines after independence. Roxas's argument against the U.S. Army having bases were also incorporated in the agreement, through the fact that

1425:, succeeded him. Truman had little interest in the Philippines, as he had more pressing concerns to face in his first months of office. When MacArthur left the Philippines for Japan to sign the armistice ending the war on August 30, 1945, the Philippines has been in a chaotic state, with the economy in tatters and the political status undecided. When he took over the American occupation of Japan, MacArthur in turn lost his interest in the Philippines, only returning to Manila on July 4, 1946, to witness the declaration of Filipino independence before promptly returning to Tokyo. 5517: 2437: 698: 2254: 2403: 2246: 1210: 2422: 1063:, the Philippines started to be seen as a liability in the United States as demands were made to end Filipino immigration to the United States and end the tariff free importation of Filipino agriculture into the American market as many American farmers complained they could not compete with Filipino farmers. To end Filipino immigration and access to the American market, many U.S. congressional leaders favored granting immediate independence to the Philippines. At the same time that the 1998:, hundreds of churches and temples were burned. The reconstruction of the damaged school buildings alone cost more than ₱126,000,000,000. Pike noted that the Japanese as part of their efforts of "liberation" from American imperialism by bringing the Philippines into the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere "...had smashed industrial buildings, banks, government offices and hotels. Infrastructure including ports had been sabotaged or destroyed in the heavy fighting for Manila". 5180: 1617:. In what was described as "a monstrous abrogation of democratic procedure", Roxas expelled all members of Congress from the Democratic Alliance, claiming that they been elected illegally, and replaced them with his own bets. Roxas's expulsion of the Democratic Alliance from Congress was the beginning of a nation-wide purge of those who served in the Huk resistance against the Japanese as arrests and murders followed. Those who survived fled to the jungle and formed the 6174: 6164: 1398:

whom he felt was an incompetent leader, and much preferred Roxas to be the country's next president. The charismatic Roxas made for more appealing social company, which he used to his advantage in his dealings with The General. Moreover, Osmeña had often opposed MacArthur before the war. President Osmeña traveled to Washington in early 1945 to appeal for President Roosevelt's help against MacArthur, but he made tactless remarks in his meeting at the

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Committee advised on June 2, 1930, that the Philippines should be given more autonomy to prepare for independence within the next 19 years. Upon his return to the Philippines in 1930, Roxas founded a new pro-independence group called Ang Bagong Katipunan ("The New Association") that proposed disbanding all political parties under its fold and the unification of national culture in order to negotiate better with the United States. The plans for

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historian Francis Pike wrote that Roxas "effectively brought" the 1946 election, helped by the fact that he owned the largest newspaper empire in the Philippines. The Roxas newspapers election coverage were essentially campaign ads for the Roxas campaign. Osmeña refused to campaign, saying that the Filipino people knew of his reputation. On April 23, 1946, Roxas won 54% of the vote, and the Liberal Party won a majority in the legislature.

1330:. Disguised as a Catholic priest, the bearded, tanned Parsons would visit Roxas even while the latter was effectively under house arrest, and privately "receive confession" from the Filipino statesman regarding the disposition of the Japanese forces, the collaborationist government, and various matters of state. Roxas also passed on information from Malacañang to the Fil-Am guerrilla movement through Ramona Snyder, the lover of guerrilla 680: 1402:, inspiring the American president to declare that MacArthur should be allowed to rule the Philippines whatever way he liked. MacArthur announced in a speech that Roxas was "one of the prime factors in the guerilla movement" against the Japanese. Aside from Roxas, MacArthur pardoned over 5,000 Filipino collaborators. Even though over 80% of the Philippine Army officers went over to the Japanese in 1942, their commissions were restated. 5859: 2280:, who was on board a southern cruise at the time of Roxas's death, arrived in Manila on April 17. That morning, Quirino immediately went to Malacañang and took the oath of office as president in the Council of State Room. The new president then appointed a committee to take charge of the funeral arrangements for the late president and issued a proclamation declaring a period of national mourning from April 17 to May 17. 2064:(1943–1945). The Amnesty Proclamation did not apply to those collaborators, who were charged with the commission of common crimes, such as murder, rape, and arson. The presidential decision did much to heal a standing wound that somehow threatened to divide the people's sentiments. It was a much-called for measure to bring about a closer unity in the trying times when such was most needed for the progress of the nation. 1648: 5586: 4953: 1109:, which mandated that independence be granted when Filipinos proved that they had a "stable government". However, Roxas went on to testify that "with the granting of tariff autonomy, serious difficulties may arise". In common with the rest of the Filipino elite, Roxas saw the plans of the U.S. Congress to impose tariffs on Filipino goods after independence as an economic disaster for the Philippines. 2089:(Nation's Army Against the Japanese, also called "the Huks"), Roxas issued a proclamation outlawing the Huk movement on March 6, 1948. At the same time, Roxas pardoned the Filipinos who had collaborated with the Japanese. The pardon of the collaborators lent some substance to the charge by the Huks that his administration was a continuation of the wartime collaborationist puppet government. 893: 5597: 4963: 2142: 82: 1890: 1867: 1834: 2287: 1562: 1283:, where one offers a lavish gift in order to create a reciprocal obligation from the individual who receives the gift. Through the payment was legal, it was questionable from an ethical perspective, and MacArthur always kept the payment secret, which did not become public knowledge until 1979. Later that year, Quezon offered payment to General 1630: 3958: 1609:

assist with the reconstruction of the war-devastated nation, the vast majority of the money was stolen by Roxas and his corrupt friends. The American journalist Robert Shaplen noted after a visit to Manila: "It may well be that in no other city in the world was there so much graft and corruption and conniving after the war".

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continued. In fact, these became worse in certain areas. Among the remedial measures enacted was Republic Act No. 34, likewise known as the Tenant Act, which provided for a 70–30 sharing arrangements and regulated share-tenancy contracts. It was passed to resolve the ongoing peasant unrest in Central

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On May 10, 1946, a draft agreement was signed in Washington allowing the United States to keep its Filipino bases for 99 years after independence. Roxas was willing to sign the agreement, but demanded that the number of American bases be reduced and complained that the sweeping immunity from Filipino

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In the congressional elections, the Huks joined forces with socialists and peasant unions to form a new party, the Democratic Alliance. The party won six seats in Congress on a platform of punishing collaborators, land reform and opposing the Bell Trade Act. Among the Huk leaders elected to Congress

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to the U.S. dollar and American corporations were granted parity rights when it came to exploiting the minerals and forests of the Philippines. In exchange for accepting the Bell Trade Act, the U.S. Congress voted for some $ 2 billion in aid to the Philippines. Though the $ 2 billion was intended to

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Osmeña was opposed to MacArthur's rehabilitation of Roxas, only to receive the reply that: "I have known General Roxas for over twenty years, and I know that he is no threat to our military security. Therefore we are not detaining here". It has been reported that MacArthur disliked President Osmeña,

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Control of the rice supplies and pricing was power politics in Manila. President Laurel and Roxas, as chief of the Government Rice Procurement Authority, secretly blocked Japanese access to the rice stores controlled by the agency—they wanted to project that the largest possible supply of the staple

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where he supervised the destruction of Philippine currency to prevent its capture by the Japanese. When Quezon left Corregidor, Roxas went to Mindanao to direct the resistance there. It was prior to Quezon's departure that he was made executive secretary and designated as successor to the presidency

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from 1940 onward. In common with other members of the Filipino elite, Roxas started to cultivate ties with Japan as it was unclear whatever the Philippines would remain in the American sphere of influence after independence or fall into the Japanese sphere of influence. However, as the United States

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had to make "radical statements for immediate, complete and absolute independence to maintain hold of the people". Filipino politics tended to be based more on personal loyalties to a politician who would reward his followers via patronage rather than ideological issues, and despite criticism of the

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to come to Manila in August 1946. While returning to their jungle bases, Felco and the other Huk leaders were ambushed by police forces, with Felco's head was found floating in the Pampanga River. The ambush was intended to cripple the Huks, but instead led to a civil war as the police and the army

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Roxas served in the Laurel government until April 1945, when he surrendered to American forces at Baguio. After his capture, MacArthur publicized Roxas' contributions to the resistance movement. MacArthur may have been blackmailed by Roxas, who threatened to reveal the guaranty he accepted in 1942.

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Eventually as the war progressed, Japan managed to divert most of the rice harvest to feed the Japanese forces in Southeast Asia. The ruthless policies of confiscating rice harvests pushed many of the Filipino peasantry to the brink of starvation and made Roxas into one of the most hated men in the

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In 1933, Roxas and Osmeña flew to Washington to negotiate Filipino independence from the United States. The Americans agreed to grant the Filipinos independence, but only on the condition that the United States be allowed to retain military bases in the Philippines, a condition that led for the act

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by sending them a message saying he wanted immediate independence, which Roxas felt was not likely at present. On May 24, 1930, Quezon followed Roxas's advice and sent public telegrams to both Hawes and Cutting saying the Filipinos "crave their national freedom". In a compromise, the Senate Insular

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saw the Philippines primarily as a place to project power into Asia led to most of the American bases being naval and air bases. Furthermore, as long the Americans dominated the waters and air spaces around the Philippines, another invasion was unlikely. However, the Americans refused to give make

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that both Hurley and Stimson had testified before the U.S. Congress saying that the Philippines were not ready for independence nor would be for anytime in the foreseeable future, which he thought had a major impact on the U.S. Congress. Roxas advised that Quezon should now try to appease Senators

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to lobby the U.S. Congress to go slow on the granting of independence in the Hare-Hawes-Cutting Bill. Aside from the fear of Japan, many Filipinos were deeply worried about the plans to impose heavy tariffs on Filipino agriculture after independence, which provided another reason to go slowly with

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Although Roxas was successful in getting rehabilitation funds from the United States after independence, he was forced to concede military bases (23 of which were leased for 99 years), trade restriction for the Philippine citizens, and special privileges for U.S. property owners and investors. On

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Among the main remedies proposed was the establishment of the Philippine Rehabilitation Finance Corporation. This entity would be responsible for the construction of twelve thousand houses and for the grant of easy-term loans in the amount of P177,000,000. Another proposal was the creation of the

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food would be available to the civilian population at the lowest possible price. They managed the system successfully. But when the Japanese occupiers were forced to use their own procurement methods outside of the Laurel government, short supply and high demand drove the prices up for everyone.

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The good record of the Roxas administration was marred by notable failures: the failure to curb graft and corruption in the government (as evidenced by the surplus war property scandal), the Chinese immigration scandal, the school supplies scandal and the failure to check and stop the communist

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The war had burned cities and towns, ruined farms and factories, blasted roads and bridges, shattered industries and commerce, massacred thousands of civilians, and paralyzed the educational system, where 80% of the school buildings, their equipment, laboratories and furniture were destroyed.

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Shortly after his capture, Roxas told the Americans that he wanted the United States to keep its military bases in the Philippines after independence in 1946, and promised to use all of his influence to persuade the Filipino congress to accept independence on those terms. Buhite wrote that by

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and the United States on July 4, 1946. Aside from withdrawing her sovereignty from the Philippines and recognizing her independence, the Treaty reserved for the United States some bases for the mutual protection of both countries; consented that the United States represent the Philippines in

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for vice-president. Roxas had the staunch support of General MacArthur. The American military government strongly favored Roxas during the election, regarding him as the Filipino politician most likely to allow the American bases to continue in the Philippines after independence. The British

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families such as the Ayalas, Zobels, Elizaldes and Sorianos. By 1945, the Huks had over 70,000 guerrillas in action, making them into easily the largest resistance group in the Philippines. The American historian Russell Buhite wrote: "Roxas was the Philippine equivalent of the fabled French

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complained that the Philippines was one of the most corrupt nations in Asia as he commented with some understatement "much of the aid to the Philippines has not been used as wisely as we wish it had". Acheson wanted to cease aid to the Philippines until reforms were mounted to crack down on

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statesman Charles Maurice de Tallyrand who was able to blend with the wind, able to work with authority wherever he found it". The American historian Richard Bernstein stated: "If Japan had won the war...the top man in the Philippines today would probably have been Manuel Roxas".

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On October 20, 1943, the head of the Japanese military police, Akira Nagahama, surprised President Laurel in Malacañang and demanded the arrest of Roxas, whose office was a short distance away. Laurel replied, "You can go and get Roxas, but you'll have to kill me first."

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In the summer of 1931, Hurley visited the Philippines to assess its readiness for independence. In talks with Quezon, Osmeña, and Roxas, it was agreed that the Philippines should become an autonomous commonwealth under American rule and would be allowed to keep exporting

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His administration was marred by graft and corruption; moreover, the abuses of the provincial military police contributed to the rise of the left-wing (Huk) movement in the countryside. His heavy-handed attempts to crush the Huks led to widespread peasant disaffection.

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countries where the latter had not yet established diplomatic representation; made the Philippines assume all debts and obligations of the former government in the Philippines; and provided for the settlement of property rights of the citizens of both countries.

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or Philippine Trade Act. Both recommendations were accepted by the Congress. Under the Bell Trade Act, the goods from the Philippines were granted tariff-free access to the American market, achieving one of Roxas's key aims; in exchange, he accepted pegging the

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The country was facing near bankruptcy. There was no national economy, no export trade. Indeed, production for exports had not been restored. On the other hand, imports were to reach the amount of three million dollars. There was need of immediate aid from the

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festivities ended that the government and the people quickly put all hands to work in the tasks of rescuing the country from its dire economic straits. Reputed to be the most bombed and destroyed country in the world, the Philippines was in a sorry mess. Only

1287:, which he refused, saying that as a United States Army official, his first loyalty was to the United States, which made accepting such a payment as morally wrong in his viewpoint. Roxas was one of the few people who did know about Quezon's gift to MacArthur. 1634: 1264:, the largest and most populous of the islands of the Philippine archipelago. MacArthur had claimed that the American–Filipino forces under his command would stop any Japanese invasion "on the beaches", but instead the Japanese forces marched on 5634: 1663:

Roxas served as the president of the Commonwealth of the Philippines in a brief period, from May 28, 1946, to July 4, 1946, during which time Roxas helped prepare the groundwork for an independent Philippines. He was inugurated at the ruins of

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to be rejected by the Philippine Congress. Quezon was late to state that the allowing of the United States to retain its bases in the Philippines would make Filipino independence no different from the independence of the Japanese sham state of

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to the United States at the present rate. Roxas became seen as one of the less radical independence leaders, who favored "going slow" on independence to keep access to the U.S. market. At the time, Roxas cynically stated he and the other

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pardoning Roxas, MacArthur "...undermined his ability to treat other collaborators more harshly". Beyond his presidential ambitions, MacArthur had additional reasons to treat Roxas leniently. MacArthur believed that the men of the

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His body was brought to Manila the following day on a special train, reaching Malacañang at about 9:20 am. Sessions of Congress were suspended until after the burial which was set on Sunday, April 25, 1948. Vice President

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continue as the dominant group as MacArthur believed that the Philippines would descend into anarchy without the leadership of the educated class which had been responsible for governance since the time of the Spanish.

2272:, Pampanga. After the speech, he suffered dizziness and fatigue and was brought to the residence of Major General Eugene L. Eubank. That night, he suffered multiple heart attacks and died at 9:23 pm at the age of 56. 5627: 6328: 5590: 1588:. Among other things, he told the members of the Congress the grave problems and difficulties the Philippines face and reported on his special trip to the United States to discuss the approval for independence. 1130:

created widespread opposition, as the group was seen as too authoritarian and as a vehicle for Roxas to challenge Quezon for the leadership of the Nacionalista Party. Ang Bagong Katipunan was soon disbanded.

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in point of destruction. All over the country more than a million people were unaccounted for. The war casualties as such could very well reach the two million mark. Conservative estimates had it that the

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Concentrating on the sugar industry, Roxas would exert such efforts as to succeed in increasing production from 13,000 tons at the time of the Philippine liberation to an all-high of one million tons.

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was planning on granting independence, ending more than 400 years of foreign rule, Filipino public opinion was hostile to the idea of the Philippines joining the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere.

1032:, chairman of the National Economic Council, chairman of the National Development Company, and served in many other government corporations and agencies. He also served as a brigadier general in the 1161:

triumphed in the election of July 13, 1931. In the election, Roxas was reelected and returned to his position as speaker of Philippine House of Representatives. In September 1931, Japan seized the

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On May 28, 1946, Roxas was inaugurated as the last president of the Commonwealth of the Philippines. The inaugural ceremonies were held in the ruins of the Legislative Building (now part of the

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in a report noted that the Philippines was dominated by "an irresponsible ruling class which exercises economic and political power almost exclusively in its own interests". Secretary of State

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Eleuterio Acuña. His other siblings from his father included Leopoldo and Margarita, while he also had half-siblings, Consuelo, Leopoldo, Ines, and Evaristo Picazo after his mother remarried.

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were captured or killed. On January 3, 1942, President Quezon presented General MacArthur with a secret guaranty of $ 500,000. The payment was related to the Filipino concept of

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to China. The prevailing opinion within the U.S. military was that the United States needed its Philippine bases to deter Japan from trying to seize control of all of East Asia.

1417:, MacArthur forced the Osmeña administration to make unpopular decisions while he groomed Roxas to run in the 1946 election. On April 12, 1945, President Roosevelt died and his 6293: 1310:(People's Army against the Japanese), better known as the Huks, was a Communist movement. Besides for opposing the Japanese, the Huks promised land reform, by breaking up the 6258: 5211: 3831: 3803: 2060:

President Roxas, on January 28, 1948, granted full amnesty to all Philippine collaborators, many of whom were on trial or awaiting to be tried, particularly former President

1631: 1410: 1413:, 8 out of 14 senators and 19 out of 67 representatives had collaborated with the Japanese during the occupation. In an attempt to undermine Osmeña's chances of winning the 1723:. On the Grandstand alone were around 3,000 dignitaries and guests, consisting of President Roxas, Vice President Quirino, their respective parties, and the Cabinet; first 6283: 1025: 314: 6308: 6278: 5994: 1815: 1318:

as a group to support the Japanese. The Manila chapter of the fascist Falange party had a membership of about 10,000 people, including members of the most prominent

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was inaugurated and independence from the United States proclaimed. The occasion, attended by some 300,000 people, was marked by the simultaneous lowering of the

4864: 1973:. Something along this line was obtained. Again, loans from the United States, as well as some increase in the national revenues, were to help the new Republic. 6358: 6348: 1105:. Roxas testified before the U.S. Congress that he favored Philippine independence, saying the Filipinos had fulfilled the "stable government" provision of the 2047:

In 1946, shortly after his induction to presidency, Roxas proclaimed the Rice Share Tenancy Act of 1933 effective throughout the country. However, problems of

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Message of His Excellency Manuel Roxas, President of the Philippines to the Second Congress delivered on June 3, 1946. Manila. Bureau of Printing, 1946, p. 6

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During Japanese occupation, Roxas provided intelligence to General MacArthur and the American forces via the intelligence-gathering apparatus and efforts of

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The new republic began to function on an annual deficit of over P200,000,000 with little prospect of a balanced budget for some years to come.

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had lost about two thirds of her material wealth. In 1946, the Filipino gross domestic produce was down 38.7% from where it had been in 1937.

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class, such as Roxas, were capable of providing the Philippines with competent leadership. The general felt that whatever Roxas and the other

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was its sphere of influence. In a role reversal, it was the Filipinos who were opposed to immediate independence, which was proposed in the

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elite who dominated the Philippines under Spanish rule continued to be the dominant social element under American rule. Roxas himself was a

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was debating granting independence to the Philippines, many Filipino leaders were worried by the increasing assertive claims being made by

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to help stabilize the Philippine dollar reserves and coordinate and the nations banking activities gearing them to the economic progress.

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Guillen was arrested, tried by the court for attempted assassination, and was sentenced to die. On April 16, 1950, he was executed in an

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concessions on the immunity issue, being adamant that American military personnel enjoy immunity from Filipino law after independence.

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estates) who sought to opportunistically ingratiate themselves with whatever power ruled the Philippines. An additional reason for the

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Roxas was captured in April 1942 by the Japanese invasion forces. He became chief advisor to the collaborationist government of

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On June 21, Roxas reappeared in front of another joint session of Congress and urged the acceptance of two laws passed by the

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The beauty book : a history of Philippine beauty from 1908 to 1980 / by Doris G. Nuyda; with photographs by Pablo Reyes

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of Philippine independence ceremonies on July 4, 1946, with brief footage of Roxas taking the oath of office as president.

1592: 910: 863:, and subsequently topped the bar examinations with a grade of 92% that same year. He then became professor of law at the 856: 1232:. The United States was scheduled to grant the Philippines independence in 1945 while Japan started to make claims for a 929: 6146: 5827: 5516: 4897: 4887: 4877: 4679: 4556: 4101: 1724: 1702:, and the pealing of church bells. Roxas then took the oath of office as the first president of the new republic before 1651:

Roxas taking the oath as the first president of the Third Republic on July 4, 1946, at the Independence Grandstand (now

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Salamanca, Bonifacio (Summer 1989). "Quezon, Osmeña and Roxas and the American Military Presence in the Philippines".

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Inaugural Address of His Excellency Manuel Roxas President of the Philippines On the Independence of the Philippines

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On August 5, 1946, Congress ratified the Treaty of General Relations that had been entered into by and between the

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The night before the plebiscite, Roxas narrowly escaped assassination by Julio Guillen, a disgruntled barber from

1260:, Hawaii, while also bombing American bases in the Philippines. Shortly after, Japanese invasion forces landed on 4687: 4424: 3995: 3629: 3320: 2362: 2193: 2183: 1691: 1497: 1225: 1596: 6210: 2977: 2253: 1185:, as naval and air bases located in the Philippines would allow any power that controlled them to dominate the 5189: 2314:(Gerry). Roxas also fathered three children with Juanita Muriedas McIlvain – Rosario "Charo" Roxas (mother of 943: 6388: 6139: 5475: 5034: 4903: 2342: 2123: 1762: 1695: 1106: 903: 4059: 2245: 5800: 5612: 5455: 5425: 3499:# The Blue-Eyed Enemy: Japan against the West in Java and Luzon, 1942–1945 (Princeton Legacy Library, 908) 3466:# T# MacArthur's Spies: The Soldier, the Singer, and the Spymaster Who Defied the Japanese in World War II 2350: 2341:

In his honor, various cities and municipalities in the Philippines have been renamed after him, including

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Numberless books, invaluable documents and works of art, irreplaceable historical relics and family

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Inaugural Speech of His Excellency Manuel Roxas As President of the Commonwealth of the Philippines

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Hutchinson, Joseph (1971). "Quezon's Role in Philippine Independence". In Owen, Norman G. (ed.).

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Roxas's term as the president of the Commonwealth ended on the morning of July 4, 1946, when the

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the year before. He and his older brother, Mamerto, were raised by their mother and her father,

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for vice-president. The Nacionalistas, on the other hand, had Osmeña for president and Senator

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When the Congress of the Philippines re-convened in 1945, legislators elected in 1941 Roxas as

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rapidly lost control of much of Luzon to the Huks. Strongly opposed to the guerrilla movement

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This was dangerous for The General, as MacArthur had ambitions to run as the candidate of the

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from 1946 until his death in 1948. He served briefly as the third and last President of the

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General MacArthur and President Truman The Struggle for Control of American Foreign Policy

3037:(in Tagalog). Quezon City, Philippines: Alemar-Phoenix Publishing House, Inc. p. 171. 2408: 2381: 2370: 2335: 2277: 2197: 2005:

and other cities then were infested with criminal gangs which used techniques of American

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had done during the Japanese occupation was irrelevant compared to the need to have the

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at age 12, but due to homesickness, he went back to Capiz. He eventually transferred to

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were leaked to the press, wherein MacArthur expressed his criticism of the policies of

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started to argue in Washington that the Philippines occupied a strategical position in

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from May 28, 1946, to July 4, 1946, and became the first President of the Independent

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Philippine Turtle Islands § How the islands came under Philippine administration

2022: 1901: 1699: 1581: 1327: 1294:. The American journalist Richard Rovere described Roxas as typical of the Filipino 1279: 860: 822: 794: 606: 46: 2158:

On March 11, 1947, Philippine voters, agreeing with Roxas, ratified in a nationwide

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class and that unless reforms were made, it was inevitable that the Huks would win.

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On May 28, 1946, prior to his inauguration, president-elect Roxas, accompanied by

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Philippine Political and Cultural History: the Philippines since British Invasion

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Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines Vol. 52 No. 7 (July 3, 1956)

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corruption, but was blocked by John Melby, the head of the Filipino desk at the

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Roxas received his early education in the public schools of Capiz and attended

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Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines. Retrieved 26 August 2024.

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estates that made up most of the cultivated land in the Philippines. The same

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to support the Japanese occupation was that the main resistance group, the

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Douglas MacArthur Statecraft and Stagecraft in America's East Asian Policy

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as an officer in the reserves, Roxas was made liaison officer between the

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on April 14, 1921, in a quiet ceremony at the Chapel of Sibul Springs,

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Resident Commissioner of the Philippines to the United States Congress

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1992 2-Piso President Manuel Roxas Birth Centennial Commemorative Coin

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Members of the House of Representatives of the Philippines from Capiz

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So Help Us God... The Inaugurals of the Presidents of the Philippines

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Compadre Colonialism: Studies in the Philippines under American Rule

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On September 19, 1946, the Republic of the Philippines notified the

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This article is about the Filipino president. For his grandson, see

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Senators of the 1st Congress of the Commonwealth of the Philippines

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List of cabinets of the Philippines § Manuel Roxas (1946–1948)

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Roxas began his law studies at a private law school established by

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Formosa: Licensed Revolution and the Home Rule Movement, 1895–1945

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Gallego, Manuel V. "The Technique of Japanese Cultural Invasion."

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On April 15, 1948, President Roxas delivered a speech before the

821:, as his father died after being mortally wounded by the Spanish 4217:

Empires at War A Short History of Modern Asia Since World War II

1228:, but was unable to serve until 1945 because of the outbreak of 1182: 6135: 5796: 5616: 5193: 4981: 4652: 4639: 4435:

Senate and House of Representatives merged into the unicameral

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was renamed in his memory, and he is currently depicted on the

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Deadly Paradigms The Failure of U.S. Counterinsurgency Policy

3875:. Manila: University of Santo Tomas Cooperative, 1961. Print. 1565:

President Manuel Roxas Official Portrait in Malacañang Palace

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On June 3, 1946, Roxas appeared for the first time before a

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Speakers of the House of Representatives of the Philippines

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Speakers of the House of Representatives of the Philippines

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elections, Senate President Roxas and his friends left the

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Candidates in the 1946 Philippine presidential election

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United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration

4017:"Manuel Roxas | president of Philippines | Britannica" 3899: 3897: 3895: 3893: 3891: 3889: 3887: 3885: 3883: 3881: 3780: 3778: 3776: 3774: 3772: 3770: 3768: 3766: 3764: 3612: 3610: 3608: 3606: 3408: 3406: 3404: 3402: 3400: 3387: 3385: 3075: 3073: 3071: 3069: 2192:

that it wished to take over the administration of the

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On July 3, 1956, Roxas was posthumously awarded the

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In early 1930, Roxas flew to the United States with

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Members of the National Assembly of the Philippines

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University of the Philippines College of Law alumni

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Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines

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Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines

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One of the last pictures of President Manuel Roxas.

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In rural regions, especially the provinces of 1224:were approved in 1941, Roxas was elected to the 1091:, Roxas lobbied U.S. government leaders such as 61: and the surname or paternal family name is 3744:(Manila, May 1946) vol. 42 no. 5, pp. 1151–1165 2345:in (1948), the first town to be named as such; 2283:Roxas was buried at the Manila North Cemetery. 2237:immediately after Roxas had addressed a rally. 4182:. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. 2367:President Manuel A. Roxas, Zamboanga del Norte 1020:in 1922, and for twelve consecutive years was 616:Out of wedlock with Juanita Muriedas McIlvain 27:President of the Philippines from 1946 to 1948 6147: 5808: 5628: 5205: 4993: 4664: 2249:Historical marker on the death place of Roxas 1822:Gross Domestic Product (1985 constant prices) 1742:; a delegation from the U.S. Congress led by 8: 5963:Secretary of Public Works and Communications 1778: 1599:, of Philippine Rehabilitation Act, and the 1079:being debated within the halls of Congress. 853:University of the Philippines College of Law 650:University of the Philippines College of Law 276:August 21, 1941 – December 29, 1941 6294:Presidents of the Senate of the Philippines 5009:Presidents of the Senate of the Philippines 4353:House of Representatives of the Philippines 4102:"Clans of Empowered Women in Metro Society" 3671:Video: Air Freight by Parachute etc. (1946) 2029:regions, the brigands terrorized towns and 1758:(author of the Bell Trade Act); and former 1725:United States Ambassador to the Philippines 224:December 24, 1941 – March 26, 1942 6259:Filipino collaborators with Imperial Japan 6154: 6140: 6132: 5815: 5801: 5793: 5751: 5708: 5657: 5635: 5621: 5613: 5596: 5212: 5198: 5190: 5000: 4986: 4978: 4962: 4671: 4657: 4649: 4636: 4343: 3227: 3204: 3192: 3177: 3160: 3141: 3124: 3112: 3100: 2464: 2455: 1471: 770:; January 1, 1892 – April 15, 1948) was a 152:President of the Senate of the Philippines 80: 69: 6284:Secretaries of finance of the Philippines 4613:nominee for President of the Philippines 4289:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 4270:. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 3948:. Quezon City: C&E Pub., 2010. Print. 3758:, July 1946, vol. 42 no. 7, pp. 1625–1628 3727: 3715: 3696: 3597: 3256: 3244: 1802: 1750:(author of the Tydings–McDuffie Act) and 1189:, the key sea that linked the markets of 1034:United States Army Forces in the Far East 977:Learn how and when to remove this message 380:June 6, 1922 – December 30, 1938 6309:Executive secretaries of the Philippines 3946:Economics, Taxation, and Agrarian Reform 3656: 3555: 3349: 3300: 3003: 3001: 2140: 1855:Per capita income (1985 constant prices) 1646: 1468:List of executive orders by Manuel Roxas 1356:1944 United States presidential election 6279:Liberal Party (Philippines) politicians 4407:Speaker of the House of Representatives 4210:. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. 3990:Richards, Peter C. (December 6, 1947). 2978:"Manuel Roxas Obituary – Las Vegas, NV" 2909: 2386: 1715:The inaugural ceremonies took place at 1213:Roxas's former diplomatic residence in 817:and Rosario Acuña y Villaruz. He was a 618:(disputed by the De Leon-Roxas lineage) 327:October 27, 1922 – May 5, 1934 6030:Secretary of Health and Public Welfare 3873:The Philippines: Through the centuries 3582: 3567: 3543: 3526: 3458: 3456: 3447: 3364: 3288: 3079: 2785: 2679: 2675: 2665: 2572: 2473: 2469: 1777: 1234:Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere 997:In 1917, Roxas became a member of the 809:Roxas was born on January 1, 1892, in 107:May 28, 1946 – April 15, 1948 6379:Members of the Philippine Legislature 6364:Quezon administration cabinet members 5944:Secretary of Agriculture and Commerce 5645:1946 Philippine presidential election 2855: 2845: 2841: 2829: 2826: 2816: 2803: 2793: 2789: 2773: 2770: 2760: 2748: 2738: 2734: 2722: 2719: 2709: 2697: 2687: 2683: 2662: 2652: 2640: 2630: 2626: 2614: 2612: 2602: 2590: 2580: 2576: 2560: 2555: 2545: 2533: 2523: 2519: 2507: 2504: 2494: 2481: 2477: 1621:(the People's Revolutionary Army).". 1435:Philippine national elections of 1946 1415:1946 Philippine presidential election 855:. On his second year, he enrolled at 765: 7: 6359:Burials at the Manila North Cemetery 6349:University of the Philippines alumni 4308:. National Bookstore Printing Press. 3903: 3784: 3616: 3412: 3391: 3376: 3271: 3009:"Senators Profile – Manuel A. Roxas" 2168:1935 Constitution of the Philippines 915:adding citations to reliable sources 813:, Capiz (present-day Roxas City) to 495:Captaincy General of the Philippines 206:July 9, 1945 – May 25, 1946 164:July 9, 1945 – May 25, 1946 2257:Elpidio Quirino during the wake in 1956:, for instance, could compare with 1932:Malaya, Jonathan; Malaya, Eduardo. 1018:Philippine House of Representatives 6344:Filipino people of Spanish descent 6171:recipients 2266:United States Thirteenth Air Force 1571:National Museum of the Philippines 1538:Last president of the Commonwealth 1157:had abandoned their platform, the 871:. He served as secretary to Judge 844:, graduating with honors in 1909. 25: 6369:Filipino political party founders 5995:Secretary of Labor and Employment 4339:Manuel A. Roxas Elementary School 4329:The Philippine Presidency Project 4306:Philippine History and Government 1943:No sooner had the fanfare of the 1688:Third Republic of the Philippines 1683:administered the oath of office. 1584:of Congress to deliver his first 1298:class (the wealthy owners of the 1273:in case Quezon or Vice President 1026:Constitutional Convention of 1934 546:, Santa Cruz, Manila, Philippines 6172: 6162: 5857: 5595: 5585: 5584: 5515: 5178: 4961: 4952: 4951: 4641:Articles related to Manuel Roxas 3992:"New Flag Over Pacific Paradise" 3917:Philippine Journal of Education. 3321:"MacArthur – The Secret Payment" 3035:Maikling Kasaysayan ng Pilipinas 2435: 2420: 2401: 2389: 1889: 1888: 1866: 1865: 1833: 1832: 1779:Economy of the Philippines under 1737:United States Postmaster General 1488: 891: 742:Philippines Campaign (1944–1945) 696: 678: 6394:Filipino independence activists 5979:Secretary of Public Instruction 3053:Presidential Museum and Library 1979:Central Bank of the Philippines 1544:United States High Commissioner 1112:In May 1930, Roxas reported to 1024:. He served as a member of the 902:needs additional citations for 797:ceded its sovereignty over the 787:Commonwealth of the Philippines 589: 6304:Nacionalista Party politicians 6046:Commissioner of Social Welfare 5970:Ricardo Nepumoceno (1946-1948) 3501:. Princeton University Press. 2043:Land reform in the Philippines 1672:, which was ruined during the 1: 6319:Presidents of the Philippines 6264:20th-century Filipino lawyers 6059:Antonio Villarama (1946-1948) 6037:Antonio Villarama (1946-1948) 6011:Secretary of National Defense 4680:Presidents of the Philippines 2086:Hukbó ng Bayan Laban sa Hapón 1928:Philippine Presidency Project 1593:Congress of the United States 1429:Presidential election of 1946 1308:Hukbong Bayan Laban sa Hapon 1040:, which was dominated by the 857:University of the Philippines 767:[maˈnwelaˈkuɲaˈɾɔhas] 6269:20th-century Roman Catholics 6091:Emilio M. Abello (1946-1947) 5868:Secretary of Foreign Affairs 5748:Other third party candidates 4557:President of the Philippines 4334:A Country Study: Philippines 3919:Manila, November 1946, p. 94 2137:United States military bases 2075:Hukbóng Bayan Laban sa Hapón 1989:Reconstruction after the war 1619:Hukbong Mapagpalaya ng Bayan 1437:, at the height of the last 1222:1935 Philippine Constitution 783:president of the Philippines 714:Philippine Commonwealth Army 95:President of the Philippines 6097:Emilio M. Abello (1947-1948 4304:Zaide, Gregorio F. (1984). 2415:, named after the president 2130:Republic of the Philippines 2118:Treaty of General Relations 2094:Central Intelligence Agency 1586:State of the Nation Address 993:House Speaker Roxas in 1923 632:Manuel "Manny" M. Roxas Jr. 6410: 6002:Pedro Magsalin (1946-1948) 5986:Manuel Gallego (1946-1948) 5855: 4285:Weinberg, Gerhard (2005). 2779: 2677: 2566: 2471: 2442:Statue of Manuel Roxas in 2427:Statue of Manuel Roxas in 2181: 2178:Turtle and Mangsee Islands 2121: 2040: 1530: 1527:Administration and cabinet 1465: 1377:to be held after the war. 1173:, the leaders of both the 194:Senator of the Philippines 44: 29: 6181: 6075:Sotero Cabahug (1946-1949 5887:Secretary of the Interior 5524: 5513: 5227: 5176: 5015: 4947: 4646: 4620: 4608: 4603: 4593: 4583: 4578: 4573: 4563: 4554: 4546: 4538: 4529: 4521: 4513: 4504: 4496: 4488: 4479: 4473: 4468: 4458: 4449: 4430: 4425:Senate of the Philippines 4423: 4413: 4404: 4396: 4378: 4364: 4358: 4351: 4346: 3996:The Sydney Morning Herald 3497:Friend, Theodore (2014). 3013:Senate of the Philippines 2843: 2835: 2810: 2791: 2787: 2754: 2736: 2728: 2703: 2685: 2681: 2646: 2628: 2620: 2596: 2578: 2574: 2539: 2521: 2513: 2488: 2475: 2459:Ancestors of Manuel Roxas 2363:President Roxas, Cotabato 1922: 1907: 1487: 1411:1st Commonwealth Congress 1240:Having enrolled prior to 1044:class who owned the vast 1016:Roxas was elected to the 791:Third Philippine Republic 747: 464: 453: 411: 373: 320: 269: 217: 199: 157: 100: 88: 79: 6274:Filipino Roman Catholics 6254:Filipino anti-communists 6211:Miriam Defensor Santiago 6167: 5935:Ramón Ozaeta (1946-1948) 5894:José Zulueta (1946-1948) 4574:Party political offices 4368:House of Representatives 4347:Offices and distinctions 4313:Zaide, Gregorio (1956). 4266:Shafer, Michael (1988). 4234:Rovere, Richard (1992). 4178:Buhite, Russell (2008). 4140:Official Month in Review 2290:Tomb of Manuel Roxas in 2268:at the Kelly Theater in 2009:in some activities—bank 1936:. Anvil Publishing, Inc. 1810:{\displaystyle \approx } 1696:Philippine national flag 1409:. Of all members of the 1252:headquarters of General 1220:After amendments to the 851:, the first dean of the 805:Early life and education 781:who served as the fifth 530:Cause of death 358:House of Representatives 6068:General Auditing Office 4904:Gloria Macapagal Arroyo 4452:President of the Senate 4219:. London: I.B. Tauris. 3944:Manapat, Carlos, et al. 3325:The American Experience 3033:Zafra, Nicolas (1972). 2343:Roxas, Oriental Mindoro 2334:on behalf of President 2154:Parity Rights Amendment 2124:Treaty of Manila (1946) 1763:Francis Burton Harrison 1613:was the party's leader 1246:Commonwealth government 1077:Hare-Hawes-Cutting Bill 6314:Politicians from Capiz 4215:Pike, Francis (2010). 4129:. 1956. pp. cccv. 3463:Eisner, Peter (2014). 2351:President Roxas, Capiz 2294: 2261: 2250: 2146: 2072:After persecuting the 1811: 1781:President Manuel Roxas 1760:Civil Governor-General 1660: 1644: 1595:on April 30, 1946—the 1566: 1476:Presidential styles of 1462:Presidency (1946–1948) 1217: 994: 36:Roxas (disambiguation) 34:. For other uses, see 4206:Kerr, George (1974). 4106:lifestyle.abs-cbn.com 4058:Nuyda, Doris (1980). 2292:Manila North Cemetery 2289: 2256: 2248: 2221:Assassination attempt 2144: 2103:U.S. State Department 1812: 1727:Paul McNutt; General 1650: 1638: 1564: 1375:presidential election 1367:Franklin D. Roosevelt 1212: 992: 865:Philippine Law School 720:Years of service 544:Manila North Cemetery 6169:Quezon Service Cross 6094:Nicanor Roxas (1947) 5952:Mariano Garchitorena 5928:Secretary of Justice 5903:Secretary of Finance 5508: (2022–present) 4507:Secretary of Finance 4372:Capiz's 1st district 4153:"Manuel Acuña Roxas" 2932:"What inspires you?" 2557:Gerardo Roxas y Luis 2328:Quezon Service Cross 2056:Amnesty Proclamation 1846:Growth rate, 1947–48 1801: 1666:Legislative Building 1597:Tydings–McDuffie Act 1285:Dwight D. Eisenhower 1128:Ang Bagong Katipunan 1030:secretary of finance 1022:Speaker of the House 911:improve this article 834:St. Joseph's College 815:Gerardo Roxas y Luis 646:University of Manila 607:Gerardo Manuel Roxas 478:Manuel Roxas y Acuña 362:Capiz's 1st district 264:Secretary of Finance 6084:Executive Secretary 4580:New political party 4532:Executive Secretary 4500:Antonio de las Alas 3730:, pp. 312–313. 3558:, pp. 863–864. 3379:, pp. 171–172. 3207:, pp. 168–169. 2994:. October 18, 2014. 2937:The Philippine STAR 2451:Family and ancestry 2308:San Miguel, Bulacan 2233:at the platform on 1784: 1694:and raising of the 1314:, which caused the 869:National University 499:Spanish East Indies 297:Antonio de las Alas 212:Executive Secretary 6339:Governors of Capiz 6201:Benigno Aquino Jr. 5704:Nacionalista Party 5643:Candidates in the 4914:Benigno Aquino III 4791:Diosdado Macapagal 4469:Political offices 4441:Title last held by 4255:Philippine Studies 4080:Inquirer Lifestyle 4021:www.britannica.com 3676:Universal Newsreel 3638:. January 21, 2017 2956:Inquirer Lifestyle 2505:Antonio Roxas (II) 2295: 2262: 2251: 2147: 1817:19.23 million 1807: 1740:Robert E. Hannegan 1661: 1653:Quirino Grandstand 1645: 1567: 1443:Nacionalista Party 1218: 1123:Bronson B. Cutting 1093:Secretary of State 1038:Nacionalista Party 995: 842:Manila High School 754:Manuel Acuña Roxas 6289:Hiligaynon people 6219: 6218: 6129: 6128: 6123: 6122: 6054:Asuncion A. Perez 5790: 5789: 5786: 5785: 5743: 5742: 5735:Eulogio Rodriguez 5698: 5697: 5610: 5609: 5498: (2020–2022) 5488: (2019–2020) 5478: (2018–2019) 5468: (2016–2018) 5458: (2010–2016) 5448: (2008–2010) 5438: (2001–2008) 5418: (2000–2001) 5408: (1998–2000) 5398: (1992–1998) 5388: (1987–1992) 5378: (1984–1986) 5368: (1978–1984) 5358: (1971–1972) 5348: (1967–1971) 5338: (1962–1967) 5328: (1958–1962) 5318: (1954–1957) 5308: (1946–1953) 5298: (1945–1946) 5288: (1943–1944) 5278: (1939–1941) 5268: (1935–1938) 5258: (1934–1935) 5248: (1922–1934) 5238: (1907–1922) 5187: 5186: 4975: 4974: 4634: 4633: 4621:Succeeded by 4594:Succeeded by 4585:President of the 4564:Succeeded by 4539:Succeeded by 4514:Succeeded by 4489:Succeeded by 4482:Governor of Capiz 4459:Succeeded by 4437:National Assembly 4414:Succeeded by 4392: 4379:Succeeded by 3871:Molina, Antonio. 2900: 2899: 2896: 2895: 2355:Roxas City, Capiz 2259:Malacañang Palace 1941: 1940: 1769:Domestic policies 1729:Douglas MacArthur 1636: 1524: 1523: 1517:Alternative style 1455:Eulogio Rodriguez 1254:Douglas MacArthur 1226:Philippine Senate 1107:Jones Act of 1916 1087:independence. In 999:municipal council 987: 986: 979: 961: 873:Cayetano Arellano 849:George A. Malcolm 751: 750: 629:Consuelo M. Roxas 449:Municipal Council 406:Governor of Capiz 367:National Assembly 53:or maternal 16:(Redirected from 6401: 6186:Emilio Aguinaldo 6176: 6166: 6156: 6149: 6142: 6133: 6114:Carlos P. Romulo 6019:Ruperto Kangleon 5861: 5817: 5810: 5803: 5794: 5752: 5709: 5658: 5637: 5630: 5623: 5614: 5599: 5598: 5588: 5587: 5578: 5572: 5566: 5560: 5554: 5548: 5542: 5536: 5530: 5519: 5503: 5493: 5483: 5476:Macapagal Arroyo 5473: 5463: 5453: 5443: 5433: 5423: 5413: 5403: 5393: 5383: 5373: 5363: 5353: 5343: 5333: 5323: 5313: 5303: 5293: 5283: 5273: 5263: 5253: 5243: 5233: 5214: 5207: 5200: 5191: 5182: 5002: 4995: 4988: 4979: 4965: 4964: 4955: 4954: 4848:Ferdinand Marcos 4825:Ferdinand Marcos 4797:Ferdinand Marcos 4785:Carlos P. Garcia 4716:Manuel L. Quezon 4697:Emilio Aguinaldo 4673: 4666: 4659: 4650: 4637: 4547:Preceded by 4522:Preceded by 4497:Preceded by 4474:Preceded by 4445:Manuel L. Quezon 4397:Preceded by 4383: 4359:Preceded by 4344: 4318: 4309: 4300: 4281: 4262: 4249: 4230: 4211: 4202: 4193: 4165: 4164: 4162: 4160: 4149: 4143: 4137: 4131: 4130: 4123: 4117: 4116: 4114: 4112: 4098: 4092: 4091: 4089: 4087: 4072: 4066: 4065: 4055: 4049: 4038: 4032: 4031: 4029: 4027: 4013: 4007: 4006: 4004: 4002: 3987: 3981: 3980: 3978: 3976: 3970: 3964:. Archived from 3963: 3955: 3949: 3942: 3929: 3926: 3920: 3913: 3907: 3901: 3876: 3869: 3844: 3843: 3841: 3839: 3822: 3816: 3815: 3813: 3811: 3794: 3788: 3782: 3759: 3755:Official Gazette 3751: 3745: 3741:Official Gazette 3737: 3731: 3725: 3719: 3713: 3700: 3694: 3688: 3687: 3685: 3683: 3666: 3660: 3654: 3648: 3647: 3645: 3643: 3626: 3620: 3614: 3601: 3595: 3586: 3580: 3571: 3565: 3559: 3553: 3547: 3541: 3530: 3524: 3513: 3512: 3494: 3488: 3487: 3485: 3483: 3460: 3451: 3445: 3416: 3410: 3395: 3389: 3380: 3374: 3368: 3362: 3353: 3347: 3336: 3335: 3333: 3331: 3317: 3304: 3298: 3292: 3286: 3275: 3269: 3260: 3254: 3248: 3242: 3231: 3225: 3208: 3202: 3196: 3190: 3181: 3175: 3164: 3158: 3145: 3139: 3128: 3122: 3116: 3110: 3104: 3098: 3083: 3077: 3064: 3063: 3061: 3059: 3045: 3039: 3038: 3030: 3024: 3023: 3021: 3019: 3005: 2996: 2995: 2988: 2982: 2981: 2974: 2968: 2967: 2965: 2963: 2948: 2942: 2941: 2940:. July 27, 2017. 2928: 2922: 2921: 2914: 2804:Paulino Villaruz 2465: 2456: 2439: 2424: 2405: 2393: 2332:Carlos P. Garcia 2304:Trinidad de Leon 2164:parity amendment 2113:Foreign policies 2027:Southern Tagalog 1937: 1892: 1891: 1869: 1868: 1836: 1835: 1816: 1814: 1813: 1808: 1785: 1637: 1492: 1482: 1477: 1472: 1407:Senate president 1352:Republican Party 1215:Washington, D.C. 1114:Manuel L. Quezon 1100:Secretary of War 1061:Great Depression 982: 975: 971: 968: 962: 960: 919: 895: 887: 883:Political career 819:posthumous child 769: 764: 760: 702: 700: 699: 687:Military service 682: 626:Rosario M. Roxas 619: 593: 591: 581:Trinidad de Leon 511: 487: 485: 469:Personal details 458: 437: 425: 416: 397: 387: 378: 346: 334: 325: 305: 293: 285:Manuel L. Quezon 274: 253: 241: 233:Manuel L. Quezon 222: 204: 183: 175:Manuel L. Quezon 171: 162: 140: 128: 116: 105: 84: 70: 21: 6409: 6408: 6404: 6403: 6402: 6400: 6399: 6398: 6224: 6223: 6220: 6215: 6196:Ramon Magsaysay 6177: 6160: 6130: 6125: 6124: 6119: 6100: 6078: 6062: 6040: 6024: 6005: 5989: 5973: 5957: 5938: 5922: 5917:Miguel Cuaderno 5911:Elpidio Quirino 5897: 5881: 5876:Elpidio Quirino 5862: 5853: 5848:Elpidio Quirino 5834: 5821: 5791: 5782: 5771:Vice President: 5766: 5762:Hilario Moncado 5739: 5728:Vice President: 5723: 5694: 5687:Elpidio Quirino 5680:Vice President: 5675: 5647: 5641: 5611: 5606: 5576: 5570: 5564: 5558: 5552: 5546: 5540: 5534: 5528: 5520: 5511: 5501: 5491: 5481: 5471: 5461: 5451: 5441: 5431: 5421: 5411: 5401: 5391: 5381: 5371: 5361: 5351: 5341: 5331: 5321: 5311: 5301: 5291: 5281: 5271: 5261: 5251: 5241: 5231: 5223: 5218: 5188: 5183: 5174: 5011: 5006: 4976: 4971: 4943: 4934:Bongbong Marcos 4924:Rodrigo Duterte 4859: 4835:Fourth Republic 4829: 4812:Martial law era 4806: 4779:Ramon Magsaysay 4773:Elpidio Quirino 4752: 4739:Second Republic 4733: 4701: 4682: 4677: 4642: 4630: 4626: 4624:Elpidio Quirino 4615: 4599: 4597:Elpidio Quirino 4590: 4569: 4567:Elpidio Quirino 4560: 4552: 4542: 4535: 4527: 4525:Jorge B. Vargas 4517: 4516:Serafin Marabut 4510: 4502: 4492: 4485: 4477: 4476:Jose Hontiveros 4464: 4455: 4442: 4439: 4419: 4417:Quintin Paredes 4410: 4402: 4382: 4375: 4362: 4325: 4312: 4303: 4297: 4284: 4278: 4265: 4252: 4246: 4233: 4227: 4214: 4205: 4196: 4190: 4177: 4174: 4169: 4168: 4158: 4156: 4155:. July 28, 2007 4151: 4150: 4146: 4138: 4134: 4125: 4124: 4120: 4110: 4108: 4100: 4099: 4095: 4085: 4083: 4074: 4073: 4069: 4057: 4056: 4052: 4039: 4035: 4025: 4023: 4015: 4014: 4010: 4000: 3998: 3989: 3988: 3984: 3974: 3972: 3968: 3961: 3957: 3956: 3952: 3943: 3932: 3927: 3923: 3914: 3910: 3902: 3879: 3870: 3847: 3837: 3835: 3824: 3823: 3819: 3809: 3807: 3796: 3795: 3791: 3783: 3762: 3752: 3748: 3738: 3734: 3726: 3722: 3714: 3703: 3695: 3691: 3681: 3679: 3668: 3667: 3663: 3655: 3651: 3641: 3639: 3628: 3627: 3623: 3615: 3604: 3596: 3589: 3581: 3574: 3566: 3562: 3554: 3550: 3542: 3533: 3525: 3516: 3509: 3496: 3495: 3491: 3481: 3479: 3477: 3462: 3461: 3454: 3446: 3419: 3411: 3398: 3390: 3383: 3375: 3371: 3363: 3356: 3348: 3339: 3329: 3327: 3319: 3318: 3307: 3299: 3295: 3287: 3278: 3270: 3263: 3255: 3251: 3243: 3234: 3228:Hutchinson 1971 3226: 3211: 3205:Hutchinson 1971 3203: 3199: 3193:Hutchinson 1971 3191: 3184: 3178:Hutchinson 1971 3176: 3167: 3161:Hutchinson 1971 3159: 3148: 3142:Hutchinson 1971 3140: 3131: 3125:Hutchinson 1971 3123: 3119: 3113:Hutchinson 1971 3111: 3107: 3101:Hutchinson 1971 3099: 3086: 3078: 3067: 3057: 3055: 3047: 3046: 3042: 3032: 3031: 3027: 3017: 3015: 3007: 3006: 2999: 2990: 2989: 2985: 2976: 2975: 2971: 2961: 2959: 2950: 2949: 2945: 2930: 2929: 2925: 2920:. May 14, 2021. 2916: 2915: 2911: 2906: 2901: 2856:Eugenia Andrada 2827:Ramona Villaruz 2720:Eleuterio Acuña 2453: 2446: 2440: 2431: 2425: 2416: 2409:Roxas Boulevard 2406: 2397: 2394: 2382:Philippine peso 2371:Dewey Boulevard 2336:Ramon Magsaysay 2324: 2300: 2278:Elpidio Quirino 2243: 2229:, who hurled a 2223: 2206: 2198:Mangsee Islands 2186: 2180: 2156: 2139: 2126: 2120: 2115: 2070: 2058: 2045: 2039: 2037:Agrarian reform 1991: 1931: 1930: 1913: 1896:24, 824 million 1799: 1798: 1782: 1780: 1776: 1771: 1754:Representative 1748:Millard Tydings 1639:Short American 1629: 1627: 1606:Philippine peso 1540: 1535: 1529: 1512:Your Excellency 1498:Reference style 1480: 1478: 1475: 1470: 1464: 1451:Elpidio Quirino 1445:and formed the 1431: 1207: 1187:South China Sea 1171:Mukden Incident 983: 972: 966: 963: 920: 918: 908: 896: 885: 807: 762: 756: 739: 734: 697: 695: 648: 635: 622: 617: 614: 595: 592: 1921) 587: 583: 563: 562:Other political 551:Political party 513: 509: 489: 488:January 1, 1892 483: 481: 480: 479: 459: 454: 435: 429:Jose Hontiveros 423: 417: 412: 395: 385: 379: 374: 364: 350:Quintin Paredes 344: 332: 326: 321: 308:Serafin Marabut 303: 291: 275: 270: 251: 245:Jorge B. Vargas 239: 223: 218: 205: 200: 181: 169: 163: 158: 144:Elpidio Quirino 138: 126: 120:Elpidio Quirino 112: 106: 101: 75: 66: 47:Philippine name 43: 40:President Roxas 28: 23: 22: 18:Manuel A. Roxas 15: 12: 11: 5: 6407: 6405: 6397: 6396: 6391: 6389:Visayan people 6386: 6381: 6376: 6371: 6366: 6361: 6356: 6351: 6346: 6341: 6336: 6331: 6326: 6321: 6316: 6311: 6306: 6301: 6296: 6291: 6286: 6281: 6276: 6271: 6266: 6261: 6256: 6251: 6246: 6241: 6236: 6226: 6225: 6217: 6216: 6214: 6213: 6208: 6203: 6198: 6193: 6188: 6182: 6179: 6178: 6161: 6159: 6158: 6151: 6144: 6136: 6127: 6126: 6121: 6120: 6118: 6117: 6110: 6108: 6102: 6101: 6099: 6098: 6095: 6092: 6088: 6086: 6080: 6079: 6077: 6076: 6072: 6070: 6064: 6063: 6061: 6060: 6057: 6050: 6048: 6042: 6041: 6039: 6038: 6034: 6032: 6026: 6025: 6023: 6022: 6015: 6013: 6007: 6006: 6004: 6003: 5999: 5997: 5991: 5990: 5988: 5987: 5983: 5981: 5975: 5974: 5972: 5971: 5967: 5965: 5959: 5958: 5956: 5955: 5948: 5946: 5940: 5939: 5937: 5936: 5932: 5930: 5924: 5923: 5921: 5920: 5914: 5907: 5905: 5899: 5898: 5896: 5895: 5891: 5889: 5883: 5882: 5880: 5879: 5872: 5870: 5864: 5863: 5856: 5854: 5852: 5851: 5844: 5842: 5840:Vice President 5836: 5835: 5822: 5820: 5819: 5812: 5805: 5797: 5788: 5787: 5784: 5783: 5781: 5780: 5774: 5772: 5768: 5767: 5765: 5764: 5758: 5756: 5749: 5745: 5744: 5741: 5740: 5738: 5737: 5731: 5729: 5725: 5724: 5722: 5721: 5715: 5713: 5706: 5700: 5699: 5696: 5695: 5693: 5692: 5683: 5681: 5677: 5676: 5674: 5673: 5664: 5662: 5655: 5649: 5648: 5642: 5640: 5639: 5632: 5625: 5617: 5608: 5607: 5605: 5604: 5593: 5581: 5580: 5574: 5568: 5562: 5556: 5550: 5544: 5538: 5532: 5525: 5522: 5521: 5514: 5512: 5510: 5509: 5499: 5489: 5479: 5469: 5459: 5449: 5439: 5429: 5419: 5409: 5399: 5389: 5379: 5369: 5359: 5349: 5339: 5329: 5319: 5309: 5299: 5289: 5279: 5269: 5259: 5249: 5239: 5228: 5225: 5224: 5219: 5217: 5216: 5209: 5202: 5194: 5185: 5184: 5177: 5175: 5173: 5172: 5167: 5162: 5157: 5152: 5147: 5142: 5137: 5132: 5127: 5122: 5117: 5112: 5107: 5102: 5097: 5092: 5087: 5082: 5077: 5072: 5067: 5062: 5057: 5052: 5047: 5042: 5037: 5032: 5027: 5022: 5016: 5013: 5012: 5007: 5005: 5004: 4997: 4990: 4982: 4973: 4972: 4970: 4969: 4959: 4948: 4945: 4944: 4942: 4941: 4931: 4921: 4911: 4901: 4894:Joseph Estrada 4891: 4884:Fidel V. Ramos 4881: 4874:Corazon Aquino 4870: 4868: 4867:(1986–present) 4865:Fifth Republic 4861: 4860: 4858: 4857: 4854:Corazon Aquino 4851: 4844: 4842: 4831: 4830: 4828: 4827: 4821: 4819: 4808: 4807: 4805: 4804: 4794: 4788: 4782: 4776: 4770: 4763: 4761: 4758:Third Republic 4754: 4753: 4751: 4750: 4748:Jose P. Laurel 4744: 4742: 4735: 4734: 4732: 4731: 4725: 4719: 4712: 4710: 4703: 4702: 4700: 4699: 4693: 4691: 4688:First Republic 4684: 4683: 4678: 4676: 4675: 4668: 4661: 4653: 4647: 4644: 4643: 4640: 4632: 4631: 4622: 4619: 4607: 4601: 4600: 4595: 4592: 4582: 4576: 4575: 4571: 4570: 4565: 4562: 4553: 4548: 4544: 4543: 4540: 4537: 4528: 4523: 4519: 4518: 4515: 4512: 4503: 4498: 4494: 4493: 4490: 4487: 4478: 4475: 4471: 4470: 4466: 4465: 4460: 4457: 4448: 4440: 4434: 4428: 4427: 4421: 4420: 4415: 4412: 4403: 4398: 4394: 4393: 4380: 4377: 4366:Member of the 4363: 4361:Antonio Habana 4360: 4356: 4355: 4349: 4348: 4342: 4341: 4336: 4331: 4324: 4323:External links 4321: 4320: 4319: 4310: 4301: 4295: 4282: 4276: 4263: 4250: 4244: 4231: 4225: 4212: 4203: 4194: 4188: 4173: 4170: 4167: 4166: 4144: 4132: 4118: 4093: 4067: 4050: 4042:electric chair 4033: 4008: 3982: 3971:on May 5, 2018 3950: 3930: 3921: 3908: 3906:, p. 175. 3877: 3845: 3834:. July 4, 1946 3817: 3806:. May 28, 1946 3789: 3787:, p. 174. 3760: 3746: 3732: 3728:Salamanca 1989 3720: 3718:, p. 312. 3716:Salamanca 1989 3701: 3699:, p. 311. 3697:Salamanca 1989 3689: 3661: 3659:, p. 864. 3649: 3621: 3619:, p. 173. 3602: 3600:, p. 310. 3598:Salamanca 1989 3587: 3572: 3560: 3548: 3531: 3529:, p. 212. 3514: 3508:978-0691602776 3507: 3489: 3476:978-0525429654 3475: 3452: 3417: 3415:, p. 172. 3396: 3394:, p. 171. 3381: 3369: 3354: 3352:, p. 863. 3337: 3305: 3303:, p. 310. 3293: 3276: 3261: 3259:, p. 307. 3257:Salamanca 1989 3249: 3247:, p. 308. 3245:Salamanca 1989 3232: 3230:, p. 169. 3209: 3197: 3195:, p. 168. 3182: 3180:, p. 167. 3165: 3163:, p. 166. 3146: 3144:, p. 164. 3129: 3127:, p. 163. 3117: 3115:, p. 161. 3105: 3103:, p. 162. 3084: 3065: 3049:"Manuel Roxas" 3040: 3025: 2997: 2983: 2969: 2943: 2923: 2908: 2907: 2905: 2902: 2898: 2897: 2894: 2893: 2891: 2889: 2887: 2885: 2883: 2881: 2879: 2877: 2875: 2873: 2871: 2869: 2867: 2864: 2863: 2861: 2858: 2857: 2854: 2851: 2850: 2847: 2846: 2844: 2842: 2840: 2837: 2836: 2834: 2831: 2830: 2828: 2825: 2822: 2821: 2818: 2817: 2815: 2812: 2811: 2809: 2806: 2805: 2802: 2799: 2798: 2795: 2794: 2792: 2790: 2788: 2786: 2784: 2781: 2780: 2778: 2775: 2774: 2772: 2769: 2766: 2765: 2762: 2761: 2759: 2756: 2755: 2753: 2750: 2749: 2747: 2744: 2743: 2740: 2739: 2737: 2735: 2733: 2730: 2729: 2727: 2724: 2723: 2721: 2718: 2715: 2714: 2711: 2710: 2708: 2705: 2704: 2702: 2699: 2698: 2696: 2693: 2692: 2689: 2688: 2686: 2684: 2682: 2680: 2678: 2676: 2674: 2671: 2670: 2667: 2666: 2664: 2661: 2658: 2657: 2654: 2653: 2651: 2648: 2647: 2645: 2642: 2641: 2639: 2636: 2635: 2632: 2631: 2629: 2627: 2625: 2622: 2621: 2619: 2616: 2615: 2613: 2611: 2608: 2607: 2604: 2603: 2601: 2598: 2597: 2595: 2592: 2591: 2589: 2586: 2585: 2582: 2581: 2579: 2577: 2575: 2573: 2571: 2568: 2567: 2565: 2562: 2561: 2559: 2554: 2551: 2550: 2547: 2546: 2544: 2541: 2540: 2538: 2535: 2534: 2532: 2529: 2528: 2525: 2524: 2522: 2520: 2518: 2515: 2514: 2512: 2509: 2508: 2506: 2503: 2500: 2499: 2496: 2495: 2493: 2490: 2489: 2487: 2484: 2483: 2480: 2478: 2476: 2474: 2472: 2470: 2468: 2461: 2460: 2454: 2452: 2449: 2448: 2447: 2444:Ermita, Manila 2441: 2434: 2432: 2426: 2419: 2417: 2407: 2400: 2398: 2395: 2388: 2359:Roxas, Palawan 2347:Roxas, Isabela 2323: 2320: 2302:Roxas married 2299: 2296: 2270:Clark Air Base 2242: 2239: 2222: 2219: 2205: 2202: 2194:Turtle Islands 2190:United Kingdom 2179: 2176: 2155: 2152: 2138: 2135: 2119: 2116: 2114: 2111: 2069: 2066: 2062:José P. Laurel 2057: 2054: 2038: 2035: 1990: 1987: 1939: 1938: 1920: 1919: 1905: 1904: 1902:Exchange rates 1898: 1897: 1886: 1880: 1879: 1875: 1874: 1863: 1857: 1856: 1852: 1851: 1848: 1842: 1841: 1840:85,269 million 1830: 1824: 1823: 1819: 1818: 1806: 1796: 1790: 1789: 1775: 1772: 1770: 1767: 1756:C. Jasper Bell 1721:City of Manila 1626: 1623: 1601:Bell Trade Act 1575:United Nations 1547:Paul V. McNutt 1539: 1536: 1531:Main article: 1528: 1525: 1522: 1521: 1518: 1514: 1513: 1510: 1506: 1505: 1503:His Excellency 1500: 1494: 1493: 1485: 1484: 1463: 1460: 1430: 1427: 1423:Harry S Truman 1419:vice-president 1346:Philippines. 1292:Jose P. Laurel 1206: 1203: 1191:Southeast Asia 1119:Harry B. Hawes 1103:Patrick Hurley 985: 984: 926:"Manuel Roxas" 899: 897: 890: 884: 881: 806: 803: 749: 748: 745: 744: 729: 725: 724: 721: 717: 716: 711: 710:Branch/service 707: 706: 693: 689: 688: 684: 683: 676: 672: 671: 662: 658: 657: 643: 637: 636: 634: 633: 630: 627: 623: 613: 612: 609: 603: 601: 597: 596: 585: 579: 578: 576: 572: 571: 565: 559: 558: 552: 548: 547: 541: 537: 536: 531: 527: 526: 515:Clark Air Base 512:(aged 56) 508:April 15, 1948 506: 502: 501: 477: 475: 471: 470: 466: 465: 462: 461: 451: 450: 445:Member of the 442: 441: 438: 432: 431: 426: 420: 419: 409: 408: 402: 401: 398: 392: 391: 390:Antonio Habana 388: 382: 381: 371: 370: 365:Member of the 356:Member of the 353: 352: 347: 341: 340: 335: 329: 328: 318: 317: 310: 309: 306: 300: 299: 294: 288: 287: 282: 278: 277: 267: 266: 260: 259: 254: 248: 247: 242: 236: 235: 230: 226: 225: 215: 214: 208: 207: 197: 196: 190: 189: 184: 178: 177: 172: 166: 165: 155: 154: 147: 146: 141: 135: 134: 129: 123: 122: 117: 114:Vice President 109: 108: 98: 97: 90: 89: 86: 85: 77: 76: 73: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6406: 6395: 6392: 6390: 6387: 6385: 6382: 6380: 6377: 6375: 6372: 6370: 6367: 6365: 6362: 6360: 6357: 6355: 6352: 6350: 6347: 6345: 6342: 6340: 6337: 6335: 6332: 6330: 6327: 6325: 6322: 6320: 6317: 6315: 6312: 6310: 6307: 6305: 6302: 6300: 6297: 6295: 6292: 6290: 6287: 6285: 6282: 6280: 6277: 6275: 6272: 6270: 6267: 6265: 6262: 6260: 6257: 6255: 6252: 6250: 6247: 6245: 6242: 6240: 6237: 6235: 6232: 6231: 6229: 6222: 6212: 6209: 6207: 6206:Jesse Robredo 6204: 6202: 6199: 6197: 6194: 6192: 6189: 6187: 6184: 6183: 6180: 6175: 6170: 6165: 6157: 6152: 6150: 6145: 6143: 6138: 6137: 6134: 6115: 6112: 6111: 6109: 6107: 6103: 6096: 6093: 6090: 6089: 6087: 6085: 6081: 6074: 6073: 6071: 6069: 6065: 6058: 6055: 6052: 6051: 6049: 6047: 6043: 6036: 6035: 6033: 6031: 6027: 6020: 6017: 6016: 6014: 6012: 6008: 6001: 6000: 5998: 5996: 5992: 5985: 5984: 5982: 5980: 5976: 5969: 5968: 5966: 5964: 5960: 5953: 5950: 5949: 5947: 5945: 5941: 5934: 5933: 5931: 5929: 5925: 5918: 5915: 5912: 5909: 5908: 5906: 5904: 5900: 5893: 5892: 5890: 5888: 5884: 5877: 5874: 5873: 5871: 5869: 5865: 5860: 5849: 5846: 5845: 5843: 5841: 5837: 5832: 5829: 5825: 5818: 5813: 5811: 5806: 5804: 5799: 5798: 5795: 5779: 5778:Luis Salvador 5776: 5775: 5773: 5769: 5763: 5760: 5759: 5757: 5753: 5750: 5746: 5736: 5733: 5732: 5730: 5726: 5720: 5719:Sergio Osmeña 5717: 5716: 5714: 5710: 5707: 5705: 5701: 5691: 5688: 5685: 5684: 5682: 5678: 5672: 5669: 5666: 5665: 5663: 5659: 5656: 5654: 5653:Liberal Party 5650: 5646: 5638: 5633: 5631: 5626: 5624: 5619: 5618: 5615: 5603: 5594: 5592: 5583: 5582: 5575: 5569: 5563: 5557: 5551: 5545: 5539: 5533: 5527: 5526: 5523: 5518: 5507: 5500: 5497: 5490: 5487: 5480: 5477: 5470: 5467: 5460: 5457: 5450: 5447: 5440: 5437: 5430: 5427: 5420: 5417: 5410: 5407: 5400: 5397: 5390: 5387: 5380: 5377: 5370: 5367: 5360: 5357: 5350: 5347: 5340: 5337: 5330: 5327: 5320: 5317: 5310: 5307: 5300: 5297: 5290: 5287: 5280: 5277: 5270: 5267: 5260: 5257: 5250: 5247: 5240: 5237: 5230: 5229: 5226: 5222: 5215: 5210: 5208: 5203: 5201: 5196: 5195: 5192: 5181: 5171: 5168: 5166: 5163: 5161: 5158: 5156: 5153: 5151: 5148: 5146: 5143: 5141: 5138: 5136: 5133: 5131: 5128: 5126: 5123: 5121: 5118: 5116: 5113: 5111: 5108: 5106: 5103: 5101: 5098: 5096: 5093: 5091: 5088: 5086: 5083: 5081: 5078: 5076: 5073: 5071: 5068: 5066: 5063: 5061: 5058: 5056: 5053: 5051: 5048: 5046: 5043: 5041: 5038: 5036: 5033: 5031: 5028: 5026: 5023: 5021: 5018: 5017: 5014: 5010: 5003: 4998: 4996: 4991: 4989: 4984: 4983: 4980: 4968: 4960: 4958: 4950: 4949: 4946: 4939: 4935: 4932: 4929: 4925: 4922: 4919: 4915: 4912: 4909: 4905: 4902: 4899: 4895: 4892: 4889: 4885: 4882: 4879: 4875: 4872: 4871: 4869: 4866: 4862: 4855: 4852: 4849: 4846: 4845: 4843: 4840: 4836: 4832: 4826: 4823: 4822: 4820: 4817: 4813: 4809: 4802: 4798: 4795: 4792: 4789: 4786: 4783: 4780: 4777: 4774: 4771: 4768: 4765: 4764: 4762: 4759: 4755: 4749: 4746: 4745: 4743: 4740: 4736: 4729: 4726: 4723: 4722:Sergio Osmeña 4720: 4717: 4714: 4713: 4711: 4708: 4704: 4698: 4695: 4694: 4692: 4689: 4685: 4681: 4674: 4669: 4667: 4662: 4660: 4655: 4654: 4651: 4645: 4638: 4629: 4625: 4618: 4614: 4612: 4611:Liberal Party 4606: 4602: 4598: 4589: 4588: 4587:Liberal Party 4581: 4577: 4572: 4568: 4559: 4558: 4551: 4550:Sergio Osmeña 4545: 4534: 4533: 4526: 4520: 4509: 4508: 4501: 4495: 4484: 4483: 4472: 4467: 4463: 4454: 4453: 4447: 4446: 4438: 4433: 4429: 4426: 4422: 4418: 4409: 4408: 4401: 4400:Sergio Osmeña 4395: 4391: 4390: 4389: 4381:Ramon Arnaldo 4374: 4373: 4369: 4357: 4354: 4350: 4345: 4340: 4337: 4335: 4332: 4330: 4327: 4326: 4322: 4316: 4311: 4307: 4302: 4298: 4292: 4288: 4283: 4279: 4277:9781400860586 4273: 4269: 4264: 4261:(3): 301–316. 4260: 4256: 4251: 4247: 4245:9781412824392 4241: 4237: 4232: 4228: 4226:9780857730299 4222: 4218: 4213: 4209: 4204: 4200: 4195: 4191: 4189:9780742544253 4185: 4181: 4176: 4175: 4171: 4154: 4148: 4145: 4141: 4136: 4133: 4128: 4122: 4119: 4107: 4103: 4097: 4094: 4082:. May 7, 2016 4081: 4077: 4071: 4068: 4063: 4062: 4054: 4051: 4047: 4043: 4037: 4034: 4022: 4018: 4012: 4009: 3997: 3993: 3986: 3983: 3967: 3960: 3954: 3951: 3947: 3941: 3939: 3937: 3935: 3931: 3925: 3922: 3918: 3912: 3909: 3905: 3900: 3898: 3896: 3894: 3892: 3890: 3888: 3886: 3884: 3882: 3878: 3874: 3868: 3866: 3864: 3862: 3860: 3858: 3856: 3854: 3852: 3850: 3846: 3833: 3829: 3828: 3821: 3818: 3805: 3801: 3800: 3793: 3790: 3786: 3781: 3779: 3777: 3775: 3773: 3771: 3769: 3767: 3765: 3761: 3757: 3756: 3750: 3747: 3743: 3742: 3736: 3733: 3729: 3724: 3721: 3717: 3712: 3710: 3708: 3706: 3702: 3698: 3693: 3690: 3677: 3673: 3672: 3665: 3662: 3658: 3657:Weinberg 2005 3653: 3650: 3637: 3636: 3631: 3625: 3622: 3618: 3613: 3611: 3609: 3607: 3603: 3599: 3594: 3592: 3588: 3585:, p. 57. 3584: 3579: 3577: 3573: 3570:, p. 83. 3569: 3564: 3561: 3557: 3556:Weinberg 2005 3552: 3549: 3546:, p. 83. 3545: 3540: 3538: 3536: 3532: 3528: 3523: 3521: 3519: 3515: 3510: 3504: 3500: 3493: 3490: 3478: 3472: 3468: 3467: 3459: 3457: 3453: 3450:, p. 63. 3449: 3444: 3442: 3440: 3438: 3436: 3434: 3432: 3430: 3428: 3426: 3424: 3422: 3418: 3414: 3409: 3407: 3405: 3403: 3401: 3397: 3393: 3388: 3386: 3382: 3378: 3373: 3370: 3367:, p. 84. 3366: 3361: 3359: 3355: 3351: 3350:Weinberg 2005 3346: 3344: 3342: 3338: 3326: 3322: 3316: 3314: 3312: 3310: 3306: 3302: 3301:Weinberg 2005 3297: 3294: 3291:, p. 41. 3290: 3285: 3283: 3281: 3277: 3274:, p. 12. 3273: 3268: 3266: 3262: 3258: 3253: 3250: 3246: 3241: 3239: 3237: 3233: 3229: 3224: 3222: 3220: 3218: 3216: 3214: 3210: 3206: 3201: 3198: 3194: 3189: 3187: 3183: 3179: 3174: 3172: 3170: 3166: 3162: 3157: 3155: 3153: 3151: 3147: 3143: 3138: 3136: 3134: 3130: 3126: 3121: 3118: 3114: 3109: 3106: 3102: 3097: 3095: 3093: 3091: 3089: 3085: 3082:, p. 26. 3081: 3076: 3074: 3072: 3070: 3066: 3054: 3050: 3044: 3041: 3036: 3029: 3026: 3014: 3010: 3004: 3002: 2998: 2993: 2987: 2984: 2979: 2973: 2970: 2958:. May 7, 2016 2957: 2953: 2947: 2944: 2939: 2938: 2933: 2927: 2924: 2919: 2913: 2910: 2903: 2892: 2890: 2888: 2886: 2884: 2882: 2880: 2878: 2876: 2874: 2872: 2870: 2868: 2866: 2865: 2862: 2860: 2859: 2853: 2852: 2849: 2848: 2839: 2838: 2833: 2832: 2824: 2823: 2820: 2819: 2814: 2813: 2808: 2807: 2801: 2800: 2797: 2796: 2783: 2782: 2777: 2776: 2771:Rosario Acuña 2768: 2767: 2764: 2763: 2758: 2757: 2752: 2751: 2746: 2745: 2742: 2741: 2732: 2731: 2726: 2725: 2717: 2716: 2713: 2712: 2707: 2706: 2701: 2700: 2695: 2694: 2691: 2690: 2673: 2672: 2669: 2668: 2660: 2659: 2656: 2655: 2650: 2649: 2644: 2643: 2638: 2637: 2634: 2633: 2624: 2623: 2618: 2617: 2610: 2609: 2606: 2605: 2600: 2599: 2594: 2593: 2588: 2587: 2584: 2583: 2570: 2569: 2564: 2563: 2558: 2553: 2552: 2549: 2548: 2543: 2542: 2537: 2536: 2531: 2530: 2527: 2526: 2517: 2516: 2511: 2510: 2502: 2501: 2498: 2497: 2492: 2491: 2486: 2485: 2482:Caetano Rojas 2479: 2467: 2466: 2463: 2462: 2458: 2457: 2450: 2445: 2438: 2433: 2430: 2423: 2418: 2414: 2410: 2404: 2399: 2392: 2387: 2385: 2383: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2344: 2339: 2337: 2333: 2329: 2321: 2319: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2298:Personal life 2297: 2293: 2288: 2284: 2281: 2279: 2273: 2271: 2267: 2260: 2255: 2247: 2240: 2238: 2236: 2235:Plaza Miranda 2232: 2228: 2227:Tondo, Manila 2220: 2218: 2216: 2210: 2204:Controversies 2203: 2201: 2199: 2195: 2191: 2185: 2177: 2175: 2173: 2172:parity rights 2169: 2165: 2161: 2153: 2151: 2143: 2136: 2134: 2131: 2125: 2117: 2112: 2110: 2108: 2104: 2099: 2095: 2090: 2088: 2087: 2081: 2077: 2076: 2067: 2065: 2063: 2055: 2053: 2050: 2044: 2036: 2034: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2023:Central Luzon 2020: 2016: 2012: 2008: 2004: 1999: 1997: 1988: 1986: 1982: 1980: 1974: 1972: 1966: 1964: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1946: 1935: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1911: 1906: 1903: 1899: 1895: 1887: 1885: 1881: 1878:Total exports 1876: 1872: 1864: 1862: 1858: 1853: 1849: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1831: 1829: 1825: 1820: 1804: 1797: 1795: 1791: 1786: 1773: 1768: 1766: 1764: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1738: 1734: 1731:(coming from 1730: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1713: 1711: 1708: 1707:Chief Justice 1705: 1704:Supreme Court 1701: 1700:21-gun salute 1697: 1693: 1689: 1684: 1682: 1679: 1678:Chief Justice 1675: 1671: 1667: 1658: 1654: 1649: 1642: 1624: 1622: 1620: 1616: 1610: 1607: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1589: 1587: 1583: 1582:joint session 1578: 1576: 1572: 1563: 1559: 1556: 1550: 1548: 1545: 1537: 1534: 1526: 1520:Mr. President 1519: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1504: 1501: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1486: 1483: 1473: 1469: 1461: 1459: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1447:Liberal Party 1444: 1440: 1436: 1433:Prior to the 1428: 1426: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1403: 1401: 1395: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1378: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1365: 1361: 1360:Albert Miller 1357: 1353: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1333: 1329: 1328:Chick Parsons 1324: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1288: 1286: 1282: 1281: 1280:utang na loob 1276: 1275:Sergio Osmeña 1271: 1267: 1263: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1238: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1216: 1211: 1204: 1202: 1200: 1194: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1159:Nacionalistas 1156: 1155:Nacionalistas 1152: 1147: 1146:Nacionalistas 1142: 1138: 1132: 1129: 1124: 1120: 1115: 1110: 1108: 1104: 1101: 1097: 1096:Henry Stimson 1094: 1090: 1085: 1084:Sergio Osmeña 1080: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1065:U.S. Congress 1062: 1057: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1014: 1012: 1008: 1004: 1000: 991: 981: 978: 970: 959: 956: 952: 949: 945: 942: 938: 935: 931: 928: – 927: 923: 922:Find sources: 916: 912: 906: 905: 900:This section 898: 894: 889: 888: 882: 880: 878: 877:Supreme Court 874: 870: 866: 862: 861:valedictorian 858: 854: 850: 845: 843: 839: 835: 830: 828: 824: 823:Guardia Civil 820: 816: 812: 804: 802: 800: 796: 795:United States 792: 788: 784: 780: 776: 773: 768: 759: 755: 746: 743: 738: 733: 730: 726: 722: 718: 715: 712: 708: 705: 694: 690: 685: 681: 677: 673: 670: 666: 663: 659: 655: 651: 647: 644: 642: 638: 631: 628: 625: 624: 620: 610: 608: 605: 604: 602: 598: 582: 577: 573: 569: 566: 560: 556: 553: 549: 545: 542: 540:Resting place 538: 535: 532: 528: 525:, Philippines 524: 520: 516: 507: 503: 500: 496: 492: 476: 472: 467: 463: 457: 452: 448: 443: 439: 433: 430: 427: 421: 415: 410: 407: 403: 400:Ramon Arnaldo 399: 393: 389: 383: 377: 372: 368: 363: 359: 354: 351: 348: 342: 339: 338:Sergio Osmeña 336: 330: 324: 319: 316: 311: 307: 301: 298: 295: 289: 286: 283: 279: 273: 268: 265: 261: 258: 255: 249: 246: 243: 237: 234: 231: 227: 221: 216: 213: 209: 203: 198: 195: 191: 188: 185: 179: 176: 173: 167: 161: 156: 153: 148: 145: 142: 136: 133: 132:Sergio Osmeña 130: 124: 121: 118: 115: 110: 104: 99: 96: 91: 87: 83: 78: 71: 68: 64: 60: 56: 52: 48: 41: 37: 33: 19: 6324:Roxas family 6234:Manuel Roxas 6221: 6191:Manuel Roxas 6190: 5831:Manuel Roxas 5830: 5689: 5670: 5668:Manuel Roxas 5667: 5531:Nacionalista 5506:M. Romualdez 5428: (2001) 5326:D. Romualdez 5245: 5155:Pimentel III 5145:Ponce Enrile 5130:Pimentel Jr. 5024: 4938:2022–present 4767:Manuel Roxas 4766: 4728:Manuel Roxas 4727: 4707:Commonwealth 4609: 4604: 4584: 4579: 4555: 4541:Arturo Rotor 4530: 4505: 4491:Rafael Acuña 4480: 4462:José Avelino 4450: 4443: 4431: 4405: 4385: 4384: 4365: 4314: 4305: 4286: 4267: 4258: 4254: 4235: 4216: 4207: 4198: 4179: 4172:Bibliography 4157:. Retrieved 4147: 4135: 4126: 4121: 4109:. Retrieved 4105: 4096: 4084:. Retrieved 4079: 4070: 4060: 4053: 4036: 4024:. Retrieved 4020: 4011: 3999:. Retrieved 3985: 3973:. Retrieved 3966:the original 3953: 3945: 3924: 3916: 3911: 3872: 3836:. Retrieved 3826: 3820: 3808:. Retrieved 3798: 3792: 3753: 3749: 3739: 3735: 3723: 3692: 3682:February 20, 3680:. Retrieved 3670: 3664: 3652: 3640:. Retrieved 3633: 3624: 3563: 3551: 3498: 3492: 3480:. Retrieved 3465: 3372: 3328:. Retrieved 3324: 3296: 3252: 3200: 3120: 3108: 3058:November 18, 3056:. Retrieved 3052: 3043: 3034: 3028: 3016:. Retrieved 3012: 2986: 2972: 2960:. Retrieved 2955: 2946: 2935: 2926: 2912: 2663:Manuel Roxas 2375:Metro Manila 2365:(1967); and 2340: 2325: 2316:Margie Moran 2301: 2282: 2274: 2263: 2224: 2211: 2207: 2187: 2171: 2157: 2148: 2127: 2106: 2098:Dean Acheson 2091: 2084: 2073: 2071: 2059: 2046: 2000: 1992: 1983: 1975: 1967: 1945:independence 1942: 1933: 1923: 1883: 1860: 1845: 1827: 1793: 1714: 1710:Manuel Moran 1685: 1681:Manuel Moran 1674:World War II 1662: 1618: 1611: 1590: 1579: 1568: 1555:the Pentagon 1551: 1541: 1509:Spoken style 1481:Manuel Roxas 1479: 1439:Commonwealth 1432: 1404: 1396: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1379: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1332:Edwin Ramsey 1325: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1289: 1278: 1258:Pearl Harbor 1242:World War II 1239: 1230:World War II 1219: 1195: 1169:. After the 1158: 1154: 1150: 1145: 1133: 1127: 1111: 1081: 1071:that all of 1058: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1015: 996: 973: 964: 954: 947: 940: 933: 921: 909:Please help 904:verification 901: 846: 831: 826: 808: 753: 752: 732:World War II 728:Battles/wars 615: 568:Nacionalista 564:affiliations 534:Heart attack 510:(1948-04-15) 455: 440:Rafael Acuña 436:Succeeded by 413: 396:Succeeded by 375: 345:Succeeded by 322: 304:Succeeded by 271: 257:Arturo Rotor 252:Succeeded by 219: 201: 187:José Avelino 182:Succeeded by 159: 139:Succeeded by 102: 74:Manuel Roxas 67: 62: 58: 6244:1948 deaths 6239:1892 births 6116:(1946-1947) 6021:(1946-1948) 5954:(1946-1948) 5919:(1946-1948) 5878:(1946-1948) 5850:(1946-1948) 5833:(1946–1948) 5416:Fuentebella 4850:(1981–1986) 4793:(1961–1965) 4787:(1957–1961) 4781:(1953–1957) 4775:(1948–1953) 4769:(1946–1948) 4760:(1946–1973) 4741:(1943–1945) 4724:(1944–1946) 4718:(1935–1944) 4709:(1935–1946) 4690:(1899–1901) 4388:Assemblyman 4001:October 22, 3583:Buhite 2008 3568:Buhite 2008 3544:Rovere 1992 3527:Shafer 1988 3469:. Penguin. 3448:Buhite 2008 3365:Rovere 1992 3289:Buhite 2008 3080:Buhite 2008 2049:land tenure 1963:Philippines 1918:= US$ 0.50 1717:Luneta Park 1400:White House 1141:coconut oil 799:Philippines 704:Philippines 570:(1917–1946) 557:(1946–1948) 424:Preceded by 386:Preceded by 369:(1935–1938) 333:Preceded by 292:Preceded by 240:Preceded by 170:Preceded by 127:Preceded by 55:family name 51:middle name 6228:Categories 5755:President: 5712:President: 5661:President: 5436:de Venecia 5396:de Venecia 5366:Makalintal 5346:Laurel Jr. 5316:Laurel Jr. 4591:1946–1948 4561:1946–1948 4536:1941–1942 4511:1938–1941 4486:1919–1922 4456:1945–1946 4411:1922–1933 4376:1922–1938 4296:0521618266 4111:October 3, 4086:October 3, 4046:Muntinlupa 4026:October 1, 3830:(Speech). 3802:(Speech). 2904:References 2429:Roxas City 2217:movement. 2215:Hukbalahap 2182:See also: 2160:plebiscite 2122:See also: 2080:Juan Feleo 2041:See also: 2019:burglaries 2015:kidnapping 1950:Stalingrad 1788:Population 1615:Luis Taruc 1466:See also: 1387:hacendados 1316:hacendados 1304:hacendados 1270:Corregidor 1165:region of 1151:Democratas 1089:Washington 967:March 2018 937:newspapers 793:after the 779:politician 692:Allegiance 661:Profession 641:Alma mater 611:Ruby Roxas 484:1892-01-01 5828:President 5579:PDP–Laban 5356:Villareal 5336:Villareal 5160:Sotto III 5075:Tolentino 5065:Rodriguez 5050:Rodriguez 4928:2016–2022 4918:2010–2016 4908:2001–2010 4898:1998–2001 4888:1992–1998 4878:1986–1992 4839:1981–1986 4816:1973–1981 4801:1965–1973 4628:José Yulo 4159:August 8, 3975:August 8, 3904:Pike 2010 3785:Pike 2010 3642:April 19, 3617:Pike 2010 3413:Pike 2010 3392:Pike 2010 3377:Pike 2010 3330:August 8, 3272:Kerr 1974 2166:" to the 2107:hacendado 2068:Civil war 2007:gangsters 1996:heirlooms 1908:1 US$ = 1805:≈ 1783:1946–1948 1692:U.S. flag 1391:haendados 1383:hacendado 1364:President 1320:hacendado 1312:haciendas 1296:hacendado 1199:Manchukuo 1179:U.S. Navy 1175:U.S. Army 1163:Manchuria 1153:that the 1073:East Asia 1059:With the 1054:hacendado 1050:hacendado 1042:hacendado 838:Hong Kong 723:1941–1945 675:Signature 519:Mabalacat 493:, Capiz, 460:1917–1919 456:In office 418:1919–1922 414:In office 376:In office 323:In office 281:President 272:In office 229:President 220:In office 202:In office 160:In office 103:In office 32:Mar Roxas 5591:Category 5537:KALIBAPI 5486:Cayetano 5456:Belmonte 5446:Nograles 5426:Belmonte 5266:Montilla 5170:Escudero 5110:Gonzales 5100:Gonzales 5090:Gonzales 4957:Category 3018:June 29, 2962:April 2, 2369:(1967). 2361:(1951); 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