357:. The second and third revisions broke the subgenera into more specific genera based on differences in chemistry and morphological characteristics using scanning electron microscopy. While initially met with resistance, most of the taxonomic changes are now widely accepted. Hale's taxonomic divisions are considered to be one of his most important contribution to lichenology.
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of species. Hale found that there are different communities at the base of the tree compared to 1.3 meters high on the tree trunk. Another significant finding was that the cryptogamic community differed between habitats due to light and other stand level variables. This was an important study because
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Mason Hale was primarily a taxonomist, but his taxonomic framework and methodology for describing new species was dependent on modern technology. Hale was one of the first lichen experts to use chemical tests to study species delineations. He learned the techniques from his professor at Yale
445:. Many additional scientists were mentored by Hale including, Bruce McCune and Roger Rosentreter. Hale served as president of the International Association of Lichenologists (IAL) from 1981 to 1987. In his memory, the IAL created the Mason Hale Award for best doctoral study.
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into taxonomic work. Mason Hale published approximately two hundred articles and books on various aspects of lichen biology including taxonomy, anatomy, chemistry, and ecology. Hale also wrote several books aimed at education and increasing accessibility to lichens.
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was a large genus containing a wide range of morphological traits. Hale became interested in the
Parmeliaceae because there was a number of undescribed species in the southeastern United States. Hale revised the family three times. The first time required reviewing
303:(turning of color with UV light). Hale both cataloged the presence of chemicals from numerous North American species and described new chemicals. One example, is Hale's study on fluorescence in which he linked fluoresced colors to specific chemicals using
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and used photographs to assess growth rates. In addition to his work on community ecology of lichens, Hale examined the yearly growth rate of lichens in Aton Forest. Hale also examined use of lichens as an indicator of floods and
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In 1993, the
International Association for Lichenology instituted the Mason E. Hale Award to recognise research excellence in lichenologists based on their recently-awarded doctoral thesis or similar publication.
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Hale also wrote or co-authored books that helped to introduce lichens to the general public and keep scientists abreast of current theory. These books contained keys to genera and species such as
231:, exemplifies Hale's ability to use technology to innovate new ideas. He studied how cryptogam communities (lichens and bryophytes) change with differing forest composition. He also examined
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in the world. Hale made numerous expeditions to tropical regions including the
Caribbean, Central and South America, Asia, and Africa. One of his favorite expeditions was to collect
274:, where he worked from 1957 until his death. In 33 years at the Smithsonian, Hale collected close to 80,000 specimens and made the Smithsonian Institution one of the largest lichen
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According to Google
Scholar, Mason Hale wrote approximately 200 peer-reviewed journal articles and has been cited over 4,800 times. Notable scientists who studied under Hale were:
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Hale met his wife
Beatrice Wilde, an ecologist, while at the University of Wisconsin. They married in 1952 and had three children, Janet, Sandra and Robert. Hale also befriended
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it was one of the first lichen experiments that utilized statistics for ecological conclusions as opposed to observations. Also Hale placed the data for each tree on IBM
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DePriest PT. (1999). "Development of Mason E. Hale's list of epithets in the
Parmelioid genera (lichen-forming Ascomycotina): A bibliographic review".
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and ecological data. The use of computers was especially important to keep track of the many traits and taxonomic revisions in the
Parmeliaceae.
214:, a prominent Canadian ecologist. The resulting publications from the Baffin Islands contained both a checklist of all species collected, and
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251:. Hale and Culberson collaborated on many chemistry and taxonomic endeavors including the first lichen checklist of North America.
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In addition to chemistry, Hale also incorporated scanning electron microscopy characteristics such as cortical structure into his
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175:. He had an affinity towards biology from experiences from living on his family's farm. As an undergraduate, Hale wanted to be a
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Hale pioneered numerous ecological measurements with lichens. In 1959 he marked out plots for long-term study of the lichens on
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in the exhaust) negatively affects lichen growth. The long-term datasets from
Plummers Island facilitated these studies.
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The following are a partial list of species named after Mason Hale. The list focuses primarily on North
American taxa:
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The following are a partial list of genera named after Mason Hale. The list focuses primarily on North
American taxa:
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158:. Hale was one of the first lichen experts to incorporate secondary chemistry and technology such as computers and
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179:, but was not able to take specialized classes. Instead, he earned an undergraduate degree studying biology at
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Lawrey JD, Hale ME Jr. (1979). "Lichen growth responses to stress induced by automobile exhaust pollution".
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Hale ME Jr. (1955). "Phytosociology of corticolous cryptogams in the upland forests of southern Wisconsin".
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Lawrey, J D; Hale, M E (1979). "Lichen growth response to stress induced by automobile exhaust pollution".
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Sipman, H., Seaward, M. 1990. Mason E. Hale Jr. (1928–1990). International Association of Lichenologists.
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Sipman, H., Seaward, M. 1990. Mason E. Hale Jr. (1928-1990). International Association of Lichenologists.
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Hale ME Jr, Culberson WL. (1956). "A checklist of the lichens of the United States, Canada, and Alaska".
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218:. Baffin Island was the first of many expeditions around the world that Hale made to collect lichens.
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Hale ME Jr. (1954). "First report on lichen growth rate and succession at Aton forest, Connecticut".
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825:"Lichenes Americani exsiccati, collected and published by M. E. Hale: IndExs ExsiccataID=300679624"
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Hale ME Jr ME. (1984). "The lichen line and high water levels in a freshwater stream in Florida".
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Hale ME Jr. (1956). "Fluorescence of lichen depsides and depsidones as a taxonomic criterion".
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Lawrey J., Pittam S. 1993. Hale, Mason, E. -dedication issue. Bryologist 96(3): 285–286.
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Hale, M E (1970). "Single-lobe growth-rate patterns in the lichen Parmelia caperata".
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421:. Hale and Culberson also compiled the first checklist to North American lichens and
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314:. Another technical advance Hale utilized was punch card computers to keep track of
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in Antarctica. Hale was later appointed a Senior Botanist at the Smithsonian.
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146:(September 23, 1929 – April 23, 1990) was one of the most prolific American
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University, Alexander W. Evans. The techniques that he utilized included
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Morden-Smithsonian expedition to Dominica—the lichens (Graphidaceae)
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Lichenes Americani exsiccati, collected and published by M. E. Hale
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of the 20th century. Many of his scholarly articles focused on the
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in 1956. Lastly, Hale and his son printed the newsletters for the
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Hale ME. 1988. Lichens of California. Univ of California Press.
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Culberson WL. (1991). "A Tribute to Mason Ellsworth Hale, Jr".
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in the Graphidaceae and Thelotremataceae (now synonymized with
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and articles describing new genera and species. Before Hale,
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After earning his Ph.D., Hale worked for two years each at
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A revision of the lichen family Thelotremataceae in Panama
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on old printing presses and made the typesetting by hand.
247:, a fellow graduate student, and later a lichen expert at
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http://www.lichenology.org/Publications/ILN/ILN_23_2.pdf
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http://www.lichenology.org/Publications/ILN/ILN_23_2.pdf
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Ahmadjian V, Hale ME. 1973. The lichens. Academic Press.
183:, where he studied lichens under Alexander W. Evans, a
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Mason Hale was an expert of the Parmeliaceae, a large
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Hale, ME. 1969. How to know the lichens. WC Brown Co.
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Hale, ME. 1979. How to know the lichens. WC Brown Co.
936:. Smithsonian Contributions to Botany. Vol. 38.
604:is used to indicate this person as the author when
221:For his Ph.D. Hale studied the lichens of southern
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922:Bruce McCune,personal communication, November 2014
727:Hale ME Jr. (1954). "Lichens from Baffin Island".
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413:. An important symposia on current topics was
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951:. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press.
171:Mason Hale Jr. grew up on a farm outside of
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427:International Association for Lichenology
360:Hale also widely collected and described
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1326:University of Wisconsin–Madison alumni
262:. At that time he started to edit the
389:published articles examining how car
200:University of Wisconsin–Madison
7:
1255:International Lichenology Newsletter
286:Advances in chemistry and technology
831:. Botanische Staatssammlung MĂĽnchen
1204:Hale, ME. 1967 Biology of lichens.
585:in Antarctica is named after him.
349:and collected material to examine
27:American lichenologist (1928–1990)
25:
1331:People from Winsted, Connecticut
119:
1336:20th-century American botanists
1281:International Plant Names Index
455:Eponymous taxa and other legacy
385:. Lastly in the 1980s Hale and
1:
441:, Theodore L. Esslinger, and
1140:10.1126/science.204.4391.423
1089:10.1126/science.204.4391.423
829:IndExs - Index of Exsiccatae
240:to better analyze the data.
160:scanning electron microscopy
103:Author abbrev. (botany)
729:American Midland Naturalist
260:University of West Virginia
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947:Wirth M, Hale ME. (1978).
696:"Mason Ellsworth Hale, Jr"
713:10.1017/S0024282990000445
297:thin layer chromatography
144:Mason Ellsworth Hale, Jr.
111:
74:
34:Mason Ellsworth Hale, Jr.
486:Hypotrachyna mason-halei
167:Early life and education
1311:American lichenologists
514:Pseudocyphellaria halei
407:How to know the Lichens
272:Smithsonian Institution
86:Smithsonian Institution
401:Education and outreach
334:. Hale wrote numerous
1248:"Mason E. Hale Award"
433:Statistics and awards
411:Lichens of California
256:University of Wichita
132:Mason Ellsworth Hale
932:Hale ME Jr. (1978).
535:Xanthoparmelia halei
305:paper chromatography
173:Winsted, Connecticut
18:Mason Ellsworth Hale
1132:1979Sci...204..423L
1081:1979Sci...204..423L
595:author abbreviation
423:lichenicolous fungi
187:and lichen expert.
70:Taxonomy of lichens
694:Lawrey J. (1990).
419:Biology of Lichens
393:(specifically the
280:endolithic lichens
129:has a profile for
50:September 23, 1928
1126:(4391): 423–424.
1075:(4391): 423–424.
700:The Lichenologist
500:Phyllopsora halei
493:Melanohalea halei
465:Abrothallus halei
245:William Culberson
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92:Doctoral students
76:Scientific career
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378:Plummers Island
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181:Yale University
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156:Parmeliaceae
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96:Syo Kurokawa
82:Institutions
75:
60:(1990-04-23)
1321:1990 deaths
1316:1929 births
583:Hale Valley
575:Melanohalea
528:Usnea halei
415:The Lichens
238:punch cards
134:(Q18633472)
1305:Categories
1286: Hale
1265:3 November
1034:Bryologist
999:Bryologist
863:Bryologist
656:Bryologist
617:References
568:Masonhalea
561:Haleomyces
554:Halegrapha
383:high water
351:subgeneric
336:monographs
293:spot tests
276:herbariums
46:1928-09-23
970:: 72–81.
547:Halecania
264:exsiccata
223:Wisconsin
185:bryophyte
1148:17758017
1097:17758017
898:Castanea
799:Castanea
355:synonyms
341:Parmelia
295:, early
192:Master's
177:linguist
152:taxonomy
1156:3104159
1128:Bibcode
1120:Science
1105:3104159
1077:Bibcode
1069:Science
1054:3242807
1019:3240092
984:3241588
910:4031709
883:3244233
811:4031788
784:1931430
764:Ecology
749:2422220
668:3243731
391:exhaust
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