487:
22:
215:
522:
Gonçalo Álvares, a lay person preaching to the natives, describes them in the opening lines as "those beasts." He dehumanizes the natives and, at the same time, questions their capacity to understand and accept
Christianity. Mateus Nogueira, his companion, agrees and upholds that characterization by
494:
Nóbrega and his men began catechizing and baptizing the natives upon their arrival in Brazil. One of the early encounters with members of indigenous groups was when Nóbrega and his men tried to stop preparations for a cannibal feast and the natives rose against the
Christians. The Governor's militia
506:
Nóbrega was encouraged that many natives had converted to
Christianity despite being mistreated by the Europeans. The Brazilian sugar plantation colony, for example, was founded on the extensive use of Indian labor. Although this stage in the development of the Brazilian economy was temporary, the
498:
Busy building chapels and schools, the missionaries boasted of the high rate of conversion of the natives. The
Jesuits had begun teaching prayers to the natives as well as teaching them how to write and sing. According to a report written by Nóbrega, 500 natives had been baptized within the first
530:
Nóbrega questions the importance of converting the natives. On one hand, he is unsure whether they are capable of fully grasping the concept of
Christianity, especially with the language barrier. On the other hand, as a Christian and as a Jesuit, he understands his stance must be that of a kind,
507:
Portuguese eventually began using
African slave labor, it had long-lasting effects on the morale of the native people. The Portuguese had created a society in which the natives had to live by Portuguese rules and conform to new modes of behavior, defined by European social and racial categories.
526:
Later, the two characters discuss the role of a
Christian among a native population. Gonçalo questions their goal, and Nogueira clearly states that it is charity and love of God and of neighbor. That last statement places the native peoples, as human beings, among the neighbors whom Christians,
502:
Portuguese colonies in Brazil, like many other colonies in the
Americas, had problems of slavery and concubinage being common among the new settlers. Nóbrega was concerned that the Portuguese settlers were not good examples. Nóbrega was unable to limit slavery among the Portuguese, so he chose
612:
After the expulsion of the French invaders, Nóbrega founded a new Jesuit
College in Rio, the College of Saint Vincent, and was nominated its rector (dean). In 1570 he was again nominated Brazilian Provincial of the Jesuit Order, but he died before taking office, on October 18, 1570, his 53rd
727:
Cohen, Thomas. “’Who is My
Neighbor?’ The Missionary Ideals of Manuel da Nóbrega.” Jesuit Encounters in the New World: Jesuit Chroniclers, Geographers, Educators and Missionaries in the Americas, 1549-1767. Ed. Gagliano, Joseph A., Ronan, Charles E., S.J. Instituto Storico S.I.: Roma, 1997.
562:
Hard pressed, Nóbrega tried to make a peace treaty with the Confederation, sensing that all their efforts and the Portuguese colonization were in great danger. Under considerable duress and several threats of being killed and eaten by the Indians, Nóbrega and Anchieta stayed for a time in
680:
Thomas Cohen, "'Who is My Neighbor?' The Missionary Ideals of Manuel da Nobrega", Jesuit Encounters in the New World: Jesuit Chroniclers, Geographers, Educators and Missionaries in the Americas, 1549-1767. Ed. Joseph A. Gagliano, and Charles E. Ronan, S.J., Instituto Storico S.I.: Roma,
600:
episode), however, tipped the balance again since the Indians saw an opportunity to rally the Frenchmen's help to vanquish the Portuguese. Thus, Nóbrega had no alternative other than bless and support the punitive expeditions sent by the third Governor-General from Portugal,
429:
Sensing the difficulties of converting adult Indians to Christianity, Nóbrega determined that the Jesuits' efforts should concentrate on the teaching of children, who were more pliable. The Jesuits started to create elementary schools for teaching Portuguese and
442:, the language of the Indians, so that they would be bilingual and act as translators. The children would often go with the Jesuits on foot to faraway places and were protected and cherished by the Indians. Several of the children became Jesuit priests, too.
402:
the Indians. He soon was fiercely engaged in the defense of the Indians, which led to serious clashes with inhabitants and authorities of the new colony, alike, including the first Governor-General and the one who succeeded him,
503:
separation instead. He moved toward the physical separation of the natives and the Portuguese to limit their contact with corrupt surroundings and focused on reducing the Jesuits’ reliance on support from the Portuguese crown.
434:, basic literacy, and religion. The Jesuits discovered that singing was a very effective way of winning the attention of the students, and Nóbrega was one of the pioneers in using music in education in Brazil. To help the
465:
just above the coastline to better pursue their work of catechesis and education of the Indians. Thus, on January 25, 1554, Nóbrega and Anchieta celebrated the first mass in the new and modest Jesuit College of
519:
uses the point of view of two Portuguese settlers to describe the native people of Brazil. The dialogue between the men provides insight into some of the characterizations of the native population.
457:, then a young novice, who travelled with Duarte da Costa, the second Governor-General sent by the Crown. Nóbrega determined as the new mission of the small band of missionaries to found villages (
734:
Domingues, Beatriz Helena. “Comparing Colonial Cultural experiences: Religious Syncretism in Brazil, Mexico and North America.” Revista Electrônica de História do Brasil. V.2. n. 2. Jul/Dec 1998.
523:
stating that those natives are worse than all others in the sense that they do not grasp Christianity. That description is a reflection of Nóbrega’s frustration with the native population.
750:
827:
426:, a post that he held until 1559. However, Dom Sardinha was killed and eaten by hostile Indians after a shipwreck, changing Nóbrega's mind about the Indian mission.
797:
802:
571:
in the northern coast of São Paulo), in conference with the tribal chieftains, until Nóbrega was able to achieve a temporary peace. Anchieta's command of
486:
787:
559:, in Portuguese), and started attacks on the villages founded by the colonists. São Paulo was attacked several times, but the Portuguese resisted.
807:
792:
642:
282:
837:
817:
627:
467:
474:'s day of conversion to Christianity. The tiny settlement around this Jesuit school was to become one of the largest metropoles of the world,
812:
842:
737:
Schwartz, Stuart B. Sugar Plantations in the Formation of Brazilian Society: Bahia, 1550-1835. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1985.
690:
Stuart B. Schwartz, Sugar Plantations in the Formation of Brazilian Society: Bahia, 1550-1835, New York: Cambridge University Press, 1985.
539:
The exploitation and massacres of Indian villages by the Portuguese colonists continued, despite the pacification efforts of Nóbrega. The
43:
418:
took office on June 22, 1552. By then, Nóbrega had already created the Jesuit College of Salvador. Nóbrega was then nominated the first
383:
on March 29, 1549, accompanied by five other Jesuits. The Governor-General's first actions were to found the colonial capital city of
357:
847:
398:
Nóbrega and his colleagues tried to fulfill their mission but faced many difficulties because the colonists mistreated and tried to
65:
832:
99:
782:
322:
321:
in 1541. He entered the Jesuit novitiate in 1544 and, after being ordained, carried out pastoral work in the regions of
613:
birthday. Seven years later, the Jesuit Provincialship of Brazil was accepted by Anchieta, his great pupil and friend.
314:
446:
103:
Father Manuel da Nóbrega on a commemorative Portuguese stamp of the 400th anniversary of the foundation of São Paulo.
36:
30:
219:
609:, in 1565. The French colonists were defeated and expelled, and their Indian allies were reduced to submission.
47:
822:
555:, were most affected. Rebelling, they formed a warring tribal alliance, which became the Tamoio Confederation (
716:
Nóbrega, Manuel da. Diálogo sobre a conversão do gentio. Ed. Soares, Sálvio M. Vol. MetaLibri 2006, v.1.0p.
415:
637:
699:
Manuel da Nobrega, Dialogo sobre a Conversao do Gentio, Ed. Salvio M. Soares. Vol. MetaLibri2006, v1.0p.
310:
438:
of children, Nóbrega had the idea of bringing in seven orphan children to Brazil and making them learn
115:
777:
772:
540:
450:
404:
345:
647:
490:
Nóbrega and his companions trying to stop a cannibal feast by Manuel Joaquim Corte Real circa 1843.
475:
454:
419:
392:
270:
250:
238:
205:
179:
119:
606:
652:
596:
622:
552:
548:
254:
154:
564:
410:
To gain authority in his fight against the colonists, Nóbrega asked the King to establish an
384:
349:
341:
338:
242:
183:
632:
439:
365:
262:
246:
197:
187:
143:
591:
471:
435:
326:
266:
201:
139:
766:
587:
414:
in Brazil, which was granted on February 25, 1551. The first Bishop of Brazil, Dom
602:
719:
Nóbrega, Manuel da, S.J., and Leit, Serafim. Cartas. Coimbra Universidade, 1955.
572:
453:. There in 1553 he was joined by another group of Jesuits, who had arrived with
576:
544:
411:
353:
318:
294:
168:
423:
376:
369:
302:
547:
tribes, who lived along the Brazilian coast from the present-day states of
499:
five months of the arrival of the Jesuits, and many more were catechumens.
214:
361:
289:, to an important family; his father was Baltasar da Nóbrega, a prominent
575:, the language spoken by most of the Indians (of which he had compiled a
286:
757:
731:
Dominan, Helen G. Apostle of Brazil. New York: Exposition Press, 1958.
671:
Helen G. Dominian, Apostle of Brazil, New York: Exposition Press, 1958.
580:
568:
462:
399:
258:
234:
193:
164:
368:, of building churches and religious seminars, and of educating the
98:
431:
380:
306:
298:
290:
495:
helped to defend the missionaries against the native uprising.
15:
583:), was extremely useful to Nóbrega, who had no such ability.
257:
and participated in the founding of several cities, such as
337:
In 1549, he joined the naval fleet of the first Portuguese
281:
Nóbrega was born on October 18, 1517, in Sanfins do Douro,
445:
In 1552, Nóbrega again accompanied Tomé de Sousa to the
586:
The arrival of a French invasion force in 1555, in the
233:) (18 October 1517 – 18 October 1570) was a Portuguese
174:
160:
150:
126:
108:
83:
273:, as well as many Jesuit colleges and seminaries.
527:including the Portuguese settlers, must love.
8:
218:Statue of Manuel da Nóbrega in front of the
395:) and to celebrate its first Mass in 1549.
97:
80:
313:, where he obtained his baccalaureate in
66:Learn how and when to remove this message
485:
344:(1502–1579) following a request by King
213:
29:This article includes a list of general
828:Portuguese colonization of the Americas
664:
643:Portuguese colonization of the Americas
449:, in the present-day southern state of
253:, he was very influential in the early
78:Portuguese Jesuit priest and missionary
798:Portuguese Roman Catholic missionaries
293:of justice. Manuel da Nobrega studied
803:Roman Catholic missionaries in Brazil
7:
751:Diálogo sobre a Conversão do gentio
628:São Paulo dos Campos de Piratininga
517:Diálogo sobre a Conversão do Gentio
468:São Paulo dos Campos de Piratininga
35:it lacks sufficient corresponding
14:
20:
788:16th-century Portuguese Jesuits
422:of the Society of Jesus in the
808:University of Salamanca alumni
793:Portuguese Renaissance writers
1:
838:Jesuit missionaries in Brazil
818:History of religion in Brazil
605:, in 1560 and by his nephew,
813:University of Coimbra alumni
754:at MetaLibri Digital Library
843:Jesuit provincial superiors
283:Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro
864:
220:Chapel of Our Lady of Help
96:
848:Portuguese city founders
557:Confederação dos Tamoios
447:captaincy of São Vicente
833:Brazilian city founders
531:understanding teacher.
511:Descriptions of natives
416:Pero Fernandes Sardinha
375:Nóbrega arrived in the
356:work of converting the
50:more precise citations.
491:
223:
489:
311:University of Coimbra
217:
346:John III of Portugal
333:Missionary in Brazil
758:Portugal in America
482:Missionary practice
364:in the eyes of the
323:Entre-Douro-e-Minho
229:, SJ (old spelling
120:Kingdom of Portugal
597:France Antarctique
492:
224:
783:People from Alijó
723:Secondary sources
623:Jesuit Reductions
535:War and expansion
255:history of Brazil
237:priest and first
231:Manoel da Nóbrega
227:Manuel da Nóbrega
212:
211:
88:Manuel da Nóbrega
76:
75:
68:
855:
748:
700:
697:
691:
688:
682:
678:
672:
669:
653:Antarctic France
648:José de Anchieta
638:Pátio do Colégio
455:José de Anchieta
350:Society of Jesus
339:Governor-General
251:José de Anchieta
249:. Together with
243:Society of Jesus
188:colony of Brazil
184:Society of Jesus
144:colony of Brazil
136:
134:
131:October 18, 1570
116:Sanfins do Douro
112:October 18, 1517
101:
81:
71:
64:
60:
57:
51:
46:this article by
37:inline citations
24:
23:
16:
863:
862:
858:
857:
856:
854:
853:
852:
823:Colonial Brazil
763:
762:
747:(in Portuguese)
746:
743:
712:Primary sources
709:
704:
703:
698:
694:
689:
685:
679:
675:
670:
666:
661:
633:Colonial Brazil
619:
594:(the so-called
537:
513:
484:
405:Duarte da Costa
366:Catholic Church
335:
279:
247:colonial Brazil
191:
146:
137:
132:
130:
122:
113:
104:
92:
89:
86:
79:
72:
61:
55:
52:
42:Please help to
41:
25:
21:
12:
11:
5:
861:
859:
851:
850:
845:
840:
835:
830:
825:
820:
815:
810:
805:
800:
795:
790:
785:
780:
775:
765:
764:
761:
760:
755:
742:
741:External links
739:
708:
705:
702:
701:
692:
683:
673:
663:
662:
660:
657:
656:
655:
650:
645:
640:
635:
630:
625:
618:
615:
592:Rio de Janeiro
549:Espírito Santo
536:
533:
512:
509:
483:
480:
470:, in honor of
461:) on the high
436:evangelization
334:
331:
278:
275:
267:Rio de Janeiro
210:
209:
202:Rio de Janeiro
176:
175:Known for
172:
171:
162:
158:
157:
152:
148:
147:
140:Rio de Janeiro
138:
135:(aged 53)
128:
124:
123:
114:
110:
106:
105:
102:
94:
93:
90:
87:
84:
77:
74:
73:
28:
26:
19:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
860:
849:
846:
844:
841:
839:
836:
834:
831:
829:
826:
824:
821:
819:
816:
814:
811:
809:
806:
804:
801:
799:
796:
794:
791:
789:
786:
784:
781:
779:
776:
774:
771:
770:
768:
759:
756:
753:
752:
745:
744:
740:
738:
735:
732:
729:
725:
724:
720:
717:
714:
713:
706:
696:
693:
687:
684:
677:
674:
668:
665:
658:
654:
651:
649:
646:
644:
641:
639:
636:
634:
631:
629:
626:
624:
621:
620:
616:
614:
610:
608:
607:Estácio de Sá
604:
599:
598:
593:
589:
588:Guanabara Bay
584:
582:
578:
574:
570:
567:(present-day
566:
560:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
534:
532:
528:
524:
520:
518:
510:
508:
504:
500:
496:
488:
481:
479:
477:
473:
469:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
443:
441:
437:
433:
427:
425:
421:
417:
413:
408:
406:
401:
396:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
373:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
352:to start the
351:
347:
343:
342:Tomé de Sousa
340:
332:
330:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
276:
274:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
221:
216:
207:
203:
199:
195:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
170:
166:
163:
161:Occupation(s)
159:
156:
153:
149:
145:
141:
129:
125:
121:
117:
111:
107:
100:
95:
82:
70:
67:
59:
49:
45:
39:
38:
32:
27:
18:
17:
749:
736:
733:
730:
726:
722:
721:
718:
715:
711:
710:
707:Bibliography
695:
686:
676:
667:
611:
595:
585:
561:
556:
538:
529:
525:
521:
516:
514:
505:
501:
497:
493:
458:
444:
428:
409:
397:
388:
374:
336:
280:
230:
226:
225:
133:(1570-10-18)
85:The Reverend
62:
56:January 2011
53:
34:
778:1570 deaths
773:1517 births
459:aldeamentos
360:, who were
358:Amerindians
309:and at the
192:Founder of
151:Nationality
48:introducing
767:Categories
659:References
577:vocabulary
545:Tupiniquim
515:Nobrega’s
472:Saint Paul
420:Provincial
412:episcopacy
393:Portuguese
389:The Savior
354:missionary
319:philosophy
295:humanities
277:Early life
239:Provincial
222:, Salvador
180:Provincial
169:missionary
155:Portuguese
31:references
603:Mem de Sá
476:São Paulo
451:São Paulo
424:New World
377:captaincy
370:colonists
315:canon law
303:Salamanca
271:São Paulo
206:São Paulo
617:See also
385:Salvador
287:Portugal
263:Salvador
198:Salvador
167:priest,
581:grammar
569:Ubatuba
565:Iperoig
463:plateau
400:enslave
362:heathen
348:to the
241:of the
186:in the
182:of the
44:improve
579:and a
553:Paraná
541:Tamoio
269:, and
259:Recife
235:Jesuit
194:Recife
178:First
165:Jesuit
33:, but
681:1997.
432:Latin
391:, in
381:Bahia
327:Beira
307:Spain
299:Porto
291:judge
573:Tupi
543:and
440:Tupi
325:and
317:and
301:and
204:and
127:Died
109:Born
551:to
379:of
297:at
245:in
769::
590:,
478:.
407:.
372:.
329:.
305:,
285:,
265:,
261:,
200:,
196:,
142:,
118:,
91:SJ
387:(
208:.
190:.
69:)
63:(
58:)
54:(
40:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
