2179:(1122), the Supervising Secretary Lu Yundi received an order to go on a mission to Korea. On his way through the Eastern Sea, he ran into a hurricane. Of the eight ships, seven were wrecked. Only Lu's ship did not capsize in the turbulent waves. As he prayed ardently to heaven for protection, he saw a goddess appear above the mast. Dressed in red, she was sitting still in a formal manner. Lu kowtowed and begged for protection. In the midst of the seething sea, the wind and waves calmed down suddenly, so that Lu was saved. After he had returned from Korea, he told his story to everyone. The Gentleman who Guards Righteousness, Li Zhen, a man who had visited (Sheng)dun for a long time, told him everything about the merciful manifestations of the holy princess. Lu said: "In this world, it is only my parents who have always shown endless kindness. Yet, when in the course of my vagrant life I almost arrived at the brink of death, not even my father and mother, in spite of their utmost parental love, could help me, while a divine girl, by simply breathing, was able to reach out to me. That day, I truly received the gift of rebirth." When Lu reported on his mission to the court, he memorialized the merciful manifestation of the goddess. He received the order to allow the words "Smooth crossing" to be used on a temple tablet, remit taxes on the temple fields, and make temple offerings at Jiangkou.
2647:
2656:
2003:
64:
2862:, 2007) was a Taiwanese animated feature film from the Chinese Cartoon Production Co. depicting her life as a shamaness and goddess. Its production director Teng Chiao admitted the limited appeal to the domestic market: "If young people were our primary target audience, we wouldn't tell the story of Mazu in the first place since they are not necessarily interested in the ancient legend neither do they have loyalty to made-in-Taiwan productions". Instead, "when you look to global markets, the question that foreign buyers always ask is what can best represent Taiwan".
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4290:
goddess—hailed from a small fishing village on the island of
Meizhou in the province of Fujian. Today worshippers make pilgrimages to her ancestral temple there. That is useful to China, which has been supporting Mazu-related cultural exchanges with Taiwan since the late 1990s. Local offices of the United Front talk openly of using Mazu to "strengthen Taiwan's patriotic unification force". If they can turn Taiwan's love of Mazu into love of the motherland, that would make it easier to peacefully bring Taiwan back under the mainland's rule.
1412:
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2552:, although numerous Buddhist, Confucianist and Taoist temples include shrines to her. Her worship is generally permitted but not encouraged, with most surviving temples concentrated around Putian in Fujian. Including the twenty on Meizhou Island, there are more than a hundred in the prefecture and another 70 elsewhere in the province, mostly in the settlements along its coast. There are more than 40 temples in
2906:
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3098:, a 9th-century warlord in the region. However, it's believed that the legendary account of Mazu saving only one of Lu's ships was mistaken and most or all of them survived, with their Fujianese merchant crews crediting their survival to different local deities, including the "Divine Lady" of Ninghai on Li Zhen's presumably Putianese ship. The Yanyu Temple received the title "Manifesting Merit" (
5394:
1612:
2633:. Together with Meizhou Island, the Xianliang Temple is considered the most sacred place to Mazu, whose supposed death happened on the seashore of Xianliang Harbor. A ceremony attended by pilgrims from different provinces of China and from Taiwan commemorates this legendary event each year in October.
1967:
in Fujian. One variant is that her brothers were saved but her father was lost; she then spent three days and nights searching for his body before finding it. Another version is that all the men returned safely. Another is that Mazu was praying to
Guanyin; another that she was sleeping and assisting
1932:
without travel. She was able to manifest herself at a distance as well and used this power to visit gardens in the surrounding countryside, although she asked owners' permission before gathering any flowers to take home. Although she only started swimming at the relatively late age of 15, she soon
1730:
for a son but received yet another daughter. In one version, her mother dreamt of
Guanyin giving her a magical pill to induce pregnancy and woke to find the pill still in her hand; rather than being born in the conventional way, Mazu shot from her mother at birth in the form of a fragrant flash of
1600:
Although many of Mazu's temples honor her titles
Tianhou and Tianfei, it became customary to never pray to her under those names during an emergency since it was believed that, hearing one of her formal titles, Mazu might feel obligated to groom and dress herself as properly befitting her station
4289:
Officials in
Beijing hope Mazu will help them in a different way. The United Front Work Department, the Communist Party branch with the job of boosting China's influence abroad, views the goddess as a tool to win Taiwanese hearts and minds. Mazu—or Lin Moniang, as she was known before becoming a
1709:
Mo ("Silent One") or
Moniang ("the Silent Girl") appeared later. It was said to have been chosen when she did not cry during birth or during the first month afterwards; she remained a quiet and pensive child as late as four. She was said to have been the sixth or seventh daughter of Lin Yuan
2358:
The power of the goddess, having indeed been manifested in previous times, has been abundantly revealed in the present generation. In the midst of the rushing waters it happened that, when there was a hurricane, suddenly a divine lantern was seen shining at the masthead, and as soon as that
1650:
represented a hybridization of
Chinese and native indigenous culture. The earliest record of her cult is from two centuries later, an 1150 inscription that mentions "she could foretell a man's good and ill luck" and, "after her death, the people erected a temple for her on her home island".
2778:
to "make full use" of Mazu for
Chinese unification efforts. Temples in Taiwan, especially in rural areas, have been the most prominent targets for influence operations as they are meeting grounds for prominent local figures and financial donations to temples remain unregulated.
1378:, where some Mazuist temples are affiliated with famous Taiwanese temples. Mazu was traditionally thought to roam the seas, protecting her believers through miraculous interventions. She is now generally regarded by her believers as a powerful and benevolent Queen of Heaven.
2477:
of Mazu to ensure safe crossings. Some boats still carry small shrines on their bows. Mazu charms are also used as medicine, including as salves for blistered feet. As late as the 19th century, the Qing government officially credited her divine intervention with their
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2655:
2383:'s "Three Princesses" and even some lesser maritime and agricultural gods, including Liu Mian and Zhang the Heavenly Instructor. By the 12th century, she had already become a guardian to the people of Qiaodou when they suffered drought, flood, epidemic,
1968:
her family through her dream. Still another is that the boats were crewed by her four brothers and that she saved three of them, securing their boats together, with the eldest lost owing to the interference of her parents, who mistook her trance for a
1963:. Her spiritual power began to save the men from drowning but her mother roused her, causing her to drop her brother into the sea. The father returned and told the other villagers of the miracle; this version of the story is preserved in murals at
1985:
as a goddess in a beam of bright light. In others, she died protesting an unwanted betrothal. Still another places her death at age 16, saying she drowned after exhausting herself in a failed attempt to find her lost father, underlining her
1490:
Huguo Bimin
Miaoling Zhaoying Hongren Puji Tianfei ("Heavenly Princess who Protects the Nation and Shelters the People, of Marvelous Numen, Brilliant Resonance, Magnanimous Kindness, and Universal Salvation"), an official title conferred in
2536:, representing a doubling of the 509 temples recorded in 1980 and more than a dozen times the number recorded before 1911. These temples are generally registered as Taoist, although some are considered Buddhist. There are more than 90
2282:) was raised in 1086 after some people in Ninghai saw it glowing, discovered a miraculous old raft or stump, and experienced a vision of "the goddess of Meizhou". This structure had been renamed the Smooth Crossing Temple by
2568:, but many historical temples are now treated as museums and operated by local parks or cultural agencies. From the early 2000s, pilgrimages from Taiwan to temples in Fujian have been permitted, particularly to the one in
2152:, to show his compassion for those who might be lost at sea. She is incarnated as Mazu and swears not only to protect sailors but to oversee all facets of life and death, providing help to anyone who might call upon her.
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1980:
in 987, making her 27 by western reckoning and 28 by traditional
Chinese dating. She was said to have died in meditation, though in some accounts she did not die but climbed a mountain alone and ascended into
1975:
In earlier records, Mazu died unmarried at 27 or 28. (Her celibacy was sometimes ascribed to a vow she took after losing her brother at sea.) The date of her passing eventually became the specific date of the
1725:
made him Putian's chief military inspector. The family was helpful and popular within their village. Late legends intended to justify Mazu's presence in Buddhist temples held that her parents had prayed to
2837:
Qianliyan (千里眼) and Shunfeng'er (順風耳). These vary in appearance but are frequently demons, Qianliyan red with two horns and two yellow sapphire eyes and Shunfeng'er green with one horn and two ruby eyes.
2002:
2238:), which considered her a menial and misguided shamaness whose continued influence was inexplicable. He notes that her devotees danced and sang together and with their children. Shortly afterwards,
2866:, with its story about "a magic girl and two cute sidekicks spiced up with a strong local flavor" was instead designed with an intent to appeal to international markets interested in Taiwan.
4049:
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2729:
The anniversary of her death or supposed ascension into Heaven is also celebrated, usually on the Double Ninth Festival (the ninth day of the ninth month of the lunar calendar).
2415:; because of its imperial patronage and prominent location in the empire's southern capital, this was long the largest and highest-status center of Mazuism in China. During the
4325:
4198:
Fong, Brian C.H.; Jieh-min, Wu; Nathan, Andrew J. (December 30, 2020). "China's influence on Taiwan's religions". In Fong, Brian C. H.; Wu, Jieh-min; Nathan, Andrew J. (eds.).
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2250:) in Putian was more respectful. It states that, "after her death, the people erected a temple for her on her home island" and that the Temple of the Sacred Mound (
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as Mazu; for her part, Mazu was said to have been entranced by a statue of Guanyin at a temple she visited as a child, after which she became an ardent Buddhist.
1571:
Zhaoxiao Chunzheng Fuji Ganying Shengfei ("Holy Princess of Clear Piety, Pure Faith, and Helpful Response"), an official title conferred during the reign of the
4000:
Chang, Hsun (December 31, 2017), Kuo, Cheng-tian (ed.), "13. Multiple Religious and National Identities: Mazu Pilgrimages across the Taiwan Strait after 1987",
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excelled at it. She was said to have stood on the shore in red garments to guide fishing boats home, regardless of harsh or dangerous weather. She met a
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and his associates (Changle inscription, early 15th century) about witnessing the goddess' divine lantern, which represented the natural phenomena
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miraculous light appeared the danger was appeased, so that even in the peril of capsizing one felt reassured and that there was no cause for fear.
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admiral and explorer Zheng He credited Mazu for protecting one of his journeys, prompting a new title in 1409. He patronized the Mazu temples of
1748:
2702:
in Mazuism is Lin Moniang's traditional birthday on the 23rd day of the 3rd month of the Chinese lunar calendar. In Taiwan, there are two major
4659:
Portrait of a Community: Society, Culture, and the Structures of Kinship in the Mulan River Valley (Fujian) from the Late Tang through the Song
2502:'s headquarters during the fighting. When US forces bombed Taiwan during World War II, Mazu was said to intercept bombs and defend the people.
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4023:
3941:
1955:, usually when she was 16. It appears in several forms. In one, the women at home feared Lin Yuan and his son were lost but Mazu fell into a
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4363:
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2038:("Wind-Following Ear") both fell in love with her and she conceded that she would marry the one who defeated her in combat. Using her
1642:, in the late 10th century. She probably did not live there, however, but on the nearby mainland. During this era, Fujian was greatly
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4708:
4685:
4616:
4594:
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1430:, meaning "Maternal Ancestor" "Mother", "Granny", or "Grandmother", Lin Moniang is worshipped under various other names and titles:
1416:
2591:'s name from the Cantonese pronunciation of one of Mazu's titles, "Empress of Heaven". The Mazu temple in Melbourne is the largest
5465:
4638:
1487:), fully Huguo Mingzhu Tianfei ("Illuminating Princess of Heaven who Protects the Nation"), an official title conferred in 1281.
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In 2011 Mr Xi urged officials to "make full use" of Mazu to woo Taiwanese, most of whom have ancestral ties with the mainland.
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was noting Putian's "large market towns and small villages all have... shrines to the Princess" and that they had spread to
2618:. The statue was to be 10 stories high, but was canceled due to protests from Muslims in Sabah and political interference.
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Mazu's principal legend concerns her saving one or some members of her family when they were caught offshore during a
2310:) was miraculously saved during a storm the year before while on an official mission to pay respects to the court of
4628:"The Religious Culture of Southern Fujian, 750–1450: Preliminary Reflections on Contacts across a Maritime Frontier"
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to the south. By the end of the Song dynasty, there were at least 31 temples to Mazu, reaching at least as far as
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2821:, she is usually clothed in the attire of an empress, and decorated with accessories such as a ceremonial
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After her death, Mazu was remembered as a young lady who wore a red dress as she roamed over the seas. In
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skills, however, she subdued them both and, after becoming friends, hired them as her guardian generals.
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The coincidence of the date, only attested in late sources, is often doubted by modern scholars such as
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2707:
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2175:
In the fourth year of the Xuanhe period of emperor Huizong of the Song dynasty, with the cyclical signs
1977:
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1280:
31:
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Incense-Offering and Obtaining the Magical Power of Qi: The Mazu (Heavenly Mother) Pilgrimage in Taiwan
4523:
3065:
1937:
at a fountain at sixteen and received an amulet or two bronze tablets which she translated or used to
1601:
before receiving the petition. Prayers invoking her as Mazu were thought to be answered more quickly.
5475:
5153:
4865:
The Preservation and Adaption of Tradition: Studies of Chinese Religious Expression in Southeast Asia
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2371:
2166:
1646:
by influxes of refugees fleeing invasions of northern China and it has been hypothesised that Mazu's
4176:
3019:
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As Mazuism spread, it began to absorb the cults of other local shamanesses such as the other two of
1101:
1085:
5362:
5203:
3095:
3032:
2756:
2726:. Depending on the year, Mazu's festival day may fall as early as mid-April or as late as mid-May.
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1420:
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Today, Mazuism is practiced in about 1500 temples in 26 countries around the world, mostly in the
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containing statues of the goddess between two temples. Another major festival is that around the
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is a major event in Taiwan, with the largest celebrations occurring in and around her temples at
1382:
427:
419:
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213:
4113:
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3064:) and its legitimacy is sometimes questioned. It was translated in its entirety into English by
1719:). He is now usually remembered as one of the local fishermen, although the 1593 edition of the
1803:
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4019:
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3353:
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3186:
3015:
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2545:
2342:
2330:
2287:
1929:
1686:, which eventually developed into the specific date of the 23rd day of the third month of the
1497:
or Tianhou Shengmu (title used mostly in mainland China, Hong Kong, and Vietnam), also called
1247:
1055:
877:
699:
484:
375:
367:
278:
169:
161:
4743:(1938), "The True Dates of the Chinese Maritime Expeditions in the Early Fifteenth Century",
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4351:
4136:
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1964:
1358:
who is said to have lived in the late 10th century. After her death, she became revered as a
5100:
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4821:
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4740:
4718:
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4009:
2911:
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2723:
2715:
2525:
2509:
2479:
2447:
2392:
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2315:
1700:
Great Collection of the Three Teachings' Origin and Development and Research into the Divine
1555:
1510:
1371:
1315:
1291:
1129:
937:
900:
759:
722:
581:
332:
301:
126:
4200:
China's influence and the Center-periphery Tug of War in Hong Kong, Taiwan and Indo-Pacific
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2549:
2491:
2487:
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1934:
1715:
1712:
1398:
1150:
958:
780:
602:
353:
147:
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5268:
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A similar story later circulated regarding the establishment of the temple at Fengting.
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2012:
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1592:'Great-Grandaunt'), an unofficial title used by descendants whose surname is "
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5414:
5367:
5327:
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5223:
5163:
5067:
5062:
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4202:(1 ed.). Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2021.: Routledge.
2883:
2677:
2431:
2416:
2186:
Tianfei Xiansheng Lu (early 17th century) about Lu Yundi's encounter with the goddess
2023:
In addition to the legends surrounding her earthly life, Mazu figures in a number of
1991:
1941:
1898:
1877:
1639:
1620:
1593:
1876:) claimed that, while still a girl, she was visited by a Taoist master (elsewhere a
1731:
red light. Guanyin was said to have been especially devoted to Mazu or even to have
5332:
5243:
5158:
5138:
3087:
3051:
3014:
This is sometimes mistakenly translated into English as "March 23", for example by
2925:
2805:
2685:
2577:
2572:, where Taiwan's Xingang Mazu Temple has been allowed to open a branch temple. The
2513:
2435:
2420:
2400:
2338:
2319:
2046:
2024:
1987:
1925:
1695:
1671:
1643:
1386:
1295:
1199:
1136:
1007:
944:
829:
766:
651:
588:
436:
339:
230:
133:
4816:
Ruitenbeek, Klaas (1999), "Mazu, Patroness of Sailors, in Chinese Pictorial Art",
4676:
Clark, Hugh R. (2015), "What Makes a Chinese God? or, What Makes a God Chinese?",
4050:"The Mazu statue controversy should not only be resolved at the negotiation table"
3495:, Fuzhou: Fuzhou University, 1999, archived from the original on February 18, 2005
2391:. As the patron of the seas, her temples were among the first erected by arriving
4140:
5286:
5281:
5213:
5143:
4166:
2952:
2621:
Informal centers of pilgrimage for Mazu's believers include Meizhou Island, the
2573:
2529:
2443:
2097:
2091:
2064:
2058:
1778:
1759:
1683:
1477:
Linghui Fei ("Princess of Numinous Grace"), an official title conferred in 1192.
1283:
1237:
1045:
907:
867:
729:
689:
552:
533:
474:
268:
100:
84:
4446:
4034:
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5301:
4175:, Hong Kong: Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, 2015,
4014:
2967:
2873:
2771:
2703:
2521:
2499:
2459:
2141:
1945:
1474:
Linghui Furen ("Lady of Numinous Grace"), an official title conferred in 1156.
1307:
17:
4876:
4321:
4272:
4207:
5173:
4920:
4752:
2977:
2847:
2833:) hanging from the front and back. Her temples are usually protected by the
2596:
2553:
2350:
2031:
1627:
1363:
1351:
1164:
972:
794:
616:
384:
178:
4791:
Irwin, Lee (1990), "Divinity and Salvation: The Great Goddesses of China",
3811:
East Asian Economic and Socio-cultural Studies: East Asian Maritime History
3086:
The official account of the journey credited the miracle to now-forgotten "
2804:
Detail of an 18th-century painting depicting Mazu during her rescue of the
4451:
4419:"China wields Mazu 'peace goddess' religion as weapon in Taiwan election"
3102:) from the Song court around the same time it honored the Ninghai shrine.
2957:
2818:
2626:
2561:
2439:
2387:, or brigandage. She protected women during childbirth and assisted with
2367:
2346:
2337:
records temples on Meizhou and at Qiaodou, Jiangkou, and Baihu. By 1257,
1938:
1667:
1626:
Very little is known of the historical Lin Moniang. She was apparently a
1185:
993:
815:
637:
405:
199:
4703:(2nd ed.), Chalfont St Peter: Bradt Travel Guides, pp. 32–33,
1663:
around Lin Moniang's life were broadly established by the 12th century.
1523:'Queen/Empress of Heaven'), an official title conferred in 1683.
5291:
5253:
4833:
4808:
4760:
4423:
2834:
2714:. In both festivals, pilgrims walk more than 300 kilometers to carry a
2699:
2565:
2424:
2404:
2380:
2039:
1969:
1952:
1727:
1526:
Tianshang Shengmu ("Holy Heavenly Mother"; title used mostly in Taiwan)
1461:
1206:
1014:
836:
658:
443:
237:
4577:
3044:
The inscription, entitled "Shengdun Zumiao Chongjian Shunji Miao Ji" (
2299:
2296:
2293:
2271:
2268:
2265:
2259:
2256:
2253:
2227:
2224:
2221:
2215:
2212:
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2132:
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2100:
2094:
2088:
2085:
2079:
2076:
2073:
2070:
2067:
2061:
2055:
2052:
1944:, to heal the sick, and to avert disasters. She was also said to be a
1913:
1910:
1907:
1904:
1886:
1883:
1858:
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1827:
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She is now often said to have studied religious literature, mastering
1611:
1326:
1323:
1320:
555:
536:
314:
311:
308:
5125:
5014:
5009:
5004:
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4959:
4915:(Thesis, Ph.D. in Anthropology), Berkeley: University of California,
4680:, Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, pp. 111–139,
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2311:
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1732:
1635:
1367:
1355:
1331:
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69:
4825:
4800:
4479:"China targets Taiwan's temples, Matsu worshippers in influence ops"
4723:
Zheng He: China and the Oceans in the Early Ming Dynasty, 1405–1433
4569:
2615:
2607:
2580:
is the probable source of its name in Portuguese and English; the
2504:
2384:
2149:
2001:
1610:
1410:
3490:
4928:
4863:
Soo Khin Wah (1990), "The Cult of Mazu in Peninsular Malaysia",
3969:
2669:
2665:
1982:
1960:
4932:
3807:
The Perception of Maritime Space in Traditional Chinese Sources
4527:
4258:"China hopes Mazu, a sea goddess, can help it win over Taiwan"
1252:
1060:
882:
704:
489:
283:
4637:, vol. XIX, Taipei: Institute of History and Philology,
1228:
1214:
1036:
1022:
858:
844:
680:
666:
465:
451:
259:
245:
4890:
The Magic Lotus Lantern and Other Tales from the Han Chinese
4820:, vol. 58, Artibus Asiae Publishers, pp. 281–329,
3675:
3673:
3608:
3606:
2602:
A major project to build the world's tallest Mazu statue at
1901:. By 13, she had mastered the book of lore he had left her (
1370:. Her worship spread throughout China's coastal regions and
2763:, the CCP has created a narrative that it is a champion of
1749:
Account of the Blessings Revealed by the Princess of Heaven
4867:, Contributions to Southeast Asian Ethnography, Columbus:
4307:"China's atheist Communist Party encourages folk religion"
2395:, as they gave thanks for their safe passage. Despite his
4170:
2470:, the first to bear her new title of "Heavenly Empress".
1190:
1176:
998:
984:
820:
806:
642:
628:
424:
410:
396:
218:
204:
190:
4564:, vol. 106, Sinological Studies, pp. 211–232,
3730:
3728:
3726:
4611:, vol. II, Abingdon: Routledge, pp. 741–744,
3234:
3232:
3230:
3228:
3226:
3224:
2458:
and placing Taiwan under Qing control. The Ming prince
1471:(阿媽，"Mother" or "Grandmother"), a popular name in Macau
4560:
Boltz, Judith Magee (1986), "In Homage to T'ien-fei",
3867:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 558.
3593:
3591:
2544:, Mazuism is formally classified as a cult outside of
2528:
communities such as that of the predominantly Hokkien
2438:; she was later said to have personally aided some of
1666:
She was said to have been born under the reign of the
2767:
and Mazu has become part of that narrative. In 2011,
2629:
on Taiwan, and Xianliang Temple in Xianliang Harbor,
1155:
1141:
963:
949:
785:
771:
607:
593:
372:
358:
344:
166:
152:
138:
3926:
Taiwan Historical Maps, Expanded and Revised Edition
3364:
3362:
2246:)'s 1150 inscription at the village of Ninghai (now
5310:
5267:
5124:
5081:
5023:
4995:
4795:, vol. 49, Nanzan University, pp. 53–68,
1385:because many early Chinese settlers in Taiwan were
1243:
1236:
1222:
1205:
1198:
1184:
1170:
1163:
1149:
1135:
1128:
1123:
1109:
1093:
1077:
1072:
1051:
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1030:
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992:
978:
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957:
943:
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866:
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835:
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622:
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184:
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132:
125:
120:
108:
92:
76:
50:
4305:
4256:
3813:, Vol. 2, Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, p.
2850:, was a dramatization of Mazu's life as a mortal.
1705:The early sources speak of her as "Miss Lin"; her
1702:, however, placed her birth much earlier, in 742.
4447:"The worshippers caught between China and Taiwan"
2322:as the formal suzerains investing his successor,
4417:Pomfret, James; Lee, Yimou (December 21, 2023).
3505:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
3005:She may have been born on the mainland as well.
2356:
2171:
2119:Tàishàng Lǎojūn Shuō Tiānfēi Jiùkǔ Língyàn Jīng
1994:, which preserves a gravesite said to be hers.
3966:"Mazu (Matsu), the Chinese Goddess of the Sea"
2755:(CCP) utilizes Mazu as a tool to advocate for
2473:In late imperial China, sailors often carried
37:"Tin Hau" redirects here. For other uses, see
4944:
4445:Wong, Tessa; Chang, Joy (December 29, 2023).
4002:Religion and Nationalism in Chinese Societies
3950:馬祖來助戰{...}到了日治末期，美軍密集轟炸臺灣，則流傳馬祖顯靈接炸彈、護佑民眾的故事。
3948:
3055:
3045:
2206:poem "On the Shrine of the Smooth Crossing" (
1099:
1083:
905:
727:
550:
531:
306:
98:
82:
8:
4871:Department of Anthropology, pp. 29–51,
4747:, vol. XXXIV, Brill, pp. 341–413,
4076:"Mazu Pilgrimage from Zhenlan Temple, Dajia"
3888:
3886:
3884:
3805:Schottenhammer, Angela; et al. (2006),
3269:
3267:
2173:Dressed in red, she shows her divine power.
1347:Lîm Be̍k-niû / Lîm Bia̍k-niû / Lîm Be̍k-niô͘
467:Lîm Bi̍k-niû / Lîm Bia̍k-niû / Lîm Bi̍k-niôo
453:Lîm Be̍k-niû / Lîm Bia̍k-niû / Lîm Be̍k-niô͘
4167:"Gregorian-Lunar Calendar Conversion Table"
3865:Science and Civilisation in China, Volume 3
3784:
3782:
3780:
3778:
3265:
3263:
3261:
3259:
3257:
3255:
3253:
3251:
3249:
3247:
1587:
1563:
1546:
1518:
1451:
4951:
4937:
4929:
4509:
4112:. Ministry of the Interior. Archived from
4082:. Ministry of the Interior. Archived from
3769:
3692:
3679:
3612:
2825:tablet and a flat-topped imperial cap (冕冠，
2759:. According to academic Chang Kuei-min of
1596:（林）", due to sharing the same surname Lin.
1120:
928:
750:
572:
323:
117:
62:
4776:, vol. II, Santa Barbara: ABC Clio,
4678:Imperial China and Its Southern Neighbors
4033:
4013:
3826:
3824:
3709:
3707:
3705:
3703:
3701:
3381:
3379:
3377:
3273:
3238:
3147:
3145:
3094:", the deified form of the eldest son of
5491:Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity
4848:(in Japanese), Tokyo: Heika Shuppansha,
4562:Journal of the American Oriental Society
3635:
3633:
3631:
3629:
3627:
3625:
3623:
3621:
3178:
3176:
3174:
3172:
3170:
3168:
3166:
3164:
3162:
3160:
1802:) collected by her supposed descendants
1551:'Worthy & Efficacious Lady')
4661:, Hong Kong: Chinese University Press,
3656:
3654:
3652:
3574:
3572:
3570:
3568:
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3298:
3296:
3294:
3285:
3132:
3130:
3128:
3126:
3124:
3120:
2998:
2532:. Of these temples, almost 1000 are on
4644:from the original on November 26, 2016
4589:, Hong Kong: Oxford University Press,
4536:from the original on December 12, 2021
4459:from the original on December 30, 2023
4231:
4179:from the original on February 24, 2011
3749:
3747:
3498:
3420:from the original on November 29, 2016
3402:
3400:
3398:
3326:
2123:), the Jade Woman of Marvelous Deeds (
506:
426:
374:
220:
168:
47:
4585:Bosco, Joseph; Ho, Puay-peng (1999),
4491:from the original on January 11, 2024
4366:from the original on November 3, 2019
4352:"The CCP's Grand United Front abroad"
4300:
4298:
4251:
4249:
3995:
3993:
3908:
3892:
3830:
3788:
3753:
3734:
3713:
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3469:
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3349:
3310:
3207:
3205:
3203:
3201:
3199:
3197:
3195:
3182:
3151:
3136:
2948:List of Mazu temples around the world
2010:), carrying a lantern and ceremonial
7:
5393:
4052:. malaysia-today.net. Archived from
3660:
3578:
3211:
4524:"The Good, the Bad, and the Divine"
4350:Groot, Gerry (September 24, 2019).
4048:Lim Kit Siang (December 31, 2007).
3846:
3368:
1990:. Her corpse then washed ashore on
1722:Records of Research into the Divine
1483:("Princess of Heaven", Wu Chinese:
5481:Investiture of the Gods characters
4398:from the original on June 16, 2023
4328:from the original on June 16, 2023
4279:from the original on June 15, 2023
2587:in Hong Kong is the source of the
25:
4886:"Mazu, Mother Goddess of the Sea"
4843:Massō to Chūgoku no Minken Shinkō
3934:National Museum of Taiwan History
2423:, Mazu was credited with helping
2329:Her worship subsequently spread:
5446:Deities in Chinese folk religion
5392:
5381:
5380:
4587:Temples of the Empress of Heaven
4106:"Baishatun Mazu Foot Pilgrimage"
2932:
2918:
2904:
2890:
2876:
2791:
2654:
2645:
1630:from a small fishing village on
1362:of Chinese seafarers, including
5106:Xiamen University of Technology
3413:The Battle of Fisherman's Wharf
1615:Alleged tomb of Lin Moniang in
1346:
1253:
1229:
1215:
1191:
1177:
1061:
1037:
1023:
999:
985:
883:
859:
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807:
705:
681:
667:
643:
629:
490:
466:
452:
425:
411:
397:
284:
260:
246:
219:
205:
191:
5486:Journey to the West characters
4741:Duyvendak, Jan Julius Lodewijk
3056:
3046:
2971:
2858:
2498:, which had served as General
2305:
2277:
2264:
2252:
2233:
2220:
2208:
2118:
2084:
2051:
1924:) and gained the abilities to
1919:
1903:
1892:
1882:
1864:
1851:
1833:
1820:
1808:
1797:
1777:
1758:
1711:
1583:
1542:
1534:
1447:
1439:
1336:
1304:several other names and titles
1156:
1142:
1100:
1084:
964:
950:
906:
786:
772:
728:
608:
594:
551:
532:
373:
359:
345:
307:
167:
153:
139:
99:
83:
68:Statue at Lin Moniang Park in
1:
4725:, New York: Pearson Longman,
3936:. February 2018. p. 43.
3928:] (in Chinese (Taiwan)).
3416:, Hong Kong: Blogspot, 2009,
2614:, was officially launched by
2462:'s palace was converted into
2200:
1390:
1114:Heavenly-&-Sacred Mother
4603:Boltz, Judith Magee (2008),
3949:
2963:Tin Hau temples in Hong Kong
2745:United Front Work Department
2585:Tin Hau Temple, Causeway Bay
2314:upon the death of its king,
1675:
4394:(in Chinese). May 3, 2023.
1694:960, the first year of the
1381:Mazu worship is popular in
5522:
5297:Buddha jumps over the wall
4768:Giuffrida, Noelle (2004),
4609:The Encyclopedia of Taoism
4006:Amsterdam University Press
2846:(2000), a minor Fujianese
2761:National Taiwan University
2736:
2164:
2034:("Thousand-Mile Eye") and
1464:, a popular name in Fujian
1456:'Granny Mazu') or
1303:
36:
29:
5376:
5199:Tale of the Lychee Mirror
5159:Hokkien earthen buildings
4967:
4892:, World Folklore Series,
4142:The Rough Guide to Taiwan
4135:Keeling, Stephen (2013),
4015:10.1515/9789048535057-015
3487:"Mazhu Temple in Meizhou"
2812:of 1123 on the high seas
2712:Baishatun Mazu Pilgrimage
2538:Mazu Temples in Hong Kong
2292:
2243:
2125:
1948:during times of drought.
1559:
1514:
1319:
1264:
1119:
927:
749:
571:
516:
501:
322:
116:
61:
57:
4845:
4774:Holy People of the World
4386:"中共宮廟滲透 媽祖文化也成統戰工具 - 政治"
4238:: CS1 maint: location (
4208:10.4324/9781003088431-19
3974:, Viator, archived from
3921:
2987:Queen Mother of the West
2733:CCP influence operations
2604:Tanjung Simpang Mengayau
2496:the town's temple to her
2411:to construct the city's
2286:in 1123 after his envoy
1426:In addition to Mazu or
1079:Traditional Chinese
527:Traditional Chinese
78:Traditional Chinese
39:Tin Hau (disambiguation)
5466:Sea and river goddesses
5323:Fuzhou Confucian Temple
5179:Shoushan stone carvings
4896:: Libraries Unlimited,
4753:10.1163/156853238X00171
4657:Clark, Hugh R. (2007),
4626:Clark, Hugh R. (2006),
2753:Chinese Communist Party
2706:made in her honor, the
2664:Statue of Mazu made by
2407:and prevailed upon the
2284:Emperor Huizong of Song
1742:by 8 and the principal
1568:'Divine Woman')
1374:communities throughout
1302:. She is also known by
1157:T'ien shang4 sheng4 mu3
1095:Simplified Chinese
546:Simplified Chinese
94:Simplified Chinese
4793:Asian Folklore Studies
4695:Crook, Steven (2014),
4316:. September 19, 2019.
2829:) with rows of beads (
2739:United front in Taiwan
2582:historic and protected
2517:
2494:and specially honored
2361:
2333:'s early-13th century
2181:
2020:
1930:visit places in spirit
1688:Chinese lunar calendar
1623:
1423:
1415:Statue of Mazu at the
1192:Tin1 soeng6 sing3 mou4
5501:Deified Chinese women
5436:Confucianism in China
4884:Yuan Haiwang (2006),
4172:Hong Kong Observatory
3978:on September 23, 2014
3286:Bosco & Ho (1999)
3050:), is preserved in a
2769:CCP general secretary
2765:Chinese folk religion
2737:Further information:
2708:Dajia Mazu Pilgrimage
2508:
2456:Koxinga's descendants
2318:, and to replace the
2195:is first attested in
2148:, the divine form of
2140:) is a star from the
2005:
1978:Double Ninth Festival
1959:while weaving at her
1897:) who recognized her
1614:
1417:Heavenly Queen Temple
1414:
1288:Chinese folk religion
32:Mazu (disambiguation)
5154:Hokkien architecture
5144:Min Chinese language
4841:Shu, Tenjun (1996),
4487:. January 10, 2024.
4116:on November 28, 2022
4008:, pp. 373–396,
2560:and more than 30 in
2450:in 1683, ending the
2442:'s men in defeating
2167:List of Mazu temples
2144:brought to earth by
1798:Tiānfēi Xiǎnshèng Lù
1254:Tiĕng-siông séng-mō̤
1216:Thian-siōng sèng-bó͘
1178:Tīn seuhng sing móuh
1073:Holy Heavenly Mother
30:For other uses, see
5506:Taoism in Guangdong
5363:Zhushan Power Plant
5311:Visitor attractions
5204:Gongfu tea ceremony
3964:Santiago, Erin de,
3018:'s overview of the
2757:Chinese unification
2452:independent kingdom
2030:In one, the demons
1755:traditional Chinese
1539:traditional Chinese
1505:in Min Chinese and
1467:A-Ma, also spelled
1444:traditional Chinese
1421:Footscray, Victoria
1230:Thian-siōng sìng-bó
27:Chinese sea goddess
5451:Buddhist goddesses
5358:South Putuo Temple
5249:Hakka architecture
5209:Fujian White Crane
5111:Longyan University
5091:Huaqiao University
4911:Zhang Xun (1993),
4360:Charles University
4056:on August 29, 2014
3062:Baitang Lishi Zupu
2819:religious statuary
2518:
2468:Grand Matsu Temple
2419:resistance to the
2021:
1880:) named Xuantong (
1774:simplified Chinese
1624:
1531:simplified Chinese
1436:simplified Chinese
1424:
5456:Chinese goddesses
5431:Buddhism in China
5408:
5407:
5239:Turtle-back tombs
5116:Putian University
5096:Xiamen University
4719:Dreyer, Edward L.
4510:Ruitenbeek (1999)
4267:. June 15, 2023.
4217:978-1-003-08843-1
4137:"Mazu's Birthday"
4086:on April 23, 2021
4025:978-90-485-3505-7
3943:978-986-05-5274-4
3772:, pp. 312–5.
3770:Ruitenbeek (1999)
3680:Ruitenbeek (1999)
3613:Ruitenbeek (1999)
3016:Fuzhou University
2749:Central Committee
2372:Saint Elmo's fire
2349:in the north and
2045:In a book of the
1590:
1566:
1549:
1529:Tongxian Lingnü (
1521:
1454:
1389:from Fujian. Her
1268:
1267:
1260:
1259:
1172:Yale Romanization
1143:Tiānshàng Shèngmǔ
1130:Standard Mandarin
1068:
1067:
980:Yale Romanization
938:Standard Mandarin
890:
889:
802:Yale Romanization
760:Standard Mandarin
712:
711:
624:Yale Romanization
582:Standard Mandarin
505:
504:
497:
496:
392:Yale Romanization
333:Standard Mandarin
291:
290:
186:Yale Romanization
127:Standard Mandarin
112:"Mother Ancestor"
16:(Redirected from
5513:
5496:Tutelary deities
5461:Mother goddesses
5396:
5395:
5384:
5383:
5348:Matsu pilgrimage
5101:Jimei University
4953:
4946:
4939:
4930:
4923:
4906:
4879:
4858:
4836:
4811:
4786:
4763:
4735:
4713:
4690:
4671:
4652:
4651:
4649:
4643:
4632:
4621:
4599:
4580:
4546:
4544:
4543:
4541:
4519:
4513:
4507:
4501:
4500:
4498:
4496:
4475:
4469:
4468:
4466:
4464:
4442:
4436:
4435:
4433:
4431:
4414:
4408:
4407:
4405:
4403:
4382:
4376:
4375:
4373:
4371:
4347:
4341:
4340:
4335:
4333:
4309:
4302:
4293:
4292:
4286:
4284:
4260:
4253:
4244:
4243:
4237:
4229:
4195:
4189:
4187:
4186:
4184:
4163:
4157:
4155:
4145:, Rough Guides,
4132:
4126:
4125:
4123:
4121:
4102:
4096:
4095:
4093:
4091:
4072:
4066:
4065:
4063:
4061:
4045:
4039:
4038:
4037:
4017:
3997:
3988:
3986:
3985:
3983:
3961:
3955:
3954:
3952:
3951:
3918:
3912:
3906:
3900:
3890:
3879:
3878:
3856:
3850:
3844:
3838:
3828:
3819:
3817:
3802:
3796:
3786:
3773:
3767:
3761:
3751:
3742:
3732:
3721:
3711:
3696:
3689:
3683:
3677:
3668:
3658:
3647:
3637:
3616:
3610:
3601:
3595:
3586:
3576:
3551:
3541:
3528:
3518:
3512:
3510:
3504:
3496:
3483:
3477:
3467:
3461:
3451:
3445:
3439:
3433:
3432:
3428:
3427:
3425:
3404:
3393:
3383:
3372:
3366:
3357:
3347:
3330:
3324:
3318:
3308:
3289:
3283:
3277:
3274:Duyvendak (1938)
3271:
3242:
3239:Giuffrida (2004)
3236:
3219:
3209:
3190:
3180:
3155:
3149:
3140:
3134:
3103:
3084:
3078:
3075:
3069:
3066:Klaas Ruitenbeek
3059:
3058:
3049:
3048:
3042:
3036:
3029:
3023:
3012:
3006:
3003:
2973:
2942:
2937:
2936:
2928:
2923:
2922:
2921:
2914:
2912:Singapore portal
2909:
2908:
2907:
2900:
2898:Hong Kong portal
2895:
2894:
2893:
2886:
2881:
2880:
2879:
2861:
2860:
2795:
2658:
2649:
2526:overseas Chinese
2510:Thean Hou Temple
2399:upbringing, the
2393:overseas Chinese
2375:
2309:
2307:
2302:
2281:
2279:
2274:
2262:
2245:
2237:
2235:
2230:
2218:
2205:
2202:
2188:
2139:
2138:
2122:
2120:
2115:
2082:
2006:Statue of Mazu (
1923:
1921:
1916:
1896:
1894:
1889:
1875:
1872:
1868:
1866:
1861:
1844:
1841:
1837:
1835:
1830:
1818:
1801:
1799:
1790:
1771:
1718:
1698:. The late Ming
1693:
1681:
1677:
1591:
1588:
1585:
1567:
1564:
1561:
1550:
1547:
1544:
1536:
1522:
1519:
1516:
1455:
1452:
1449:
1441:
1407:Names and titles
1372:overseas Chinese
1348:
1338:
1329:
1292:Chinese Buddhism
1256:
1255:
1232:
1231:
1218:
1217:
1194:
1193:
1180:
1179:
1159:
1158:
1145:
1144:
1121:
1115:
1105:
1104:
1089:
1088:
1064:
1063:
1040:
1039:
1026:
1025:
1002:
1001:
988:
987:
967:
966:
953:
952:
929:
922:
911:
910:
895:Heavenly Consort
886:
885:
862:
861:
848:
847:
824:
823:
810:
809:
789:
788:
775:
774:
751:
744:
733:
732:
708:
707:
684:
683:
670:
669:
646:
645:
632:
631:
611:
610:
597:
596:
573:
559:
558:
540:
539:
507:
493:
492:
469:
468:
455:
454:
431:
430:
429:
414:
413:
412:Lam4 Mak6-noeng4
400:
399:
379:
378:
377:
362:
361:
348:
347:
324:
318:
317:
287:
286:
263:
262:
249:
248:
225:
224:
223:
208:
207:
194:
193:
173:
172:
171:
156:
155:
142:
141:
118:
104:
103:
88:
87:
66:
48:
21:
5521:
5520:
5516:
5515:
5514:
5512:
5511:
5510:
5441:Taoism in China
5411:
5410:
5409:
5404:
5372:
5338:Guanghua Temple
5318:Sanfang Qixiang
5306:
5263:
5169:Dehua porcelain
5149:Written Hokkien
5134:Hokkien culture
5120:
5077:
5058:South China Sea
5019:
4991:
4963:
4957:
4927:
4910:
4904:
4883:
4862:
4856:
4847:
4840:
4826:10.2307/3250021
4815:
4801:10.2307/1177949
4790:
4784:
4767:
4739:
4733:
4717:
4711:
4694:
4688:
4675:
4669:
4656:
4647:
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4625:
4619:
4602:
4597:
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4559:
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4521:
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4516:
4508:
4504:
4494:
4492:
4484:Radio Free Asia
4477:
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4384:
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4349:
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4331:
4329:
4304:
4303:
4296:
4282:
4280:
4255:
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4230:
4218:
4197:
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4192:
4182:
4180:
4165:
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4153:
4134:
4133:
4129:
4119:
4117:
4104:
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4099:
4089:
4087:
4074:
4073:
4069:
4059:
4057:
4047:
4046:
4042:
4035:j.ctt1zkjzkd.17
4026:
3999:
3998:
3991:
3981:
3979:
3963:
3962:
3958:
3944:
3923:
3920:
3919:
3915:
3907:
3903:
3891:
3882:
3875:
3861:Needham, Joseph
3859:
3858:Translation in
3857:
3853:
3845:
3841:
3829:
3822:
3804:
3803:
3799:
3787:
3776:
3768:
3764:
3752:
3745:
3733:
3724:
3712:
3699:
3693:Ruitenbeek 1999
3691:Translation in
3690:
3686:
3678:
3671:
3659:
3650:
3638:
3619:
3611:
3604:
3596:
3589:
3577:
3554:
3542:
3531:
3519:
3515:
3497:
3492:Fujian Province
3485:
3484:
3480:
3468:
3464:
3452:
3448:
3440:
3436:
3430:
3423:
3421:
3406:
3405:
3396:
3384:
3375:
3367:
3360:
3348:
3333:
3325:
3321:
3309:
3292:
3284:
3280:
3272:
3245:
3237:
3222:
3210:
3193:
3181:
3158:
3150:
3143:
3135:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3106:
3085:
3081:
3076:
3072:
3043:
3039:
3030:
3026:
3013:
3009:
3004:
3000:
2995:
2940:Religion portal
2938:
2931:
2924:
2919:
2917:
2910:
2905:
2903:
2896:
2891:
2889:
2882:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2857:
2815:
2814:
2813:
2803:
2798:
2797:
2796:
2785:
2741:
2735:
2700:temple festival
2696:
2695:
2694:
2693:
2661:
2660:
2659:
2651:
2650:
2639:
2492:Sino-French War
2488:Tamsui District
2377:
2363:
2291:
2251:
2248:Qiaodou Village
2207:
2203:
2190:
2183:
2174:
2169:
2163:
2158:
2124:
2050:
2000:
1935:Taoist immortal
1902:
1881:
1873:
1850:
1842:
1807:
1753:
1744:Buddhist sutras
1733:been incarnated
1691:
1679:
1657:
1609:
1509:in Vietnamese (
1409:
1391:temple festival
1270:
1269:
1113:
1110:Literal meaning
920:
916:Literal meaning
742:
738:Literal meaning
717:Queen of Heaven
564:Literal meaning
398:Làhm Mahknèuhng
109:Literal meaning
72:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5519:
5517:
5509:
5508:
5503:
5498:
5493:
5488:
5483:
5478:
5473:
5471:Taoist deities
5468:
5463:
5458:
5453:
5448:
5443:
5438:
5433:
5428:
5423:
5413:
5412:
5406:
5405:
5403:
5402:
5390:
5377:
5374:
5373:
5371:
5370:
5365:
5360:
5355:
5353:Kaiyuan Temple
5350:
5345:
5343:Nanshan Temple
5340:
5335:
5330:
5325:
5320:
5314:
5312:
5308:
5307:
5305:
5304:
5299:
5294:
5289:
5284:
5279:
5277:Fujian cuisine
5273:
5271:
5265:
5264:
5262:
5261:
5256:
5251:
5246:
5241:
5236:
5231:
5229:Hui'an maidens
5226:
5221:
5216:
5211:
5206:
5201:
5196:
5191:
5189:Glove puppetry
5186:
5181:
5176:
5171:
5166:
5161:
5156:
5151:
5146:
5141:
5136:
5130:
5128:
5122:
5121:
5119:
5118:
5113:
5108:
5103:
5098:
5093:
5087:
5085:
5079:
5078:
5076:
5075:
5070:
5065:
5060:
5055:
5053:East China Sea
5050:
5048:Wuyi Mountains
5045:
5040:
5035:
5029:
5027:
5021:
5020:
5018:
5017:
5012:
5007:
5001:
4999:
4993:
4992:
4990:
4989:
4979:
4968:
4965:
4964:
4958:
4956:
4955:
4948:
4941:
4933:
4926:
4925:
4908:
4902:
4881:
4860:
4854:
4838:
4813:
4788:
4782:
4765:
4737:
4731:
4715:
4709:
4692:
4686:
4673:
4668:978-9629962272
4667:
4654:
4623:
4617:
4600:
4595:
4582:
4570:10.2307/602373
4556:
4554:
4551:
4548:
4547:
4514:
4512:, p. 318.
4502:
4470:
4437:
4409:
4377:
4342:
4294:
4245:
4216:
4190:
4158:
4151:
4127:
4097:
4067:
4040:
4024:
3989:
3956:
3942:
3913:
3911:, p. 145.
3901:
3880:
3873:
3851:
3839:
3820:
3797:
3774:
3762:
3743:
3722:
3697:
3695:, p. 283.
3684:
3682:, p. 319.
3669:
3648:
3617:
3615:, p. 316.
3602:
3587:
3552:
3529:
3513:
3478:
3462:
3446:
3444:, p. 224.
3434:
3394:
3373:
3358:
3331:
3319:
3290:
3278:
3276:, p. 344.
3243:
3220:
3191:
3156:
3141:
3139:, p. 211.
3119:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3105:
3104:
3079:
3070:
3037:
3024:
3020:Meizhou Temple
3007:
2997:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2990:
2989:
2984:
2975:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2944:
2943:
2929:
2915:
2901:
2887:
2871:
2868:
2800:
2799:
2790:
2789:
2788:
2787:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2734:
2731:
2720:Tianhou Temple
2682:Su'ao Township
2674:Nantian Temple
2663:
2662:
2653:
2652:
2644:
2643:
2642:
2641:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2623:Zhenlan Temple
2593:Chinese temple
2542:Mainland China
2413:Tianfei Palace
2409:Yongle Emperor
2355:
2353:in the south.
2170:
2165:Main article:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
1999:
1996:
1972:and woke her.
1926:see the future
1656:
1653:
1632:Meizhou Island
1608:
1605:
1598:
1597:
1576:
1573:Hongwu Emperor
1569:
1552:
1527:
1524:
1501:in Cantonese,
1492:
1488:
1478:
1475:
1472:
1465:
1408:
1405:
1376:Southeast Asia
1360:tutelary deity
1306:. Mazu is the
1266:
1265:
1262:
1261:
1258:
1257:
1250:
1241:
1240:
1234:
1233:
1226:
1220:
1219:
1212:
1203:
1202:
1196:
1195:
1188:
1182:
1181:
1174:
1168:
1167:
1165:Yue: Cantonese
1161:
1160:
1153:
1147:
1146:
1139:
1133:
1132:
1126:
1125:
1124:Transcriptions
1117:
1116:
1111:
1107:
1106:
1097:
1091:
1090:
1081:
1075:
1074:
1070:
1069:
1066:
1065:
1058:
1049:
1048:
1042:
1041:
1034:
1028:
1027:
1020:
1011:
1010:
1004:
1003:
996:
990:
989:
982:
976:
975:
973:Yue: Cantonese
969:
968:
961:
955:
954:
947:
941:
940:
934:
933:
932:Transcriptions
925:
924:
917:
913:
912:
903:
897:
896:
892:
891:
888:
887:
880:
871:
870:
864:
863:
856:
850:
849:
842:
833:
832:
826:
825:
818:
812:
811:
804:
798:
797:
795:Yue: Cantonese
791:
790:
783:
777:
776:
769:
763:
762:
756:
755:
754:Transcriptions
747:
746:
739:
735:
734:
725:
719:
718:
714:
713:
710:
709:
702:
693:
692:
686:
685:
678:
672:
671:
664:
655:
654:
648:
647:
640:
634:
633:
626:
620:
619:
617:Yue: Cantonese
613:
612:
605:
599:
598:
591:
585:
584:
578:
577:
576:Transcriptions
569:
568:
565:
561:
560:
548:
542:
541:
529:
523:
522:
518:
517:
514:
513:
503:
502:
499:
498:
495:
494:
491:Lìng Mĕk-Niòng
487:
478:
477:
471:
470:
463:
457:
456:
449:
440:
439:
433:
432:
422:
416:
415:
408:
402:
401:
394:
388:
387:
385:Yue: Cantonese
381:
380:
370:
364:
363:
356:
350:
349:
342:
336:
335:
329:
328:
327:Transcriptions
320:
319:
304:
298:
297:
293:
292:
289:
288:
281:
272:
271:
265:
264:
257:
251:
250:
243:
234:
233:
227:
226:
216:
210:
209:
202:
196:
195:
188:
182:
181:
179:Yue: Cantonese
175:
174:
164:
158:
157:
150:
144:
143:
136:
130:
129:
123:
122:
121:Transcriptions
114:
113:
110:
106:
105:
96:
90:
89:
80:
74:
73:
67:
59:
58:
55:
54:
46:
45:
26:
24:
18:Maso (goddess)
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5518:
5507:
5504:
5502:
5499:
5497:
5494:
5492:
5489:
5487:
5484:
5482:
5479:
5477:
5474:
5472:
5469:
5467:
5464:
5462:
5459:
5457:
5454:
5452:
5449:
5447:
5444:
5442:
5439:
5437:
5434:
5432:
5429:
5427:
5424:
5422:
5419:
5418:
5416:
5401:
5400:
5391:
5389:
5388:
5379:
5378:
5375:
5369:
5368:Juguang Tower
5366:
5364:
5361:
5359:
5356:
5354:
5351:
5349:
5346:
5344:
5341:
5339:
5336:
5334:
5331:
5329:
5328:Anping Bridge
5326:
5324:
5321:
5319:
5316:
5315:
5313:
5309:
5303:
5300:
5298:
5295:
5293:
5290:
5288:
5285:
5283:
5280:
5278:
5275:
5274:
5272:
5270:
5266:
5260:
5259:Putian people
5257:
5255:
5252:
5250:
5247:
5245:
5242:
5240:
5237:
5235:
5232:
5230:
5227:
5225:
5224:Baosheng Dadi
5222:
5220:
5217:
5215:
5212:
5210:
5207:
5205:
5202:
5200:
5197:
5195:
5192:
5190:
5187:
5185:
5182:
5180:
5177:
5175:
5172:
5170:
5167:
5165:
5164:Fuzhou people
5162:
5160:
5157:
5155:
5152:
5150:
5147:
5145:
5142:
5140:
5137:
5135:
5132:
5131:
5129:
5127:
5123:
5117:
5114:
5112:
5109:
5107:
5104:
5102:
5099:
5097:
5094:
5092:
5089:
5088:
5086:
5084:
5080:
5074:
5071:
5069:
5068:Haitan Island
5066:
5064:
5063:Taiwan Strait
5061:
5059:
5056:
5054:
5051:
5049:
5046:
5044:
5041:
5039:
5038:Jiulong River
5036:
5034:
5031:
5030:
5028:
5026:
5022:
5016:
5013:
5011:
5008:
5006:
5003:
5002:
5000:
4998:
4994:
4987:
4983:
4980:
4977:
4973:
4970:
4969:
4966:
4961:
4954:
4949:
4947:
4942:
4940:
4935:
4934:
4931:
4922:
4918:
4914:
4909:
4905:
4903:9781591582946
4899:
4895:
4891:
4887:
4882:
4878:
4874:
4870:
4866:
4861:
4857:
4855:9784892032745
4851:
4844:
4839:
4835:
4831:
4827:
4823:
4819:
4818:Artibus Asiae
4814:
4810:
4806:
4802:
4798:
4794:
4789:
4785:
4783:9781576073551
4779:
4775:
4771:
4766:
4762:
4758:
4754:
4750:
4746:
4742:
4738:
4734:
4732:9780321084439
4728:
4724:
4720:
4716:
4712:
4710:9781841624976
4706:
4702:
4698:
4693:
4689:
4687:9789814620536
4683:
4679:
4674:
4670:
4664:
4660:
4655:
4640:
4636:
4629:
4624:
4620:
4618:9781135796341
4614:
4610:
4606:
4601:
4598:
4596:9780195903553
4592:
4588:
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4458:
4454:
4453:
4448:
4441:
4438:
4426:
4425:
4420:
4413:
4410:
4397:
4393:
4392:
4391:Liberty Times
4387:
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4378:
4365:
4361:
4357:
4353:
4346:
4343:
4339:
4327:
4323:
4319:
4315:
4314:
4313:The Economist
4308:
4301:
4299:
4295:
4291:
4278:
4274:
4270:
4266:
4265:
4264:The Economist
4259:
4252:
4250:
4246:
4241:
4235:
4227:
4223:
4219:
4213:
4209:
4205:
4201:
4194:
4191:
4183:September 23,
4178:
4174:
4173:
4168:
4162:
4159:
4154:
4152:9781409350613
4148:
4144:
4143:
4138:
4131:
4128:
4115:
4111:
4107:
4101:
4098:
4085:
4081:
4077:
4071:
4068:
4060:September 21,
4055:
4051:
4044:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4027:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4007:
4003:
3996:
3994:
3990:
3982:September 23,
3977:
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3972:
3967:
3960:
3957:
3953:
3945:
3939:
3935:
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3927:
3917:
3914:
3910:
3905:
3902:
3898:
3894:
3889:
3887:
3885:
3881:
3876:
3874:0-521-05801-5
3870:
3866:
3862:
3855:
3852:
3848:
3843:
3840:
3836:
3832:
3827:
3825:
3821:
3816:
3812:
3808:
3801:
3798:
3794:
3790:
3785:
3783:
3781:
3779:
3775:
3771:
3766:
3763:
3759:
3755:
3750:
3748:
3744:
3740:
3736:
3731:
3729:
3727:
3723:
3719:
3715:
3710:
3708:
3706:
3704:
3702:
3698:
3694:
3688:
3685:
3681:
3676:
3674:
3670:
3666:
3662:
3657:
3655:
3653:
3649:
3645:
3641:
3636:
3634:
3632:
3630:
3628:
3626:
3624:
3622:
3618:
3614:
3609:
3607:
3603:
3600:, p. 63.
3599:
3594:
3592:
3588:
3584:
3580:
3575:
3573:
3571:
3569:
3567:
3565:
3563:
3561:
3559:
3557:
3553:
3549:
3545:
3540:
3538:
3536:
3534:
3530:
3526:
3522:
3517:
3514:
3508:
3502:
3494:
3493:
3488:
3482:
3479:
3475:
3471:
3466:
3463:
3459:
3455:
3450:
3447:
3443:
3438:
3435:
3419:
3415:
3414:
3409:
3403:
3401:
3399:
3395:
3391:
3387:
3382:
3380:
3378:
3374:
3371:, p. 31.
3370:
3365:
3363:
3359:
3355:
3351:
3346:
3344:
3342:
3340:
3338:
3336:
3332:
3328:
3323:
3320:
3316:
3312:
3307:
3305:
3303:
3301:
3299:
3297:
3295:
3291:
3287:
3282:
3279:
3275:
3270:
3268:
3266:
3264:
3262:
3260:
3258:
3256:
3254:
3252:
3250:
3248:
3244:
3240:
3235:
3233:
3231:
3229:
3227:
3225:
3221:
3217:
3213:
3208:
3206:
3204:
3202:
3200:
3198:
3196:
3192:
3188:
3184:
3179:
3177:
3175:
3173:
3171:
3169:
3167:
3165:
3163:
3161:
3157:
3154:, p. 62.
3153:
3148:
3146:
3142:
3138:
3133:
3131:
3129:
3127:
3125:
3121:
3114:
3109:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3089:
3083:
3080:
3074:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3053:
3041:
3038:
3034:
3028:
3025:
3021:
3017:
3011:
3008:
3002:
2999:
2992:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2979:
2976:
2969:
2968:Hung Shing Ye
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2945:
2941:
2935:
2930:
2927:
2916:
2913:
2902:
2899:
2888:
2885:
2884:Taiwan portal
2874:
2869:
2867:
2865:
2855:
2854:
2849:
2845:
2844:
2839:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2811:
2807:
2802:
2794:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2773:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2740:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2657:
2648:
2636:
2634:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2619:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2600:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2559:
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2551:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2417:Southern Ming
2414:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2376:
2374:
2373:
2369:
2360:
2354:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2327:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2308:
2301:
2298:
2295:
2289:
2285:
2280:
2278:Shèngdūn Miào
2273:
2270:
2267:
2261:
2258:
2255:
2249:
2241:
2236:
2229:
2226:
2223:
2217:
2214:
2211:
2198:
2194:
2189:
2187:
2180:
2178:
2168:
2160:
2155:
2153:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2137:
2134:
2131:
2128:
2121:
2114:
2111:
2108:
2105:
2102:
2099:
2096:
2093:
2090:
2087:
2081:
2078:
2075:
2072:
2069:
2066:
2063:
2060:
2057:
2054:
2048:
2043:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2028:
2026:
2025:Chinese myths
2019:
2015:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1997:
1995:
1993:
1992:Nangan Island
1989:
1984:
1979:
1973:
1971:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1949:
1947:
1943:
1940:
1936:
1931:
1927:
1922:
1915:
1912:
1909:
1906:
1900:
1899:Buddha nature
1895:
1888:
1885:
1879:
1878:Buddhist monk
1867:
1860:
1857:
1854:
1848:
1836:
1829:
1826:
1823:
1817:
1814:
1811:
1805:
1800:
1794:
1789:
1786:
1783:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1767:
1764:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1750:
1745:
1741:
1736:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1723:
1717:
1714:
1708:
1703:
1701:
1697:
1689:
1685:
1682:962), in the
1673:
1669:
1664:
1662:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1640:Putian County
1637:
1633:
1629:
1622:
1621:Matsu Islands
1618:
1613:
1606:
1604:
1602:
1595:
1581:
1577:
1574:
1570:
1557:
1553:
1540:
1532:
1528:
1525:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1493:
1489:
1486:
1482:
1479:
1476:
1473:
1470:
1466:
1463:
1459:
1445:
1437:
1433:
1432:
1431:
1429:
1422:
1418:
1413:
1406:
1404:
1402:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1379:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1343:
1339:
1333:
1328:
1325:
1322:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1263:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1242:
1239:
1235:
1227:
1225:
1221:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1204:
1201:
1197:
1189:
1187:
1183:
1175:
1173:
1169:
1166:
1162:
1154:
1152:
1148:
1140:
1138:
1134:
1131:
1127:
1122:
1118:
1112:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1096:
1092:
1087:
1082:
1080:
1076:
1071:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1050:
1047:
1043:
1035:
1033:
1029:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1012:
1009:
1005:
997:
995:
991:
983:
981:
977:
974:
970:
962:
960:
956:
948:
946:
942:
939:
935:
930:
926:
918:
914:
909:
904:
902:
898:
893:
881:
879:
876:
872:
869:
865:
857:
855:
851:
843:
841:
838:
834:
831:
827:
819:
817:
813:
805:
803:
799:
796:
792:
784:
782:
778:
770:
768:
764:
761:
757:
752:
748:
740:
736:
731:
726:
724:
720:
715:
703:
701:
698:
694:
691:
687:
679:
677:
673:
665:
663:
660:
656:
653:
649:
644:Maa1 Zou2 po4
641:
639:
635:
627:
625:
621:
618:
614:
606:
604:
600:
592:
590:
586:
583:
579:
574:
570:
566:
562:
557:
554:
549:
547:
543:
538:
535:
530:
528:
524:
519:
515:
512:
511:Popular names
508:
500:
488:
486:
483:
479:
476:
472:
464:
462:
458:
450:
448:
445:
441:
438:
434:
428:
423:
421:
417:
409:
407:
403:
395:
393:
389:
386:
382:
376:
371:
369:
365:
357:
355:
351:
343:
341:
337:
334:
330:
325:
321:
316:
313:
310:
305:
303:
299:
294:
282:
280:
277:
273:
270:
266:
258:
256:
252:
244:
242:
239:
235:
232:
228:
222:
217:
215:
211:
203:
201:
197:
189:
187:
183:
180:
176:
170:
165:
163:
159:
151:
149:
145:
137:
135:
131:
128:
124:
119:
115:
111:
107:
102:
97:
95:
91:
86:
81:
79:
75:
71:
65:
60:
56:
53:
49:
44:
40:
33:
19:
5426:Bodhisattvas
5397:
5385:
5333:Fujian Tulou
5244:Hakka people
5218:
5139:Hoklo people
4912:
4889:
4864:
4842:
4817:
4792:
4773:
4744:
4722:
4700:
4677:
4658:
4648:November 28,
4646:, retrieved
4634:
4608:
4586:
4561:
4553:Bibliography
4538:, retrieved
4529:Taipei Times
4528:
4517:
4505:
4493:. Retrieved
4482:
4473:
4463:December 30,
4461:. Retrieved
4450:
4440:
4430:December 21,
4428:. Retrieved
4422:
4412:
4400:. Retrieved
4389:
4380:
4368:. Retrieved
4355:
4345:
4337:
4330:. Retrieved
4311:
4288:
4281:. Retrieved
4262:
4199:
4193:
4181:, retrieved
4171:
4161:
4141:
4130:
4118:. Retrieved
4114:the original
4109:
4100:
4088:. Retrieved
4084:the original
4079:
4070:
4058:. Retrieved
4054:the original
4043:
4001:
3980:, retrieved
3976:the original
3971:Things to Do
3970:
3959:
3947:
3925:
3916:
3909:Zhang (1993)
3904:
3893:Clark (2007)
3864:
3854:
3842:
3831:Clark (2007)
3810:
3806:
3800:
3789:Clark (2007)
3765:
3754:Clark (2015)
3735:Clark (2015)
3714:Clark (2007)
3687:
3640:Crook (2014)
3598:Irwin (1990)
3544:Boltz (2008)
3521:Clark (2015)
3516:
3491:
3481:
3470:Clark (2015)
3465:
3454:Clark (2015)
3449:
3442:Clark (2006)
3437:
3431:(in English)
3424:November 29,
3422:, retrieved
3412:
3386:Clark (2007)
3350:Boltz (2008)
3322:
3311:Boltz (2008)
3281:
3183:Clark (2007)
3152:Irwin (1990)
3137:Boltz (1986)
3099:
3088:God of Yanyu
3082:
3073:
3061:
3040:
3027:
3010:
3001:
2926:China portal
2863:
2851:
2841:
2840:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2816:
2742:
2728:
2698:The primary
2697:
2686:Yilan County
2620:
2601:
2589:Tin Hau area
2578:Macao Island
2519:
2514:Kuala Lumpur
2480:1884 victory
2472:
2378:
2365:
2362:
2357:
2339:Liu Kezhuang
2335:Putian Bishi
2334:
2328:
2320:Liao dynasty
2304:
2276:
2240:Liao Pengfei
2232:
2197:Huang Gongdu
2192:
2191:
2185:
2182:
2176:
2172:
2117:
2047:Taoist Canon
2044:
2040:martial arts
2029:
2022:
2011:
2007:
1988:filial piety
1974:
1950:
1920:Xuánwēi Bìfǎ
1918:
1891:
1865:Lín Línchàng
1863:
1847:Lin Linchang
1832:
1796:
1747:
1737:
1720:
1704:
1699:
1672:Liu Congxiao
1668:Quanzhounese
1665:
1658:
1625:
1603:
1599:
1575:of the Ming.
1506:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1484:
1480:
1468:
1457:
1427:
1425:
1403:
1387:Hoklo people
1380:
1345:
1335:
1311:
1308:deified form
1296:Confucianism
1276:
1272:
1271:
1200:Southern Min
1137:Hanyu Pinyin
1008:Southern Min
945:Hanyu Pinyin
830:Southern Min
767:Hanyu Pinyin
652:Southern Min
589:Hanyu Pinyin
510:
437:Southern Min
360:Lin Mo-niang
340:Hanyu Pinyin
231:Southern Min
134:Hanyu Pinyin
51:
43:
5476:Folk saints
5287:Bak kut teh
5282:Hokkien mee
5214:Dog Kung Fu
5194:Koa-á books
4986:ROC capital
4976:PRC capital
4540:December 9,
4495:January 11,
4110:Taiwan Gods
4080:Taiwan Gods
3922:臺灣歷史地圖 增訂版.
3661:Yuan (2006)
3579:Yuan (2006)
3523:, pp.
3472:, pp.
3327:Dreyer 2007
3288:, p. 9
3212:Yuan (2006)
3054:genealogy (
2982:Shunfeng'er
2953:Dragon King
2843:Lin Moniang
2808:embassy to
2774:instructed
2704:pilgrimages
2637:Pilgrimages
2574:A-Ma Temple
2530:Philippines
2490:during the
2444:Liu Guoxuan
2234:Shùnjì Miào
2204: 1140
2036:Shunfeng'er
1874: 1670
1843: 1589
1746:by 11. The
1684:Min Kingdom
1337:Lín Mòniáng
1312:Lin Moniang
1284:sea goddess
1238:Eastern Min
1046:Eastern Min
868:Eastern Min
690:Eastern Min
682:Má-tsóo-pô
668:Má-chó͘ -pô
630:Māa Jóu pòh
609:Ma tsu3 p'o
567:Granny Mazu
521:Granny Mazu
475:Eastern Min
346:Lín Mòniáng
296:Lin Moniang
269:Eastern Min
5415:Categories
5302:Oolong tea
4846:媽祖と中國の民間信仰
4745:T'oung Pao
4635:Asia Major
3895:, p.
3847:Shu (1996)
3833:, p.
3791:, p.
3756:, p.
3737:, p.
3716:, p.
3663:, p.
3642:, p.
3581:, p.
3546:, p.
3456:, p.
3388:, p.
3369:Soo (1990)
3352:, p.
3313:, p.
3214:, p.
3185:, p.
3110:References
3047:聖頓祖廟重建顺濟廟記
2772:Xi Jinping
2678:Nanfang'ao
2522:Sinosphere
2516:, Malaysia
2500:Sun Kaihua
2460:Zhu Shugui
2389:conception
2142:Big Dipper
1707:given name
1634:, part of
1342:Pe̍h-ōe-jī
1151:Wade–Giles
959:Wade–Giles
884:Tiĕng-hâiu
787:T'ien-hou4
781:Wade–Giles
603:Wade–Giles
354:Wade–Giles
148:Wade–Giles
5234:Narcissus
5174:Jian ware
5083:Education
5073:Jin River
5043:Min River
5025:Geography
4877:0217-2992
4770:"Tianhou"
4322:0013-0613
4273:0013-0613
4234:cite book
4226:229424691
3115:Citations
3052:Li family
2978:Qianliyan
2848:TV series
2835:door gods
2827:mian'guan
2597:Australia
2554:Guangdong
2482:over the
2436:the Dutch
2351:Guangzhou
2032:Qianliyan
1946:rainmaker
1834:Lín Yáoyú
1804:Lin Yaoyu
1740:Confucius
1644:sinicized
1628:shamaness
1507:Thiên Hậu
1503:Thean Hou
1458:Ma Cho Po
1434:Mazupo (
1364:fishermen
1352:shamaness
1038:Thian-hui
1024:Thian-hui
1000:Tin1 fei1
965:T'ien-fei
919:Celestial
860:Thian-hiō
846:Thian-hiō
822:Tin1 hau6
741:Celestial
706:Mă-cū-bò̤
206:Maa1-zou2
5387:Category
5010:Politics
4982:Jincheng
4921:31154698
4894:Westport
4721:(2007),
4639:archived
4534:archived
4489:Archived
4457:Archived
4452:BBC News
4402:June 16,
4396:Archived
4364:Archived
4356:Sinopsis
4332:June 16,
4326:Archived
4283:June 16,
4277:Archived
4177:archived
3863:(1959).
3501:citation
3418:archived
3096:Chen Yan
2958:Ngaleima
2870:See also
2710:and the
2627:Taichung
2570:Yongchun
2562:Zhejiang
2546:Buddhism
2475:effigies
2440:Shi Lang
2427:'s army
2368:Zheng He
2366:Admiral
2347:Shanghai
2343:Fengting
2331:Li Junfu
2306:Lù Yǔndí
2288:Lu Yundi
1939:exorcize
1893:Xuántōng
1670:warlord
1554:Shennü (
1186:Jyutping
1062:Tiĕng-hĭ
994:Jyutping
816:Jyutping
808:Tīn hauh
638:Jyutping
406:Jyutping
200:Jyutping
5399:Commons
5292:Banmian
5269:Cuisine
5254:Koxinga
5126:Culture
5015:Economy
5005:History
4997:General
4834:3250021
4809:1177949
4761:4527170
4522:Ho Yi,
4424:Reuters
4370:July 2,
4120:June 5,
4090:June 5,
2751:of the
2747:of the
2566:Jiangsu
2524:or the
2429:capture
2425:Koxinga
2405:Nanjing
2397:Islamic
2381:Xianyou
2193:Mazuism
2177:ren yin
2161:Worship
1970:seizure
1965:Fengtin
1953:typhoon
1728:Guanyin
1661:legends
1619:in the
1607:History
1580:Chinese
1578:Gupozu（
1556:Chinese
1511:Chinese
1499:Tin Hau
1495:Tianhou
1481:Tianfei
1462:Hokkien
1399:Beigang
1368:sailors
1316:Chinese
1281:Chinese
1207:Hokkien
1015:Hokkien
986:Tīn fēi
951:Tiānfēi
923:Consort
901:Chinese
837:Hokkien
773:Tiānhòu
745:Empress
723:Chinese
659:Hokkien
444:Hokkien
302:Chinese
261:Má-tsóo
247:Má-chó͘
238:Hokkien
5033:Cities
4972:Fuzhou
4962:topics
4960:Fujian
4919:
4900:
4875:
4852:
4832:
4807:
4780:
4759:
4729:
4707:
4701:Taiwan
4697:"Mazu"
4684:
4665:
4615:
4605:"Mazu"
4593:
4578:602373
4576:
4320:
4271:
4224:
4214:
4149:
4032:
4022:
3940:
3930:Taipei
3871:
3408:"翌天昭佑"
3329:, 148.
3100:zhaoli
3092:Fuzhou
3057:百塘李氏族譜
2980:&
2859:海之傳說媽祖
2810:Goryeo
2783:In art
2776:cadres
2724:Lukang
2716:litter
2690:Taiwan
2631:Putian
2612:Borneo
2558:Hainan
2550:Taoism
2534:Taiwan
2484:French
2464:Tainan
2448:Penghu
2432:Taiwan
2385:piracy
2324:Injong
2316:Yejong
2312:Goryeo
2156:Legacy
2146:Laojun
2018:Weihai
2008:center
1983:Heaven
1957:trance
1942:demons
1845:) and
1795::
1793:pinyin
1776::
1757::
1692:
1680:
1655:Legend
1636:Fujian
1617:Nangan
1582::
1558::
1541::
1533::
1513::
1485:Thi-fi
1446::
1438::
1428:Ma-tsu
1383:Taiwan
1356:Fujian
1344::
1334::
1332:pinyin
1318::
1300:Taoism
1298:, and
1245:Fuzhou
1224:Tâi-lô
1053:Fuzhou
1032:Tâi-lô
921:
875:Fuzhou
854:Tâi-lô
743:
697:Fuzhou
676:Tâi-lô
595:Māzǔpó
482:Fuzhou
461:Tâi-lô
276:Fuzhou
255:Tâi-lô
192:Māajóu
154:Ma-tsu
70:Tainan
5184:Music
4830:JSTOR
4805:JSTOR
4757:JSTOR
4642:(PDF)
4631:(PDF)
4574:JSTOR
4222:S2CID
4030:JSTOR
3924:[
3525:130–1
3474:131–2
3033:Clark
2993:Notes
2616:Sabah
2608:Kudat
2540:. In
2434:from
2150:Laozi
2016:, in
1998:Myths
1690:in AD
1491:1409.
1469:Ah-Ma
1395:Dajia
1354:from
1350:), a
1279:is a
1277:Matsu
285:Mă-cū
5421:Mazu
5219:Mazu
4917:OCLC
4898:ISBN
4873:ISSN
4850:ISBN
4778:ISBN
4727:ISBN
4705:ISBN
4682:ISBN
4663:ISBN
4650:2016
4613:ISBN
4591:ISBN
4542:2005
4497:2024
4465:2023
4432:2023
4404:2023
4372:2023
4334:2023
4318:ISSN
4285:2023
4269:ISSN
4240:link
4212:ISBN
4185:2021
4147:ISBN
4122:2021
4092:2021
4062:2014
4020:ISBN
3984:2014
3938:ISBN
3869:ISBN
3507:link
3426:2016
2864:Mazu
2853:Mazu
2806:Song
2743:The
2670:Jade
2668:and
2666:Gold
2564:and
2556:and
2548:and
2421:Qing
2401:Ming
2013:ruyi
1961:loom
1928:and
1696:Song
1659:The
1648:cult
1589:lit.
1565:lit.
1548:lit.
1543:通賢靈女
1535:通贤灵女
1520:lit.
1453:lit.
1397:and
1366:and
1273:Mazu
1102:天上圣母
1086:天上聖母
140:Māzǔ
52:Mazu
4869:OSU
4822:doi
4797:doi
4749:doi
4566:doi
4204:doi
4010:doi
3897:208
3835:206
3793:207
3758:129
3739:127
3718:204
3665:124
3583:123
3548:742
3458:126
3390:205
3354:741
3315:743
3216:122
3187:203
3090:in
2972:洪聖爺
2831:liu
2722:in
2672:in
2625:in
2606:in
2595:in
2576:on
2512:in
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2466:'s
2454:of
2446:at
2244:廖鵬飛
2199:'s
1871:fl.
1840:fl.
1638:'s
1594:Lin
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1460:in
1448:媽祖婆
1440:妈祖婆
1419:in
1310:of
1286:in
1275:or
1248:BUC
1210:POJ
1056:BUC
1018:POJ
878:BUC
840:POJ
700:BUC
662:POJ
485:BUC
447:POJ
420:IPA
368:IPA
279:BUC
241:POJ
214:IPA
162:IPA
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2110:验
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2095:说
2089:上
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1911:袐
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315:娘
312:默
309:林
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