1598:
485:. Its legs were red, and it had naked red skin around the eyes and nostrils. It had a black facial mask and partially white tail feathers, but the colouration of the body, wings and head in the living bird is unclear. Descriptions from life indicate the body and head were ash grey, and the white part of the tail had two dark central feathers. In contrast, stuffed specimens and old descriptions based on them indicate that the body was brown and the head bluish. This may be due to the specimens having changed colour as a result of ageing and exposure to light. Very little is known about the bird in life.
6232:
948:). The Mascarene parrot was therefore interpreted as having descended from an ancestral lineage of Alexandrine parakeets that had dispersed from Asia towards the Mascarene islands across the Indian Ocean. The researchers suggested that the 2011 genetic study had probably used a composite of sequences from two other parrot species sampled for the study (including a lesser vasa parrot), a result of contamination during laboratory procedures. The 2017 study also found that the parrots of the genus
6256:
1710:
100:
6208:
42:
925:, the latter would become a junior synonym, since the former name is older. In 2012, Hume expressed surprise at these findings due to the anatomical similarities between the Mascarene parrot and other parrots from the Mascarene islands that are believed to be psittaculines. He also pointed out that there is no fossil evidence found on other islands to support the hypothesis that the species evolved elsewhere before reaching RĂ©union.
857:
6244:
1506:
4417:
74:
1540:
lateral ones are of the same colour, except that they have a little white at their base. The eyes are surrounded by a naked skin, bright red. Pupil black, iris red. The base of the superior half of the beak is also surrounded by a red naked skin in which the nostrils are placed. Beak similarly red. Legs pale flesh. Claws grey-brown. I am unaware from which country it is found. I have seen it living in Paris.
4441:
2836:
869:
6220:
586:
246:
1840:
mentioned in the inventory of species. Hahn did not mention the date in which he actually saw the bird which could have been long before 1834. The fact that
Martinet's image was copied and that no mounted specimen exists (though such a rare bird would probably have been preserved) makes Hahn's account dubious. He may instead have based his account on other sources or even hearsay.
1802:
4453:
4429:
2822:
1582:
6196:
972:
1560:) specimen (sometimes considered a distinct species, "Townsend's dickcissel"), from grey to brown. The two extant Mascarene parrot specimens also differ from each other in colouration. The Paris specimen has a greyish-blue head and a brown body, paler on the underparts. Its tail and wing feathers were severely damaged by
1572:
found it hard to accept that all the illustrations that showed the colour as brown were wrong; he found it more likely that the brown would have merely faded in intensity rather than from grey to brown. He stated that by the time the earliest known illustrations of the bird were made, it is unlikely
1528:-like facial mask on the front part of the head. There are several discrepancies in how the colour of the body, wings, tail feathers and the head have historically been described and depicted. In 1674, Dubois described live specimens as being "petit-gris" which is the colour of the dark phase of the
1725:
There are several sorts of parrot, of different sizes and colours. Some are the size of a hen, grey, the beak red ; others the same colour the size of a pigeon , and yet others, smaller, are green . There are great quantities, especially in the Sainte-Suzanne area and on the mountainsides. They are
2518:
Braun, Michael P.; Datzmann, Thomas; Arndt, Thomas; Reinschmidt, Matthias; Schnitker, Heinz; Bahr, Norbert; Sauer-GĂĽrth, Hedwig; Wink, Michael (2019). "A molecular phylogeny of the genus
Psittacula sensu lato (Aves: Psittaciformes: Psittacidae: Psittacula, Psittinus, Tanygnathus, †Mascarinus) with
1539:
Upperparts of head and neck clear (ash) grey. Back, rump, underparts of neck, breast, belly, sides, legs, scapular feathers, upper coverts of tail very-dark (ash) grey. Wing feathers of the same colour. The tail is composed of 12 feathers: the two median ones are also very-dark (ash) grey. All the
1864:
Contrary to
Feuilley's claims, Dubois mentioned that the Mascarene parrot was not edible which may have led to RĂ©union visitors mostly ignoring it. It was the last of the indigenous parrots of RĂ©union to become extinct. The only endemic bird species on RĂ©union that disappeared after the Mascarene
1839:
The veracity of Hahn's claim was questioned as early as 1876, and the illustration appears to be plagiarised from the plate by François-Nicolas
Martinet which was published at least 50 years earlier. After King Maximilian died in 1825, his collection was auctioned off, but no Mascarene parrot was
823:
parrots (of Asian origin) based on the large red beak, a feature which is diagnostic for that group. Its plumage pattern was mostly atypical for a psittaculine, though other members have black facial patterns. Although little is known about most extinct parrot species of the
Mascarenes, subfossil
916:
parrots. It also found that the
Mascarene parrot line diverged 4.6 to 9 million years ago, prior to the formation of RĂ©union, indicating this must have happened elsewhere. In 2012, Leo Joseph and colleagues acknowledged the finding but pointed out that the sample might have been damaged and that
903:
between 300,000 and 180,000 years ago. Most recent and extant species would therefore probably be descendants of animals which had recolonised the island from Africa or
Madagascar after this event. If the Mascarene parrot had in fact evolved into a distinct genus on RĂ©union prior to the volcanic
775:
of the two existing stuffed
Mascarene parrots made it possible to compare the remaining bones with the subfossils and showed these were intermediate in measurements in comparison to the modern specimens. The lesser vasa parrot was introduced to RĂ©union as early as 1780 but, though the subfossil
697:
by
Linnaeus in 1758, who again synonymised it with the Mascarene parrot in 1766. Because of this association, some authors believed it was from the Mascarene Islands as well, but this dark parrot's description differs from that of the Mascarene parrot. This disagreement led some authors to use
1680:. That the Vienna specimen was partially white may have been the result of food deficiency during a long period in captivity; the clipped primary wing feathers indicate it was caged. Little was known about parrot-diet in the 1700s, and the Vienna specimen may not have received enough of the
1626:
to greyish chocolate, the tail from light grey to blackish grey-brown, and the head from bluish grey to dove-grey. The plate also lacks two dark central tail feathers without white bases, a feature described by
Brisson, and these features have been repeated by subsequent artists. Martinet's
911:
A 2011 genetic study by the British geneticist Samit Kundu and colleagues (which sampled the Paris specimen) found that the Mascarene parrot was grouped among the subspecies of the lesser vasa parrot from Madagascar and nearby islands and therefore not related to the
1859:
The Mascarin is found at Ile Bourbon ; I have seen several alive in Paris, they were rather gentle birds; they had in their favour only that the red beak contrasted agreeably with the dark background of their plumage; they had not learnt to
1643:
prior to 1866. This may have led to the distortion of the shape of the head and nostrils as indicated by the illustration in Forbes' article. The skull of the Mascarene parrot was moderately flattened from top to bottom, the diameter of the
504:. The date and cause of extinction for the Mascarene parrot is unclear. The latest account, from 1834, is considered dubious, so it is probable that the species became extinct prior to 1800, and may have become extinct even earlier.
2562:
Selvatti, Alexandre Pedro; GalvĂŁo, Ana; Mayr, Gerald; Miyaki, Cristina Yumi; Russo, Claudia Augusta de Moraes (2022). "Southern hemisphere tectonics in the Cenozoic shaped the pantropical distribution of parrots and passerines".
1573:
they would already have faded to brown because of exposure to light. He also doubted that poor diet of caged birds would have consistently turned them brown, and instead accepted the "orthodox image" of the bird as brown.
1634:
was covered by feathers which concealed the nostrils. This contradicts other accounts that mention that the nostrils were surrounded by red skin. Forbes based his description on the Paris specimen which had its skull and
1843:
If Hahn's account is disregarded, the Mascarene parrot probably became extinct prior to 1800. The last account of wild specimens on RĂ©union is from the 1770s. It is thought that the Mascarene parrot went
1568:
in the 1790s. The Vienna specimen is a pale brown on the head and body overall, with an irregular distribution of white feathers on the tail, back, and wings. In 2017 the Australian ornithologist
1618:, the first coloured illustration of this species. It shows the bird as brown with a purplish head, and the strength of these colours differs considerably between copies, a result of having been
1548:, based on stuffed specimens, and this has become the "orthodox image" of the bird. Live birds were never described with these colours. Hume proposed that this colouration is an artifact of the
896:
before the Mascarenes emerged from the sea. RĂ©union is 3 million years old, which is enough time for new genera to evolve, but many endemics would have been wiped out by the eruption of the
1726:
very good to eat, especially when they are fat which is from the month of June until the month of September because at that time the trees produce a certain wild seed that these birds eat.
2289:: species-group names conserved as justified emendations of punctuated original spellings, Lanius leucoryn. and Psittacus mascarin. in Linnaeus's Mantissa Plantarum Altera, 1771".
2237:
Avian Paleontology at the Close of the 20th Century: Proceedings of the 4th International Meeting of the Society of Avian Paleontology and Evolution, Washington D.C., 4–7 June 1996
2375:
Kundu, S.; Jones, C. G.; Prys-Jones, R. P.; Groombridge, J. J. (2011). "The evolution of the Indian Ocean parrots (Psittaciformes): Extinction, adaptive radiation and eustacy".
2007:
Cheke, A. S. (1987). "An ecological history of the Mascarene Islands, with particular reference to extinctions and introductions of land vertebrates". In Diamond, A. W. (ed.).
928:
In 2017, the German biologist Lars Podsiadlowski and colleagues sampled the Vienna specimen for a new genetic study and found that the Mascarene parrot was indeed part of the
796:
2410:
Joseph, L.; Toon, A.; Schirtzinger, E. E.; Wright, T. F.; Schodde, R. (2012). "A revised nomenclature and classification for family-group taxa of parrots (Psittaciformes)".
3329:
1848:
while captive specimens still survived in Europe, since specimens are known to have lived there after the last mention of wild birds. In the 1790s, French naturalist
1738:
which mentioned "russet parrots". This is a possibility, since RĂ©union and Mauritius do share some types of animals, but no fossil evidence has yet been discovered.
892:
and Hume in 2008, the Psittaculini could have invaded the area several times, as many of the species were so specialised that they may have evolved significantly on
6518:
2483:
Provost, Kaiya L.; Joseph, Leo; Smith, Brian Tilston (2018). "Resolving a phylogenetic hypothesis for parrots: implications from systematics to conservation".
1466:
A 2022 genetic study by the Brazilian ornithologist Alexandre P. Selvatti and colleagues confirmed the earlier studies in regard to the relationship between
1425:
In 2018, the American ornithologist Kaiya L. Provost and colleagues also found the Mascarene parrot (using the sequence of Podsiadlowski and colleagues) and
1597:
1691:. In other parrots, this would have resulted in orange instead of white colour in the affected feathers, due to the presence of the pigment psittacin, but
54:
4491:
2621:
Mourer-Chauviré, C.; Bour, S.; Ribes, R. (2006). "Recent avian extinctions on Réunion (Mascarene islands) from paleontological and historical sources".
529:
6392:
1516:
The Mascarene parrot was 35 cm (14 in) in length. The wing was 211 mm (8.3 in), the tail 144–152 mm (5.7–6.0 in), the
776:
parrot bones were similar to that species in some aspects, they were more similar to those of the Mascarene parrot and considered to belong to it.
6513:
6418:
3324:
2324:
811:
The affinities of the Mascarene parrot are unclear, and two hypotheses have competed since the mid-19th century. Some authors grouped it with the
6498:
2804:
2726:
2602:
2168:"Notes on an unnamed parrot from the island of St. Domingo, now living in the Societys Gardens; and on some other species Of the same family"
2150:
722:
in 1779 under his entry for the Mascarene parrot, in which he pointed out similarities and differences between the two. In 2007, the English
1552:
specimens having aged and being exposed to light, which can turn grey and black to brown. Such a transformation has also turned an aberrant
6533:
6523:
1535:
In 1760, Brisson published the following description based on a captive bird (which may have been the specimen now preserved in Paris):
1973:"Reappraisal of the parrots (Aves: Psittacidae) from the Mascarene Islands, with comments on their ecology, morphology, and affinities"
2032:
1676:
Very little is known about the Mascarene parrot in life. Since several specimens were kept alive in captivity, it was probably not a
2667:
1677:
1919:
6528:
1832:. The bird must have been very old at the time, and Hahn claimed an accompanying illustration was drawn after this specimen. The
1695:
parrots and the Mascarene parrot are the only parrots that lack this pigment. The specimen has also been described as "partially
524:
in the late 18th century and kept in captivity, two of which were described while alive. Today, two stuffed specimens exist; the
2868:
2826:
2756:"New discoveries from old sources, with reference to the original bird and mammal fauna of the Mascarene Islands, Indian Ocean"
1668:(the lower margin at the back of the mandible) was flattened instead of angled, and the symphysis was sharply angled downward.
1741:
Many other endemic species of RĂ©union became extinct after the arrival of humans and the resulting disruption of the island's
4484:
1829:
1314:
6423:
4457:
888:, so it was possible for species to colonise the Mascarene Islands from other areas. As suggested by the British ecologist
6317:
6186:
1855:
One of the last definite accounts of live specimens is the following 1784 description by Mauduyt based on captive birds:
1721:
gave a description of the parrots of RĂ©union and their ecology which indicates that they fattened themselves seasonally:
6508:
1611:
1588:
1475:
3314:
2444:
Podsiadlowski, L.; Gamauf, A.; Töpfer, T. (2017). "Revising the phylogenetic position of the extinct Mascarene Parrot
1524:
22–24 mm (0.87–0.94 in). It had a large red bill and moderately long, rounded tail feathers. It had a black
611:
294:
191:
99:
3096:
1784:
1023:
1820:) of Mauritius has survived. The others probably all became extinct due to a combination of excessive hunting and
4477:
3011:
3001:
1774:
1972:
3337:
3319:
2763:
1824:. The cause and date of extinction for the Mascarene parrot itself is uncertain. In 1834, the German zoologist
1622:
by many different artists who worked under Martinet in his workshop. Across these copies, the body ranges from
1135:
1077:
675:
567:
533:
403:
317:
1610:
Confusion over the colouration of the Mascarene parrot has also been furthered by a plate by French engraver
3342:
730:
466:
relationships of this species have been subject to debate; it has historically been grouped with either the
1808:'s 1834 illustration of the supposedly last living bird, which may have been based on Martinet's 1779 image
6330:
6272:
4736:
3309:
3121:
3071:
1885:
1849:
1770:
1766:
1640:
829:
50:
6503:
6470:
6457:
5015:
3146:
1789:
1455:(an unnatural grouping), the German ornithologist Michael P. Braun and colleagues proposed in 2019 that
780:
544:
in 1806. A third stuffed specimen existed around the turn of the 18th century. The Mascarene parrot was
215:
4707:
2167:
1912:
889:
6379:
6309:
5230:
4847:
4613:
3774:
2345:
2328:
1762:
1661:
941:
837:
4693:
2233:
The avifauna of RĂ©union Island (Mascarene Islands) at the time of the arrival of the first Europeans
729:
suggested the possibility that this might have been a lesser vasa parrot, if not a discoloured old
6260:
4971:
4592:
3304:
3196:
3136:
3081:
2861:
2684:
2198:
2100:
2064:
1845:
1758:
1754:
1657:
933:
792:
690:
653:
545:
520:
and only described a few times from life afterwards. At least three live specimens were brought to
306:
63:
4714:
4654:
4440:
2016:
4622:
4087:
3151:
3111:
3076:
2544:
2500:
2306:
1665:
738:
667:
595:
493:
463:
376:
364:
262:
94:
6475:
6462:
4983:
4700:
1709:
795:
in 2016, to conform with how other species epithets by Linnaeus have been treated. In 2020, the
4584:
4433:
2840:
496:. The species was scientifically described in 1771. Only two stuffed specimens exist today, in
6444:
6436:
6353:
6248:
5684:
5524:
4213:
4160:
4110:
3253:
3243:
3186:
2986:
2981:
2800:
2722:
2663:
2598:
2536:
2465:
2392:
2146:
2028:
1825:
1805:
1688:
1653:
1569:
1521:
1510:
1433:, and stated this argued for breaking up the latter genus. To solve the issue that the genera
983:
below shows the placement of the Mascarene parrot according to the 2011 and 2017 DNA studies:
682:
was invalid as a specific name, since it was identical to the genus name, coined the new name
633:(a scientific name in which the two parts are identical). Lesson also included species of the
626:
579:
575:
571:
517:
451:
4469:
917:
further testing was needed before the issue could be fully resolved. They also noted that if
6449:
5980:
5563:
5166:
4960:
4553:
4538:
4532:
4079:
3221:
2893:
2690:
2572:
2528:
2492:
2457:
2421:
2384:
2298:
2240:
2210:
2179:
2112:
2076:
2020:
2008:
1989:
1907:
1652:(the wall between the nostrils), and there was an indistinct notch on the upper edge of the
1285:
905:
900:
329:
6335:
488:
The Mascarene parrot was first mentioned in 1674, and live specimens were later brought to
41:
6207:
5086:
4838:
4807:
4755:
4629:
4311:
4139:
3609:
3131:
3116:
3054:
2953:
2881:
1746:
1544:
Instead of grey, several later authors described the body as brown and the head as bluish
1346:
833:
742:
723:
719:
608:
590:
537:
2639:
Hume, J. P.; van Grouw, H. (2014). "Colour aberrations in extinct and endangered birds".
2009:
1750:
1889:
824:
remains show that they shared common features, such as enlarged heads and jaws, reduced
6224:
6212:
6124:
6104:
5995:
5841:
5760:
5732:
5725:
5641:
5625:
5295:
5204:
5032:
4936:
4903:
4779:
4684:
4501:
4421:
4351:
4303:
4237:
4176:
4131:
4118:
3992:
3955:
3806:
3580:
3417:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3141:
3126:
3021:
3016:
2996:
2991:
2973:
2921:
2854:
2721:. New York: American Committee for International Wild Life Protection 13. p. 127.
2214:
2183:
2116:
2080:
1623:
1561:
1479:
1366:
1082:
893:
715:
615:
482:
2101:"On the systematic position and scientific name of "le perroquet mascarin" of Brisson"
1828:
published an often-cited account of a live Mascarene parrot in the possession of King
1505:
874:
Illustration of the Paris specimen's head (after its skull was removed) and feet, 1879
856:
6492:
6431:
6236:
6024:
6015:
5865:
5850:
5823:
5781:
5668:
5616:
5458:
5430:
5343:
5334:
5272:
5247:
5240:
5079:
5025:
4786:
4725:
4636:
4359:
4343:
4266:
4258:
4092:
3890:
3740:
3627:
3585:
3385:
3377:
3299:
3263:
3181:
3105:
2686:
Recherches sur la faune ornithologique Ă©teinte des iles Mascareignes et de Madagascar
2310:
1898:
1833:
1821:
1813:
1718:
1619:
1545:
1517:
820:
563:
392:
388:
283:
235:
171:
161:
84:
2755:
2548:
2504:
6358:
6200:
6078:
5966:
5924:
5908:
5890:
5802:
5774:
5753:
5746:
5704:
5592:
5572:
5514:
5465:
5423:
5416:
5395:
5281:
5254:
5136:
5121:
4994:
4869:
4855:
4568:
4445:
4189:
4034:
3850:
3688:
3636:
3508:
3469:
3238:
3226:
3216:
3206:
2903:
2590:
1529:
1452:
1319:
845:
812:
513:
467:
459:
6345:
2797:
Lost Land of the Dodo: an Ecological History of Mauritius, RĂ©union & Rodrigues
2496:
2259:
570:
in 1760 but was not intended as a scientific name. The name is a reference to the
2024:
6405:
6322:
6152:
6131:
6060:
6033:
6004:
5952:
5931:
5830:
5788:
5711:
5677:
5601:
5531:
5502:
5388:
5381:
5374:
5302:
5145:
5114:
5054:
5003:
4885:
4817:
4643:
4250:
4097:
3903:
3882:
3871:
3836:
3703:
3693:
3651:
3542:
3409:
3211:
3036:
3031:
2963:
2948:
2916:
2461:
2388:
1779:
1745:. The Mascarene parrot lived alongside other recently extinct birds such as the
1735:
1627:
illustration and Buffon's description were perhaps based on the Paris specimen.
885:
726:
707:
650:
635:
585:
471:
352:
341:
6219:
2835:
868:
6138:
6114:
6094:
6044:
5945:
5917:
5874:
5816:
5739:
5718:
5581:
5548:
5444:
5402:
5367:
5350:
5211:
5190:
5100:
5063:
4878:
4793:
4772:
4670:
4599:
4577:
4367:
4229:
4168:
4147:
3979:
3963:
3898:
3843:
3815:
3747:
3712:
3590:
3438:
3273:
3248:
3006:
2532:
2425:
1993:
1801:
1703:
1681:
1565:
1553:
1290:
1111:
1028:
980:
750:
714:) instead. Another unidentified parrot specimen, this one brown and housed in
658:
641:
604:
455:
439:
254:
245:
78:
6295:
649:, but this was not accepted by other writers. The following year, the German
6145:
6067:
6053:
5973:
5959:
5897:
5809:
5648:
5634:
5538:
5437:
5323:
5197:
5107:
4892:
4765:
4327:
4282:
4071:
3864:
3781:
3765:
3754:
3664:
3600:
3559:
3258:
3059:
3046:
3026:
2926:
2694:
1852:
stated that the bird was rare and that he had seen three of them in France.
1742:
1731:
1549:
1443:
881:
825:
764:
550:
477:
The Mascarene parrot was 35 cm (14 in) in length with a large red
111:
2540:
2469:
2396:
2821:
2302:
2239:. Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology. Vol. 89. pp. 8–11.
1660:(opening at the side of the mandible) was absent, and the back end of the
17:
6289:
6087:
5938:
5883:
5795:
5659:
5451:
5357:
5218:
5093:
5039:
4520:
4295:
4025:
4000:
3946:
3857:
3829:
3719:
3683:
3675:
3657:
3552:
3537:
3521:
3268:
3231:
3064:
1696:
1684:
1636:
1482:
754:
630:
525:
131:
2660:
Vanished and Vanishing Parrots: Profiling Extinct and Endangered Species
1664:(where the two halves of the lower jaw connected) was broadly oval, the
6397:
6304:
5695:
5477:
5409:
5316:
5288:
5072:
4824:
4205:
4058:
3937:
3822:
3788:
3726:
3547:
3401:
3393:
3086:
2958:
2943:
2933:
2412:
1980:
1581:
1494:
1140:
971:
897:
828:
bones, and robust leg bones. Hume supported their common origin in the
816:
560:
447:
6410:
2846:
2576:
2244:
1812:
Of the eight or so parrot species endemic to the Mascarenes, only the
5767:
5487:
5309:
5177:
4514:
4335:
4274:
4050:
4042:
3971:
3911:
3795:
3733:
3616:
3283:
3278:
3156:
1700:
1649:
1525:
768:
541:
521:
501:
489:
443:
151:
121:
6371:
6266:
1532:. According to Hume, this colour is a dark blackish grey or brown.
6366:
5261:
4526:
4221:
4008:
3571:
1800:
1708:
1645:
1504:
1497:(8–5 million years ago), and colonised the Mascarenes from there.
970:
772:
622:
584:
497:
1836:
accepts the 1834 account as the last mention of a live specimen.
1734:
as well based on a 17th-century account by the English traveller
761:
in the 1840s, but this idea was soon dismissed by other writers.
689:
An unidentified dark parrot seen alive by the Swedish naturalist
512:
The Mascarene parrot was first mentioned by the French traveller
4197:
3564:
3527:
3497:
2911:
2877:
1631:
629:
combined it with the earlier specific name in 1891, it became a
478:
141:
6384:
6270:
4934:
4551:
4473:
3361:
2850:
1793:
lived on RĂ©union and Mauritius but vanished from both islands.
4319:
3176:
2938:
904:
eruption, it would have been one of the few survivors of this
844:
parrots have managed to colonise many isolated islands in the
2231:
Mourer-Chauvire, C.; Bour, R.; Ribes, S.; Moutou, F. (1999).
986:
474:, with the latest genetic study favouring the former group.
2052:(in Latin). Impensis Direct. Laurentii Salvii. p. 524.
1493:
lineage were the first psittaculines in Africa by the late
975:
1907 depiction by Keulemans, based on his 1893 illustration
2597:(revised ed.). New York: Comstock. pp. 228–229.
698:
now-invalid combinations of the scientific names, such as
566:
in 1771. This name was first used by the French zoologist
532:
in Paris, while the other, specimen NMW 50.688, is in the
1648:(bony nostril) was larger than the width of the internal
1865:
parrot was the hoopoe starling in the mid-19th century.
1459:
should be split into multiple genera, thereby retaining
932:
group as suggested by Hume, clustering with the extinct
603:
Early writers claimed the Mascarene parrot was found on
2448:(Linnaeus 1771) (Aves: Psittaciformes: Psittacidae)".
1474:. They suggested that Psittaculinae originated in the
6184:
2662:. Clayton South: CSIRO Publishing. pp. 170–172.
2350:(in German and Latin). Munich: S.N. pp. 501–502.
6120:
6110:
6100:
5544:
5520:
5510:
5363:
5162:
5021:
5011:
4979:
4956:
4866:
4835:
4804:
4752:
4681:
4666:
4610:
4565:
2616:
2614:
1966:
1964:
1962:
1960:
1958:
1956:
1954:
1952:
1950:
1948:
803:
as a justified emendation of the original spelling.
797:
International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature
6279:
6077:
6043:
6023:
6014:
5994:
5907:
5873:
5864:
5840:
5694:
5667:
5658:
5624:
5615:
5591:
5571:
5562:
5501:
5475:
5333:
5271:
5228:
5176:
5153:
5144:
5135:
5062:
5053:
5002:
4993:
4970:
4947:
4902:
4865:
4834:
4803:
4751:
4724:
4680:
4653:
4609:
4564:
4294:
4249:
4188:
4159:
4130:
4109:
4070:
4033:
4024:
3991:
3954:
3945:
3936:
3881:
3805:
3764:
3702:
3674:
3650:
3626:
3599:
3520:
3507:
3468:
3437:
3376:
3292:
3195:
3095:
3045:
2972:
2902:
1946:
1944:
1942:
1940:
1938:
1936:
1934:
1932:
1930:
1928:
1603:
1790 plate by Martinet, differing in colour details
536:in Vienna. The latter specimen was bought from the
2015:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp.
2065:"XXVII.-On the psittaci of the Mascarene Islands"
1913:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22685258A93065531.en
1687:through its food, which it would have needed for
2439:
2437:
2435:
1451:according to genetic studies, making that genus
862:Skull elements extracted from the Paris specimen
2799:. New Haven and London: T. & A. D. Poyser.
2172:Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London
2136:
2134:
2132:
2130:
2128:
2126:
1857:
1723:
1537:
737:). The specimen is now lost. English zoologist
625:name prevailed and, when the Italian zoologist
2749:
2747:
2333:. London: Hutchinson & Co. pp. 63–64.
1699:" at times, though true albinism (lack of the
921:was confirmed to be embedded within the genus
4485:
2862:
2145:. London: A & C Black. pp. 177–178.
1730:The Mascarene parrot may have once inhabited
8:
2641:Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club
2623:Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club
1485:), and that the ancestral population of the
2634:
2632:
2226:
2224:
2050:Mantissa plantarum. Regni Animalis Appendix
1706:) can by definition never only be partial.
6267:
6020:
5870:
5664:
5621:
5568:
5182:
5150:
5141:
5059:
4999:
4944:
4931:
4659:
4561:
4548:
4492:
4478:
4470:
4030:
3951:
3942:
3933:
3671:
3517:
3504:
3465:
3461:
3434:
3373:
3369:
3358:
3354:
2869:
2855:
2847:
1639:removed for study by the French zoologist
964:should therefore be merged into the genus
706:. The unidentified parrot may have been a
574:, which were themselves named after their
244:
72:
40:
31:
1911:
1520:32–36 mm (1.3–1.4 in), and the
767:parrot remains were later excavated from
718:, was described by the French naturalist
2719:Extinct and Vanishing Birds of the World
2370:
2368:
2366:
2094:
2092:
2090:
6191:
2291:The Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature
1874:
1773:. Extinct RĂ©union reptiles include the
662:for the Mascarene parrot (which became
277:
2689:. Paris: G. Masson. pp. 117–134.
1880:
1878:
1591:, showing a bluish head and brown body
6519:Extinct birds of Indian Ocean islands
2450:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
2377:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
528:, specimen MNHN 211, which is in the
27:Extinct species of bird from RĂ©union
7:
4428:
2754:J. P., Hume; Prys-Jones, R. (2005).
2741:Check & Hume. (2008). pp. 30–43.
2360:Check & Hume. (2008). pp. 69–71.
2199:"Recent ornithological publications"
815:(of African origin) due to its dark
530:Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle
55:Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle
4452:
1899:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1757:, the Mascarene grey parakeet, the
1335:
1306:
1277:
1253:
1246:
1242:Podsiadlowski and colleagues, 2017:
1156:
1127:
1098:
1069:
1015:
1008:
996:
2795:Cheke, A. S.; Hume, J. P. (2008).
2215:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1859.tb06212.x
2184:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1857.tb01231.x
2117:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1879.tb07712.x
2081:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1876.tb06925.x
57:in Paris, one of two in existence
25:
3330:Late Quaternary prehistoric birds
2781:Check & Hume. (2008). p. 107.
2141:Hume, J. P.; Walters, M. (2012).
2011:Studies of Mascarene Island Birds
1717:In 1705, the French cartographer
771:on RĂ©union and reported in 1996.
6254:
6242:
6230:
6218:
6206:
6194:
4451:
4439:
4427:
4416:
4415:
4306:(New World vultures and condors)
2834:
2820:
2707:Check & Hume. (2008). p. 42.
1596:
1580:
1343:Psittacula eupatria magnirostris
867:
855:
98:
6514:Fauna of the Mascarene Islands
2258:Gill, F.; Donsker, D. (2016).
1830:Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria
1616:Histoire Naturelle Des Oiseaux
1315:Psittacula eupatria nipalensis
940:) and Asian subspecies of the
686:in 1879, in honour of Dubois.
607:, an idea that led the French
1:
6499:IUCN Red List extinct species
2497:10.1080/01584197.2017.1387030
1363:Psittacula eupatria siamensis
693:in Africa was given the name
2281:"Opinion 2455 (Case 3715) –
2025:10.1017/CBO9780511735769.003
1470:, the Mascarene parrot, and
6534:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
6524:Bird extinctions since 1500
4370:(woodpeckers and relatives)
2462:10.1016/j.ympev.2016.12.022
2389:10.1016/j.ympev.2011.09.025
1630:In 1879, Forbes stated the
992:Kundu and colleagues, 2011:
956:parrots, and proposed that
840:features and the fact that
666:under this system) and the
619:Mascarinus madagascariensis
291:Mascarinus madagascariensis
53:, based on the specimen in
6550:
4232:(cormorants and relatives)
3325:Extinct species since 1500
2683:Milne-Edwards, A. (1866).
1785:small Mauritian flying fox
1024:Coracopsis vasa drouhardii
372:Psittacus madagascariensis
5185:
4943:
4930:
4662:
4560:
4547:
4509:
4411:
4362:(kingfishers and rollers)
4216:(albatrosses and petrels)
4100:(swifts and hummingbirds)
4082:(nightjars and relatives)
3932:
3906:(pheasants and relatives)
3464:
3433:
3372:
3368:
3357:
3353:
2889:
2533:10.11646/zootaxa.4563.3.8
2519:taxonomic implications".
2485:Emu - Austral Ornithology
2426:10.11646/zootaxa.3205.1.2
1994:10.11646/zootaxa.1513.1.1
1612:François-Nicolas Martinet
1589:François-Nicolas Martinet
1360:
1340:
1333:
1311:
1304:
1282:
1275:
1258:
1251:
1177:
1161:
1154:
1132:
1125:
1103:
1096:
1074:
1067:
1042:
1020:
1013:
1006:
674:). The English zoologist
337:Psittacus madagascarensis
268:
261:
252:
243:
221:
214:
95:Scientific classification
93:
70:
61:
48:
39:
34:
4504:and their extinct allies
4261:(seriemas and relatives)
4240:(pelicans and relatives)
2764:Zoologische Mededelingen
2717:Greenway, J. C. (1967).
1906:: e.T22685258A93065531.
1713:Mountain area on RĂ©union
1429:species to group within
1136:Coracopsis nigra siblans
1078:Coracopsis nigra barklyi
676:William Alexander Forbes
568:Mathurin Jacques Brisson
546:scientifically described
534:Naturhistorisches Museum
6529:Birds described in 1771
4354:(hornbills and hoopoes)
4269:(falcons and relatives)
2695:10.5962/bhl.title.14568
2658:Forshaw, J. M. (2017).
2565:Journal of Biogeography
2347:Monographia Psittacorum
2166:Sclater, P. L. (1857).
1476:Australo–Pacific region
731:Mascarene grey parakeet
4338:(trogons and quetzals)
4150:(cranes and relatives)
3420:(emus and cassowaries)
3310:Glossary of bird terms
3122:Confuciusornithiformes
2344:Wagler, J. G. (1832).
2099:Forbes, W. A. (1879).
1886:BirdLife International
1862:
1809:
1775:RĂ©union giant tortoise
1728:
1714:
1641:Alphonse Milne-Edwards
1542:
1513:
1447:fell within the genus
1164:Coracopsis nigra nigra
976:
884:were lower during the
819:, and others with the
783:name was emended from
600:
492:, where they lived in
51:John Gerrard Keulemans
6471:Paleobiology Database
6458:Paleobiology Database
4179:(kagu and sunbittern)
4142:(gulls and relatives)
3147:Songlingornithiformes
3112:Omnivoropterygiformes
2828:Mascarinus mascarinus
2303:10.21805/bzn.v77.a021
2262:. IOC World Bird List
2048:Linnaeus, C. (1771).
1804:
1790:Tropidophora carinata
1712:
1672:Behaviour and ecology
1509:1801 illustration by
1508:
1262:Mascarinus mascarinus
1180:Coracopsis nigra libs
1107:Mascarinus mascarinus
974:
612:René Primevère Lesson
588:
435:Mascarinus mascarinus
384:Coracopsis mascarinus
228:Mascarinus mascarinus
49:1893 illustration by
4001:Phoenicopteriformes
2831:at Wikimedia Commons
2287:Psittacus mascarinus
1971:Hume, J. P. (2007).
1662:mandibular symphysis
1045:Coracopsis vasa vasa
942:Alexandrine parakeet
832:of the Psittaculini
664:Coracopsis mascarina
349:Psittacus mascarenus
302:Coracopsis mascarina
6281:Mascarinus mascarin
4593:Eurofluvioviridavis
3972:Mesitornithiformes
3966:(doves and pigeons)
3300:Families and orders
3162:Ichthyornithiformes
3137:Patagopterygiformes
2446:Mascarinus mascarin
2283:Lanius leucorynchus
2260:"Taxonomic Updates"
2063:Newton, E. (1876).
1892:Mascarinus mascarin
1850:François Levaillant
1846:extinct in the wild
1777:and an undescribed
1771:RĂ©union pink pigeon
1767:RĂ©union night heron
1658:mandibular fenestra
952:were grouped among
934:Seychelles parakeet
799:conserved the name
793:IOC World Bird List
712:Psittacus erithacus
700:Mascarinus obscurus
691:Fredrik Hasselqvist
654:Johann Georg Wagler
411:Mascarinus mascarin
314:Mascarinus obscurus
64:Conservation status
4623:Eofringillirostrum
4314:(eagles and hawks)
4214:Procellariiformes
4119:Opisthocomiformes
4088:Steatornithiformes
3315:List by population
3152:Hongshanornithidae
3077:Evolution of birds
2197:Ibis, ed. (1859).
1810:
1715:
1678:specialised feeder
1666:angulus mandibulae
1514:
1478:(then part of the
1182:(West Madagascar)
1166:(East Madagascar)
1047:(East Madagascar)
977:
739:George Robert Gray
735:Psittacula bensoni
704:Coracopsis obscura
695:Psittacus obscurus
684:Mascarinus duboisi
668:lesser vasa parrot
656:erected the genus
601:
596:Histoire Naturelle
559:") by the Swedish
481:and long, rounded
400:Mascarinus duboisi
360:Coracopsis obscura
280:Psittacus mascarin
207:M. mascarinus
6486:
6485:
6445:Open Tree of Life
6273:Taxon identifiers
6182:
6181:
6178:
6177:
6174:
6173:
6170:
6169:
6166:
6165:
6162:
6161:
5990:
5989:
5860:
5859:
5685:Psittaculirostris
5611:
5610:
5558:
5557:
5497:
5496:
5131:
5130:
5049:
5048:
4926:
4925:
4922:
4921:
4747:
4746:
4708:Primozygodactylus
4467:
4466:
4407:
4406:
4403:
4402:
4399:
4398:
4395:
4394:
4391:
4390:
4387:
4386:
4383:
4382:
4379:
4378:
4200:(loons or divers)
4169:Phaethontiformes
4161:Phaethontimorphae
4111:Opisthocomiformes
4080:Caprimulgiformes
4020:
4019:
4009:Podicipediformes
3928:
3927:
3924:
3923:
3920:
3919:
3646:
3645:
3429:
3428:
3386:Struthioniformes
3254:Waterfowl hunting
3187:Gastornithiformes
3182:Aepyornithiformes
3172:Lithornithiformes
2825:Media related to
2806:978-0-7136-6544-4
2728:978-0-486-21869-4
2604:978-0-8014-3954-4
2577:10.1111/jbi.14466
2571:(10): 1753–1766.
2152:978-1-4081-5725-1
1826:Carl Wilhelm Hahn
1806:Carl Wilhelm Hahn
1763:RĂ©union scops owl
1689:melanin synthesis
1656:(bony beak). The
1614:in Buffon's 1779
1570:Joseph M. Forshaw
1564:in an attempt at
1511:Jacques Barraband
1422:
1421:
1414:
1413:
1405:
1404:
1396:
1395:
1387:
1386:
1378:
1377:
1236:
1235:
1227:
1226:
1218:
1217:
1209:
1208:
1200:
1199:
1191:
1190:
1056:
1055:
678:, believing that
627:Tommaso Salvadori
621:in 1831. His new
593:'s encyclopaedia
580:Pedro Mascarenhas
572:Mascarene Islands
555:(abbreviated as "
540:during a sale in
422:
421:
415:
407:
396:
380:
368:
356:
345:
333:
321:
310:
298:
287:
274:
195:
88:
35:Mascarene parrot
16:(Redirected from
6541:
6509:Birds of RĂ©union
6479:
6478:
6466:
6465:
6453:
6452:
6440:
6439:
6427:
6426:
6414:
6413:
6401:
6400:
6388:
6387:
6375:
6374:
6362:
6361:
6349:
6348:
6339:
6338:
6326:
6325:
6313:
6312:
6310:441F544D674DB31E
6300:
6299:
6298:
6268:
6259:
6258:
6257:
6247:
6246:
6245:
6235:
6234:
6233:
6223:
6222:
6211:
6210:
6199:
6198:
6197:
6190:
6122:
6112:
6102:
6021:
5981:Purpureicephalus
5871:
5665:
5622:
5569:
5564:Psittrichasiidae
5546:
5522:
5512:
5365:
5183:
5167:Archaeopsittacus
5164:
5151:
5142:
5060:
5023:
5013:
5000:
4981:
4961:Mogontiacopsitta
4958:
4945:
4932:
4868:
4837:
4806:
4754:
4683:
4668:
4660:
4612:
4567:
4562:
4554:Psittacopasseres
4549:
4539:Psittacopasseres
4533:Eufalconimorphae
4494:
4487:
4480:
4471:
4455:
4454:
4443:
4431:
4430:
4419:
4418:
4371:
4363:
4355:
4347:
4344:Leptosomiformes
4339:
4331:
4323:
4315:
4312:Accipitriformes
4307:
4286:
4285:(perching birds)
4278:
4270:
4262:
4241:
4233:
4225:
4217:
4209:
4206:Sphenisciformes
4201:
4180:
4172:
4151:
4143:
4140:Charadriiformes
4122:
4101:
4083:
4062:
4054:
4051:Musophagiformes
4046:
4031:
4012:
4004:
3983:
3975:
3967:
3952:
3943:
3934:
3907:
3894:
3672:
3668:
3661:
3574:
3567:
3531:
3518:
3514:
3505:
3501:
3466:
3462:
3435:
3421:
3413:
3405:
3397:
3389:
3374:
3370:
3359:
3355:
3222:Bird collections
3177:Dinornithiformes
3082:Darwin's finches
3072:Origin of flight
3012:Seabird breeding
3002:Sexual selection
2871:
2864:
2857:
2848:
2839:Data related to
2838:
2824:
2810:
2782:
2779:
2773:
2772:
2760:
2751:
2742:
2739:
2733:
2732:
2714:
2708:
2705:
2699:
2698:
2680:
2674:
2673:
2655:
2649:
2648:
2636:
2627:
2626:
2618:
2609:
2608:
2587:
2581:
2580:
2559:
2553:
2552:
2515:
2509:
2508:
2480:
2474:
2473:
2441:
2430:
2429:
2407:
2401:
2400:
2372:
2361:
2358:
2352:
2351:
2341:
2335:
2334:
2321:
2315:
2314:
2278:
2272:
2271:
2269:
2267:
2255:
2249:
2248:
2228:
2219:
2218:
2194:
2188:
2187:
2163:
2157:
2156:
2138:
2121:
2120:
2096:
2085:
2084:
2060:
2054:
2053:
2045:
2039:
2038:
2014:
2004:
1998:
1997:
1977:
1968:
1923:
1917:
1915:
1882:
1759:RĂ©union swamphen
1755:RĂ©union parakeet
1600:
1584:
1336:
1307:
1286:Psittacula wardi
1278:
1254:
1247:
1157:
1128:
1099:
1070:
1016:
1009:
1003:
997:
987:
906:extinction event
901:Piton des Neiges
890:Anthony S. Cheke
871:
859:
747:Eclectus roratus
672:Coracopsis nigra
452:Mascarene island
426:Mascarene parrot
414:(Linnaeus, 1771)
413:
402:
386:
374:
362:
351:
339:
327:
316:
304:
293:
282:
272:
248:
230:
226:
190:
183:
103:
102:
82:
76:
75:
44:
32:
21:
6549:
6548:
6544:
6543:
6542:
6540:
6539:
6538:
6489:
6488:
6487:
6482:
6474:
6469:
6461:
6456:
6448:
6443:
6435:
6430:
6422:
6417:
6409:
6404:
6396:
6391:
6383:
6378:
6370:
6365:
6357:
6352:
6344:
6342:
6334:
6329:
6321:
6316:
6308:
6303:
6294:
6293:
6288:
6275:
6265:
6255:
6253:
6243:
6241:
6231:
6229:
6217:
6205:
6195:
6193:
6185:
6183:
6158:
6073:
6039:
6010:
5986:
5903:
5856:
5836:
5690:
5654:
5607:
5587:
5554:
5493:
5471:
5329:
5267:
5231:Amoropsittacini
5224:
5172:
5127:
5087:Calyptorhynchus
5045:
4989:
4966:
4939:
4918:
4898:
4861:
4848:Palaeopsittacus
4839:Quercypsittidae
4830:
4808:Messelasturidae
4799:
4756:Halcyornithidae
4743:
4720:
4676:
4649:
4630:Parapsittacopes
4614:Psittacopedidae
4605:
4556:
4543:
4505:
4498:
4468:
4463:
4375:
4369:
4361:
4353:
4352:Bucerotiformes
4346:(cuckoo-roller)
4345:
4337:
4329:
4321:
4313:
4305:
4304:Cathartiformes
4290:
4284:
4276:
4275:Psittaciformes
4268:
4260:
4245:
4239:
4238:Pelecaniformes
4231:
4223:
4215:
4207:
4199:
4184:
4178:
4177:Eurypygiformes
4170:
4155:
4149:
4141:
4126:
4120:
4105:
4099:
4081:
4066:
4060:
4052:
4044:
4016:
4010:
4002:
3987:
3981:
3980:Pterocliformes
3973:
3965:
3916:
3905:
3892:
3877:
3801:
3760:
3698:
3663:
3662:
3655:
3654:
3642:
3622:
3595:
3572:
3565:
3525:
3524:
3512:
3511:
3495:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3487:
3485:
3483:
3481:
3479:
3477:
3475:
3473:
3471:
3456:
3454:
3452:
3450:
3448:
3446:
3444:
3442:
3440:
3425:
3419:
3418:Casuariiformes
3411:
3410:Apterygiformes
3403:
3395:
3387:
3364:
3349:
3320:Lists by region
3288:
3198:
3191:
3132:Chaoyangiformes
3117:Jeholornithidae
3091:
3055:Origin of birds
3041:
3022:Brood parasites
2968:
2898:
2885:
2875:
2817:
2807:
2794:
2791:
2786:
2785:
2780:
2776:
2758:
2753:
2752:
2745:
2740:
2736:
2729:
2716:
2715:
2711:
2706:
2702:
2682:
2681:
2677:
2670:
2657:
2656:
2652:
2638:
2637:
2630:
2620:
2619:
2612:
2605:
2589:
2588:
2584:
2561:
2560:
2556:
2517:
2516:
2512:
2482:
2481:
2477:
2443:
2442:
2433:
2409:
2408:
2404:
2374:
2373:
2364:
2359:
2355:
2343:
2342:
2338:
2323:
2322:
2318:
2297:(1): 66. 2020.
2280:
2279:
2275:
2265:
2263:
2257:
2256:
2252:
2230:
2229:
2222:
2196:
2195:
2191:
2165:
2164:
2160:
2153:
2140:
2139:
2124:
2098:
2097:
2088:
2062:
2061:
2057:
2047:
2046:
2042:
2035:
2006:
2005:
2001:
1975:
1970:
1969:
1926:
1884:
1883:
1876:
1871:
1818:Psittacula echo
1799:
1747:hoopoe starling
1674:
1608:
1607:
1606:
1605:
1604:
1601:
1593:
1592:
1585:
1558:Spiza americana
1503:
1423:
1415:
1406:
1397:
1388:
1379:
1347:Andaman Islands
1237:
1228:
1219:
1210:
1201:
1192:
1057:
1004:
1001:
894:hotspot islands
879:
878:
877:
876:
875:
872:
864:
863:
860:
809:
743:eclectus parrot
724:palaeontologist
720:Comte de Buffon
591:Comte de Buffon
538:Leverian Museum
510:
470:parrots or the
458:in the western
418:
276:
275:
239:
232:
224:
223:
210:
189:
181:
97:
89:
77:
73:
66:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6547:
6545:
6537:
6536:
6531:
6526:
6521:
6516:
6511:
6506:
6501:
6491:
6490:
6484:
6483:
6481:
6480:
6467:
6454:
6441:
6428:
6415:
6402:
6389:
6376:
6363:
6350:
6340:
6327:
6314:
6301:
6285:
6283:
6277:
6276:
6271:
6264:
6263:
6251:
6239:
6227:
6215:
6203:
6180:
6179:
6176:
6175:
6172:
6171:
6168:
6167:
6164:
6163:
6160:
6159:
6157:
6156:
6149:
6142:
6135:
6128:
6125:Necropsittacus
6118:
6108:
6105:Lophopsittacus
6098:
6091:
6083:
6081:
6075:
6074:
6072:
6071:
6064:
6057:
6049:
6047:
6041:
6040:
6038:
6037:
6029:
6027:
6018:
6012:
6011:
6009:
6008:
6000:
5998:
5996:Psittacellinae
5992:
5991:
5988:
5987:
5985:
5984:
5977:
5970:
5963:
5956:
5949:
5942:
5935:
5928:
5921:
5913:
5911:
5905:
5904:
5902:
5901:
5894:
5887:
5879:
5877:
5868:
5862:
5861:
5858:
5857:
5855:
5854:
5846:
5844:
5842:Melopsittacini
5838:
5837:
5835:
5834:
5827:
5820:
5813:
5806:
5799:
5792:
5785:
5778:
5771:
5764:
5761:Hypocharmosyna
5757:
5750:
5743:
5736:
5733:Charmosynopsis
5729:
5726:Charmosynoides
5722:
5715:
5708:
5700:
5698:
5692:
5691:
5689:
5688:
5681:
5673:
5671:
5662:
5656:
5655:
5653:
5652:
5645:
5642:Bolbopsittacus
5638:
5630:
5628:
5626:Agapornithinae
5619:
5613:
5612:
5609:
5608:
5606:
5605:
5597:
5595:
5589:
5588:
5586:
5585:
5577:
5575:
5566:
5560:
5559:
5556:
5555:
5553:
5552:
5542:
5535:
5528:
5518:
5507:
5505:
5499:
5498:
5495:
5494:
5492:
5491:
5483:
5481:
5473:
5472:
5470:
5469:
5462:
5455:
5448:
5441:
5434:
5427:
5420:
5413:
5406:
5399:
5392:
5385:
5378:
5371:
5361:
5354:
5347:
5339:
5337:
5331:
5330:
5328:
5327:
5320:
5313:
5306:
5299:
5296:Graydidascalus
5292:
5285:
5277:
5275:
5269:
5268:
5266:
5265:
5258:
5251:
5244:
5236:
5234:
5226:
5225:
5223:
5222:
5215:
5208:
5205:Hapalopsittaca
5201:
5194:
5186:
5180:
5174:
5173:
5171:
5170:
5159:
5157:
5155:incertae sedis
5148:
5139:
5133:
5132:
5129:
5128:
5126:
5125:
5118:
5111:
5104:
5097:
5090:
5083:
5076:
5068:
5066:
5057:
5051:
5050:
5047:
5046:
5044:
5043:
5036:
5029:
5019:
5008:
5006:
4997:
4991:
4990:
4988:
4987:
4976:
4974:
4968:
4967:
4965:
4964:
4953:
4951:
4949:Incertae sedis
4941:
4940:
4937:Psittaciformes
4935:
4928:
4927:
4924:
4923:
4920:
4919:
4917:
4916:
4915:
4914:
4908:
4906:
4904:Psittaciformes
4900:
4899:
4897:
4896:
4889:
4882:
4874:
4872:
4863:
4862:
4860:
4859:
4852:
4843:
4841:
4832:
4831:
4829:
4828:
4821:
4813:
4811:
4801:
4800:
4798:
4797:
4790:
4783:
4780:Pseudasturides
4776:
4769:
4761:
4759:
4749:
4748:
4745:
4744:
4742:
4741:
4740:
4739:
4730:
4728:
4722:
4721:
4719:
4718:
4711:
4704:
4697:
4694:Eozygodactylus
4689:
4687:
4685:Zygodactylidae
4678:
4677:
4675:
4674:
4663:
4657:
4651:
4650:
4648:
4647:
4640:
4633:
4626:
4618:
4616:
4607:
4606:
4604:
4603:
4596:
4589:
4581:
4573:
4571:
4558:
4557:
4552:
4545:
4544:
4542:
4541:
4535:
4529:
4523:
4517:
4510:
4507:
4506:
4499:
4497:
4496:
4489:
4482:
4474:
4465:
4464:
4462:
4461:
4449:
4437:
4425:
4412:
4409:
4408:
4405:
4404:
4401:
4400:
4397:
4396:
4393:
4392:
4389:
4388:
4385:
4384:
4381:
4380:
4377:
4376:
4374:
4373:
4365:
4360:Coraciiformes
4357:
4349:
4341:
4336:Trogoniformes
4333:
4325:
4317:
4309:
4300:
4298:
4292:
4291:
4289:
4288:
4283:Passeriformes
4280:
4272:
4267:Falconiformes
4264:
4259:Cariamiformes
4255:
4253:
4247:
4246:
4244:
4243:
4235:
4227:
4222:Ciconiiformes
4219:
4211:
4203:
4194:
4192:
4186:
4185:
4183:
4182:
4174:
4165:
4163:
4157:
4156:
4154:
4153:
4145:
4136:
4134:
4132:Cursorimorphae
4128:
4127:
4125:
4124:
4115:
4113:
4107:
4106:
4104:
4103:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4076:
4074:
4068:
4067:
4065:
4064:
4056:
4048:
4039:
4037:
4028:
4022:
4021:
4018:
4017:
4015:
4014:
4006:
3997:
3995:
3993:Mirandornithes
3989:
3988:
3986:
3985:
3977:
3969:
3964:Columbiformes
3960:
3958:
3956:Columbimorphae
3949:
3940:
3930:
3929:
3926:
3925:
3922:
3921:
3918:
3917:
3915:
3914:
3909:
3901:
3896:
3891:Meleagridinae
3887:
3885:
3879:
3878:
3876:
3875:
3868:
3861:
3854:
3847:
3840:
3833:
3826:
3819:
3811:
3809:
3807:Odontophoridae
3803:
3802:
3800:
3799:
3792:
3785:
3778:
3770:
3768:
3762:
3761:
3759:
3758:
3751:
3744:
3737:
3730:
3723:
3716:
3708:
3706:
3700:
3699:
3697:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3680:
3678:
3669:
3648:
3647:
3644:
3643:
3641:
3640:
3632:
3630:
3624:
3623:
3621:
3620:
3613:
3605:
3603:
3597:
3596:
3594:
3593:
3588:
3586:Stictonettinae
3583:
3581:Dendrocygninae
3578:
3577:
3576:
3569:
3557:
3556:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3534:
3532:
3515:
3502:
3459:
3431:
3430:
3427:
3426:
3424:
3423:
3415:
3407:
3399:
3391:
3382:
3380:
3366:
3365:
3362:
3351:
3350:
3348:
3347:
3346:
3345:
3340:
3334:Notable birds
3332:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3296:
3294:
3290:
3289:
3287:
3286:
3284:Egg collecting
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3235:
3234:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3203:
3201:
3193:
3192:
3190:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3167:Hesperornithes
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3142:Ambiortiformes
3139:
3134:
3129:
3127:Enantiornithes
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3101:
3099:
3093:
3092:
3090:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3068:
3067:
3062:
3051:
3049:
3043:
3042:
3040:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2978:
2976:
2970:
2969:
2967:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2930:
2929:
2919:
2914:
2908:
2906:
2900:
2899:
2897:
2896:
2890:
2887:
2886:
2876:
2874:
2873:
2866:
2859:
2851:
2845:
2844:
2843:at Wikispecies
2832:
2816:
2815:External links
2813:
2812:
2811:
2805:
2790:
2787:
2784:
2783:
2774:
2743:
2734:
2727:
2709:
2700:
2675:
2668:
2650:
2628:
2610:
2603:
2582:
2554:
2510:
2475:
2431:
2402:
2383:(1): 296–305.
2362:
2353:
2336:
2325:Rothschild, W.
2316:
2273:
2250:
2220:
2209:(3): 318–329.
2189:
2158:
2151:
2122:
2111:(3): 303–307.
2086:
2075:(3): 281–289.
2055:
2040:
2034:978-0521113311
2033:
1999:
1924:
1873:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1798:
1795:
1787:and the snail
1673:
1670:
1624:chestnut brown
1602:
1595:
1594:
1587:1779 plate by
1586:
1579:
1578:
1577:
1576:
1575:
1562:sulphuric acid
1502:
1499:
1480:supercontinent
1420:
1419:
1412:
1411:
1408:
1407:
1403:
1402:
1399:
1398:
1394:
1393:
1390:
1389:
1385:
1384:
1381:
1380:
1376:
1375:
1372:
1371:
1367:Southeast Asia
1359:
1356:
1355:
1352:
1351:
1339:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1328:
1325:
1324:
1310:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1299:
1296:
1295:
1281:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1270:
1267:
1266:
1257:
1252:
1250:
1245:
1238:
1234:
1233:
1230:
1229:
1225:
1224:
1221:
1220:
1216:
1215:
1212:
1211:
1207:
1206:
1203:
1202:
1198:
1197:
1194:
1193:
1189:
1188:
1185:
1184:
1176:
1173:
1172:
1169:
1168:
1160:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1149:
1146:
1145:
1131:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1120:
1117:
1116:
1102:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1091:
1088:
1087:
1083:Praslin Island
1073:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1062:
1059:
1058:
1054:
1053:
1050:
1049:
1041:
1038:
1037:
1034:
1033:
1019:
1014:
1012:
1007:
1005:
1000:
995:
985:
873:
866:
865:
861:
854:
853:
852:
851:
850:
808:
805:
741:assigned some
716:Cabinet du Roi
616:junior synonym
509:
506:
420:
419:
417:
416:
408:
397:
381:
369:
357:
346:
334:
325:Vaza mascarina
322:
311:
299:
288:
271:
270:
269:
266:
265:
259:
258:
250:
249:
241:
240:
233:
219:
218:
212:
211:
203:
201:
197:
196:
179:
175:
174:
169:
165:
164:
159:
155:
154:
152:Psittaciformes
149:
145:
144:
139:
135:
134:
129:
125:
124:
119:
115:
114:
109:
105:
104:
91:
90:
71:
68:
67:
62:
59:
58:
46:
45:
37:
36:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6546:
6535:
6532:
6530:
6527:
6525:
6522:
6520:
6517:
6515:
6512:
6510:
6507:
6505:
6502:
6500:
6497:
6496:
6494:
6477:
6472:
6468:
6464:
6459:
6455:
6451:
6446:
6442:
6438:
6433:
6429:
6425:
6420:
6416:
6412:
6407:
6403:
6399:
6394:
6390:
6386:
6381:
6377:
6373:
6368:
6364:
6360:
6355:
6351:
6347:
6341:
6337:
6332:
6328:
6324:
6319:
6315:
6311:
6306:
6302:
6297:
6291:
6287:
6286:
6284:
6282:
6278:
6274:
6269:
6262:
6252:
6250:
6240:
6238:
6228:
6226:
6221:
6216:
6214:
6209:
6204:
6202:
6192:
6188:
6155:
6154:
6150:
6148:
6147:
6143:
6141:
6140:
6136:
6134:
6133:
6129:
6127:
6126:
6119:
6117:
6116:
6109:
6107:
6106:
6099:
6097:
6096:
6092:
6090:
6089:
6085:
6084:
6082:
6080:
6076:
6070:
6069:
6065:
6063:
6062:
6058:
6056:
6055:
6051:
6050:
6048:
6046:
6042:
6036:
6035:
6031:
6030:
6028:
6026:
6025:Micropsittini
6022:
6019:
6017:
6016:Psittaculinae
6013:
6007:
6006:
6002:
6001:
5999:
5997:
5993:
5983:
5982:
5978:
5976:
5975:
5971:
5969:
5968:
5964:
5962:
5961:
5957:
5955:
5954:
5950:
5948:
5947:
5943:
5941:
5940:
5936:
5934:
5933:
5929:
5927:
5926:
5922:
5920:
5919:
5915:
5914:
5912:
5910:
5906:
5900:
5899:
5895:
5893:
5892:
5888:
5886:
5885:
5881:
5880:
5878:
5876:
5872:
5869:
5867:
5866:Platycercinae
5863:
5853:
5852:
5851:Melopsittacus
5848:
5847:
5845:
5843:
5839:
5833:
5832:
5828:
5826:
5825:
5824:Trichoglossus
5821:
5819:
5818:
5814:
5812:
5811:
5807:
5805:
5804:
5800:
5798:
5797:
5793:
5791:
5790:
5786:
5784:
5783:
5782:Oreopsittacus
5779:
5777:
5776:
5772:
5770:
5769:
5765:
5763:
5762:
5758:
5756:
5755:
5751:
5749:
5748:
5744:
5742:
5741:
5737:
5735:
5734:
5730:
5728:
5727:
5723:
5721:
5720:
5716:
5714:
5713:
5709:
5707:
5706:
5702:
5701:
5699:
5697:
5693:
5687:
5686:
5682:
5680:
5679:
5675:
5674:
5672:
5670:
5669:Cyclopsittini
5666:
5663:
5661:
5657:
5651:
5650:
5646:
5644:
5643:
5639:
5637:
5636:
5632:
5631:
5629:
5627:
5623:
5620:
5618:
5617:Psittaculidae
5614:
5604:
5603:
5599:
5598:
5596:
5594:
5590:
5584:
5583:
5579:
5578:
5576:
5574:
5570:
5567:
5565:
5561:
5551:
5550:
5543:
5541:
5540:
5536:
5534:
5533:
5529:
5527:
5526:
5519:
5517:
5516:
5509:
5508:
5506:
5504:
5500:
5490:
5489:
5485:
5484:
5482:
5479:
5474:
5468:
5467:
5463:
5461:
5460:
5459:Rhynchopsitta
5456:
5454:
5453:
5449:
5447:
5446:
5442:
5440:
5439:
5435:
5433:
5432:
5431:Orthopsittaca
5428:
5426:
5425:
5421:
5419:
5418:
5414:
5412:
5411:
5407:
5405:
5404:
5400:
5398:
5397:
5393:
5391:
5390:
5386:
5384:
5383:
5379:
5377:
5376:
5372:
5370:
5369:
5362:
5360:
5359:
5355:
5353:
5352:
5348:
5346:
5345:
5344:Anodorhynchus
5341:
5340:
5338:
5336:
5332:
5326:
5325:
5321:
5319:
5318:
5314:
5312:
5311:
5307:
5305:
5304:
5300:
5298:
5297:
5293:
5291:
5290:
5286:
5284:
5283:
5279:
5278:
5276:
5274:
5273:Androglossini
5270:
5264:
5263:
5259:
5257:
5256:
5252:
5250:
5249:
5248:Nannopsittaca
5245:
5243:
5242:
5241:Bolborhynchus
5238:
5237:
5235:
5232:
5227:
5221:
5220:
5216:
5214:
5213:
5209:
5207:
5206:
5202:
5200:
5199:
5195:
5193:
5192:
5188:
5187:
5184:
5181:
5179:
5175:
5169:
5168:
5161:
5160:
5158:
5156:
5152:
5149:
5147:
5143:
5140:
5138:
5134:
5124:
5123:
5119:
5117:
5116:
5112:
5110:
5109:
5105:
5103:
5102:
5098:
5096:
5095:
5091:
5089:
5088:
5084:
5082:
5081:
5080:Callocephalon
5077:
5075:
5074:
5070:
5069:
5067:
5065:
5061:
5058:
5056:
5052:
5042:
5041:
5037:
5035:
5034:
5030:
5028:
5027:
5026:Nelepsittacus
5020:
5018:
5017:
5010:
5009:
5007:
5005:
5001:
4998:
4996:
4992:
4986:
4985:
4978:
4977:
4975:
4973:
4972:Namapsittidae
4969:
4963:
4962:
4955:
4954:
4952:
4950:
4946:
4942:
4938:
4933:
4929:
4912:
4911:
4910:
4909:
4907:
4905:
4901:
4895:
4894:
4890:
4888:
4887:
4883:
4881:
4880:
4876:
4875:
4873:
4871:
4864:
4858:
4857:
4853:
4850:
4849:
4845:
4844:
4842:
4840:
4833:
4827:
4826:
4822:
4820:
4819:
4815:
4814:
4812:
4809:
4802:
4796:
4795:
4791:
4789:
4788:
4787:Pulchrapollia
4784:
4782:
4781:
4777:
4775:
4774:
4770:
4768:
4767:
4763:
4762:
4760:
4757:
4750:
4738:
4737:Passeriformes
4734:
4733:
4732:
4731:
4729:
4727:
4726:Passeriformes
4723:
4717:
4716:
4712:
4710:
4709:
4705:
4703:
4702:
4698:
4696:
4695:
4691:
4690:
4688:
4686:
4679:
4673:
4672:
4665:
4664:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4652:
4646:
4645:
4641:
4639:
4638:
4637:Psittacomimus
4634:
4632:
4631:
4627:
4625:
4624:
4620:
4619:
4617:
4615:
4608:
4602:
4601:
4597:
4595:
4594:
4590:
4587:
4586:
4582:
4580:
4579:
4575:
4574:
4572:
4570:
4563:
4559:
4555:
4550:
4546:
4540:
4536:
4534:
4530:
4528:
4524:
4522:
4518:
4516:
4512:
4511:
4508:
4503:
4495:
4490:
4488:
4483:
4481:
4476:
4475:
4472:
4460:
4459:
4450:
4448:
4447:
4442:
4438:
4436:
4435:
4426:
4424:
4423:
4414:
4413:
4410:
4372:
4366:
4364:
4358:
4356:
4350:
4348:
4342:
4340:
4334:
4332:
4326:
4324:
4320:Strigiformes
4318:
4316:
4310:
4308:
4302:
4301:
4299:
4297:
4293:
4287:
4281:
4279:
4273:
4271:
4265:
4263:
4257:
4256:
4254:
4252:
4248:
4242:
4236:
4234:
4228:
4226:
4220:
4218:
4212:
4210:
4204:
4202:
4196:
4195:
4193:
4191:
4187:
4181:
4175:
4173:
4171:(tropicbirds)
4167:
4166:
4164:
4162:
4158:
4152:
4146:
4144:
4138:
4137:
4135:
4133:
4129:
4123:
4117:
4116:
4114:
4112:
4108:
4102:
4096:
4094:
4093:Podargiformes
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4078:
4077:
4075:
4073:
4069:
4063:
4057:
4055:
4049:
4047:
4043:Cuculiformes
4041:
4040:
4038:
4036:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4023:
4013:
4007:
4005:
3999:
3998:
3996:
3994:
3990:
3984:
3978:
3976:
3970:
3968:
3962:
3961:
3959:
3957:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3935:
3931:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3889:
3888:
3886:
3884:
3880:
3874:
3873:
3869:
3867:
3866:
3862:
3860:
3859:
3855:
3853:
3852:
3848:
3846:
3845:
3841:
3839:
3838:
3834:
3832:
3831:
3827:
3825:
3824:
3820:
3818:
3817:
3813:
3812:
3810:
3808:
3804:
3798:
3797:
3793:
3791:
3790:
3786:
3784:
3783:
3779:
3777:
3776:
3772:
3771:
3769:
3767:
3763:
3757:
3756:
3752:
3750:
3749:
3745:
3743:
3742:
3741:Macrocephalon
3738:
3736:
3735:
3731:
3729:
3728:
3724:
3722:
3721:
3717:
3715:
3714:
3710:
3709:
3707:
3705:
3701:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3681:
3679:
3677:
3673:
3670:
3666:
3659:
3653:
3649:
3639:
3638:
3634:
3633:
3631:
3629:
3628:Anseranatidae
3625:
3619:
3618:
3614:
3612:
3611:
3607:
3606:
3604:
3602:
3598:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3575:
3570:
3568:
3563:
3562:
3561:
3558:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3540:
3539:
3536:
3535:
3533:
3529:
3523:
3519:
3516:
3510:
3506:
3503:
3499:
3493:
3467:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3436:
3432:
3422:
3416:
3414:
3408:
3406:
3402:Tinamiformes
3400:
3398:
3392:
3390:
3384:
3383:
3381:
3379:
3378:Palaeognathae
3375:
3371:
3367:
3360:
3356:
3352:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3335:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3297:
3295:
3291:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3264:Pigeon racing
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3233:
3230:
3229:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3204:
3202:
3200:
3194:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3107:
3106:Archaeopteryx
3103:
3102:
3100:
3098:
3094:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3057:
3056:
3053:
3052:
3050:
3048:
3044:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2979:
2977:
2975:
2971:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2928:
2925:
2924:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2909:
2907:
2905:
2901:
2895:
2892:
2891:
2888:
2883:
2879:
2872:
2867:
2865:
2860:
2858:
2853:
2852:
2849:
2842:
2837:
2833:
2830:
2829:
2823:
2819:
2818:
2814:
2808:
2802:
2798:
2793:
2792:
2788:
2778:
2775:
2770:
2766:
2765:
2757:
2750:
2748:
2744:
2738:
2735:
2730:
2724:
2720:
2713:
2710:
2704:
2701:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2687:
2679:
2676:
2671:
2669:9780643096325
2665:
2661:
2654:
2651:
2646:
2642:
2635:
2633:
2629:
2625:(126): 40–48.
2624:
2617:
2615:
2611:
2606:
2600:
2596:
2595:Extinct Birds
2592:
2586:
2583:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2558:
2555:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2514:
2511:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2479:
2476:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2440:
2438:
2436:
2432:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2414:
2406:
2403:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2371:
2369:
2367:
2363:
2357:
2354:
2349:
2348:
2340:
2337:
2332:
2331:
2330:Extinct Birds
2326:
2320:
2317:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2277:
2274:
2261:
2254:
2251:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2227:
2225:
2221:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2193:
2190:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2162:
2159:
2154:
2148:
2144:
2143:Extinct Birds
2137:
2135:
2133:
2131:
2129:
2127:
2123:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2095:
2093:
2091:
2087:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2059:
2056:
2051:
2044:
2041:
2036:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2013:
2012:
2003:
2000:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1982:
1974:
1967:
1965:
1963:
1961:
1959:
1957:
1955:
1953:
1951:
1949:
1947:
1945:
1943:
1941:
1939:
1937:
1935:
1933:
1931:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1914:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1900:
1895:
1893:
1887:
1881:
1879:
1875:
1868:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1847:
1841:
1837:
1835:
1834:IUCN Red List
1831:
1827:
1823:
1822:deforestation
1819:
1815:
1814:echo parakeet
1807:
1803:
1796:
1794:
1792:
1791:
1786:
1782:
1781:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1739:
1737:
1733:
1727:
1722:
1720:
1719:Jean Feuilley
1711:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1683:
1679:
1671:
1669:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1642:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1625:
1621:
1620:hand-coloured
1617:
1613:
1599:
1590:
1583:
1574:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1541:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1512:
1507:
1500:
1498:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1464:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1445:
1441:, as well as
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1418:
1410:
1409:
1401:
1400:
1392:
1391:
1383:
1382:
1374:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1364:
1358:
1357:
1354:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1344:
1338:
1337:
1331:
1330:
1327:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1317:
1316:
1309:
1308:
1302:
1301:
1298:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1288:
1287:
1280:
1279:
1273:
1272:
1269:
1268:
1265:
1264:
1263:
1256:
1255:
1249:
1248:
1244:
1243:
1239:
1232:
1231:
1223:
1222:
1214:
1213:
1205:
1204:
1196:
1195:
1187:
1186:
1183:
1181:
1175:
1174:
1171:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1159:
1158:
1152:
1151:
1148:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1138:
1137:
1130:
1129:
1123:
1122:
1119:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1109:
1108:
1101:
1100:
1094:
1093:
1090:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1080:
1079:
1072:
1071:
1065:
1064:
1061:
1060:
1052:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1040:
1039:
1036:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1026:
1025:
1018:
1017:
1011:
1010:
999:
998:
994:
993:
989:
988:
984:
982:
973:
969:
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
926:
924:
920:
915:
909:
907:
902:
899:
895:
891:
887:
883:
870:
858:
849:
847:
843:
839:
838:morphological
835:
831:
827:
822:
821:Psittaculinae
818:
814:
806:
804:
802:
801:M. mascarinus
798:
794:
790:
786:
785:M. mascarinus
782:
777:
774:
770:
766:
762:
760:
756:
752:
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
696:
692:
687:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
660:
655:
652:
651:herpetologist
648:
644:
643:
638:
637:
632:
628:
624:
620:
617:
613:
610:
606:
598:
597:
592:
587:
583:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
564:Carl Linnaeus
562:
558:
554:
552:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
507:
505:
503:
499:
495:
491:
486:
484:
483:tail feathers
480:
475:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
436:
431:
427:
412:
409:
405:
401:
398:
394:
390:
385:
382:
378:
373:
370:
366:
361:
358:
354:
350:
347:
343:
338:
335:
331:
326:
323:
319:
315:
312:
308:
303:
300:
296:
292:
289:
285:
281:
278:
267:
264:
260:
256:
251:
247:
242:
237:
231:
229:
220:
217:
216:Binomial name
213:
209:
208:
202:
199:
198:
193:
188:
187:
180:
177:
176:
173:
172:Psittaculinae
170:
167:
166:
163:
162:Psittaculidae
160:
157:
156:
153:
150:
147:
146:
143:
140:
137:
136:
133:
130:
127:
126:
123:
120:
117:
116:
113:
110:
107:
106:
101:
96:
92:
86:
81: (1834)
80:
69:
65:
60:
56:
52:
47:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
6504:Psittaculini
6280:
6261:Paleontology
6151:
6144:
6137:
6130:
6123:
6113:
6103:
6093:
6086:
6079:Psittaculini
6066:
6059:
6052:
6032:
6003:
5979:
5972:
5967:Psephotellus
5965:
5958:
5951:
5944:
5937:
5930:
5925:Cyanoramphus
5923:
5916:
5909:Platycercini
5896:
5891:Neopsephotus
5889:
5882:
5849:
5829:
5822:
5815:
5808:
5803:Psitteuteles
5801:
5794:
5787:
5780:
5775:Neopsittacus
5773:
5766:
5759:
5754:Glossoptilus
5752:
5747:Glossopsitta
5745:
5738:
5731:
5724:
5717:
5710:
5705:Chalcopsitta
5703:
5683:
5676:
5647:
5640:
5633:
5600:
5593:Coracopsinae
5580:
5573:Coracopsinae
5547:
5537:
5530:
5523:
5515:Bavaripsitta
5513:
5486:
5466:Thectocercus
5464:
5457:
5450:
5443:
5436:
5429:
5424:Ognorhynchus
5422:
5417:Leptosittaca
5415:
5408:
5401:
5396:Enicognathus
5394:
5387:
5380:
5373:
5366:
5356:
5349:
5342:
5322:
5315:
5308:
5301:
5294:
5287:
5282:Alipiopsitta
5280:
5260:
5255:Psilopsiagon
5253:
5246:
5239:
5217:
5210:
5203:
5196:
5189:
5165:
5154:
5137:Psittacoidea
5120:
5113:
5106:
5099:
5092:
5085:
5078:
5071:
5038:
5031:
5024:
5014:
4995:Strigopoidea
4982:
4959:
4948:
4891:
4884:
4877:
4870:Morsoravidae
4856:Quercypsitta
4854:
4846:
4823:
4816:
4792:
4785:
4778:
4771:
4764:
4715:Zygodactylus
4713:
4706:
4699:
4692:
4669:
4655:Parapasseres
4642:
4635:
4628:
4621:
4598:
4591:
4583:
4576:
4569:Vastanavidae
4456:
4444:
4432:
4420:
4330:(mousebirds)
4328:Coliiformes
4198:Gaviiformes
4190:Aequornithes
4098:Apodiformes
4059:Otidiformes
4035:Otidimorphae
3982:(sandgrouse)
3904:Phasianinae
3870:
3863:
3856:
3851:Odontophorus
3849:
3842:
3835:
3828:
3821:
3814:
3794:
3787:
3780:
3773:
3753:
3746:
3739:
3732:
3725:
3718:
3711:
3689:Oreophasinae
3635:
3615:
3608:
3513:(waterfowls)
3509:Anseriformes
3259:Cockfighting
3244:Conservation
3239:Bird feeding
3227:Birdwatching
3217:Ornithomancy
3157:Gansuiformes
3104:
3097:Fossil birds
2987:Intelligence
2841:Psittacoidea
2827:
2796:
2777:
2768:
2762:
2737:
2718:
2712:
2703:
2685:
2678:
2659:
2653:
2644:
2640:
2622:
2594:
2585:
2568:
2564:
2557:
2524:
2520:
2513:
2488:
2484:
2478:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2417:
2411:
2405:
2380:
2376:
2356:
2346:
2339:
2329:
2319:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2276:
2266:February 11,
2264:. Retrieved
2253:
2236:
2232:
2206:
2202:
2192:
2175:
2171:
2161:
2142:
2108:
2104:
2072:
2068:
2058:
2049:
2043:
2010:
2002:
1985:
1979:
1903:
1897:
1891:
1863:
1858:
1854:
1842:
1838:
1817:
1811:
1788:
1778:
1751:RĂ©union ibis
1740:
1729:
1724:
1716:
1692:
1675:
1629:
1615:
1609:
1557:
1543:
1538:
1534:
1530:red squirrel
1515:
1490:
1486:
1471:
1467:
1465:
1460:
1456:
1453:paraphyletic
1448:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1424:
1416:
1362:
1361:
1342:
1341:
1320:Central Asia
1313:
1312:
1284:
1283:
1261:
1260:
1259:
1241:
1240:
1179:
1178:
1163:
1162:
1134:
1133:
1106:
1105:
1104:
1076:
1075:
1044:
1043:
1022:
1021:
991:
990:
978:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
937:
929:
927:
922:
918:
913:
910:
880:
846:Indian Ocean
841:
813:Coracopsinae
810:
800:
788:
784:
778:
763:
758:
746:
734:
711:
703:
699:
694:
688:
683:
679:
671:
663:
657:
646:
640:
634:
618:
614:to coin the
602:
594:
578:discoverer,
556:
549:
516:in his 1674
514:Sieur Dubois
511:
487:
476:
472:vasa parrots
468:Psittaculini
460:Indian Ocean
434:
433:
429:
425:
423:
410:
399:
383:
371:
359:
348:
336:
324:
313:
301:
290:
279:
257:(encircled)
253:Location of
227:
222:
206:
205:
185:
184:
29:
6406:iNaturalist
6153:Tanygnathus
6132:Prioniturus
6061:Aprosmictus
6034:Micropsitta
6005:Psittacella
5953:Platycercus
5932:Eunymphicus
5789:Parvipsitta
5712:Charminetta
5678:Cyclopsitta
5602:Psittrichas
5532:Poicephalus
5503:Psittacinae
5389:Diopsittaca
5382:Cyanopsitta
5375:Cyanoliseus
5303:Pionopsitta
5146:Psittacidae
5115:Probosciger
5055:Cacatuoidea
5004:Strigopidae
4913:See below ↓
4886:Pumiliornis
4818:Messelastur
4644:Psittacopes
4458:WikiProject
4368:Piciformes
4251:Australaves
4230:Suliformes
4148:Gruiformes
4003:(flamingos)
3912:Tetraoninae
3883:Phasianidae
3872:Rhynchortyx
3837:Dactylortyx
3704:Megapodidae
3694:Penelopinae
3652:Galliformes
3394:Rheiformes
3388:(ostriches)
3338:individuals
3212:Ornithology
3199:interaction
2954:Preen gland
2789:Cited texts
2771:(3): 85–95.
2491:(1): 7–21.
2456:: 499–502.
2178:: 224–226.
1920:old version
1783:skink. The
1780:Leiolopisma
1736:Peter Mundy
1501:Description
1472:Tanygnathus
1439:Tanygnathus
1427:Tanygnathus
1293:, extinct)
958:Tanygnathus
950:Tanygnathus
946:P. eupatria
886:Pleistocene
789:M. mascarin
727:Julian Hume
708:grey parrot
636:Tanygnathus
589:Plate from
442:species of
168:Subfamily:
6493:Categories
6249:Madagascar
6139:Psittacula
6115:Mascarinus
6095:Geoffroyus
6045:Polytelini
5946:Northiella
5918:Barnardius
5875:Pezoporini
5817:Synorhacma
5719:Charmosyna
5582:Coracopsis
5549:Xenopsitta
5445:Psittacara
5403:Eupsittula
5368:Conuropsis
5212:Myiopsitta
5191:Brotogeris
5101:Lophochroa
5064:Cacatuidae
4984:Namapsitta
4879:Morsoravis
4794:Serudaptus
4773:Halcyornis
4701:Primoscens
4671:Minutornis
4600:Vastanavis
4578:Avolatavis
4500:Genera of
4208:(penguins)
4061:(bustards)
3899:Perdicinae
3844:Dendrortyx
3816:Callipepla
3748:Megapodius
3713:Aepypodius
3591:Tadorninae
3573:true geese
3404:(tinamous)
3363:Neornithes
3274:Pheasantry
3249:Aviculture
3017:Incubation
3007:Lek mating
2647:: 168–193.
2591:Fuller, E.
2527:(3): 547.
2245:10088/2005
1869:References
1797:Extinction
1769:, and the
1704:tyrosinase
1697:albinistic
1693:Coracopsis
1682:amino acid
1566:fumigation
1554:dickcissel
1491:Mascarinus
1487:Psittacula
1468:Psittacula
1461:Mascarinus
1457:Psittacula
1449:Psittacula
1435:Mascarinus
1431:Psittacula
1291:Seychelles
1029:Madagascar
981:cladograms
966:Psittacula
962:Mascarinus
954:Psittacula
930:Psittacula
923:Coracopsis
919:Mascarinus
914:Psittacula
882:Sea levels
842:Psittacula
759:Mascarinus
751:subspecies
680:mascarinus
659:Coracopsis
647:Mascarinus
645:genera in
642:Psittacula
609:naturalist
605:Madagascar
576:Portuguese
553:mascarinus
518:travelogue
186:Mascarinus
18:Mascarinus
6146:Psittinus
6068:Polytelis
6054:Alisterus
5974:Psephotus
5960:Prosopeia
5898:Pezoporus
5810:Saudareos
5649:Loriculus
5635:Agapornis
5539:Psittacus
5438:Primolius
5324:Triclaria
5198:Deroptyus
5108:Nymphicus
4893:Sororavis
4766:Cyrilavis
4585:Calcardea
4513:Kingdom:
4277:(parrots)
4121:(hoatzin)
4072:Strisores
4053:(turacos)
4045:(cuckoos)
3974:(mesites)
3893:(turkeys)
3865:Philortyx
3782:Agelastes
3775:Acryllium
3766:Numididae
3755:Talegalla
3665:gamebirds
3658:landfowls
3637:Anseranas
3601:Anhimidae
3560:Anserinae
3343:fictional
3065:dinosaurs
3060:Theropoda
3047:Evolution
2992:Migration
2974:Behaviour
2420:: 26–40.
2311:229723728
1743:ecosystem
1732:Mauritius
1550:taxidermy
1444:Psittinus
836:based on
830:radiation
807:Evolution
765:Subfossil
753:from the
561:zoologist
551:Psittacus
494:captivity
464:taxonomic
446:that was
318:Bonaparte
200:Species:
118:Kingdom:
112:Eukaryota
6437:22685258
6336:22685258
6331:BirdLife
6323:38665729
6290:Wikidata
6088:Eclectus
5939:Lathamus
5884:Neophema
5796:Pseudeos
5660:Loriinae
5525:Khwenena
5452:Pyrrhura
5358:Aratinga
5219:Pionites
5094:Eolophus
5040:Strigops
5016:Heracles
4521:Chordata
4519:Phylum:
4515:Animalia
4422:Category
4296:Afroaves
4224:(storks)
4026:Passerea
4011:(grebes)
3947:Columbea
3858:Oreortyx
3830:Cyrtonyx
3720:Alectura
3684:Cracinae
3676:Cracidae
3553:Oxyurini
3543:Aythyini
3538:Anatinae
3522:Anatidae
3269:Falconry
3232:big year
3087:Seabirds
2997:Foraging
2944:Feathers
2593:(2001).
2549:91969786
2541:31716534
2505:52995298
2470:28017858
2416:. 3205.
2397:22019932
2327:(1907).
1988:: 4–41.
1888:(2016).
1685:tyrosine
1637:mandible
1483:Gondwana
938:P. wardi
826:pectoral
781:binomial
755:Moluccas
631:tautonym
557:mascarin
526:holotype
508:Taxonomy
438:) is an
430:mascarin
330:Schlegel
284:Linnaeus
263:Synonyms
236:Linnaeus
158:Family:
132:Chordata
128:Phylum:
122:Animalia
108:Domain:
85:IUCN 3.1
6398:2480141
6372:maspar1
6346:maspar1
6305:Avibase
6296:Q947555
6225:Biology
6213:Animals
6187:Portals
5696:Loriini
5478:Forpini
5410:Guaruba
5317:Pyrilia
5289:Amazona
5073:Cacatua
4825:Tynskya
4537:Clade:
4531:Clade:
4525:Class:
4502:parrots
4434:Commons
3938:Neoaves
3823:Colinus
3789:Guttera
3727:Eulipoa
3548:Mergini
3412:(kiwis)
3396:(rheas)
3207:Ringing
3032:Hybrids
3027:Nesting
2982:Singing
2959:Plumage
2934:Dactyly
2904:Anatomy
2894:Outline
2884:: Aves)
2521:Zootaxa
2413:Zootaxa
1981:Zootaxa
1654:rostrum
1495:Miocene
1141:Comoros
1112:RĂ©union
898:volcano
817:plumage
791:by the
769:grottos
599:, 1700s
456:RĂ©union
450:to the
448:endemic
440:extinct
395:, 1876)
379:, 1873)
377:Pelzeln
367:, 1870)
344:, 1868)
332:, 1864)
309:, 1832)
255:RĂ©union
238:, 1771)
225:†
204:†
178:Genus:
148:Order:
138:Class:
83: (
79:Extinct
6476:371447
6463:371448
6450:600838
6424:714032
6411:367553
6385:311748
6237:Africa
5768:Lorius
5488:Forpus
5310:Pionus
5178:Arinae
5033:Nestor
4446:Portal
4322:(owls)
3796:Numida
3734:Leipoa
3617:Chauna
3610:Anhima
3305:Genera
3279:Imping
3197:Human
3037:Colony
2964:Vision
2949:Flight
2803:
2725:
2666:
2601:
2547:
2539:
2503:
2468:
2395:
2309:
2149:
2031:
1765:, the
1761:, the
1753:, the
1749:, the
1701:enzyme
1650:septum
1526:velvet
1522:tarsus
1518:culmen
1417:
1027:(West
773:X-rays
542:London
522:France
502:Vienna
490:Europe
462:. The
444:parrot
406:, 1879
404:Forbes
393:Newton
391:&
389:Newton
355:, 1868
353:Finsch
342:Finsch
320:, 1854
307:Wagler
297:, 1831
295:Lesson
286:, 1771
194:, 1830
192:Lesson
6367:eBird
6359:6QVM3
6343:BOW:
6201:Birds
5335:Arini
5262:Touit
5122:Zanda
3566:swans
3528:ducks
3498:fowls
3293:Lists
2917:Brain
2882:class
2878:Birds
2759:(PDF)
2545:S2CID
2501:S2CID
2307:S2CID
2019:–89.
1976:(PDF)
1860:talk.
1646:nares
1546:lilac
834:tribe
623:genus
498:Paris
6432:IUCN
6419:ITIS
6393:GBIF
5831:Vini
4735:See
4527:Aves
2939:Eggs
2927:milk
2922:Crop
2912:Beak
2801:ISBN
2723:ISBN
2664:ISBN
2599:ISBN
2537:PMID
2525:4563
2466:PMID
2418:3205
2393:PMID
2285:and
2268:2017
2203:Ibis
2147:ISBN
2105:Ibis
2069:Ibis
2029:ISBN
1986:1513
1904:2016
1632:cere
979:The
960:and
779:The
702:and
639:and
500:and
479:bill
424:The
365:Gray
273:List
142:Aves
6380:EoL
6354:CoL
6318:BHL
5740:Eos
5351:Ara
2691:doi
2645:134
2573:doi
2529:doi
2493:doi
2489:118
2458:doi
2454:107
2422:doi
2385:doi
2299:doi
2241:hdl
2211:doi
2180:doi
2113:doi
2077:doi
2021:doi
1990:doi
1908:doi
787:to
757:to
548:as
454:of
428:or
6495::
6473::
6460::
6447::
6434::
6421::
6408::
6395::
6382::
6369::
6356::
6333::
6320::
6307::
6292::
2769:79
2767:.
2761:.
2746:^
2643:.
2631:^
2613:^
2569:49
2567:.
2543:.
2535:.
2523:.
2499:.
2487:.
2464:.
2452:.
2434:^
2391:.
2381:62
2379:.
2365:^
2305:.
2295:77
2293:.
2235:.
2223:^
2205:.
2201:.
2176:25
2174:.
2170:.
2125:^
2109:21
2107:.
2103:.
2089:^
2073:18
2071:.
2067:.
2027:.
1984:.
1978:.
1927:^
1902:.
1896:.
1877:^
1463:.
1437:,
1369:)
1349:)
1322:)
1143:)
1114:)
1085:)
1031:)
968:.
908:.
848:.
749:)
582:.
6189::
6121:â€
6111:â€
6101:â€
5545:â€
5521:â€
5511:â€
5480:"
5476:"
5364:â€
5233:"
5229:"
5163:â€
5022:â€
5012:â€
4980:â€
4957:â€
4867:â€
4851:?
4836:â€
4810:?
4805:â€
4758:?
4753:â€
4682:â€
4667:â€
4611:â€
4588:?
4566:â€
4493:e
4486:t
4479:v
3667:)
3660:-
3656:(
3530:)
3526:(
3500:)
3496:(
3492:e
3490:a
3488:r
3486:e
3484:s
3482:n
3480:a
3478:o
3476:l
3474:l
3472:a
3470:G
3457:e
3455:a
3453:h
3451:t
3449:a
3447:n
3445:g
3443:o
3441:e
3439:N
2880:(
2870:e
2863:t
2856:v
2809:.
2731:.
2697:.
2693::
2672:.
2607:.
2579:.
2575::
2551:.
2531::
2507:.
2495::
2472:.
2460::
2428:.
2424::
2399:.
2387::
2313:.
2301::
2270:.
2247:.
2243::
2217:.
2213::
2207:1
2186:.
2182::
2155:.
2119:.
2115::
2083:.
2079::
2037:.
2023::
2017:5
1996:.
1992::
1922:)
1918:(
1916:.
1910::
1894:"
1890:"
1816:(
1556:(
1489:–
1365:(
1345:(
1318:(
1289:(
1139:(
1110:(
1081:(
1002:E
944:(
936:(
745:(
733:(
710:(
670:(
432:(
387:(
375:(
363:(
340:(
328:(
305:(
234:(
182:â€
87:)
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
