1587:
474:. Its legs were red, and it had naked red skin around the eyes and nostrils. It had a black facial mask and partially white tail feathers, but the colouration of the body, wings and head in the living bird is unclear. Descriptions from life indicate the body and head were ash grey, and the white part of the tail had two dark central feathers. In contrast, stuffed specimens and old descriptions based on them indicate that the body was brown and the head bluish. This may be due to the specimens having changed colour as a result of ageing and exposure to light. Very little is known about the bird in life.
6221:
937:). The Mascarene parrot was therefore interpreted as having descended from an ancestral lineage of Alexandrine parakeets that had dispersed from Asia towards the Mascarene islands across the Indian Ocean. The researchers suggested that the 2011 genetic study had probably used a composite of sequences from two other parrot species sampled for the study (including a lesser vasa parrot), a result of contamination during laboratory procedures. The 2017 study also found that the parrots of the genus
6245:
1699:
89:
6197:
31:
914:, the latter would become a junior synonym, since the former name is older. In 2012, Hume expressed surprise at these findings due to the anatomical similarities between the Mascarene parrot and other parrots from the Mascarene islands that are believed to be psittaculines. He also pointed out that there is no fossil evidence found on other islands to support the hypothesis that the species evolved elsewhere before reaching RĂ©union.
846:
6233:
1495:
4406:
63:
1529:
lateral ones are of the same colour, except that they have a little white at their base. The eyes are surrounded by a naked skin, bright red. Pupil black, iris red. The base of the superior half of the beak is also surrounded by a red naked skin in which the nostrils are placed. Beak similarly red. Legs pale flesh. Claws grey-brown. I am unaware from which country it is found. I have seen it living in Paris.
4430:
2825:
858:
6209:
575:
235:
1829:
mentioned in the inventory of species. Hahn did not mention the date in which he actually saw the bird which could have been long before 1834. The fact that
Martinet's image was copied and that no mounted specimen exists (though such a rare bird would probably have been preserved) makes Hahn's account dubious. He may instead have based his account on other sources or even hearsay.
1791:
4442:
4418:
2811:
1571:
6185:
961:
1549:) specimen (sometimes considered a distinct species, "Townsend's dickcissel"), from grey to brown. The two extant Mascarene parrot specimens also differ from each other in colouration. The Paris specimen has a greyish-blue head and a brown body, paler on the underparts. Its tail and wing feathers were severely damaged by
1561:
found it hard to accept that all the illustrations that showed the colour as brown were wrong; he found it more likely that the brown would have merely faded in intensity rather than from grey to brown. He stated that by the time the earliest known illustrations of the bird were made, it is unlikely
1517:-like facial mask on the front part of the head. There are several discrepancies in how the colour of the body, wings, tail feathers and the head have historically been described and depicted. In 1674, Dubois described live specimens as being "petit-gris" which is the colour of the dark phase of the
1714:
There are several sorts of parrot, of different sizes and colours. Some are the size of a hen, grey, the beak red ; others the same colour the size of a pigeon , and yet others, smaller, are green . There are great quantities, especially in the Sainte-Suzanne area and on the mountainsides. They are
2507:
Braun, Michael P.; Datzmann, Thomas; Arndt, Thomas; Reinschmidt, Matthias; Schnitker, Heinz; Bahr, Norbert; Sauer-GĂĽrth, Hedwig; Wink, Michael (2019). "A molecular phylogeny of the genus
Psittacula sensu lato (Aves: Psittaciformes: Psittacidae: Psittacula, Psittinus, Tanygnathus, †Mascarinus) with
1528:
Upperparts of head and neck clear (ash) grey. Back, rump, underparts of neck, breast, belly, sides, legs, scapular feathers, upper coverts of tail very-dark (ash) grey. Wing feathers of the same colour. The tail is composed of 12 feathers: the two median ones are also very-dark (ash) grey. All the
1853:
Contrary to
Feuilley's claims, Dubois mentioned that the Mascarene parrot was not edible which may have led to RĂ©union visitors mostly ignoring it. It was the last of the indigenous parrots of RĂ©union to become extinct. The only endemic bird species on RĂ©union that disappeared after the Mascarene
1828:
The veracity of Hahn's claim was questioned as early as 1876, and the illustration appears to be plagiarised from the plate by François-Nicolas
Martinet which was published at least 50 years earlier. After King Maximilian died in 1825, his collection was auctioned off, but no Mascarene parrot was
812:
parrots (of Asian origin) based on the large red beak, a feature which is diagnostic for that group. Its plumage pattern was mostly atypical for a psittaculine, though other members have black facial patterns. Although little is known about most extinct parrot species of the
Mascarenes, subfossil
905:
parrots. It also found that the
Mascarene parrot line diverged 4.6 to 9 million years ago, prior to the formation of RĂ©union, indicating this must have happened elsewhere. In 2012, Leo Joseph and colleagues acknowledged the finding but pointed out that the sample might have been damaged and that
892:
between 300,000 and 180,000 years ago. Most recent and extant species would therefore probably be descendants of animals which had recolonised the island from Africa or
Madagascar after this event. If the Mascarene parrot had in fact evolved into a distinct genus on RĂ©union prior to the volcanic
764:
of the two existing stuffed
Mascarene parrots made it possible to compare the remaining bones with the subfossils and showed these were intermediate in measurements in comparison to the modern specimens. The lesser vasa parrot was introduced to RĂ©union as early as 1780 but, though the subfossil
686:
by
Linnaeus in 1758, who again synonymised it with the Mascarene parrot in 1766. Because of this association, some authors believed it was from the Mascarene Islands as well, but this dark parrot's description differs from that of the Mascarene parrot. This disagreement led some authors to use
1669:. That the Vienna specimen was partially white may have been the result of food deficiency during a long period in captivity; the clipped primary wing feathers indicate it was caged. Little was known about parrot-diet in the 1700s, and the Vienna specimen may not have received enough of the
1615:
to greyish chocolate, the tail from light grey to blackish grey-brown, and the head from bluish grey to dove-grey. The plate also lacks two dark central tail feathers without white bases, a feature described by
Brisson, and these features have been repeated by subsequent artists. Martinet's
900:
A 2011 genetic study by the British geneticist Samit Kundu and colleagues (which sampled the Paris specimen) found that the Mascarene parrot was grouped among the subspecies of the lesser vasa parrot from Madagascar and nearby islands and therefore not related to the
1848:
The Mascarin is found at Ile Bourbon ; I have seen several alive in Paris, they were rather gentle birds; they had in their favour only that the red beak contrasted agreeably with the dark background of their plumage; they had not learnt to
1632:
prior to 1866. This may have led to the distortion of the shape of the head and nostrils as indicated by the illustration in Forbes' article. The skull of the Mascarene parrot was moderately flattened from top to bottom, the diameter of the
493:. The date and cause of extinction for the Mascarene parrot is unclear. The latest account, from 1834, is considered dubious, so it is probable that the species became extinct prior to 1800, and may have become extinct even earlier.
2551:
Selvatti, Alexandre Pedro; GalvĂŁo, Ana; Mayr, Gerald; Miyaki, Cristina Yumi; Russo, Claudia Augusta de Moraes (2022). "Southern hemisphere tectonics in the Cenozoic shaped the pantropical distribution of parrots and passerines".
1562:
they would already have faded to brown because of exposure to light. He also doubted that poor diet of caged birds would have consistently turned them brown, and instead accepted the "orthodox image" of the bird as brown.
1623:
was covered by feathers which concealed the nostrils. This contradicts other accounts that mention that the nostrils were surrounded by red skin. Forbes based his description on the Paris specimen which had its skull and
1832:
If Hahn's account is disregarded, the Mascarene parrot probably became extinct prior to 1800. The last account of wild specimens on RĂ©union is from the 1770s. It is thought that the Mascarene parrot went
1557:
in the 1790s. The Vienna specimen is a pale brown on the head and body overall, with an irregular distribution of white feathers on the tail, back, and wings. In 2017 the Australian ornithologist
1607:, the first coloured illustration of this species. It shows the bird as brown with a purplish head, and the strength of these colours differs considerably between copies, a result of having been
1537:, based on stuffed specimens, and this has become the "orthodox image" of the bird. Live birds were never described with these colours. Hume proposed that this colouration is an artifact of the
885:
before the Mascarenes emerged from the sea. RĂ©union is 3 million years old, which is enough time for new genera to evolve, but many endemics would have been wiped out by the eruption of the
1715:
very good to eat, especially when they are fat which is from the month of June until the month of September because at that time the trees produce a certain wild seed that these birds eat.
2278:: species-group names conserved as justified emendations of punctuated original spellings, Lanius leucoryn. and Psittacus mascarin. in Linnaeus's Mantissa Plantarum Altera, 1771".
2226:
Avian Paleontology at the Close of the 20th Century: Proceedings of the 4th International Meeting of the Society of Avian Paleontology and Evolution, Washington D.C., 4–7 June 1996
2364:
Kundu, S.; Jones, C. G.; Prys-Jones, R. P.; Groombridge, J. J. (2011). "The evolution of the Indian Ocean parrots (Psittaciformes): Extinction, adaptive radiation and eustacy".
1996:
Cheke, A. S. (1987). "An ecological history of the Mascarene Islands, with particular reference to extinctions and introductions of land vertebrates". In Diamond, A. W. (ed.).
917:
In 2017, the German biologist Lars Podsiadlowski and colleagues sampled the Vienna specimen for a new genetic study and found that the Mascarene parrot was indeed part of the
785:
2399:
Joseph, L.; Toon, A.; Schirtzinger, E. E.; Wright, T. F.; Schodde, R. (2012). "A revised nomenclature and classification for family-group taxa of parrots (Psittaciformes)".
3318:
1837:
while captive specimens still survived in Europe, since specimens are known to have lived there after the last mention of wild birds. In the 1790s, French naturalist
1727:
which mentioned "russet parrots". This is a possibility, since RĂ©union and Mauritius do share some types of animals, but no fossil evidence has yet been discovered.
881:
and Hume in 2008, the Psittaculini could have invaded the area several times, as many of the species were so specialised that they may have evolved significantly on
6507:
2472:
Provost, Kaiya L.; Joseph, Leo; Smith, Brian Tilston (2018). "Resolving a phylogenetic hypothesis for parrots: implications from systematics to conservation".
1455:
A 2022 genetic study by the Brazilian ornithologist Alexandre P. Selvatti and colleagues confirmed the earlier studies in regard to the relationship between
1414:
In 2018, the American ornithologist Kaiya L. Provost and colleagues also found the Mascarene parrot (using the sequence of Podsiadlowski and colleagues) and
1586:
1680:. In other parrots, this would have resulted in orange instead of white colour in the affected feathers, due to the presence of the pigment psittacin, but
43:
4480:
2610:
Mourer-Chauviré, C.; Bour, S.; Ribes, R. (2006). "Recent avian extinctions on Réunion (Mascarene islands) from paleontological and historical sources".
518:
6381:
1505:
The Mascarene parrot was 35 cm (14 in) in length. The wing was 211 mm (8.3 in), the tail 144–152 mm (5.7–6.0 in), the
765:
parrot bones were similar to that species in some aspects, they were more similar to those of the Mascarene parrot and considered to belong to it.
6502:
6407:
3313:
2313:
800:
The affinities of the Mascarene parrot are unclear, and two hypotheses have competed since the mid-19th century. Some authors grouped it with the
6487:
2793:
2715:
2591:
2157:"Notes on an unnamed parrot from the island of St. Domingo, now living in the Societys Gardens; and on some other species Of the same family"
2139:
711:
in 1779 under his entry for the Mascarene parrot, in which he pointed out similarities and differences between the two. In 2007, the English
1541:
specimens having aged and being exposed to light, which can turn grey and black to brown. Such a transformation has also turned an aberrant
6522:
6512:
1524:
In 1760, Brisson published the following description based on a captive bird (which may have been the specimen now preserved in Paris):
1962:"Reappraisal of the parrots (Aves: Psittacidae) from the Mascarene Islands, with comments on their ecology, morphology, and affinities"
2021:
1665:
Very little is known about the Mascarene parrot in life. Since several specimens were kept alive in captivity, it was probably not a
2656:
1666:
1908:
6517:
1821:. The bird must have been very old at the time, and Hahn claimed an accompanying illustration was drawn after this specimen. The
1684:
parrots and the Mascarene parrot are the only parrots that lack this pigment. The specimen has also been described as "partially
513:
in the late 18th century and kept in captivity, two of which were described while alive. Today, two stuffed specimens exist; the
2857:
2815:
2745:"New discoveries from old sources, with reference to the original bird and mammal fauna of the Mascarene Islands, Indian Ocean"
1657:(the lower margin at the back of the mandible) was flattened instead of angled, and the symphysis was sharply angled downward.
1730:
Many other endemic species of RĂ©union became extinct after the arrival of humans and the resulting disruption of the island's
4473:
1818:
1303:
6412:
4446:
877:, so it was possible for species to colonise the Mascarene Islands from other areas. As suggested by the British ecologist
6306:
6175:
1844:
One of the last definite accounts of live specimens is the following 1784 description by Mauduyt based on captive birds:
1710:
gave a description of the parrots of RĂ©union and their ecology which indicates that they fattened themselves seasonally:
6497:
1600:
1577:
1464:
3303:
2433:
Podsiadlowski, L.; Gamauf, A.; Töpfer, T. (2017). "Revising the phylogenetic position of the extinct Mascarene Parrot
1513:
22–24 mm (0.87–0.94 in). It had a large red bill and moderately long, rounded tail feathers. It had a black
600:
283:
180:
88:
3085:
1773:
1012:
1809:) of Mauritius has survived. The others probably all became extinct due to a combination of excessive hunting and
4466:
3000:
2990:
1763:
1961:
3326:
3308:
2752:
1813:. The cause and date of extinction for the Mascarene parrot itself is uncertain. In 1834, the German zoologist
1611:
by many different artists who worked under Martinet in his workshop. Across these copies, the body ranges from
1124:
1066:
664:
556:
522:
392:
306:
1599:
Confusion over the colouration of the Mascarene parrot has also been furthered by a plate by French engraver
3331:
719:
455:
relationships of this species have been subject to debate; it has historically been grouped with either the
1797:'s 1834 illustration of the supposedly last living bird, which may have been based on Martinet's 1779 image
6319:
6261:
4725:
3298:
3110:
3060:
1874:
1838:
1759:
1755:
1629:
818:
39:
6492:
6459:
6446:
5004:
3135:
1778:
1444:(an unnatural grouping), the German ornithologist Michael P. Braun and colleagues proposed in 2019 that
769:
533:
in 1806. A third stuffed specimen existed around the turn of the 18th century. The Mascarene parrot was
204:
4696:
2156:
1901:
878:
6368:
6298:
5219:
4836:
4602:
3763:
2334:
2317:
1751:
1650:
930:
826:
4682:
2222:
The avifauna of RĂ©union Island (Mascarene Islands) at the time of the arrival of the first Europeans
718:
suggested the possibility that this might have been a lesser vasa parrot, if not a discoloured old
6249:
4960:
4581:
3293:
3185:
3125:
3070:
2850:
2673:
2187:
2089:
2053:
1834:
1747:
1743:
1646:
922:
781:
679:
642:
534:
509:
and only described a few times from life afterwards. At least three live specimens were brought to
295:
52:
4703:
4643:
4429:
2005:
4611:
4076:
3140:
3100:
3065:
2533:
2489:
2295:
1654:
727:
656:
584:
482:
452:
365:
353:
251:
83:
6464:
6451:
4972:
4689:
1698:
784:
in 2016, to conform with how other species epithets by Linnaeus have been treated. In 2020, the
4573:
4422:
2829:
485:. The species was scientifically described in 1771. Only two stuffed specimens exist today, in
6433:
6425:
6342:
6237:
5673:
5513:
4202:
4149:
4099:
3242:
3232:
3175:
2975:
2970:
2789:
2711:
2652:
2587:
2525:
2454:
2381:
2135:
2017:
1814:
1794:
1677:
1642:
1558:
1510:
1499:
1422:, and stated this argued for breaking up the latter genus. To solve the issue that the genera
972:
below shows the placement of the Mascarene parrot according to the 2011 and 2017 DNA studies:
671:
was invalid as a specific name, since it was identical to the genus name, coined the new name
622:(a scientific name in which the two parts are identical). Lesson also included species of the
615:
568:
564:
560:
506:
440:
4458:
906:
further testing was needed before the issue could be fully resolved. They also noted that if
6438:
5969:
5552:
5155:
4949:
4542:
4527:
4521:
4068:
3210:
2882:
2679:
2561:
2517:
2481:
2446:
2410:
2373:
2287:
2229:
2199:
2168:
2101:
2065:
2009:
1997:
1978:
1896:
1641:(the wall between the nostrils), and there was an indistinct notch on the upper edge of the
1274:
894:
889:
318:
6324:
477:
The Mascarene parrot was first mentioned in 1674, and live specimens were later brought to
30:
6196:
5075:
4827:
4796:
4744:
4618:
4300:
4128:
3598:
3120:
3105:
3043:
2942:
2870:
1735:
1533:
Instead of grey, several later authors described the body as brown and the head as bluish
1335:
822:
731:
712:
708:
597:
579:
526:
2628:
Hume, J. P.; van Grouw, H. (2014). "Colour aberrations in extinct and endangered birds".
1998:
1739:
1878:
813:
remains show that they shared common features, such as enlarged heads and jaws, reduced
6213:
6201:
6113:
6093:
5984:
5830:
5749:
5721:
5714:
5630:
5614:
5284:
5193:
5021:
4925:
4892:
4768:
4673:
4490:
4410:
4340:
4292:
4226:
4165:
4120:
4107:
3981:
3944:
3795:
3569:
3406:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3130:
3115:
3010:
3005:
2985:
2980:
2962:
2910:
2843:
2710:. New York: American Committee for International Wild Life Protection 13. p. 127.
2203:
2172:
2105:
2069:
1612:
1550:
1468:
1355:
1071:
882:
704:
604:
471:
2090:"On the systematic position and scientific name of "le perroquet mascarin" of Brisson"
1817:
published an often-cited account of a live Mascarene parrot in the possession of King
1494:
863:
Illustration of the Paris specimen's head (after its skull was removed) and feet, 1879
845:
6481:
6420:
6225:
6013:
6004:
5854:
5839:
5812:
5770:
5657:
5605:
5447:
5419:
5332:
5323:
5261:
5236:
5229:
5068:
5014:
4775:
4714:
4625:
4348:
4332:
4255:
4247:
4081:
3879:
3729:
3616:
3574:
3374:
3366:
3288:
3252:
3170:
3094:
2675:
Recherches sur la faune ornithologique Ă©teinte des iles Mascareignes et de Madagascar
2299:
1887:
1822:
1810:
1802:
1707:
1608:
1534:
1506:
809:
552:
381:
377:
272:
224:
160:
150:
73:
2744:
2537:
2493:
6347:
6189:
6067:
5955:
5913:
5897:
5879:
5791:
5763:
5742:
5735:
5693:
5581:
5561:
5503:
5454:
5412:
5405:
5384:
5270:
5243:
5125:
5110:
4983:
4858:
4844:
4557:
4434:
4178:
4023:
3839:
3677:
3625:
3497:
3458:
3227:
3215:
3205:
3195:
2892:
2579:
1518:
1441:
1308:
834:
801:
502:
456:
448:
6334:
2786:
Lost Land of the Dodo: an Ecological History of Mauritius, RĂ©union & Rodrigues
2485:
2248:
559:
in 1760 but was not intended as a scientific name. The name is a reference to the
2013:
6394:
6311:
6141:
6120:
6049:
6022:
5993:
5941:
5920:
5819:
5777:
5700:
5666:
5590:
5520:
5491:
5377:
5370:
5363:
5291:
5134:
5103:
5043:
4992:
4874:
4806:
4632:
4239:
4086:
3892:
3871:
3860:
3825:
3692:
3682:
3640:
3531:
3398:
3200:
3025:
3020:
2952:
2937:
2905:
2450:
2377:
1768:
1734:. The Mascarene parrot lived alongside other recently extinct birds such as the
1724:
1616:
illustration and Buffon's description were perhaps based on the Paris specimen.
874:
715:
696:
639:
624:
574:
460:
341:
330:
6208:
2824:
857:
6127:
6103:
6083:
6033:
5934:
5906:
5863:
5805:
5728:
5707:
5570:
5537:
5433:
5391:
5356:
5339:
5200:
5179:
5089:
5052:
4867:
4782:
4761:
4659:
4588:
4566:
4356:
4218:
4157:
4136:
3968:
3952:
3887:
3832:
3804:
3736:
3701:
3579:
3427:
3262:
3237:
2995:
2521:
2414:
1982:
1790:
1692:
1670:
1554:
1542:
1279:
1100:
1017:
969:
739:
703:) instead. Another unidentified parrot specimen, this one brown and housed in
647:
630:
593:
444:
428:
243:
234:
67:
6284:
638:, but this was not accepted by other writers. The following year, the German
6134:
6056:
6042:
5962:
5948:
5886:
5798:
5637:
5623:
5527:
5426:
5312:
5186:
5096:
4881:
4754:
4316:
4271:
4060:
3853:
3770:
3754:
3743:
3653:
3589:
3548:
3247:
3048:
3035:
3015:
2915:
2683:
1841:
stated that the bird was rare and that he had seen three of them in France.
1731:
1720:
1538:
1432:
870:
814:
753:
539:
466:
The Mascarene parrot was 35 cm (14 in) in length with a large red
100:
2529:
2458:
2385:
2810:
2291:
2228:. Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology. Vol. 89. pp. 8–11.
1649:(opening at the side of the mandible) was absent, and the back end of the
6278:
6076:
5927:
5872:
5784:
5648:
5440:
5346:
5207:
5082:
5028:
4509:
4284:
4014:
3989:
3935:
3846:
3818:
3708:
3672:
3664:
3646:
3541:
3526:
3510:
3257:
3220:
3053:
1685:
1673:
1625:
1471:
743:
619:
514:
120:
2649:
Vanished and Vanishing Parrots: Profiling Extinct and Endangered Species
1653:(where the two halves of the lower jaw connected) was broadly oval, the
6386:
6293:
5684:
5466:
5398:
5305:
5277:
5061:
4813:
4194:
4047:
3926:
3811:
3777:
3715:
3536:
3390:
3382:
3075:
2947:
2932:
2922:
2401:
1969:
1570:
1483:
1129:
960:
886:
817:
bones, and robust leg bones. Hume supported their common origin in the
805:
549:
436:
6399:
2835:
2565:
2233:
1801:
Of the eight or so parrot species endemic to the Mascarenes, only the
5756:
5476:
5298:
5166:
4503:
4324:
4263:
4039:
4031:
3960:
3900:
3784:
3722:
3605:
3272:
3267:
3145:
1689:
1638:
1514:
757:
530:
510:
490:
478:
432:
140:
110:
6360:
6255:
1521:. According to Hume, this colour is a dark blackish grey or brown.
6355:
5250:
4515:
4210:
3997:
3560:
1789:
1697:
1634:
1493:
1486:(8–5 million years ago), and colonised the Mascarenes from there.
959:
761:
611:
573:
486:
1825:
accepts the 1834 account as the last mention of a live specimen.
1723:
as well based on a 17th-century account by the English traveller
750:
in the 1840s, but this idea was soon dismissed by other writers.
678:
An unidentified dark parrot seen alive by the Swedish naturalist
501:
The Mascarene parrot was first mentioned by the French traveller
4186:
3553:
3516:
3486:
2900:
2866:
1620:
618:
combined it with the earlier specific name in 1891, it became a
467:
130:
6373:
6259:
4923:
4540:
4462:
3350:
2839:
1782:
lived on RĂ©union and Mauritius but vanished from both islands.
4308:
3165:
2927:
893:
eruption, it would have been one of the few survivors of this
833:
parrots have managed to colonise many isolated islands in the
2220:
Mourer-Chauvire, C.; Bour, R.; Ribes, S.; Moutou, F. (1999).
975:
463:, with the latest genetic study favouring the former group.
2041:(in Latin). Impensis Direct. Laurentii Salvii. p. 524.
1482:
lineage were the first psittaculines in Africa by the late
964:
1907 depiction by Keulemans, based on his 1893 illustration
2586:(revised ed.). New York: Comstock. pp. 228–229.
687:
now-invalid combinations of the scientific names, such as
555:
in 1771. This name was first used by the French zoologist
521:
in Paris, while the other, specimen NMW 50.688, is in the
1637:(bony nostril) was larger than the width of the internal
1854:
parrot was the hoopoe starling in the mid-19th century.
1448:
should be split into multiple genera, thereby retaining
921:
group as suggested by Hume, clustering with the extinct
592:
Early writers claimed the Mascarene parrot was found on
2437:(Linnaeus 1771) (Aves: Psittaciformes: Psittacidae)".
1463:. They suggested that Psittaculinae originated in the
6173:
2651:. Clayton South: CSIRO Publishing. pp. 170–172.
2339:(in German and Latin). Munich: S.N. pp. 501–502.
6109:
6099:
6089:
5533:
5509:
5499:
5352:
5151:
5010:
5000:
4968:
4945:
4855:
4824:
4793:
4741:
4670:
4655:
4599:
4554:
2605:
2603:
1955:
1953:
1951:
1949:
1947:
1945:
1943:
1941:
1939:
1937:
792:
as a justified emendation of the original spelling.
786:
International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature
6268:
6066:
6032:
6012:
6003:
5983:
5896:
5862:
5853:
5829:
5683:
5656:
5647:
5613:
5604:
5580:
5560:
5551:
5490:
5464:
5322:
5260:
5217:
5165:
5142:
5133:
5124:
5051:
5042:
4991:
4982:
4959:
4936:
4891:
4854:
4823:
4792:
4740:
4713:
4669:
4642:
4598:
4553:
4283:
4238:
4177:
4148:
4119:
4098:
4059:
4022:
4013:
3980:
3943:
3934:
3925:
3870:
3794:
3753:
3691:
3663:
3639:
3615:
3588:
3509:
3496:
3457:
3426:
3365:
3281:
3184:
3084:
3034:
2961:
2891:
1935:
1933:
1931:
1929:
1927:
1925:
1923:
1921:
1919:
1917:
1592:
1790 plate by Martinet, differing in colour details
525:in Vienna. The latter specimen was bought from the
2004:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp.
2054:"XXVII.-On the psittaci of the Mascarene Islands"
1902:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22685258A93065531.en
1676:through its food, which it would have needed for
2428:
2426:
2424:
1440:according to genetic studies, making that genus
851:Skull elements extracted from the Paris specimen
2788:. New Haven and London: T. & A. D. Poyser.
2161:Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London
2125:
2123:
2121:
2119:
2117:
2115:
1846:
1712:
1526:
726:). The specimen is now lost. English zoologist
614:name prevailed and, when the Italian zoologist
2738:
2736:
2322:. London: Hutchinson & Co. pp. 63–64.
1688:" at times, though true albinism (lack of the
910:was confirmed to be embedded within the genus
4474:
2851:
2134:. London: A & C Black. pp. 177–178.
1719:The Mascarene parrot may have once inhabited
8:
2630:Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club
2612:Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club
1474:), and that the ancestral population of the
2623:
2621:
2215:
2213:
2039:Mantissa plantarum. Regni Animalis Appendix
1695:) can by definition never only be partial.
6256:
6009:
5859:
5653:
5610:
5557:
5171:
5139:
5130:
5048:
4988:
4933:
4920:
4648:
4550:
4537:
4481:
4467:
4459:
4019:
3940:
3931:
3922:
3660:
3506:
3493:
3454:
3450:
3423:
3362:
3358:
3347:
3343:
2858:
2844:
2836:
1628:removed for study by the French zoologist
953:should therefore be merged into the genus
695:. The unidentified parrot may have been a
563:, which were themselves named after their
233:
61:
29:
20:
1900:
1509:32–36 mm (1.3–1.4 in), and the
756:parrot remains were later excavated from
707:, was described by the French naturalist
2708:Extinct and Vanishing Birds of the World
2359:
2357:
2355:
2083:
2081:
2079:
6180:
2280:The Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature
1863:
1762:. Extinct RĂ©union reptiles include the
651:for the Mascarene parrot (which became
266:
2678:. Paris: G. Masson. pp. 117–134.
1869:
1867:
1580:, showing a bluish head and brown body
6508:Extinct birds of Indian Ocean islands
2439:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
2366:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
517:, specimen MNHN 211, which is in the
16:Extinct species of bird from RĂ©union
7:
4417:
2743:J. P., Hume; Prys-Jones, R. (2005).
2730:Check & Hume. (2008). pp. 30–43.
2349:Check & Hume. (2008). pp. 69–71.
2188:"Recent ornithological publications"
804:(of African origin) due to its dark
519:Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle
44:Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle
4441:
1888:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1746:, the Mascarene grey parakeet, the
1324:
1295:
1266:
1242:
1235:
1231:Podsiadlowski and colleagues, 2017:
1145:
1116:
1087:
1058:
1004:
997:
985:
2784:Cheke, A. S.; Hume, J. P. (2008).
2204:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1859.tb06212.x
2173:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1857.tb01231.x
2106:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1879.tb07712.x
2070:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1876.tb06925.x
46:in Paris, one of two in existence
14:
3319:Late Quaternary prehistoric birds
2770:Check & Hume. (2008). p. 107.
2130:Hume, J. P.; Walters, M. (2012).
2000:Studies of Mascarene Island Birds
1706:In 1705, the French cartographer
760:on RĂ©union and reported in 1996.
6243:
6231:
6219:
6207:
6195:
6183:
4440:
4428:
4416:
4405:
4404:
4295:(New World vultures and condors)
2823:
2809:
2696:Check & Hume. (2008). p. 42.
1585:
1569:
1332:Psittacula eupatria magnirostris
856:
844:
87:
6503:Fauna of the Mascarene Islands
2247:Gill, F.; Donsker, D. (2016).
1819:Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria
1605:Histoire Naturelle Des Oiseaux
1304:Psittacula eupatria nipalensis
929:) and Asian subspecies of the
675:in 1879, in honour of Dubois.
596:, an idea that led the French
1:
6488:IUCN Red List extinct species
2486:10.1080/01584197.2017.1387030
1352:Psittacula eupatria siamensis
682:in Africa was given the name
2270:"Opinion 2455 (Case 3715) –
2014:10.1017/CBO9780511735769.003
1459:, the Mascarene parrot, and
6523:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
6513:Bird extinctions since 1500
4359:(woodpeckers and relatives)
2451:10.1016/j.ympev.2016.12.022
2378:10.1016/j.ympev.2011.09.025
1619:In 1879, Forbes stated the
981:Kundu and colleagues, 2011:
945:parrots, and proposed that
829:features and the fact that
655:under this system) and the
608:Mascarinus madagascariensis
280:Mascarinus madagascariensis
42:, based on the specimen in
6539:
4221:(cormorants and relatives)
3314:Extinct species since 1500
2672:Milne-Edwards, A. (1866).
1774:small Mauritian flying fox
1013:Coracopsis vasa drouhardii
361:Psittacus madagascariensis
5174:
4932:
4919:
4651:
4549:
4536:
4498:
4400:
4351:(kingfishers and rollers)
4205:(albatrosses and petrels)
4089:(swifts and hummingbirds)
4071:(nightjars and relatives)
3921:
3895:(pheasants and relatives)
3453:
3422:
3361:
3357:
3346:
3342:
2878:
2522:10.11646/zootaxa.4563.3.8
2508:taxonomic implications".
2474:Emu - Austral Ornithology
2415:10.11646/zootaxa.3205.1.2
1983:10.11646/zootaxa.1513.1.1
1601:François-Nicolas Martinet
1578:François-Nicolas Martinet
1349:
1329:
1322:
1300:
1293:
1271:
1264:
1247:
1240:
1166:
1150:
1143:
1121:
1114:
1092:
1085:
1063:
1056:
1031:
1009:
1002:
995:
663:). The English zoologist
326:Psittacus madagascarensis
257:
250:
241:
232:
210:
203:
84:Scientific classification
82:
59:
50:
37:
28:
23:
4493:and their extinct allies
4250:(seriemas and relatives)
4229:(pelicans and relatives)
2753:Zoologische Mededelingen
2706:Greenway, J. C. (1967).
1895:: e.T22685258A93065531.
1702:Mountain area on RĂ©union
1418:species to group within
1125:Coracopsis nigra siblans
1067:Coracopsis nigra barklyi
665:William Alexander Forbes
557:Mathurin Jacques Brisson
535:scientifically described
523:Naturhistorisches Museum
6518:Birds described in 1771
4343:(hornbills and hoopoes)
4258:(falcons and relatives)
2684:10.5962/bhl.title.14568
2647:Forshaw, J. M. (2017).
2554:Journal of Biogeography
2336:Monographia Psittacorum
2155:Sclater, P. L. (1857).
1465:Australo–Pacific region
720:Mascarene grey parakeet
4327:(trogons and quetzals)
4139:(cranes and relatives)
3409:(emus and cassowaries)
3299:Glossary of bird terms
3111:Confuciusornithiformes
2333:Wagler, J. G. (1832).
2088:Forbes, W. A. (1879).
1875:BirdLife International
1851:
1798:
1764:RĂ©union giant tortoise
1717:
1703:
1630:Alphonse Milne-Edwards
1531:
1502:
1436:fell within the genus
1153:Coracopsis nigra nigra
965:
873:were lower during the
808:, and others with the
772:name was emended from
589:
481:, where they lived in
40:John Gerrard Keulemans
6460:Paleobiology Database
6447:Paleobiology Database
4168:(kagu and sunbittern)
4131:(gulls and relatives)
3136:Songlingornithiformes
3101:Omnivoropterygiformes
2817:Mascarinus mascarinus
2292:10.21805/bzn.v77.a021
2251:. IOC World Bird List
2037:Linnaeus, C. (1771).
1793:
1779:Tropidophora carinata
1701:
1661:Behaviour and ecology
1498:1801 illustration by
1497:
1251:Mascarinus mascarinus
1169:Coracopsis nigra libs
1096:Mascarinus mascarinus
963:
601:René Primevère Lesson
577:
424:Mascarinus mascarinus
373:Coracopsis mascarinus
217:Mascarinus mascarinus
38:1893 illustration by
3990:Phoenicopteriformes
2820:at Wikimedia Commons
2276:Psittacus mascarinus
1960:Hume, J. P. (2007).
1651:mandibular symphysis
1034:Coracopsis vasa vasa
931:Alexandrine parakeet
821:of the Psittaculini
653:Coracopsis mascarina
338:Psittacus mascarenus
291:Coracopsis mascarina
6270:Mascarinus mascarin
4582:Eurofluvioviridavis
3961:Mesitornithiformes
3955:(doves and pigeons)
3289:Families and orders
3151:Ichthyornithiformes
3126:Patagopterygiformes
2435:Mascarinus mascarin
2272:Lanius leucorynchus
2249:"Taxonomic Updates"
2052:Newton, E. (1876).
1881:Mascarinus mascarin
1839:François Levaillant
1835:extinct in the wild
1766:and an undescribed
1760:RĂ©union pink pigeon
1756:RĂ©union night heron
1647:mandibular fenestra
941:were grouped among
923:Seychelles parakeet
788:conserved the name
782:IOC World Bird List
701:Psittacus erithacus
689:Mascarinus obscurus
680:Fredrik Hasselqvist
643:Johann Georg Wagler
400:Mascarinus mascarin
303:Mascarinus obscurus
53:Conservation status
4612:Eofringillirostrum
4303:(eagles and hawks)
4203:Procellariiformes
4108:Opisthocomiformes
4077:Steatornithiformes
3304:List by population
3141:Hongshanornithidae
3066:Evolution of birds
2186:Ibis, ed. (1859).
1799:
1704:
1667:specialised feeder
1655:angulus mandibulae
1503:
1467:(then part of the
1171:(West Madagascar)
1155:(East Madagascar)
1036:(East Madagascar)
966:
728:George Robert Gray
724:Psittacula bensoni
693:Coracopsis obscura
684:Psittacus obscurus
673:Mascarinus duboisi
657:lesser vasa parrot
645:erected the genus
590:
585:Histoire Naturelle
548:") by the Swedish
470:and long, rounded
389:Mascarinus duboisi
349:Coracopsis obscura
269:Psittacus mascarin
196:M. mascarinus
6475:
6474:
6434:Open Tree of Life
6262:Taxon identifiers
6171:
6170:
6167:
6166:
6163:
6162:
6159:
6158:
6155:
6154:
6151:
6150:
5979:
5978:
5849:
5848:
5674:Psittaculirostris
5600:
5599:
5547:
5546:
5486:
5485:
5120:
5119:
5038:
5037:
4915:
4914:
4911:
4910:
4736:
4735:
4697:Primozygodactylus
4456:
4455:
4396:
4395:
4392:
4391:
4388:
4387:
4384:
4383:
4380:
4379:
4376:
4375:
4372:
4371:
4368:
4367:
4189:(loons or divers)
4158:Phaethontiformes
4150:Phaethontimorphae
4100:Opisthocomiformes
4069:Caprimulgiformes
4009:
4008:
3998:Podicipediformes
3917:
3916:
3913:
3912:
3909:
3908:
3635:
3634:
3418:
3417:
3375:Struthioniformes
3243:Waterfowl hunting
3176:Gastornithiformes
3171:Aepyornithiformes
3161:Lithornithiformes
2814:Media related to
2795:978-0-7136-6544-4
2717:978-0-486-21869-4
2593:978-0-8014-3954-4
2566:10.1111/jbi.14466
2560:(10): 1753–1766.
2141:978-1-4081-5725-1
1815:Carl Wilhelm Hahn
1795:Carl Wilhelm Hahn
1752:RĂ©union scops owl
1678:melanin synthesis
1645:(bony beak). The
1603:in Buffon's 1779
1559:Joseph M. Forshaw
1553:in an attempt at
1500:Jacques Barraband
1411:
1410:
1403:
1402:
1394:
1393:
1385:
1384:
1376:
1375:
1367:
1366:
1225:
1224:
1216:
1215:
1207:
1206:
1198:
1197:
1189:
1188:
1180:
1179:
1045:
1044:
667:, believing that
616:Tommaso Salvadori
610:in 1831. His new
582:'s encyclopaedia
569:Pedro Mascarenhas
561:Mascarene Islands
544:(abbreviated as "
529:during a sale in
411:
410:
404:
396:
385:
369:
357:
345:
334:
322:
310:
299:
287:
276:
263:
184:
77:
24:Mascarene parrot
6530:
6498:Birds of RĂ©union
6468:
6467:
6455:
6454:
6442:
6441:
6429:
6428:
6416:
6415:
6403:
6402:
6390:
6389:
6377:
6376:
6364:
6363:
6351:
6350:
6338:
6337:
6328:
6327:
6315:
6314:
6302:
6301:
6299:441F544D674DB31E
6289:
6288:
6287:
6257:
6248:
6247:
6246:
6236:
6235:
6234:
6224:
6223:
6222:
6212:
6211:
6200:
6199:
6188:
6187:
6186:
6179:
6111:
6101:
6091:
6010:
5970:Purpureicephalus
5860:
5654:
5611:
5558:
5553:Psittrichasiidae
5535:
5511:
5501:
5354:
5172:
5156:Archaeopsittacus
5153:
5140:
5131:
5049:
5012:
5002:
4989:
4970:
4950:Mogontiacopsitta
4947:
4934:
4921:
4857:
4826:
4795:
4743:
4672:
4657:
4649:
4601:
4556:
4551:
4543:Psittacopasseres
4538:
4528:Psittacopasseres
4522:Eufalconimorphae
4483:
4476:
4469:
4460:
4444:
4443:
4432:
4420:
4419:
4408:
4407:
4360:
4352:
4344:
4336:
4333:Leptosomiformes
4328:
4320:
4312:
4304:
4301:Accipitriformes
4296:
4275:
4274:(perching birds)
4267:
4259:
4251:
4230:
4222:
4214:
4206:
4198:
4195:Sphenisciformes
4190:
4169:
4161:
4140:
4132:
4129:Charadriiformes
4111:
4090:
4072:
4051:
4043:
4040:Musophagiformes
4035:
4020:
4001:
3993:
3972:
3964:
3956:
3941:
3932:
3923:
3896:
3883:
3661:
3657:
3650:
3563:
3556:
3520:
3507:
3503:
3494:
3490:
3455:
3451:
3424:
3410:
3402:
3394:
3386:
3378:
3363:
3359:
3348:
3344:
3211:Bird collections
3166:Dinornithiformes
3071:Darwin's finches
3061:Origin of flight
3001:Seabird breeding
2991:Sexual selection
2860:
2853:
2846:
2837:
2828:Data related to
2827:
2813:
2799:
2771:
2768:
2762:
2761:
2749:
2740:
2731:
2728:
2722:
2721:
2703:
2697:
2694:
2688:
2687:
2669:
2663:
2662:
2644:
2638:
2637:
2625:
2616:
2615:
2607:
2598:
2597:
2576:
2570:
2569:
2548:
2542:
2541:
2504:
2498:
2497:
2469:
2463:
2462:
2430:
2419:
2418:
2396:
2390:
2389:
2361:
2350:
2347:
2341:
2340:
2330:
2324:
2323:
2310:
2304:
2303:
2267:
2261:
2260:
2258:
2256:
2244:
2238:
2237:
2217:
2208:
2207:
2183:
2177:
2176:
2152:
2146:
2145:
2127:
2110:
2109:
2085:
2074:
2073:
2049:
2043:
2042:
2034:
2028:
2027:
2003:
1993:
1987:
1986:
1966:
1957:
1912:
1906:
1904:
1871:
1748:RĂ©union swamphen
1744:RĂ©union parakeet
1589:
1573:
1325:
1296:
1275:Psittacula wardi
1267:
1243:
1236:
1146:
1117:
1088:
1059:
1005:
998:
992:
986:
976:
895:extinction event
890:Piton des Neiges
879:Anthony S. Cheke
860:
848:
736:Eclectus roratus
661:Coracopsis nigra
441:Mascarene island
415:Mascarene parrot
403:(Linnaeus, 1771)
402:
391:
375:
363:
351:
340:
328:
316:
305:
293:
282:
271:
261:
237:
219:
215:
179:
172:
92:
91:
71:
65:
64:
33:
21:
6538:
6537:
6533:
6532:
6531:
6529:
6528:
6527:
6478:
6477:
6476:
6471:
6463:
6458:
6450:
6445:
6437:
6432:
6424:
6419:
6411:
6406:
6398:
6393:
6385:
6380:
6372:
6367:
6359:
6354:
6346:
6341:
6333:
6331:
6323:
6318:
6310:
6305:
6297:
6292:
6283:
6282:
6277:
6264:
6254:
6244:
6242:
6232:
6230:
6220:
6218:
6206:
6194:
6184:
6182:
6174:
6172:
6147:
6062:
6028:
5999:
5975:
5892:
5845:
5825:
5679:
5643:
5596:
5576:
5543:
5482:
5460:
5318:
5256:
5220:Amoropsittacini
5213:
5161:
5116:
5076:Calyptorhynchus
5034:
4978:
4955:
4928:
4907:
4887:
4850:
4837:Palaeopsittacus
4828:Quercypsittidae
4819:
4797:Messelasturidae
4788:
4745:Halcyornithidae
4732:
4709:
4665:
4638:
4619:Parapsittacopes
4603:Psittacopedidae
4594:
4545:
4532:
4494:
4487:
4457:
4452:
4364:
4358:
4350:
4342:
4341:Bucerotiformes
4335:(cuckoo-roller)
4334:
4326:
4318:
4310:
4302:
4294:
4293:Cathartiformes
4279:
4273:
4265:
4264:Psittaciformes
4257:
4249:
4234:
4228:
4227:Pelecaniformes
4220:
4212:
4204:
4196:
4188:
4173:
4167:
4166:Eurypygiformes
4159:
4144:
4138:
4130:
4115:
4109:
4094:
4088:
4070:
4055:
4049:
4041:
4033:
4005:
3999:
3991:
3976:
3970:
3969:Pterocliformes
3962:
3954:
3905:
3894:
3881:
3866:
3790:
3749:
3687:
3652:
3651:
3644:
3643:
3631:
3611:
3584:
3561:
3554:
3514:
3513:
3501:
3500:
3484:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3476:
3474:
3472:
3470:
3468:
3466:
3464:
3462:
3460:
3445:
3443:
3441:
3439:
3437:
3435:
3433:
3431:
3429:
3414:
3408:
3407:Casuariiformes
3400:
3399:Apterygiformes
3392:
3384:
3376:
3353:
3338:
3309:Lists by region
3277:
3187:
3180:
3121:Chaoyangiformes
3106:Jeholornithidae
3080:
3044:Origin of birds
3030:
3011:Brood parasites
2957:
2887:
2874:
2864:
2806:
2796:
2783:
2780:
2775:
2774:
2769:
2765:
2747:
2742:
2741:
2734:
2729:
2725:
2718:
2705:
2704:
2700:
2695:
2691:
2671:
2670:
2666:
2659:
2646:
2645:
2641:
2627:
2626:
2619:
2609:
2608:
2601:
2594:
2578:
2577:
2573:
2550:
2549:
2545:
2506:
2505:
2501:
2471:
2470:
2466:
2432:
2431:
2422:
2398:
2397:
2393:
2363:
2362:
2353:
2348:
2344:
2332:
2331:
2327:
2312:
2311:
2307:
2286:(1): 66. 2020.
2269:
2268:
2264:
2254:
2252:
2246:
2245:
2241:
2219:
2218:
2211:
2185:
2184:
2180:
2154:
2153:
2149:
2142:
2129:
2128:
2113:
2087:
2086:
2077:
2051:
2050:
2046:
2036:
2035:
2031:
2024:
1995:
1994:
1990:
1964:
1959:
1958:
1915:
1873:
1872:
1865:
1860:
1807:Psittacula echo
1788:
1736:hoopoe starling
1663:
1597:
1596:
1595:
1594:
1593:
1590:
1582:
1581:
1574:
1547:Spiza americana
1492:
1412:
1404:
1395:
1386:
1377:
1368:
1336:Andaman Islands
1226:
1217:
1208:
1199:
1190:
1181:
1046:
993:
990:
883:hotspot islands
868:
867:
866:
865:
864:
861:
853:
852:
849:
798:
732:eclectus parrot
713:palaeontologist
709:Comte de Buffon
580:Comte de Buffon
527:Leverian Museum
499:
459:parrots or the
447:in the western
407:
265:
264:
228:
221:
213:
212:
199:
178:
170:
86:
78:
66:
62:
55:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6536:
6534:
6526:
6525:
6520:
6515:
6510:
6505:
6500:
6495:
6490:
6480:
6479:
6473:
6472:
6470:
6469:
6456:
6443:
6430:
6417:
6404:
6391:
6378:
6365:
6352:
6339:
6329:
6316:
6303:
6290:
6274:
6272:
6266:
6265:
6260:
6253:
6252:
6240:
6228:
6216:
6204:
6192:
6169:
6168:
6165:
6164:
6161:
6160:
6157:
6156:
6153:
6152:
6149:
6148:
6146:
6145:
6138:
6131:
6124:
6117:
6114:Necropsittacus
6107:
6097:
6094:Lophopsittacus
6087:
6080:
6072:
6070:
6064:
6063:
6061:
6060:
6053:
6046:
6038:
6036:
6030:
6029:
6027:
6026:
6018:
6016:
6007:
6001:
6000:
5998:
5997:
5989:
5987:
5985:Psittacellinae
5981:
5980:
5977:
5976:
5974:
5973:
5966:
5959:
5952:
5945:
5938:
5931:
5924:
5917:
5910:
5902:
5900:
5894:
5893:
5891:
5890:
5883:
5876:
5868:
5866:
5857:
5851:
5850:
5847:
5846:
5844:
5843:
5835:
5833:
5831:Melopsittacini
5827:
5826:
5824:
5823:
5816:
5809:
5802:
5795:
5788:
5781:
5774:
5767:
5760:
5753:
5750:Hypocharmosyna
5746:
5739:
5732:
5725:
5722:Charmosynopsis
5718:
5715:Charmosynoides
5711:
5704:
5697:
5689:
5687:
5681:
5680:
5678:
5677:
5670:
5662:
5660:
5651:
5645:
5644:
5642:
5641:
5634:
5631:Bolbopsittacus
5627:
5619:
5617:
5615:Agapornithinae
5608:
5602:
5601:
5598:
5597:
5595:
5594:
5586:
5584:
5578:
5577:
5575:
5574:
5566:
5564:
5555:
5549:
5548:
5545:
5544:
5542:
5541:
5531:
5524:
5517:
5507:
5496:
5494:
5488:
5487:
5484:
5483:
5481:
5480:
5472:
5470:
5462:
5461:
5459:
5458:
5451:
5444:
5437:
5430:
5423:
5416:
5409:
5402:
5395:
5388:
5381:
5374:
5367:
5360:
5350:
5343:
5336:
5328:
5326:
5320:
5319:
5317:
5316:
5309:
5302:
5295:
5288:
5285:Graydidascalus
5281:
5274:
5266:
5264:
5258:
5257:
5255:
5254:
5247:
5240:
5233:
5225:
5223:
5215:
5214:
5212:
5211:
5204:
5197:
5194:Hapalopsittaca
5190:
5183:
5175:
5169:
5163:
5162:
5160:
5159:
5148:
5146:
5144:incertae sedis
5137:
5128:
5122:
5121:
5118:
5117:
5115:
5114:
5107:
5100:
5093:
5086:
5079:
5072:
5065:
5057:
5055:
5046:
5040:
5039:
5036:
5035:
5033:
5032:
5025:
5018:
5008:
4997:
4995:
4986:
4980:
4979:
4977:
4976:
4965:
4963:
4957:
4956:
4954:
4953:
4942:
4940:
4938:Incertae sedis
4930:
4929:
4926:Psittaciformes
4924:
4917:
4916:
4913:
4912:
4909:
4908:
4906:
4905:
4904:
4903:
4897:
4895:
4893:Psittaciformes
4889:
4888:
4886:
4885:
4878:
4871:
4863:
4861:
4852:
4851:
4849:
4848:
4841:
4832:
4830:
4821:
4820:
4818:
4817:
4810:
4802:
4800:
4790:
4789:
4787:
4786:
4779:
4772:
4769:Pseudasturides
4765:
4758:
4750:
4748:
4738:
4737:
4734:
4733:
4731:
4730:
4729:
4728:
4719:
4717:
4711:
4710:
4708:
4707:
4700:
4693:
4686:
4683:Eozygodactylus
4678:
4676:
4674:Zygodactylidae
4667:
4666:
4664:
4663:
4652:
4646:
4640:
4639:
4637:
4636:
4629:
4622:
4615:
4607:
4605:
4596:
4595:
4593:
4592:
4585:
4578:
4570:
4562:
4560:
4547:
4546:
4541:
4534:
4533:
4531:
4530:
4524:
4518:
4512:
4506:
4499:
4496:
4495:
4488:
4486:
4485:
4478:
4471:
4463:
4454:
4453:
4451:
4450:
4438:
4426:
4414:
4401:
4398:
4397:
4394:
4393:
4390:
4389:
4386:
4385:
4382:
4381:
4378:
4377:
4374:
4373:
4370:
4369:
4366:
4365:
4363:
4362:
4354:
4349:Coraciiformes
4346:
4338:
4330:
4325:Trogoniformes
4322:
4314:
4306:
4298:
4289:
4287:
4281:
4280:
4278:
4277:
4272:Passeriformes
4269:
4261:
4256:Falconiformes
4253:
4248:Cariamiformes
4244:
4242:
4236:
4235:
4233:
4232:
4224:
4216:
4211:Ciconiiformes
4208:
4200:
4192:
4183:
4181:
4175:
4174:
4172:
4171:
4163:
4154:
4152:
4146:
4145:
4143:
4142:
4134:
4125:
4123:
4121:Cursorimorphae
4117:
4116:
4114:
4113:
4104:
4102:
4096:
4095:
4093:
4092:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4065:
4063:
4057:
4056:
4054:
4053:
4045:
4037:
4028:
4026:
4017:
4011:
4010:
4007:
4006:
4004:
4003:
3995:
3986:
3984:
3982:Mirandornithes
3978:
3977:
3975:
3974:
3966:
3958:
3953:Columbiformes
3949:
3947:
3945:Columbimorphae
3938:
3929:
3919:
3918:
3915:
3914:
3911:
3910:
3907:
3906:
3904:
3903:
3898:
3890:
3885:
3880:Meleagridinae
3876:
3874:
3868:
3867:
3865:
3864:
3857:
3850:
3843:
3836:
3829:
3822:
3815:
3808:
3800:
3798:
3796:Odontophoridae
3792:
3791:
3789:
3788:
3781:
3774:
3767:
3759:
3757:
3751:
3750:
3748:
3747:
3740:
3733:
3726:
3719:
3712:
3705:
3697:
3695:
3689:
3688:
3686:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3669:
3667:
3658:
3637:
3636:
3633:
3632:
3630:
3629:
3621:
3619:
3613:
3612:
3610:
3609:
3602:
3594:
3592:
3586:
3585:
3583:
3582:
3577:
3575:Stictonettinae
3572:
3570:Dendrocygninae
3567:
3566:
3565:
3558:
3546:
3545:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3523:
3521:
3504:
3491:
3448:
3420:
3419:
3416:
3415:
3413:
3412:
3404:
3396:
3388:
3380:
3371:
3369:
3355:
3354:
3351:
3340:
3339:
3337:
3336:
3335:
3334:
3329:
3323:Notable birds
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3285:
3283:
3279:
3278:
3276:
3275:
3273:Egg collecting
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3224:
3223:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3192:
3190:
3182:
3181:
3179:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3156:Hesperornithes
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3131:Ambiortiformes
3128:
3123:
3118:
3116:Enantiornithes
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3090:
3088:
3082:
3081:
3079:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3057:
3056:
3051:
3040:
3038:
3032:
3031:
3029:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2967:
2965:
2959:
2958:
2956:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2919:
2918:
2908:
2903:
2897:
2895:
2889:
2888:
2886:
2885:
2879:
2876:
2875:
2865:
2863:
2862:
2855:
2848:
2840:
2834:
2833:
2832:at Wikispecies
2821:
2805:
2804:External links
2802:
2801:
2800:
2794:
2779:
2776:
2773:
2772:
2763:
2732:
2723:
2716:
2698:
2689:
2664:
2657:
2639:
2617:
2599:
2592:
2571:
2543:
2499:
2464:
2420:
2391:
2372:(1): 296–305.
2351:
2342:
2325:
2314:Rothschild, W.
2305:
2262:
2239:
2209:
2198:(3): 318–329.
2178:
2147:
2140:
2111:
2100:(3): 303–307.
2075:
2064:(3): 281–289.
2044:
2029:
2023:978-0521113311
2022:
1988:
1913:
1862:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1787:
1784:
1776:and the snail
1662:
1659:
1613:chestnut brown
1591:
1584:
1583:
1576:1779 plate by
1575:
1568:
1567:
1566:
1565:
1564:
1551:sulphuric acid
1491:
1488:
1469:supercontinent
1409:
1408:
1401:
1400:
1397:
1396:
1392:
1391:
1388:
1387:
1383:
1382:
1379:
1378:
1374:
1373:
1370:
1369:
1365:
1364:
1361:
1360:
1356:Southeast Asia
1348:
1345:
1344:
1341:
1340:
1328:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1317:
1314:
1313:
1299:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1288:
1285:
1284:
1270:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1259:
1256:
1255:
1246:
1241:
1239:
1234:
1227:
1223:
1222:
1219:
1218:
1214:
1213:
1210:
1209:
1205:
1204:
1201:
1200:
1196:
1195:
1192:
1191:
1187:
1186:
1183:
1182:
1178:
1177:
1174:
1173:
1165:
1162:
1161:
1158:
1157:
1149:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1138:
1135:
1134:
1120:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1109:
1106:
1105:
1091:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1080:
1077:
1076:
1072:Praslin Island
1062:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1051:
1048:
1047:
1043:
1042:
1039:
1038:
1030:
1027:
1026:
1023:
1022:
1008:
1003:
1001:
996:
994:
989:
984:
974:
862:
855:
854:
850:
843:
842:
841:
840:
839:
797:
794:
730:assigned some
705:Cabinet du Roi
605:junior synonym
498:
495:
409:
408:
406:
405:
397:
386:
370:
358:
346:
335:
323:
314:Vaza mascarina
311:
300:
288:
277:
260:
259:
258:
255:
254:
248:
247:
239:
238:
230:
229:
222:
208:
207:
201:
200:
192:
190:
186:
185:
168:
164:
163:
158:
154:
153:
148:
144:
143:
141:Psittaciformes
138:
134:
133:
128:
124:
123:
118:
114:
113:
108:
104:
103:
98:
94:
93:
80:
79:
60:
57:
56:
51:
48:
47:
35:
34:
26:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6535:
6524:
6521:
6519:
6516:
6514:
6511:
6509:
6506:
6504:
6501:
6499:
6496:
6494:
6491:
6489:
6486:
6485:
6483:
6466:
6461:
6457:
6453:
6448:
6444:
6440:
6435:
6431:
6427:
6422:
6418:
6414:
6409:
6405:
6401:
6396:
6392:
6388:
6383:
6379:
6375:
6370:
6366:
6362:
6357:
6353:
6349:
6344:
6340:
6336:
6330:
6326:
6321:
6317:
6313:
6308:
6304:
6300:
6295:
6291:
6286:
6280:
6276:
6275:
6273:
6271:
6267:
6263:
6258:
6251:
6241:
6239:
6229:
6227:
6217:
6215:
6210:
6205:
6203:
6198:
6193:
6191:
6181:
6177:
6144:
6143:
6139:
6137:
6136:
6132:
6130:
6129:
6125:
6123:
6122:
6118:
6116:
6115:
6108:
6106:
6105:
6098:
6096:
6095:
6088:
6086:
6085:
6081:
6079:
6078:
6074:
6073:
6071:
6069:
6065:
6059:
6058:
6054:
6052:
6051:
6047:
6045:
6044:
6040:
6039:
6037:
6035:
6031:
6025:
6024:
6020:
6019:
6017:
6015:
6014:Micropsittini
6011:
6008:
6006:
6005:Psittaculinae
6002:
5996:
5995:
5991:
5990:
5988:
5986:
5982:
5972:
5971:
5967:
5965:
5964:
5960:
5958:
5957:
5953:
5951:
5950:
5946:
5944:
5943:
5939:
5937:
5936:
5932:
5930:
5929:
5925:
5923:
5922:
5918:
5916:
5915:
5911:
5909:
5908:
5904:
5903:
5901:
5899:
5895:
5889:
5888:
5884:
5882:
5881:
5877:
5875:
5874:
5870:
5869:
5867:
5865:
5861:
5858:
5856:
5855:Platycercinae
5852:
5842:
5841:
5840:Melopsittacus
5837:
5836:
5834:
5832:
5828:
5822:
5821:
5817:
5815:
5814:
5813:Trichoglossus
5810:
5808:
5807:
5803:
5801:
5800:
5796:
5794:
5793:
5789:
5787:
5786:
5782:
5780:
5779:
5775:
5773:
5772:
5771:Oreopsittacus
5768:
5766:
5765:
5761:
5759:
5758:
5754:
5752:
5751:
5747:
5745:
5744:
5740:
5738:
5737:
5733:
5731:
5730:
5726:
5724:
5723:
5719:
5717:
5716:
5712:
5710:
5709:
5705:
5703:
5702:
5698:
5696:
5695:
5691:
5690:
5688:
5686:
5682:
5676:
5675:
5671:
5669:
5668:
5664:
5663:
5661:
5659:
5658:Cyclopsittini
5655:
5652:
5650:
5646:
5640:
5639:
5635:
5633:
5632:
5628:
5626:
5625:
5621:
5620:
5618:
5616:
5612:
5609:
5607:
5606:Psittaculidae
5603:
5593:
5592:
5588:
5587:
5585:
5583:
5579:
5573:
5572:
5568:
5567:
5565:
5563:
5559:
5556:
5554:
5550:
5540:
5539:
5532:
5530:
5529:
5525:
5523:
5522:
5518:
5516:
5515:
5508:
5506:
5505:
5498:
5497:
5495:
5493:
5489:
5479:
5478:
5474:
5473:
5471:
5468:
5463:
5457:
5456:
5452:
5450:
5449:
5448:Rhynchopsitta
5445:
5443:
5442:
5438:
5436:
5435:
5431:
5429:
5428:
5424:
5422:
5421:
5420:Orthopsittaca
5417:
5415:
5414:
5410:
5408:
5407:
5403:
5401:
5400:
5396:
5394:
5393:
5389:
5387:
5386:
5382:
5380:
5379:
5375:
5373:
5372:
5368:
5366:
5365:
5361:
5359:
5358:
5351:
5349:
5348:
5344:
5342:
5341:
5337:
5335:
5334:
5333:Anodorhynchus
5330:
5329:
5327:
5325:
5321:
5315:
5314:
5310:
5308:
5307:
5303:
5301:
5300:
5296:
5294:
5293:
5289:
5287:
5286:
5282:
5280:
5279:
5275:
5273:
5272:
5268:
5267:
5265:
5263:
5262:Androglossini
5259:
5253:
5252:
5248:
5246:
5245:
5241:
5239:
5238:
5237:Nannopsittaca
5234:
5232:
5231:
5230:Bolborhynchus
5227:
5226:
5224:
5221:
5216:
5210:
5209:
5205:
5203:
5202:
5198:
5196:
5195:
5191:
5189:
5188:
5184:
5182:
5181:
5177:
5176:
5173:
5170:
5168:
5164:
5158:
5157:
5150:
5149:
5147:
5145:
5141:
5138:
5136:
5132:
5129:
5127:
5123:
5113:
5112:
5108:
5106:
5105:
5101:
5099:
5098:
5094:
5092:
5091:
5087:
5085:
5084:
5080:
5078:
5077:
5073:
5071:
5070:
5069:Callocephalon
5066:
5064:
5063:
5059:
5058:
5056:
5054:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5041:
5031:
5030:
5026:
5024:
5023:
5019:
5017:
5016:
5015:Nelepsittacus
5009:
5007:
5006:
4999:
4998:
4996:
4994:
4990:
4987:
4985:
4981:
4975:
4974:
4967:
4966:
4964:
4962:
4961:Namapsittidae
4958:
4952:
4951:
4944:
4943:
4941:
4939:
4935:
4931:
4927:
4922:
4918:
4901:
4900:
4899:
4898:
4896:
4894:
4890:
4884:
4883:
4879:
4877:
4876:
4872:
4870:
4869:
4865:
4864:
4862:
4860:
4853:
4847:
4846:
4842:
4839:
4838:
4834:
4833:
4831:
4829:
4822:
4816:
4815:
4811:
4809:
4808:
4804:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4791:
4785:
4784:
4780:
4778:
4777:
4776:Pulchrapollia
4773:
4771:
4770:
4766:
4764:
4763:
4759:
4757:
4756:
4752:
4751:
4749:
4746:
4739:
4727:
4726:Passeriformes
4723:
4722:
4721:
4720:
4718:
4716:
4715:Passeriformes
4712:
4706:
4705:
4701:
4699:
4698:
4694:
4692:
4691:
4687:
4685:
4684:
4680:
4679:
4677:
4675:
4668:
4662:
4661:
4654:
4653:
4650:
4647:
4645:
4641:
4635:
4634:
4630:
4628:
4627:
4626:Psittacomimus
4623:
4621:
4620:
4616:
4614:
4613:
4609:
4608:
4606:
4604:
4597:
4591:
4590:
4586:
4584:
4583:
4579:
4576:
4575:
4571:
4569:
4568:
4564:
4563:
4561:
4559:
4552:
4548:
4544:
4539:
4535:
4529:
4525:
4523:
4519:
4517:
4513:
4511:
4507:
4505:
4501:
4500:
4497:
4492:
4484:
4479:
4477:
4472:
4470:
4465:
4464:
4461:
4449:
4448:
4439:
4437:
4436:
4431:
4427:
4425:
4424:
4415:
4413:
4412:
4403:
4402:
4399:
4361:
4355:
4353:
4347:
4345:
4339:
4337:
4331:
4329:
4323:
4321:
4315:
4313:
4309:Strigiformes
4307:
4305:
4299:
4297:
4291:
4290:
4288:
4286:
4282:
4276:
4270:
4268:
4262:
4260:
4254:
4252:
4246:
4245:
4243:
4241:
4237:
4231:
4225:
4223:
4217:
4215:
4209:
4207:
4201:
4199:
4193:
4191:
4185:
4184:
4182:
4180:
4176:
4170:
4164:
4162:
4160:(tropicbirds)
4156:
4155:
4153:
4151:
4147:
4141:
4135:
4133:
4127:
4126:
4124:
4122:
4118:
4112:
4106:
4105:
4103:
4101:
4097:
4091:
4085:
4083:
4082:Podargiformes
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4067:
4066:
4064:
4062:
4058:
4052:
4046:
4044:
4038:
4036:
4032:Cuculiformes
4030:
4029:
4027:
4025:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4012:
4002:
3996:
3994:
3988:
3987:
3985:
3983:
3979:
3973:
3967:
3965:
3959:
3957:
3951:
3950:
3948:
3946:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3924:
3920:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3878:
3877:
3875:
3873:
3869:
3863:
3862:
3858:
3856:
3855:
3851:
3849:
3848:
3844:
3842:
3841:
3837:
3835:
3834:
3830:
3828:
3827:
3823:
3821:
3820:
3816:
3814:
3813:
3809:
3807:
3806:
3802:
3801:
3799:
3797:
3793:
3787:
3786:
3782:
3780:
3779:
3775:
3773:
3772:
3768:
3766:
3765:
3761:
3760:
3758:
3756:
3752:
3746:
3745:
3741:
3739:
3738:
3734:
3732:
3731:
3730:Macrocephalon
3727:
3725:
3724:
3720:
3718:
3717:
3713:
3711:
3710:
3706:
3704:
3703:
3699:
3698:
3696:
3694:
3690:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3670:
3668:
3666:
3662:
3659:
3655:
3648:
3642:
3638:
3628:
3627:
3623:
3622:
3620:
3618:
3617:Anseranatidae
3614:
3608:
3607:
3603:
3601:
3600:
3596:
3595:
3593:
3591:
3587:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3564:
3559:
3557:
3552:
3551:
3550:
3547:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3529:
3528:
3525:
3524:
3522:
3518:
3512:
3508:
3505:
3499:
3495:
3492:
3488:
3482:
3456:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3425:
3421:
3411:
3405:
3403:
3397:
3395:
3391:Tinamiformes
3389:
3387:
3381:
3379:
3373:
3372:
3370:
3368:
3367:Palaeognathae
3364:
3360:
3356:
3349:
3345:
3341:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3324:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3286:
3284:
3280:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3253:Pigeon racing
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3222:
3219:
3218:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3193:
3191:
3189:
3183:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3096:
3095:Archaeopteryx
3092:
3091:
3089:
3087:
3083:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3046:
3045:
3042:
3041:
3039:
3037:
3033:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2968:
2966:
2964:
2960:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2917:
2914:
2913:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2898:
2896:
2894:
2890:
2884:
2881:
2880:
2877:
2872:
2868:
2861:
2856:
2854:
2849:
2847:
2842:
2841:
2838:
2831:
2826:
2822:
2819:
2818:
2812:
2808:
2807:
2803:
2797:
2791:
2787:
2782:
2781:
2777:
2767:
2764:
2759:
2755:
2754:
2746:
2739:
2737:
2733:
2727:
2724:
2719:
2713:
2709:
2702:
2699:
2693:
2690:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2676:
2668:
2665:
2660:
2658:9780643096325
2654:
2650:
2643:
2640:
2635:
2631:
2624:
2622:
2618:
2614:(126): 40–48.
2613:
2606:
2604:
2600:
2595:
2589:
2585:
2584:Extinct Birds
2581:
2575:
2572:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2547:
2544:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2503:
2500:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2468:
2465:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2429:
2427:
2425:
2421:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2403:
2395:
2392:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2360:
2358:
2356:
2352:
2346:
2343:
2338:
2337:
2329:
2326:
2321:
2320:
2319:Extinct Birds
2315:
2309:
2306:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2266:
2263:
2250:
2243:
2240:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2216:
2214:
2210:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2182:
2179:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2151:
2148:
2143:
2137:
2133:
2132:Extinct Birds
2126:
2124:
2122:
2120:
2118:
2116:
2112:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2084:
2082:
2080:
2076:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2048:
2045:
2040:
2033:
2030:
2025:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2002:
2001:
1992:
1989:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1971:
1963:
1956:
1954:
1952:
1950:
1948:
1946:
1944:
1942:
1940:
1938:
1936:
1934:
1932:
1930:
1928:
1926:
1924:
1922:
1920:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1903:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1889:
1884:
1882:
1876:
1870:
1868:
1864:
1857:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1836:
1830:
1826:
1824:
1823:IUCN Red List
1820:
1816:
1812:
1811:deforestation
1808:
1804:
1803:echo parakeet
1796:
1792:
1785:
1783:
1781:
1780:
1775:
1771:
1770:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1728:
1726:
1722:
1716:
1711:
1709:
1708:Jean Feuilley
1700:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1672:
1668:
1660:
1658:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1631:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1614:
1610:
1609:hand-coloured
1606:
1602:
1588:
1579:
1572:
1563:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1530:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1501:
1496:
1489:
1487:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1453:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1434:
1430:, as well as
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1407:
1399:
1398:
1390:
1389:
1381:
1380:
1372:
1371:
1363:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1353:
1347:
1346:
1343:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1333:
1327:
1326:
1320:
1319:
1316:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1306:
1305:
1298:
1297:
1291:
1290:
1287:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1277:
1276:
1269:
1268:
1262:
1261:
1258:
1257:
1254:
1253:
1252:
1245:
1244:
1238:
1237:
1233:
1232:
1228:
1221:
1220:
1212:
1211:
1203:
1202:
1194:
1193:
1185:
1184:
1176:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1164:
1163:
1160:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1148:
1147:
1141:
1140:
1137:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1127:
1126:
1119:
1118:
1112:
1111:
1108:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1098:
1097:
1090:
1089:
1083:
1082:
1079:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1069:
1068:
1061:
1060:
1054:
1053:
1050:
1049:
1041:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1029:
1028:
1025:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1015:
1014:
1007:
1006:
1000:
999:
988:
987:
983:
982:
978:
977:
973:
971:
962:
958:
956:
952:
948:
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
920:
915:
913:
909:
904:
898:
896:
891:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
859:
847:
838:
836:
832:
828:
827:morphological
824:
820:
816:
811:
810:Psittaculinae
807:
803:
795:
793:
791:
790:M. mascarinus
787:
783:
779:
775:
774:M. mascarinus
771:
766:
763:
759:
755:
751:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
685:
681:
676:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
649:
644:
641:
640:herpetologist
637:
633:
632:
627:
626:
621:
617:
613:
609:
606:
602:
599:
595:
587:
586:
581:
576:
572:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
553:Carl Linnaeus
551:
547:
543:
541:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
496:
494:
492:
488:
484:
480:
475:
473:
472:tail feathers
469:
464:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
425:
420:
416:
401:
398:
394:
390:
387:
383:
379:
374:
371:
367:
362:
359:
355:
350:
347:
343:
339:
336:
332:
327:
324:
320:
315:
312:
308:
304:
301:
297:
292:
289:
285:
281:
278:
274:
270:
267:
256:
253:
249:
245:
240:
236:
231:
226:
220:
218:
209:
206:
205:Binomial name
202:
198:
197:
191:
188:
187:
182:
177:
176:
169:
166:
165:
162:
161:Psittaculinae
159:
156:
155:
152:
151:Psittaculidae
149:
146:
145:
142:
139:
136:
135:
132:
129:
126:
125:
122:
119:
116:
115:
112:
109:
106:
105:
102:
99:
96:
95:
90:
85:
81:
75:
70: (1834)
69:
58:
54:
49:
45:
41:
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
6493:Psittaculini
6269:
6250:Paleontology
6140:
6133:
6126:
6119:
6112:
6102:
6092:
6082:
6075:
6068:Psittaculini
6055:
6048:
6041:
6021:
5992:
5968:
5961:
5956:Psephotellus
5954:
5947:
5940:
5933:
5926:
5919:
5914:Cyanoramphus
5912:
5905:
5898:Platycercini
5885:
5880:Neopsephotus
5878:
5871:
5838:
5818:
5811:
5804:
5797:
5792:Psitteuteles
5790:
5783:
5776:
5769:
5764:Neopsittacus
5762:
5755:
5748:
5743:Glossoptilus
5741:
5736:Glossopsitta
5734:
5727:
5720:
5713:
5706:
5699:
5694:Chalcopsitta
5692:
5672:
5665:
5636:
5629:
5622:
5589:
5582:Coracopsinae
5569:
5562:Coracopsinae
5536:
5526:
5519:
5512:
5504:Bavaripsitta
5502:
5475:
5455:Thectocercus
5453:
5446:
5439:
5432:
5425:
5418:
5413:Ognorhynchus
5411:
5406:Leptosittaca
5404:
5397:
5390:
5385:Enicognathus
5383:
5376:
5369:
5362:
5355:
5345:
5338:
5331:
5311:
5304:
5297:
5290:
5283:
5276:
5271:Alipiopsitta
5269:
5249:
5244:Psilopsiagon
5242:
5235:
5228:
5206:
5199:
5192:
5185:
5178:
5154:
5143:
5126:Psittacoidea
5109:
5102:
5095:
5088:
5081:
5074:
5067:
5060:
5027:
5020:
5013:
5003:
4984:Strigopoidea
4971:
4948:
4937:
4880:
4873:
4866:
4859:Morsoravidae
4845:Quercypsitta
4843:
4835:
4812:
4805:
4781:
4774:
4767:
4760:
4753:
4704:Zygodactylus
4702:
4695:
4688:
4681:
4658:
4644:Parapasseres
4631:
4624:
4617:
4610:
4587:
4580:
4572:
4565:
4558:Vastanavidae
4445:
4433:
4421:
4409:
4319:(mousebirds)
4317:Coliiformes
4187:Gaviiformes
4179:Aequornithes
4087:Apodiformes
4048:Otidiformes
4024:Otidimorphae
3971:(sandgrouse)
3893:Phasianinae
3859:
3852:
3845:
3840:Odontophorus
3838:
3831:
3824:
3817:
3810:
3803:
3783:
3776:
3769:
3762:
3742:
3735:
3728:
3721:
3714:
3707:
3700:
3678:Oreophasinae
3624:
3604:
3597:
3502:(waterfowls)
3498:Anseriformes
3248:Cockfighting
3233:Conservation
3228:Bird feeding
3216:Birdwatching
3206:Ornithomancy
3146:Gansuiformes
3093:
3086:Fossil birds
2976:Intelligence
2830:Psittacoidea
2816:
2785:
2766:
2757:
2751:
2726:
2707:
2701:
2692:
2674:
2667:
2648:
2642:
2633:
2629:
2611:
2583:
2574:
2557:
2553:
2546:
2513:
2509:
2502:
2477:
2473:
2467:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2406:
2400:
2394:
2369:
2365:
2345:
2335:
2328:
2318:
2308:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2265:
2255:February 11,
2253:. Retrieved
2242:
2225:
2221:
2195:
2191:
2181:
2164:
2160:
2150:
2131:
2097:
2093:
2061:
2057:
2047:
2038:
2032:
1999:
1991:
1974:
1968:
1892:
1886:
1880:
1852:
1847:
1843:
1831:
1827:
1806:
1800:
1777:
1767:
1740:RĂ©union ibis
1729:
1718:
1713:
1705:
1681:
1664:
1618:
1604:
1598:
1546:
1532:
1527:
1523:
1519:red squirrel
1504:
1479:
1475:
1460:
1456:
1454:
1449:
1445:
1442:paraphyletic
1437:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1413:
1405:
1351:
1350:
1331:
1330:
1309:Central Asia
1302:
1301:
1273:
1272:
1250:
1249:
1248:
1230:
1229:
1168:
1167:
1152:
1151:
1123:
1122:
1095:
1094:
1093:
1065:
1064:
1033:
1032:
1011:
1010:
980:
979:
967:
954:
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
926:
918:
916:
911:
907:
902:
899:
869:
835:Indian Ocean
830:
802:Coracopsinae
799:
789:
777:
773:
767:
752:
747:
735:
723:
700:
692:
688:
683:
677:
672:
668:
660:
652:
646:
635:
629:
623:
607:
603:to coin the
591:
583:
567:discoverer,
545:
538:
505:in his 1674
503:Sieur Dubois
500:
476:
465:
461:vasa parrots
457:Psittaculini
449:Indian Ocean
423:
422:
418:
414:
412:
399:
388:
372:
360:
348:
337:
325:
313:
302:
290:
279:
268:
246:(encircled)
242:Location of
216:
211:
195:
194:
174:
173:
18:
6395:iNaturalist
6142:Tanygnathus
6121:Prioniturus
6050:Aprosmictus
6023:Micropsitta
5994:Psittacella
5942:Platycercus
5921:Eunymphicus
5778:Parvipsitta
5701:Charminetta
5667:Cyclopsitta
5591:Psittrichas
5521:Poicephalus
5492:Psittacinae
5378:Diopsittaca
5371:Cyanopsitta
5364:Cyanoliseus
5292:Pionopsitta
5135:Psittacidae
5104:Probosciger
5044:Cacatuoidea
4993:Strigopidae
4902:See below ↓
4875:Pumiliornis
4807:Messelastur
4633:Psittacopes
4447:WikiProject
4357:Piciformes
4240:Australaves
4219:Suliformes
4137:Gruiformes
3992:(flamingos)
3901:Tetraoninae
3872:Phasianidae
3861:Rhynchortyx
3826:Dactylortyx
3693:Megapodidae
3683:Penelopinae
3641:Galliformes
3383:Rheiformes
3377:(ostriches)
3327:individuals
3201:Ornithology
3188:interaction
2943:Preen gland
2778:Cited texts
2760:(3): 85–95.
2480:(1): 7–21.
2445:: 499–502.
2167:: 224–226.
1909:old version
1772:skink. The
1769:Leiolopisma
1725:Peter Mundy
1490:Description
1461:Tanygnathus
1428:Tanygnathus
1416:Tanygnathus
1282:, extinct)
947:Tanygnathus
939:Tanygnathus
935:P. eupatria
875:Pleistocene
778:M. mascarin
716:Julian Hume
697:grey parrot
625:Tanygnathus
578:Plate from
431:species of
157:Subfamily:
6482:Categories
6238:Madagascar
6128:Psittacula
6104:Mascarinus
6084:Geoffroyus
6034:Polytelini
5935:Northiella
5907:Barnardius
5864:Pezoporini
5806:Synorhacma
5708:Charmosyna
5571:Coracopsis
5538:Xenopsitta
5434:Psittacara
5392:Eupsittula
5357:Conuropsis
5201:Myiopsitta
5180:Brotogeris
5090:Lophochroa
5053:Cacatuidae
4973:Namapsitta
4868:Morsoravis
4783:Serudaptus
4762:Halcyornis
4690:Primoscens
4660:Minutornis
4589:Vastanavis
4567:Avolatavis
4489:Genera of
4197:(penguins)
4050:(bustards)
3888:Perdicinae
3833:Dendrortyx
3805:Callipepla
3737:Megapodius
3702:Aepypodius
3580:Tadorninae
3562:true geese
3393:(tinamous)
3352:Neornithes
3263:Pheasantry
3238:Aviculture
3006:Incubation
2996:Lek mating
2636:: 168–193.
2580:Fuller, E.
2516:(3): 547.
2234:10088/2005
1858:References
1786:Extinction
1758:, and the
1693:tyrosinase
1686:albinistic
1682:Coracopsis
1671:amino acid
1555:fumigation
1543:dickcissel
1480:Mascarinus
1476:Psittacula
1457:Psittacula
1450:Mascarinus
1446:Psittacula
1438:Psittacula
1424:Mascarinus
1420:Psittacula
1280:Seychelles
1018:Madagascar
970:cladograms
955:Psittacula
951:Mascarinus
943:Psittacula
919:Psittacula
912:Coracopsis
908:Mascarinus
903:Psittacula
871:Sea levels
831:Psittacula
748:Mascarinus
740:subspecies
669:mascarinus
648:Coracopsis
636:Mascarinus
634:genera in
631:Psittacula
598:naturalist
594:Madagascar
565:Portuguese
542:mascarinus
507:travelogue
175:Mascarinus
6135:Psittinus
6057:Polytelis
6043:Alisterus
5963:Psephotus
5949:Prosopeia
5887:Pezoporus
5799:Saudareos
5638:Loriculus
5624:Agapornis
5528:Psittacus
5427:Primolius
5313:Triclaria
5187:Deroptyus
5097:Nymphicus
4882:Sororavis
4755:Cyrilavis
4574:Calcardea
4502:Kingdom:
4266:(parrots)
4110:(hoatzin)
4061:Strisores
4042:(turacos)
4034:(cuckoos)
3963:(mesites)
3882:(turkeys)
3854:Philortyx
3771:Agelastes
3764:Acryllium
3755:Numididae
3744:Talegalla
3654:gamebirds
3647:landfowls
3626:Anseranas
3590:Anhimidae
3549:Anserinae
3332:fictional
3054:dinosaurs
3049:Theropoda
3036:Evolution
2981:Migration
2963:Behaviour
2409:: 26–40.
2300:229723728
1732:ecosystem
1721:Mauritius
1539:taxidermy
1433:Psittinus
825:based on
819:radiation
796:Evolution
754:Subfossil
742:from the
550:zoologist
540:Psittacus
483:captivity
453:taxonomic
435:that was
307:Bonaparte
189:Species:
107:Kingdom:
101:Eukaryota
6426:22685258
6325:22685258
6320:BirdLife
6312:38665729
6279:Wikidata
6077:Eclectus
5928:Lathamus
5873:Neophema
5785:Pseudeos
5649:Loriinae
5514:Khwenena
5441:Pyrrhura
5347:Aratinga
5208:Pionites
5083:Eolophus
5029:Strigops
5005:Heracles
4510:Chordata
4508:Phylum:
4504:Animalia
4411:Category
4285:Afroaves
4213:(storks)
4015:Passerea
4000:(grebes)
3936:Columbea
3847:Oreortyx
3819:Cyrtonyx
3709:Alectura
3673:Cracinae
3665:Cracidae
3542:Oxyurini
3532:Aythyini
3527:Anatinae
3511:Anatidae
3258:Falconry
3221:big year
3076:Seabirds
2986:Foraging
2933:Feathers
2582:(2001).
2538:91969786
2530:31716534
2494:52995298
2459:28017858
2405:. 3205.
2386:22019932
2316:(1907).
1977:: 4–41.
1877:(2016).
1674:tyrosine
1626:mandible
1472:Gondwana
927:P. wardi
815:pectoral
770:binomial
744:Moluccas
620:tautonym
546:mascarin
515:holotype
497:Taxonomy
427:) is an
419:mascarin
319:Schlegel
273:Linnaeus
252:Synonyms
225:Linnaeus
147:Family:
121:Chordata
117:Phylum:
111:Animalia
97:Domain:
74:IUCN 3.1
6387:2480141
6361:maspar1
6335:maspar1
6294:Avibase
6285:Q947555
6214:Biology
6202:Animals
6176:Portals
5685:Loriini
5467:Forpini
5399:Guaruba
5306:Pyrilia
5278:Amazona
5062:Cacatua
4814:Tynskya
4526:Clade:
4520:Clade:
4514:Class:
4491:parrots
4423:Commons
3927:Neoaves
3812:Colinus
3778:Guttera
3716:Eulipoa
3537:Mergini
3401:(kiwis)
3385:(rheas)
3196:Ringing
3021:Hybrids
3016:Nesting
2971:Singing
2948:Plumage
2923:Dactyly
2893:Anatomy
2883:Outline
2873:: Aves)
2510:Zootaxa
2402:Zootaxa
1970:Zootaxa
1643:rostrum
1484:Miocene
1130:Comoros
1101:RĂ©union
887:volcano
806:plumage
780:by the
758:grottos
588:, 1700s
445:RĂ©union
439:to the
437:endemic
429:extinct
384:, 1876)
368:, 1873)
366:Pelzeln
356:, 1870)
333:, 1868)
321:, 1864)
298:, 1832)
244:RĂ©union
227:, 1771)
214:†
193:†
167:Genus:
137:Order:
127:Class:
72: (
68:Extinct
6465:371447
6452:371448
6439:600838
6413:714032
6400:367553
6374:311748
6226:Africa
5757:Lorius
5477:Forpus
5299:Pionus
5167:Arinae
5022:Nestor
4435:Portal
4311:(owls)
3785:Numida
3723:Leipoa
3606:Chauna
3599:Anhima
3294:Genera
3268:Imping
3186:Human
3026:Colony
2953:Vision
2938:Flight
2792:
2714:
2655:
2590:
2536:
2528:
2492:
2457:
2384:
2298:
2138:
2020:
1754:, the
1750:, the
1742:, the
1738:, the
1690:enzyme
1639:septum
1515:velvet
1511:tarsus
1507:culmen
1406:
1016:(West
762:X-rays
531:London
511:France
491:Vienna
479:Europe
451:. The
433:parrot
395:, 1879
393:Forbes
382:Newton
380:&
378:Newton
344:, 1868
342:Finsch
331:Finsch
309:, 1854
296:Wagler
286:, 1831
284:Lesson
275:, 1771
183:, 1830
181:Lesson
6356:eBird
6348:6QVM3
6332:BOW:
6190:Birds
5324:Arini
5251:Touit
5111:Zanda
3555:swans
3517:ducks
3487:fowls
3282:Lists
2906:Brain
2871:class
2867:Birds
2748:(PDF)
2534:S2CID
2490:S2CID
2296:S2CID
2008:–89.
1965:(PDF)
1849:talk.
1635:nares
1535:lilac
823:tribe
612:genus
487:Paris
6421:IUCN
6408:ITIS
6382:GBIF
5820:Vini
4724:See
4516:Aves
2928:Eggs
2916:milk
2911:Crop
2901:Beak
2790:ISBN
2712:ISBN
2653:ISBN
2588:ISBN
2526:PMID
2514:4563
2455:PMID
2407:3205
2382:PMID
2274:and
2257:2017
2192:Ibis
2136:ISBN
2094:Ibis
2058:Ibis
2018:ISBN
1975:1513
1893:2016
1621:cere
968:The
949:and
768:The
691:and
628:and
489:and
468:bill
413:The
354:Gray
262:List
131:Aves
6369:EoL
6343:CoL
6307:BHL
5729:Eos
5340:Ara
2680:doi
2634:134
2562:doi
2518:doi
2482:doi
2478:118
2447:doi
2443:107
2411:doi
2374:doi
2288:doi
2230:hdl
2200:doi
2169:doi
2102:doi
2066:doi
2010:doi
1979:doi
1897:doi
776:to
746:to
537:as
443:of
417:or
6484::
6462::
6449::
6436::
6423::
6410::
6397::
6384::
6371::
6358::
6345::
6322::
6309::
6296::
6281::
2758:79
2756:.
2750:.
2735:^
2632:.
2620:^
2602:^
2558:49
2556:.
2532:.
2524:.
2512:.
2488:.
2476:.
2453:.
2441:.
2423:^
2380:.
2370:62
2368:.
2354:^
2294:.
2284:77
2282:.
2224:.
2212:^
2194:.
2190:.
2165:25
2163:.
2159:.
2114:^
2098:21
2096:.
2092:.
2078:^
2062:18
2060:.
2056:.
2016:.
1973:.
1967:.
1916:^
1891:.
1885:.
1866:^
1452:.
1426:,
1358:)
1338:)
1311:)
1132:)
1103:)
1074:)
1020:)
957:.
897:.
837:.
738:)
571:.
6178::
6110:â€
6100:â€
6090:â€
5534:â€
5510:â€
5500:â€
5469:"
5465:"
5353:â€
5222:"
5218:"
5152:â€
5011:â€
5001:â€
4969:â€
4946:â€
4856:â€
4840:?
4825:â€
4799:?
4794:â€
4747:?
4742:â€
4671:â€
4656:â€
4600:â€
4577:?
4555:â€
4482:e
4475:t
4468:v
3656:)
3649:-
3645:(
3519:)
3515:(
3489:)
3485:(
3481:e
3479:a
3477:r
3475:e
3473:s
3471:n
3469:a
3467:o
3465:l
3463:l
3461:a
3459:G
3446:e
3444:a
3442:h
3440:t
3438:a
3436:n
3434:g
3432:o
3430:e
3428:N
2869:(
2859:e
2852:t
2845:v
2798:.
2720:.
2686:.
2682::
2661:.
2596:.
2568:.
2564::
2540:.
2520::
2496:.
2484::
2461:.
2449::
2417:.
2413::
2388:.
2376::
2302:.
2290::
2259:.
2236:.
2232::
2206:.
2202::
2196:1
2175:.
2171::
2144:.
2108:.
2104::
2072:.
2068::
2026:.
2012::
2006:5
1985:.
1981::
1911:)
1907:(
1905:.
1899::
1883:"
1879:"
1805:(
1545:(
1478:–
1354:(
1334:(
1307:(
1278:(
1128:(
1099:(
1070:(
991:E
933:(
925:(
734:(
722:(
699:(
659:(
421:(
376:(
364:(
352:(
329:(
317:(
294:(
223:(
171:â€
76:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
