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many good qualities and is adorned with all sorts of virtues. His reputation earns him the admiration of people who have not met him, while for those who have once seen him, he proves brilliantly that Fame is not really a goddess, since she is unable to show the man to be as great as does actual experience. This ruler, then, is most illustrious because of his position, most illustrious too, because of his intelligence; his might amazes everyone, and his understanding wins him friends; he extends his hand to all and in every way he places himself at the service of those who need help. And now, in accord with his nature, he has made himself a virtual haven for us in the midst of a twofold tempest, that of the season and that of fortune, and we have found refuge in the man himself and his character. His conversation is quite charming; he pleases us in every way; he honours us to the greatest extent and loves us no less. Although he has gone to extremes in all he has done for us, he seems almost to blush in the belief—in this he is alone—that he might have fallen considerably short of what he should have done. This is how magnanimous the man is.
643:
emperor and his men always went about dressed uniformly in long robes cut like tabards which were all of one colour, namely white, and disapproved greatly of the fashions and varieties of dress worn by the
English, declaring that they signified inconstancy and fickleness of heart. No razor ever touched the heads or beards of his priests. These Greeks were extremely devout in their religious services, having them chanted variously by knights or by clerics, for they were sung in their native tongue. I thought to myself how sad it was that this great Christian leader from the remote east had been driven by the power of the infidels to visit distant islands in the west in order to seek help against them.
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447:, with the intention of massacring them, a decision he relented on only at the last moment. The episode is said to have left all of the Christian vassal rulers shaken and convinced Manuel that continued appeasement towards the Ottomans was not a guarantee of his own personal safety or the continued survival of the empire and that efforts must be made to obtain Western aid.
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Now what is the reason for the present letter? A large number of letters have come to us from all over bearing excellent and wonderful promises, but most important is the ruler with whom we are now staying, the king of
Britain the Great, of a second civilized world, you might say, who abounds in so
642:
On the feast of St Thomas the apostle , the emperor of the Greeks visited the king of
England in London to seek help against the Saracens, and was honourably received by him, staying with him for two whole months at enormous expense to the king, and being showered with gifts at his departure. This
572:
Then, the king raised his hat, and the emperor raised his imperial cap – he had no hat – and both greeted one another in the most honourable way. When he had welcomed , the king accompanied him into Paris, riding side by side. They were followed by the
Princes of the Blood who, once the banquet in
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Having heard of his father's death in
February 1391, Manuel II Palaiologos fled the Ottoman court and secured the capital against any potential claim by his nephew John VII. Following Manuel's coronation the Ottoman Sultan was initially content to leave Byzantium in comparative peace. However, in
624:
At the same time the
Emperor of Constantinople visited England to ask for help against the Turks. The king with an imposing retinue, met him at Blackheath on the feast of St Thomas , gave so great a hero an appropriate welcome and escorted him to London. He entertained him there royally for many
832:
in
Bohemia, it was impossible to count on the Czech or German armies, and the Hungarian ones were needed to protect the Kingdom and control the religious conflicts. Unhappily Manuel returned home with empty hands from the Hungarian Kingdom, and in 1424 he and his son were forced to sign an
443:
1393 a large insurrection erupted in
Bulgaria which, although successfully put down by the Ottomans, caused Bayezid to lapse into an episode of paranoia in which he believed his various Christian vassals were plotting against him. Bayezid called all his Christian vassals to a meeting at
775:, a normally unimportant island which was then under threat from a son of the lord of Lesbos, Francesco Gattilusio. It took Manuel three months to reassert imperial authority on the island. Only then did he continue on to Thessalonica, where he was warmly met by his son
770:
On 25 July 1414, with a fleet consisting of four galleys and two other vessels carrying contingents of infantry and cavalry, departed
Constantinople for Thessalonica. The purpose of this force soon became clear when he made an unannounced stop at
730:. When Manuel II returned home in 1403, his nephew duly surrendered control of Constantinople and received as a reward the governorship of newly recovered Thessalonica. The treaty also regained from the Ottomans Mesembria (1403–1453),
845:
on 1 October 1422, but his mind was unaffected and he continued to rule for three more years. He lived his last few days as a monk, taking the name of
Matthew. He died on 21 July 1425, aged 75, and was buried at the
782:
In the spring of 1415, he and his soldiers left for the Peloponnese, arriving at the little port of Kenchreai on Good Friday, 29 March. Manuel II Palaiologos used his time there to bolster the defences of the
1539:) in which the Emperor stated: "Show me just what Muhammad brought that was new and there you will find things only evil and inhuman, such as his command to spread by the sword the faith he preached."
4698:
2419:
Mureşan, Dan Ioan (2010). "Une histoire de trois empereurs. Aspects des relations de Sigismond de Luxembourg avec Manuel II et Jean VIII Paléologue". In Ekaterini Mitsiou; et al. (eds.).
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828:. Sigismund (after suffering a defeat against the Turks in the Battle of Nicopolis in 1396) never rejected the possibility of fighting against the Ottoman Empire. However, with the
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Athanasios D. Angelou, Manuel Palaiologos, Dialogue with the Empress - Mother on Marriage. Introduction, Text and Translation, Vienna, Academie der Wissenschaft, Vienna 1991.
477:, bearing the Emperor's letters (dated 1 July 1397) requesting the French king's military aid. In addition, Charles also provided funds for the two nobles to treat with King
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However, Manuel II kept contact with Venice, Genoa, Paris and Aragon, by sending envoy Manuel Chrysoloras in 1407–8, pursuing to form a coalition against the Ottomans.
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from the courts of western Europe. After some five years of siege, Manuel II entrusted the city to his nephew, aided by a French garrison of 300 men led by Seigneur
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in April 1398, with the aim of soliciting further aid. However, the latter was too preoccupied by domestic troubles at this point to provide any support.
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for his son and heir John. This mirror of princes has special value, because it is the last sample of this literary genre bequeathed to us by Byzantines.
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had collected the same sum to be sent to Constantinople, yet it had never passed through the bank in Genoa, despite a later investigation by Henry IV.
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Manuel II later returned to France with high hopes of substantial help and funds for Constantinople. In the meantime, he sent delegations with
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with six ships carrying 1,200 men to assist Manuel II. The Marshal encouraged the latter to go personally to seek assistance against the
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In addition, Ilario Doria, Manuel's son-in-law, was also sent with a delegation to Italy, England, and probably France, early in 1399.
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to seek further assistance. He eventually left France on 23 November 1402, and finally returned to Constantinople in June 1403.
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Italics indicates a junior co-emperor, underlining indicates an emperor variously regarded as either legitimate or a usurper
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820:(1421–1451) in 1422. During the last years of his life, Manuel II relinquished most official duties to his son and heir
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Trapp, Erich; Beyer, Hans-Veit; Kaplaneres, Sokrates; Leontiadis, Ioannis (1989). "21520. <Παλαιολόγος> Μιχαήλ".
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Manuel II was the author of numerous works of varied character, including letters, poems, a Saint's Life, treatises on
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depicting Manuel II, Helena and three of their sons, the co-emperor John VIII and the despots Theodore and Andronikos.
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Trapp, Erich; Beyer, Hans-Veit; Kaplaneres, Sokrates; Leontiadis, Ioannis (1989). "21490. Παλαιολόγος Κωνσταντῖνος".
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days, paying the expenses of the emperor's stay, and by grand presents showing respect for a person of such eminence.
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unfavourable peace treaty with the Ottoman Turks, whereby the Byzantine Empire had to pay tribute to the sultan.
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in 1373 led to Manuel's being proclaimed heir and co-emperor of his father. He was crowned on 25 September 1373.
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in 1390. Although John V had been restored, Manuel was forced to go as an honorary hostage to the court of the
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Manuel Palaeologos Resources, including excerpts from his writings to his son John, on "the virtue of a king"
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Szalay, J. y Baróti, L. (1896). A Magyar Nemzet Története. Budapest, Hungría: Udvari Könyvkereskedés Kiadó.
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on the 21st of that month, making him the only Byzantine emperor ever to visit England, where he stayed at
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the royal palace finished, escorted to the lodgings which had been prepared for him in the Louvre castle].
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Rhetoric in purple : the renewal of imperial ideology in the texts of emperor Manuel II Palaiologos
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Sobiesiak, Joanna Aleksandra; Tomaszek, Michał; Tyszka, Przemysław (2018). Andrzej Pleszczyński (ed.).
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on two occasions, in 1238 and 1247, in search of assistance against the Byzantine successor state of
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J. Chrysostomides (editor & translator). Association for Byzantine Research: Thessalonike, 1985.
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However, Manuel II sent a letter to his friend Manuel Chrysoloras, describing his visit to England:
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2,000, in which he acknowledged receipt of the funds in a Latin document and sealed it with his own
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1884:, ed. H.R. Luard, London: 1872–1883, 7 vols. (Rolls series, 57): vol. 3, 480–481; vol. 4, 625–626.
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The Reluctant Emperor: A Biography of John Cantacuzene, Byzantine Emperor and Monk, c. 1295-1383
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Manuel II. Palaiologos: Dialoge mit einem Muslim (Corpus Islamo-Christianum. Series Graeca 4)
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on 3 June 1400. During his stay in France, Manuel II continued to contact European monarchs.
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and embarked (along with a suite of 40 people) on a long trip abroad along with the Marshal.
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on 25 September 1396. Manuel II had sent 10 ships to help in that Crusade. In October 1397,
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2086:(in German). Vol. 9. Vienna: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften.
2059:(in German). Vol. 9. Vienna: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften.
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Map of the southern Balkans and western Anatolia in 1410, following the Treaty of Gallipoli
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Sigismund of Luxemburg and the Orthodox World (Veröffentlichungen zur Byzanzforschung, 24)
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Rhetoric in Purple: The Renewal of Imperial Ideology in the Texts of Manuel II Palaiologos
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787:, where the Byzantine Empire was actually expanding at the expense of the remnants of the
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in 1402. As the sons of Bayezid I struggled with each other over the succession in the
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Byzantium between the Ottomans and the Latins: Politics and Society in the Late Empire
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812:(1402–1421), but his attempts to meddle in the next contested succession led to a new
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426:). During his stay, Manuel was forced to participate in the Ottoman campaign that
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2423:. Wien: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. pp. 41–101.
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quoted from a dialogue believed to have occurred in 1391 between Manuel II and a
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Manuel II Palaiologos (left) with Henry IV of England in London, December 1400.
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The Fall of the Byzantine Empire: A Chronicle by George Sphrantzes, 1401–1477.
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Manuel II stood on friendly terms with the victor in the Ottoman civil war,
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Imagined Communities: Constructing Collective Identities in Medieval Europe
1850:
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Manuel II Palaiologos (1350-1425): A Byzantine Emperor in a Time of Tumult
2135:
Manuel II Palaeologus (1391-1425): A Study in Late Byzantine Statesmanship
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by his father, the future Manuel II traveled west to seek support for the
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from 1394 to 1402. In the meantime, an anti-Ottoman crusade led by the
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722:, John VII was able to secure the return of the European coast of the
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in the Morea and subsequently the last Byzantine emperor, 1448–1453.
929:(18 December 1392 – 31 October 1448). Byzantine emperor, 1425–1448.
473:, Manuel's uncle, alongside John of Natala arrived at the court of
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to be protected from his nephew's intentions. He later landed in
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from 1369. The failed attempt at usurpation by his older brother
2723:
2713:
825:
4024:
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2401:. PhD dissertation, Central European University, Budapest, 2012
411:, but Manuel personally defeated his nephew with help from the
2318:
Manuel II Palaeologus Funeral Oration on His Brother Theodore.
985:
866:, and an epitaph for his brother Theodore I Palaiologos and a
2013:
Melvani, N., (2018) 'The tombs of the Palaiologan emperors',
947:
Michael Palaiologos. Born 1406/7, died 1409/10 of the plague.
239:
1535:
scholar and recorded in a book by Manuel II (Dialogue 7 of
909:
A daughter. Mentioned as the eldest daughter but not named.
403:
In 1376–1379 and again in 1390, Manuel and his father were
905:, Manuel II Palaiologos had several children, including:
1892:
1890:
1823:
525:, where he left his wife and children with his brother
438:
Siege of Constantinople and letters to European courts
2327:
George T. Dennis (translator), Dumbarton Oaks, 1977.
2380:(Greek Text with German translation and commentary).
374:
Manuel II Palaiologos was the second son of Emperor
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The Chronica Maiora of Thomas Walsingham, 1376-1422
1968:
1956:
1811:
1796:
1784:
1772:
726:and of Thessalonica to the Byzantine Empire in the
606:took place in his honour. In addition, he received
326:from 1391 to 1425. Shortly before his death he was
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2498:Manuel II. Palaiologos: Dialoge mit einem „Perser“
2193:Greeks, Latins, and Intellectual History 1204-1500
2030:The Portrait in Byzantine Illuminated Manuscripts
590:In December 1400, he embarked to England to meet
4704:Byzantine saints of the Eastern Orthodox Church
2553:Historical contemporary references to Manuel II
1379:13. Theodora Palaiologina Angelina Kantakouzene
654:
640:
622:
570:
484:However, the two nobles returned home with the
4699:Byzantine people of the Byzantine–Ottoman wars
2083:Prosopographisches Lexikon der Palaiologenzeit
2056:Prosopographisches Lexikon der Palaiologenzeit
938:A second daughter. Also not named in the text.
763:coin by Manuel. On the reverse, Manuel's bust.
4551:Sophia Palaiologina, Grand Princess of Moscow
4036:
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2279:(2005). James G. Clark; David Preest (eds.).
2190:Hinterberger, Martin; Schabel, Chris (2011).
1708:Ὁ Ὅσιος Μανουὴλ Αὐτοκράτωρ Κωνσταντινουπόλεως
1527:In a lecture delivered on 12 September 2006,
791:. Here Manuel supervised the building of the
557:. Afterwards, he met Charles VI of France at
346:, became emperors. He is commemorated by the
8:
933:Andronikos Palaiologos, Lord of Thessalonica
392:in 1365 and in 1370, serving as governor in
4313:Maria Palaiologina, Khatun of the Ilkhanate
1944:
1920:
1020:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
4392:Theodora Palaiologina, Empress of Bulgaria
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2209:The Last Centuries of Byzantium, 1261-1453
1908:
1682:. Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 26.
1061:
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620:wrote about Manuel II's visit to England:
60:Miniature portrait of Manuel II, 1407–1409
54:
36:
2460:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1040:Learn how and when to remove this message
4646:who are independently notable are shown.
4546:Helena Palaiologina, Despotess of Serbia
4418:Irene Palaiologina, Empress of Trebizond
877:
734:(1403–1415), and the Marmara coast from
361:
4433:Irene Palaiologina, Empress of Bulgaria
4288:Irene Palaiologina, Empress of Bulgaria
2356:. 3 vol. Echter Verlag, Würzburg 1995;
2001:
1757:
1733:
1665:
1632:
1557:
710:were themselves crushingly defeated by
4587:Maria Palaiologina, Princess of Vereya
4387:Anna Palaiologina, Despotess of Epirus
1932:
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1679:Byzantium: Faith and Power (1261-1557)
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942:Theodore II Palaiologos, Lord of Morea
513:Journey of Manuel II to Western Europe
228:
4397:Irene Palaiologina, Byzantine Empress
4361:Simonis Palaiologina, Queen of Serbia
1980:
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1824:Sobiesiak, Tomaszek & Tyszka 2018
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1168:
1162:
1152:
1136:
1126:
1122:
1110:
1104:
1094:
1078:
1074:
7:
4536:Helena Palaiologina, Queen of Cyprus
2543:Encyclopedia of Roman Emperors entry
2325:The Letters of Manuel II Palaeologus
2173:The letters of Manuel II Palaeologus
2116:The Chronicle of Adam Usk, 1377-1421
1018:adding citations to reliable sources
4689:Byzantine governors of Thessalonica
4402:Maria Palaiologina, Queen of Serbia
1537:Twenty-six Dialogues with a Persian
951:Constantine XI Dragases Palaiologos
568:who chronicled the visit to Paris:
370:with the Palaiologos family cypher.
322:; 27 June 1350 – 21 July 1425) was
27:Byzantine emperor from 1391 to 1425
2114:(1997). Chris Given-Wilson (ed.).
2015:Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies
1590:kissing the feet of the baby Jesus
1551:Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry
1056:Ancestors of Manuel II Palaiologos
407:by Andronikos IV and then his son
47:Emperor and Autocrat of the Romans
25:
4694:Byzantine prisoners and detainees
2570:Dialogue 7 with a learned Persian
2558:by the Byzantine Greek historian
2517:"The Byzantine Turks (1204-1461)"
2483:University of Massachusetts Press
2154:Manuel II Palaiologos (1350–1425)
953:(8 February 1405 – 29 May 1453).
1605:
1579:
1560:
990:
506:
430:, the last Byzantine enclave in
34:, his grandson by the same name.
4679:15th-century Byzantine emperors
4674:14th-century Byzantine emperors
2387:. Yale University Press, 2010.
2252:. Institute for Balkan Studies.
2231:Byzantium: The Decline and Fall
1969:Hinterberger & Schabel 2011
1957:Hinterberger & Schabel 2011
1858:Latin Emperor of Constantinople
1812:Hinterberger & Schabel 2011
1797:Hinterberger & Schabel 2011
1785:Hinterberger & Schabel 2011
1773:Hinterberger & Schabel 2011
1712:21 Ιουλίου. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ.
602:until mid-February 1401, and a
533:in April 1400, then he went to
517:On 10 December 1399, Manuel II
76:16 February 1391 – 21 July 1425
4724:15th-century Byzantine writers
4719:14th-century Byzantine writers
4246:Theodora Angelina Palaiologina
2521:The Byzantine Turks, 1204-1461
2439:. Cambridge University Press.
2342:. Cambridge University Press.
2211:. Cambridge University Press.
2156:. Cambridge University Press.
912:Constantine Palaiologos. Born
779:, who then governed the city.
1:
4193:Andronikos Doukas Palaiologos
2027:Spatharakis, Ioannis (1976),
1549:Manuel II as depicted in the
1517:Pope Benedict XVI controversy
913:
883:
841:Manuel II was paralyzed by a
674:of Christ and a piece of the
330:a monk and received the name
4714:Eastern Orthodox theologians
2500:. Verlag Böhlau, Wien 1966,
2298:Voordeckers, Edmond (2006).
2137:. Rutgers University Press.
2481:(editor & translator).
797:(six-mile wall) across the
521:by starting to sail to the
338:saw to it that their sons,
318:
194:
4745:
4729:Sons of Byzantine emperors
4505:Constantine XI Palaiologos
4382:Andronikos III Palaiologos
4262:Irene Komnene Palaiologina
3935:Constantine XI Palaiologos
3886:Andronikos III Palaiologos
3773:Nikephoros III Botaneiates
2171:Dennis, George T. (1977).
1621:List of Byzantine emperors
1520:
1300:
1174:
1107:Andronikos III Palaiologos
1068:
510:
507:Emperor's trip to the West
240:
214:Constantine XI Palaiologos
29:
4640:
4449:Andronikos IV Palaiologos
4293:Andronikos II Palaiologos
4063:
4011:
3908:Andronikos IV Palaiologos
3876:Andronikos II Palaiologos
3701:Constantine IX Monomachos
2628:
2619:
2611:
2606:
2578:
2529:10.1163/9789004307759_013
2515:Shukurov, Rustam (2016).
2454:Nicol, Donald M. (1996).
2435:Necipoglu, Nevra (2009).
2248:Nicol, Donald M. (1974).
1567:Manuel II (lower right),
1447:
1425:
1421:
1413:
1385:
1366:
1358:
1330:
1308:
1304:
1266:
1244:
1236:
1208:
1201:Amadeus V, Count of Savoy
1186:
1182:
1146:
1124:
1116:
1088:
1072:
973:(c. 1409 – 12 May 1465).
814:assault on Constantinople
801:, intended to defend the
398:Andronikos IV Palaiologos
307:
236:
227:
53:
44:
4531:Andronikos V Palaiologos
4267:Michael VIII Palaiologos
3871:Michael VIII Palaiologos
2133:Barker, John W. (1969).
919:/8, died before 1405 in
670:including pieces of the
30:Not to be confused with
4593:Constantine Palaiologos
4495:Theodore II Palaiologos
4334:Constantine Palaiologos
4298:Constantine Palaiologos
4272:John Doukas Palaiologos
3726:Eudokia Makrembolitissa
3360:Tiberius II Constantine
2323:Manuel II Palaeologus,
2250:"Byzantium and England"
1864:, visited the court of
1856:25 September 2006. The
1613:Byzantine Empire portal
553:, and his close friend
382:. Granted the title of
206:Theodore II Palaiologos
4621:Palaeologus-Montferrat
4500:Andronikos Palaiologos
4459:Theodore I Palaiologos
4349:Palaeologus-Montferrat
4329:Michael IX Palaiologos
4241:Andronikos Palaiologos
4161:Nikephoros Palaiologos
3881:Michael IX Palaiologos
2580:Manuel II Palaiologos
2565:Portraits of Manuel II
2523:. Leiden: Brill: 421.
2033:, Brill, p. 139,
1837:"St Alban's chronicle"
1081:Michael IX Palaiologos
897:, the daughter of the
890:
764:
750:
702:Renewed Ottoman sieges
696:Charles III of Navarre
684:Antipope Benedict XIII
664:
650:
632:
587:
580:
551:Gian Galeazzo Visconti
527:Theodore I Palaiologos
471:Theodore Kantakouzenos
463:Sigismund of Luxemburg
371:
210:Andronikos Palaiologos
4644:male-line descendants
4510:Demetrios Palaiologos
4490:John VIII Palaiologos
4454:Manuel II Palaiologos
4356:Demetrios Palaiologos
3975:Thessalonian emperors
3969:Trapezuntine emperors
3930:John VIII Palaiologos
3925:Manuel II Palaiologos
3896:John VI Kantakouzenos
3812:Andronikos I Komnenos
3649:Constantine Lekapenos
2677:and empresses regnant
2632:John VIII Palaiologos
2572:– chapters 1–18 only.
2338:Çelik, Siren (2021).
2304:University Foundation
2152:Çelik, Siren (2021).
1349:John VI Kantakouzenos
1323:Michael Kantakouzenos
1285:Manuel II Palaiologos
961:Demetrios Palaiologos
927:John VIII Palaiologos
881:
848:Pantokrator Monastery
822:John VIII Palaiologos
756:
748:
742:(between 1403–1421).
688:Margaret I of Denmark
585:
501:Jean de Châteaumorand
479:Richard II of England
428:reduced Philadelpheia
365:
348:Greek Orthodox Church
296:Manuel II Palaiologos
218:Demetrios Palaiologos
202:John VIII Palaiologos
105:John VIII Palaiologos
40:Manuel II Palaiologos
18:Manuel II Palaeologus
4599:Fernando Palaiologos
4485:John VII Palaiologos
4344:Theodore Palaiologos
4308:Eudokia Palaiologina
4303:Theodore Palaiologos
3913:John VII Palaiologos
3861:Theodore II Laskaris
3721:Constantine X Doukas
3661:Nikephoros II Phokas
2414:, CEU ETD collection
2385:The End of Byzantium
2352:Karl Förstel (ed.):
2227:Norwich, John Julius
1851:An emperor in Eltham
1702:Great Synaxaristes:
1014:improve this section
594:who received him at
549:, where he met Duke
519:embarked on his trip
475:Charles VI of France
115:John VII Palaiologos
4709:Palaiologos dynasty
4605:Andreas Palaiologos
4556:Andreas Palaiologos
4541:Helena Palaiologina
4469:Zampia Palaiologina
4464:Michael Palaiologos
4428:Michael Palaiologos
4225:Alexios Palaiologos
3844:Theodore I Laskaris
3829:Alexios III Angelos
3807:Alexios II Komnenos
3731:Romanos IV Diogenes
3686:Romanos III Argyros
3632:Romanos I Lekapenos
2474:George Sphrantzes.
2118:. Clarendon Press.
2017:, 42 (2) pp.237-260
1923:, pp. 119–121.
1760:, pp. 351–354.
1404:Helena Kantakouzene
850:in Constantinople.
805:from the Ottomans.
728:Treaty of Gallipoli
720:Ottoman Interregnum
706:The Ottomans under
592:Henry IV of England
545:, until he reached
467:Battle of Nicopolis
380:Helena Kantakouzene
368:double-headed eagle
319:Manouēl Palaiológos
308:Μανουὴλ Παλαιολόγος
278:Helena Kantakouzene
241:Μανουήλ Παλαιολόγος
4561:Manuel Palaiologos
4515:Thomas Palaiologos
4423:John V Palaiologos
4209:George Palaiologos
4177:George Palaiologos
3963:Britannic emperors
3957:Palmyrene emperors
3891:John V Palaiologos
3834:Alexios IV Angelos
3783:Constantine Doukas
3778:Alexios I Komnenos
3766:Constantine Doukas
3749:Michael VII Doukas
3711:Michael VI Bringas
3277:Romulus Augustulus
2900:Trebonianus Gallus
2893:Herennius Etruscus
2675:Byzantine emperors
2615:John V Palaiologos
2479:Marios Philippides
2277:Walsingham, Thomas
2233:. London: Viking.
2175:. Dumbarton Oaks.
1799:, p. 398–399.
1523:Regensburg lecture
1165:John V Palaiologos
971:Thomas Palaiologos
903:Constantine Dragas
891:
799:Isthmus of Corinth
785:Despotate of Morea
765:
751:
588:
555:Manuel Chrysoloras
491:who was sent from
489:Jean II Le Maingre
413:Republic of Venice
376:John V Palaiologos
372:
268:John V Palaiologos
237:Manuel Palaiologos
222:Thomas Palaiologos
95:John V Palaiologos
32:Manuel Palaiologos
4651:
4650:
4631:Paleologus-Pesaro
4351:
4122:(1390; 1403–1408)
4018:
4017:
3856:John III Vatatzes
3802:Manuel I Komnenos
3541:Michael I Rangabe
3385:
3384:
3227:Petronius Maximus
2826:Severus Alexander
2794:Septimius Severus
2638:
2637:
2629:Succeeded by
2622:Byzantine emperor
2560:George Sphrantzes
2446:978-0-511-51807-2
2430:978-3-7001-6685-6
2393:978-0-300-11786-8
2383:Jonathan Harris,
2283:. Boydell Press.
2240:978-0-670-82377-2
1826:, pp. 74–75.
1689:978-1-58839-113-1
1529:Pope Benedict XVI
1513:
1512:
1509:
1508:
1050:
1049:
1042:
868:mirror of princes
618:Thomas Walsingham
486:Marshal of France
450:Sultan Bayezid I
324:Byzantine emperor
316:
293:
292:
247:
246:
124:
86:25 September 1373
67:Byzantine emperor
16:(Redirected from
4736:
4684:Porphyrogennetoi
4626:Asen Palaiologos
4566:Hass Murad Pasha
4366:John Palaiologos
4347:
4339:John Palaiologos
4057:Byzantine Empire
4045:
4038:
4031:
4022:
3866:John IV Laskaris
3839:Alexios V Doukas
3824:Isaac II Angelos
3790:John II Komnenos
3716:Isaac I Komnenos
3676:Constantine VIII
3666:John I Tzimiskes
3393:Byzantine Empire
3167:
2664:
2657:
2650:
2641:
2612:Preceded by
2602:
2595:
2576:
2557:
2532:
2471:
2450:
2424:
2415:
2307:
2294:
2272:
2253:
2244:
2222:
2205:Nicol, Donald M.
2200:
2198:
2186:
2167:
2148:
2129:
2098:
2097:
2077:
2071:
2070:
2050:
2044:
2043:
2024:
2018:
2011:
2005:
1999:
1993:
1990:
1984:
1978:
1972:
1966:
1960:
1954:
1948:
1945:Voordeckers 2006
1942:
1936:
1930:
1924:
1921:Adam of Usk 1997
1918:
1912:
1906:
1900:
1894:
1885:
1847:
1841:
1840:
1833:
1827:
1821:
1815:
1809:
1800:
1794:
1788:
1782:
1776:
1770:
1761:
1755:
1749:
1743:
1737:
1731:
1725:
1719:
1713:
1705:
1700:
1694:
1693:
1670:
1653:
1646:
1640:
1637:
1615:
1610:
1609:
1608:
1583:
1564:
1259:Maria of Brabant
1062:
1053:
1045:
1038:
1034:
1031:
1025:
994:
986:
963:(c. 1407–1470).
918:
915:
888:
885:
716:Battle of Ankara
692:Martin of Aragon
680:Pope Boniface IX
662:
648:
630:
578:
390:Byzantine Empire
321:
311:
309:
288:Eastern Orthodox
243:
242:
229:
198:
172:Byzantine Empire
164:
143:Byzantine Empire
118:
58:
37:
21:
4744:
4743:
4739:
4738:
4737:
4735:
4734:
4733:
4654:
4653:
4652:
4647:
4636:
4609:
4580:15th generation
4575:
4524:14th generation
4519:
4478:13th generation
4473:
4442:12th generation
4437:
4411:11th generation
4406:
4375:10th generation
4370:
4317:
4276:
4250:
4229:
4213:
4197:
4181:
4165:
4149:
4059:
4049:
4019:
4014:
4007:
3951:Gallic emperors
3939:
3627:Constantine VII
3408:Constantine III
3395:
3392:
3381:
3290:
3282:
3221:Valentinian III
3209:Constantius III
3203:Priscus Attalus
3187:Constantine III
3173:
3165:
3055:Valerius Valens
3000:
2992:
2838:
2830:
2789:Didius Julianus
2769:Marcus Aurelius
2686:
2678:
2668:
2634:
2625:
2617:
2596:
2590:
2589:
2581:
2555:
2539:
2514:
2468:
2453:
2447:
2434:
2418:
2404:
2397:Florin Leonte,
2314:
2312:Further reading
2297:
2291:
2275:
2269:
2256:
2247:
2241:
2225:
2219:
2203:
2196:
2189:
2183:
2170:
2164:
2151:
2145:
2132:
2126:
2110:
2107:
2102:
2101:
2094:
2079:
2078:
2074:
2067:
2052:
2051:
2047:
2041:
2026:
2025:
2021:
2012:
2008:
2000:
1996:
1991:
1987:
1979:
1975:
1967:
1963:
1955:
1951:
1943:
1939:
1931:
1927:
1919:
1915:
1909:Walsingham 2005
1907:
1903:
1895:
1888:
1882:Chronica Majora
1849:Brian Cathcart
1848:
1844:
1835:
1834:
1830:
1822:
1818:
1810:
1803:
1795:
1791:
1783:
1779:
1771:
1764:
1756:
1752:
1748:, p. xxiv.
1744:
1740:
1732:
1728:
1720:
1716:
1703:
1701:
1697:
1690:
1674:Evans, Helen C.
1672:
1671:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1656:
1647:
1643:
1638:
1634:
1629:
1611:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1596:
1595:
1594:
1591:
1584:
1575:
1565:
1554:
1553:
1545:
1525:
1519:
1514:
1440:Andronikos Asen
1139:Rita of Armenia
1046:
1035:
1029:
1026:
1011:
995:
984:
916:
886:
882:Miniature made
876:
856:
839:
704:
663:
661:
649:
647:
631:
629:
579:
577:
515:
509:
440:
360:
238:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
192:
191:
166:
162:
137:
119:(1403–1408, in
117:
61:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4742:
4740:
4732:
4731:
4726:
4721:
4716:
4711:
4706:
4701:
4696:
4691:
4686:
4681:
4676:
4671:
4666:
4656:
4655:
4649:
4648:
4641:
4638:
4637:
4635:
4634:
4628:
4623:
4617:
4615:
4614:Cadet branches
4611:
4610:
4608:
4607:
4602:
4596:
4590:
4583:
4581:
4577:
4576:
4574:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4558:
4553:
4548:
4543:
4538:
4533:
4527:
4525:
4521:
4520:
4518:
4517:
4512:
4507:
4502:
4497:
4492:
4487:
4481:
4479:
4475:
4474:
4472:
4471:
4466:
4461:
4456:
4451:
4445:
4443:
4439:
4438:
4436:
4435:
4430:
4425:
4420:
4414:
4412:
4408:
4407:
4405:
4404:
4399:
4394:
4389:
4384:
4378:
4376:
4372:
4371:
4369:
4368:
4363:
4358:
4353:
4341:
4336:
4331:
4325:
4323:
4322:9th generation
4319:
4318:
4316:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4284:
4282:
4281:8th generation
4278:
4277:
4275:
4274:
4269:
4264:
4258:
4256:
4255:7th generation
4252:
4251:
4249:
4248:
4243:
4237:
4235:
4234:6th generation
4231:
4230:
4228:
4227:
4221:
4219:
4218:5th generation
4215:
4214:
4212:
4211:
4205:
4203:
4202:4th generation
4199:
4198:
4196:
4195:
4189:
4187:
4186:3rd generation
4183:
4182:
4180:
4179:
4173:
4171:
4170:2nd generation
4167:
4166:
4164:
4163:
4157:
4155:
4154:1st generation
4151:
4150:
4148:
4147:
4144:Constantine XI
4141:
4135:
4129:
4123:
4117:
4111:
4103:
4095:
4089:
4086:Andronikos III
4083:
4077:
4071:
4064:
4061:
4060:
4050:
4048:
4047:
4040:
4033:
4025:
4016:
4015:
4012:
4009:
4008:
4006:
4005:
4004:
4003:
3998:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3972:
3966:
3960:
3954:
3947:
3945:
3941:
3940:
3938:
3937:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3910:
3905:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3878:
3873:
3868:
3863:
3858:
3853:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3821:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3787:
3775:
3770:
3746:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3706:Theodora (III)
3703:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3602:
3597:
3585:
3573:
3568:
3556:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3521:Constantine VI
3518:
3513:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3485:Theodosius III
3482:
3477:
3472:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3430:Constantine IV
3427:
3422:
3410:
3405:
3399:
3397:
3387:
3386:
3383:
3382:
3380:
3379:
3374:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3294:
3292:
3288:Eastern Empire
3284:
3283:
3281:
3280:
3273:
3268:
3261:
3254:
3249:
3242:
3237:
3230:
3223:
3218:
3211:
3206:
3199:
3183:
3177:
3175:
3171:Western Empire
3164:
3163:
3156:
3144:Magnus Maximus
3140:
3138:Valentinian II
3135:
3130:
3125:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3091:
3084:
3077:
3072:
3070:Constantius II
3067:
3065:Constantine II
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3004:
3002:
2994:
2993:
2991:
2990:
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2004:, p. 387.
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3111:Valentinian I
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1254:
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1249:
1240:
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1234:
1233:
1228:
1227:Anna of Savoy
1222:
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1009:
1008:
1004:
999:This section
997:
993:
988:
987:
981:
977:in the Morea.
976:
972:
969:
967:in the Morea.
966:
962:
959:
956:
952:
949:
946:
943:
940:
937:
934:
931:
928:
925:
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911:
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907:
906:
904:
900:
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895:Helena Dragas
880:
873:
871:
869:
865:
861:
853:
851:
849:
844:
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831:
827:
823:
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811:
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786:
780:
778:
774:
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762:
761:
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747:
743:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
701:
699:
697:
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689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
658:
653:
644:
639:
637:
626:
621:
619:
615:
613:
609:
605:
601:
600:Eltham Palace
597:
593:
584:
574:
569:
567:
564:According to
562:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
514:
504:
502:
498:
494:
493:Aigues-Mortes
490:
487:
482:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
453:
448:
446:
437:
435:
433:
429:
425:
421:
418:
414:
410:
406:
401:
399:
395:
391:
387:
386:
381:
378:and his wife
377:
369:
364:
357:
355:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
336:Helena Dragaš
333:
329:
325:
320:
314:
305:
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297:
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182:Helena Dragaš
180:
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145:(present day
144:
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68:
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4453:
4131:
4126:Andronikos V
4105:
4097:
4068:Michael VIII
3924:
3918:Andronikos V
3916:
3899:
3847:
3815:
3793:
3781:
3764:
3758:
3752:
3740:
3734:
3647:
3641:
3635:
3608:
3591:
3579:
3562:
3550:
3544:
3531:Nikephoros I
3506:
3505:
3499:
3466:
3463:Justinian II
3458:Tiberius III
3448:Justinian II
3439:
3433:
3416:
3368:
3340:Anastasius I
3331:
3275:
3271:Julius Nepos
3263:
3256:
3244:
3232:
3225:
3213:
3201:
3192:
3191:
3185:
3158:
3149:
3148:
3142:
3133:Theodosius I
3120:
3093:
3086:
3079:
3050:Maximinus II
3037:
2939:
2922:
2909:
2903:
2891:
2879:
2812:
2774:Lucius Verus
2620:
2601:21 July 1425
2598:
2594:27 July 1350
2591:
2583:
2520:
2497:
2475:
2456:
2436:
2420:
2410:
2398:
2384:
2353:
2339:
2324:
2317:
2299:
2280:
2258:
2230:
2208:
2192:
2172:
2153:
2134:
2115:
2081:
2075:
2054:
2048:
2029:
2022:
2014:
2009:
2002:Norwich 1995
1997:
1988:
1976:
1964:
1952:
1940:
1928:
1916:
1904:
1881:
1873:
1853:
1845:
1831:
1819:
1792:
1780:
1758:Norwich 1995
1753:
1741:
1734:Norwich 1995
1729:
1717:
1706:
1698:
1678:
1668:
1644:
1635:
1536:
1526:
1284:
1036:
1027:
1012:Please help
1000:
974:
964:
954:
893:By his wife
892:
857:
840:
830:Hussite wars
807:
792:
789:Latin Empire
781:
769:
766:
758:
705:
665:
655:
651:
641:
633:
623:
616:
589:
571:
563:
516:
483:
449:
441:
402:
394:Thessalonica
383:
373:
331:
299:
295:
294:
193:
163:(1425-07-21)
161:21 July 1425
136:27 June 1350
121:Thessalonica
45:
4669:1425 deaths
4664:1350 births
4571:Mesih Pasha
4146:(1449–1453)
4140:(1425–1448)
4134:(1391–1425)
4128:(1403–1407)
4116:(1376–1379)
4109:(1353–1357)
4101:(1347–1354)
4094:(1341–1391)
4088:(1328–1341)
4082:(1295–1320)
4076:(1282–1328)
4070:(1259–1282)
4053:Palaiologoi
3977:(1224–1242)
3971:(1204–1461)
3760:Konstantios
3637:Christopher
3610:Constantine
3600:Michael III
3581:Constantine
3564:Constantine
3546:Theophylact
3475:Philippicus
3425:Constans II
3350:Justinian I
3246:Severus III
3194:Constans II
2948:Claudius II
2924:Silbannacus
2871:Gordian III
2846:Maximinus I
2814:Diadumenian
2585:Palaiologos
2112:Adam of Usk
1933:Dennis 1977
1746:Barker 1969
1722:Barker 1969
917: 1393
887: 1404
803:Peloponnese
676:Holy Sponge
636:Adam of Usk
612:golden bull
422:at Prousa (
334:. His wife
300:Palaeologus
258:Palaiologos
91:Predecessor
4658:Categories
4080:Michael IX
3754:Andronikos
3742:Nikephoros
3691:Michael IV
3656:Romanos II
3576:Theophilos
3571:Michael II
3552:Staurakios
3536:Staurakios
3508:Nikephoros
3501:Artabasdos
3413:Heraclonas
3370:Theodosius
3328:Basiliscus
3088:Nepotianus
3081:Magnentius
3075:Constans I
3028:Severus II
3008:Diocletian
2953:Quintillus
2918:Aemilianus
2911:Volusianus
2856:Gordian II
2821:Elagabalus
2684:Principate
2626:1391–1425
2556:(in Greek)
2508:. (German)
2199:. Peeters.
1981:Çelik 2021
1897:Nicol 1974
1862:Baldwin II
1704:(in Greek)
1660:References
1650:Richard II
944:(d. 1448).
935:(d. 1429).
921:Monemvasia
794:Hexamilion
777:Andronicus
638:reported:
634:Moreover,
596:Blackheath
405:supplanted
366:Byzantine
111:Co-emperor
82:Coronation
4138:John VIII
4132:Manuel II
3996:Classical
3981:Empresses
3965:(286–296)
3959:(267–273)
3953:(260–274)
3696:Michael V
3622:Alexander
3435:Heraclius
3403:Heraclius
3355:Justin II
3265:Glycerius
3252:Anthemius
3122:Procopius
3060:Martinian
3039:Maxentius
2968:Florianus
2941:Saloninus
2936:Gallienus
2905:Hostilian
2881:Philip II
2851:Gordian I
2799:Caracalla
2734:Vespasian
2729:Vitellius
2300:Byzantion
2261:. Brill.
1866:Henry III
1573:Balthazar
1030:June 2021
1001:does not
760:stavraton
740:Nicomedia
708:Bayezid I
694:and king
559:Charenton
459:Hungarian
452:blockaded
420:Bayezid I
340:John VIII
313:romanized
101:Successor
4120:John VII
3991:Usurpers
3986:Augustae
3944:See also
3849:Nicholas
3671:Basil II
3468:Tiberius
3453:Leontius
3441:Tiberius
3418:Tiberius
3396:610–1453
3391:Eastern/
3345:Justin I
3298:Arcadius
3258:Olybrius
3240:Majorian
3181:Honorius
3160:Eugenius
3095:Vetranio
3045:Licinius
3018:Galerius
3013:Maximian
2998:Dominate
2988:Numerian
2958:Aurelian
2931:Valerian
2876:Philip I
2866:Balbinus
2861:Pupienus
2809:Macrinus
2784:Pertinax
2779:Commodus
2744:Domitian
2709:Claudius
2704:Caligula
2699:Tiberius
2694:Augustus
2485:, 1980.
2408:(2012),
2229:(1995).
2207:(1993).
1599:See also
1588:Melchior
982:Ancestry
975:Despotēs
965:Despotēs
955:Despotēs
864:rhetoric
860:theology
854:Writings
818:Murad II
810:Mehmed I
686:, Queen
660:—
646:—
628:—
576:—
432:Anatolia
409:John VII
385:despotēs
328:tonsured
284:Religion
147:Istanbul
4107:Matthew
4099:John VI
4055:of the
4001:Eastern
3901:Matthew
3795:Alexios
3643:Stephen
3605:Basil I
3490:Leo III
3365:Maurice
3308:Marcian
3291:395–610
3215:Joannes
3174:395–480
3128:Gratian
3001:284–610
2983:Carinus
2963:Tacitus
2839:235–285
2759:Hadrian
2587:dynasty
2105:Sources
1543:Gallery
1533:Persian
1022:removed
1007:sources
901:prince
899:Serbian
736:Scutari
714:at the
690:, king
539:Vicenza
352:July 21
332:Matthew
315::
195:more...
4092:John V
3763:&
3739:&
3646:&
3617:Leo VI
3593:Thekla
3549:&
3516:Leo IV
3438:&
3377:Phocas
3333:Marcus
3318:Leo II
3234:Avitus
3151:Victor
3116:Valens
3106:Jovian
3101:Julian
2973:Probus
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2888:Decius
2836:Crisis
2754:Trajan
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1870:Nicaea
1686:
1569:Caspar
874:Family
843:stroke
773:Thasos
668:relics
531:Venice
445:Serres
274:Mother
264:Father
178:Spouse
151:Turkey
4642:Only
3559:Leo V
3526:Irene
3313:Leo I
2978:Carus
2749:Nerva
2739:Titus
2719:Galba
2671:Roman
2599:Died:
2592:Born:
2197:(PDF)
1648:King
1627:Notes
837:Death
757:Half
732:Varna
712:Timur
672:tunic
604:joust
547:Milan
543:Pavia
535:Padua
523:Morea
461:King
424:Bursa
304:Greek
253:House
232:Names
189:Issue
73:Reign
4051:The
3915:(w.
3898:(w.
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2235:ISBN
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2177:ISBN
2158:ISBN
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2120:ISBN
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1321:12.
1257:11.
1199:10.
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682:and
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342:and
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