2500:, p. 116: "Among them, Valentino identifies two major types, each with three subtypes. The first major type is 'dispossessive mass killing,' which includes (1) 'communist mass killings' in which leaders seek to transform societies according to communist principles; (2) 'ethnic mass killings,' in which leaders forcibly remove an ethnic population; and (3) mass killing as leaders acquire and repopulate land. The second major type of mass killing is 'coercive mass killing,' which includes (1) killing in wars when leaders cannot defeat opponents using conventional means; (2) 'terrorist' mass killing when leaders use violence to force an opposing side to surrender; and (3) killing during the creation of empires when conquering leaders try to defeat resistance and intimidate future resistance."
2536:, pp. 484–485: "Valentino makes a quite different argument. The pivot of his cogent and parsimonious analysis is that genocide and mass killing emerge from the strategic calculations of leaders—that genocide and mass killing are calculated, instrumental, and deliberate policies that leaders choose to accomplish certain goals. ... A key question for Valentino is why leaders would choose the strategy of genocide and mass killing. Valentino argues that ideology, racism, and paranoia can shape why leaders believe that genocide and mass killing is the right course of action."
2548:, p. 5: "Disagreeing with Rummel's finding that authoritarian and totalitarian government explains mass murder, Valentino (2004) argues that regime type does not matter; to Valentino the crucial thing is the motive for mass killing (Valentino, 2004: 70). He divides motive into the two categories of dispossessive mass killing (as in ethnic cleansing, colonial enlargement, or collectivization of agriculture) and coercive mass killing (as in counter-guerrilla, terrorist, and Axis imperialist conquests)."
577:(its strict definition) does not cover mass killing events in which no specific ethnic or religious groups are targeted, or events in which perpetrators do not intend to eliminate whole groups or significant parts of them. Genocide scholars use different models in order to explain and predict the onset of mass killing events. There has been little consensus and no generally-accepted terminology, prompting scholars, such as
4541:
1034:
history. A comparative analysis of the
Yugoslav data in two databases revealed a significant difference between the figures of killed per years and low correlation between Rummel's and Harff's data sets. Tomislav Dulić criticized Rummel's generally higher numbers as arising from flaws in Rummel's statistical methodology, and Rummel's response was not convincing.
2112:, p. 53: "As is customary in the literature on mass killing of civilians there is a need to restate here what mass killing is about. Although many definitions have been used — 'genocide', 'politicide' and 'democide' — there has emerged a sort of consensus that the term 'mass killing' is much more straightforward than either genocide or politicide."
655:
including the cases when governments are engaged in random killing either directly or due to the acts of criminal omission and neglect. Second, whereas some lower threshold exists for a killing event to be considered geno-politicide, there is no low threshold for democide which covers any murder of any number of persons by any government.
693:
essential defenselessness and helplessness of the victims." Valentino defines the term as "the intentional killing of a massive number of noncombatants", where a "massive number" is at least 50,000 intentional deaths over the course of five years or less; this is the most accepted quantitative minimum threshold for the term.
2524:, p. 60: "I content mass killing occurs when powerful groups come to believe it is the best available means to accomplish certain radical goals, counter specific types of threats, or solve difficult military problem." See also p. 70 to read Valentino outlining his proposed two major categories of mass killing.
1037:
Another comparative analysis of the two complete databases by
Atsushi Tago and Frank W. Wayman revealed that the significant difference between the figures is explained by Harff's dataset of politicide-geoncide being essentially a subset of Rummel's dataset, where he includes other types of killings
605:
in attempts to collect a uniform global database of genocidal events and identify statistical models for prediction of onset of mass killings. Atsushi Tago and Frank Wayman reference mass killing as defined by
Valentino and state that even with a lower threshold (10,000 killed per year, 1,000 killed
649:
defined democide as "the intentional killing of an unarmed or disarmed person by government agents acting in their authoritative capacity and pursuant to government policy or high command"; according to Rummel, this definition covers a wide range of deaths, including forced labor and concentration
1033:
These data are intended mostly for statistical analysis of mass killings in attempt to identify the best predictors for their onset. According to Harff, these data are not necessarily the most accurate for a given country, since some sources are general genocide scholars and not experts on local
654:
governments, e.g. civil war killings. Rummel's democide concept is similar to geno-politicide, but there are two important differences. First, an important prerequisite for geno-politicide is government's intent to destroy a specific group. In contrast, democide deals with wider range of cases,
606:
per year, or even 1), "autocratic regimes, especially communist, are prone to mass killing generically, but not so strongly inclined (i.e. not statistically significantly inclined) toward geno-politicide." Other terms used by several authors to describe mass killings of non-combattents include:
1915:
defines generic genocide as "the mass killing of substantial numbers of human beings, when not in the course of military action against the military forces of an avowed enemy, under conditions of the essential defenselessness and helplessness of the victims." In the 2006 article "Development,
692:
Mass killing – referencing earlier definitions, Joan
Esteban, Massimo Morelli, and Dominic Rohner define mass killings as "the killings of substantial numbers of human beings, when not in the course of military action against the military forces of an avowed enemy, under the conditions of the
948:
as a subtype of dispossessive mass killing, which is considered as a complication of original theory his book is based on. About why it occurs, Valentino states that ideology, paranoia, and racism can shape leaders' beliefs for why genocide and mass killing may be justified. Unlike
1001:
and
Valentino to a lesser extent, Midlarsky mainly addresses genocides that did not take place. Both Midlarsky and Valentino mainly focus on proximate conditions, while Mann considers genocide within the broad context of ideologies and nation-states development.
1989:, p. 100: "In contrast to genocide, I see mass killing as 'killing (or in other ways destroying) members of a group without the intention to eliminate the whole group, or killing large numbers of people' without a focus on group membership."
964:
Manus
Midlarsky also focuses on leaders' decision making but his case selection and general conclusions are different from Valentino's. Midlarsky has a more narrower definition of the dependent variable and only analyzes three case studies (the
2455:
738:
outlines two major categories of mass killings: dispossessive mass killing and coercive mass killing. The first category defines three types: communist, ethnic, and territorial, containing the following scenarios of
565:. A mass killing is commonly defined as the killing of group members without the intention to eliminate the whole group, or otherwise the killing of large numbers of people without a clear group membership.
2088:, p. 42: "There is barely any other field of study that enjoys so little consensus on defining principles such as definition of genocide, typology, application of a comparative method, and timeframe."
4386:
2445:
1977:, p. 8: "Mass killing means killing members of a group without the intention to eliminate the whole group or killing large numbers of people without a precise definition of group membership."
3500:
4401:
4344:
719:, clarified the statutory authority for federal law enforcement agencies to provide investigatory assistance to the States, and mandated across federal agencies, including the Departments of
4339:
30:
This article is about the concept proposed by genocide scholars to define incidents of non- killing by government or state. For multiple killings committed by an individual or group, see
1030:
since 1955. The Harff database is the most frequently used by genocide scholars, while the Rummel database is a good framework for studying mass killings during the 1900–1987 period.
4434:
961:
as explaining mass killing; it is not ideology or regime-type but the leader's motive that matters and can explain it, which is in line with second-generation scholarship.
3434:. The CERI Series in Comparative Politics and International Studies. Translated by Schoch, Cynthia. New York City, New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 310–361.
2100:, p. 307: "Although the field has grown enormously over the past decade and a half, genocide scholarship still rarely appears in mainstream disciplinary journals."
3660:(hardback ed.). Charlottesville, Virginia: Center for National Security Law, School of Law, University of Virginia; Transaction Publishers, Rutgers University.
589:
Several different terms are used to describe the intentional killing of large numbers of noncombatants, but there is no consensus or generally-accepted terminology.
4369:
708:
4315:
4364:
3755:
1645:
4374:
4357:
724:
2870:
Gurr, Ted Robert; Harff, Barbara (September 1988). "Toward
Empirical Theory of Genocides and Politicides: Identification and Measurement of Cases since 1945".
4352:
3584:
699:– some genocide scholars propose the concept of politicide to describe the killing of groups that would not otherwise be covered by the Genocide Convention.
2478:
751:, among others. The second category includes the types: counterguerrilla, terrorist, and imperialist, containing the following scenarios of killing during
685:
resolution after a second vote because many states anticipated that clause to apply unneeded limitations to their right to suppress internal disturbances.
4305:
703:
studies genocide and politicide, sometimes shortened as geno-politicide, to include the mass killing of political, economic, ethnic, and cultural groups.
3461:
3141:. The CERI Series in Comparative Politics and International Studies. Translated by Schoch, Cynthia. New York City, New York: Columbia University Press.
1251:
3635:
4477:
1916:
Democracy, and Mass
Killings", William Easterly, Roberta Gatti, and Sergio Kurlat adopted Charny's definition of generic genocide for their use of
1539:
4381:
4310:
3384:
Schaak, Beth (2007). "The Crime of
Political Genocide: Repairing the Genocide Convention's Blind Spot". In Campbell, Tom; Lattimer, Mark (eds.).
650:
camp victims, killings by unofficial private groups, extrajudicial summary killings and mass deaths in deliberate famines as well as killings by
4416:
3665:
3629:
3439:
3420:
3401:
3331:
3259:
3203:
3184:
3165:
3146:
3094:
3075:
3011:
2992:
2860:
2742:
2723:
1883:
712:
3907:
3853:
2936:
Harff, Barbara (February 2003). "No
Lessons Learned from the Holocaust? Assessing Risks of Genocide and Political Mass Murder since 1955".
1640:
720:
4391:
4334:
4112:
3912:
537:
2064:, pp. 331–332: "The literatures on state-sponsored mass murder and state terrorism have been plagued by definitional problems."
727:, a definition of "mass killing" as three or more killings during an incident, while making no reference to the choice of weapon.
3348:
2624:
2483:
4439:
4092:
1878:
1788:
2076:, p. 6: "No generally accepted terminology exists to describe the intentional killing of large numbers of noncombatants."
4242:
3883:
2369:
1888:
3105:
2677:
Bach-Lindsday, Dylan; Huth, Paul; Valentino, Benjamin (May 2004). "Draining the Sea: Mass Killing and Guerrilla Warfare".
1873:
3816:
3614:. SpringerBriefs on Pioneers in Science and Practice. Vol. 37. New York City, New York: Springer. pp. 111–129.
2977:. SpringerBriefs on Pioneers in Science and Practice. Vol. 37. New York City, New York: Springer. pp. 111–129.
4444:
4396:
4329:
3974:
3894:
1893:
1725:
217:
3727:
3687:
Rummel, Rudolph (January 2004). "One-Thirteenth of a Data Point Does Not a Generalization Make: A Response to Dulić*".
581:, to describe comparative attempts a failure. Genocide scholarship rarely appears in mainstream disciplinary journals.
4580:
4426:
3520:
1862:
269:
2362:
3671:
4488:
4411:
4324:
998:
614:
3545:
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4565:
4406:
4297:
4034:
3964:
1599:
1339:
338:
3021:
Krain, Matthew (June 1997). "State-Sponsored Mass Murder: The Onset and Severity of Genocides and Politicides".
4281:
4102:
4029:
3947:
3937:
3846:
1317:
1085:
35:
2973:
Harff, Barbara (2017). "The Comparative Analysis of Mass Atrocities and Genocide". In Gleditish, N. P. (ed.).
4501:
4199:
4147:
4096:
3942:
3932:
3277:
Verdeja, Ernesto (June 2012). "The Political Science of Genocide: Outlines of an Emerging Research Agenda".
3604:
2752:
Dulić, Tomislav (January 2004). "Tito's Slaughterhouse: A Critical Analysis of Rummel's Work on Democide".
944:
does not consider ideology or regime-type as an important factor that explains mass killings, and outlines
4132:
4008:
3927:
3696:
994:
945:
530:
274:
239:
3546:"No Lessons Learned from the Holocaust? Assessing Risks of Genocide and Political Mass Murder since 1955"
2446:"Obama's inconsistent claim on the 'frequency' of mass shootings in the U.S. compared to other countries"
4472:
4152:
4137:
4127:
4107:
4054:
3808:
3430:
SĂ©melin, Jacques; et al. (Hoffman, Stanley) (2007). "The Political Uses of Massacre and Genocide".
1131:
689:
is also a popular term for political killings which are studied academically as democide and politicide.
187:
103:
2855:. SpringerBriefs on Pioneers in Science and Practice. Vol. 37. New York City, New York: Springer.
3160:(illustrated, reprinted, revised paperback ed.). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
4575:
3085:
Ott, Attiat (2011). "Modeling Mass Killing: For Gain or Ethnic Cleansing?". In Hartley, Keith (ed.).
1947:
716:
333:
152:
3701:
4544:
4506:
4237:
4217:
3839:
2441:
1295:
1273:
662:
301:
88:
66:
3355:
Esteban, Joan Maria; Morelli, Massimo; Rohner, Dominic (October 2015). "Strategic Mass Killings".
192:
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4276:
4271:
4266:
4254:
4232:
4227:
4194:
4184:
4044:
4039:
3922:
3873:
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3747:
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3046:
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2953:
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2822:
2814:
2777:
2769:
2702:
2694:
2665:
2657:
1951:
1441:
986:
941:
748:
735:
318:
284:
279:
244:
182:
108:
3314:
Weiss-Wendt, Anton (2008). "Problems in Comparative Genocide Scholarship". In Stone, Dan (ed.).
4259:
4222:
4059:
4017:
4001:
3661:
3625:
3435:
3416:
3397:
3327:
3265:
3255:
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3090:
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3038:
3007:
2988:
2887:
2856:
2843:
2839:
2834:
Esteban, Joan Maria; Morelli, Massimo; Rohner, Dominic (May 2010). "Strategic Mass Killings".
2738:
2719:
2649:
2632:
Tago, Atsushi; Wayman, Frank (January 2010). "Explaining the Onset of Mass Killing, 1949–87".
2423:
2190:
1153:
966:
666:
602:
578:
554:
523:
147:
128:
123:
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2413:
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2182:
1810:
1766:
954:
752:
740:
501:
486:
313:
98:
93:
78:
2838:. Zurich Switzerland: Institute for Empirical Research in Economics, University of Zurich.
4529:
4421:
4049:
4012:
3917:
3213:
Straus, Scott (April 2007). "Review: Second-Generation Comparative Research on Genocide".
2450:
2390:
Booty, Marisa; O'Dwyer, Jayne; Webster, Daniel; McCourt, Alex; Crifasi, Cassandra (2019).
974:
958:
744:
674:
626:
249:
140:
135:
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4496:
4065:
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2418:
2391:
1011:
1010:
At least two global databases of mass killings are available. The first compilation by
990:
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682:
646:
562:
234:
229:
207:
3179:(illustrated, reprinted hardback ed.). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
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4559:
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3996:
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3718:
3496:
3457:
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459:
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177:
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118:
73:
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767:
678:
354:
260:
224:
202:
83:
2737:(paperback ed.). Basingstoke, England: Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 7–41.
3812:
3728:"The Crime of Political Genocide: Repairing the Genocide Convention's Blind Spot"
3620:
3106:"The Crime of Political Genocide: Repairing the Genocide Convention's Blind Spot"
2983:
4533:
4122:
3957:
3902:
3318:(paperback ed.). Basingstoke, England: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 42–70.
3034:
1868:
1014:
covers a time period from the beginning of the 20th century until 1987 covering
977:). Midlarsky tries to explain why individuals may comply with the culprits, why
763:
759:
622:
506:
444:
387:
382:
167:
157:
31:
4174:
3952:
3788:
3772:
3655:
3564:
3527:. Center for International Development and Conflict Management. Archived from
3480:
3290:
3226:
3070:(English paperback ed.). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
2949:
2810:
2733:
Curthoys, Ann; Docker, John (2008). "Defining Genocide". In Stone, Dan (ed.).
2690:
2408:
1023:
978:
696:
632:
610:
558:
557:
who wish to define incidents of non-combat killing which are perpetrated by a
464:
404:
399:
364:
359:
323:
3710:
3042:
2907:
Harff, Barbara (Summer 1996). "Review: Death by Government by R. J. Rummel".
2891:
2765:
2653:
2645:
2392:"Describing a "mass shooting": the role of databases in understanding burden"
2194:
27:
Proposed concept for incidents of non-combat killing by a government or state
17:
3862:
3773:"The Political Science of Genocide: Outlines of an Emerging Research Agenda"
3269:
511:
474:
421:
416:
411:
394:
369:
328:
197:
113:
3528:
2427:
3415:(2nd hardcover ed.). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
3393:
3323:
2373:
4511:
4162:
3992:
1027:
1015:
982:
658:
642:
573:
491:
481:
469:
454:
428:
377:
162:
49:
3796:
3783:(2). Washington, D.C.: American Political Science Association: 307–321.
3488:
3298:
3285:(2). Washington, D.C.: American Political Science Association: 307–321.
3234:
2818:
2661:
913:
FLN terrorism in Algerian war of independence against France (1954–1962)
4189:
4179:
4157:
4142:
3572:
2957:
2899:
2773:
2698:
755:
496:
449:
3751:
3559:(1). Washington, D.C.: American Political Science Association: 57–73.
3129:
3050:
2944:(1). Washington, D.C.: American Political Science Association: 57–73.
2928:
613:– "intended mass killing of entire social classes", which sociologist
1042:
Genocides and politicides from 1955 to 2001 as listed by Harff, 2003
670:
636:
56:
3388:(1st eBook ed.). London, England: Routledge. pp. 140–173.
2883:
3743:
3368:
3252:
Final Solutions: Mass Killing and Genocide in the Twentieth Century
3158:
The Roots of Evil: The Origins of Genocide and Other Group Violence
3121:
2920:
2296:
2294:
3254:(hardback ed.). Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press.
3363:(5). Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press: 1087–1132.
3198:(paperback ed.). Basingstoke, England: Palgrave Macmillan.
3089:. Cheltenham, England: Edward Elgar Publishing. pp. 52–79.
3835:
3432:
Purify and Destroy: The Political Uses of Massacre and Genocide
3139:
Purify and Destroy: The Political Uses of Massacre and Genocide
860:
Genocide of the Herero in German South-West Africa (1904–1907)
850:
Genocide of the Herero in German South-West Africa (1904–1907)
3221:(3). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press: 476–501.
3006:(English paperback 2nd ed.). London, England: Routledge.
2685:(2). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press: 375–407.
621:
for describing killings with the intent of suppression of the
308:
3831:
3695:(1). Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Publications: 103–104.
3029:(3). Thousand Oaks, California: SAGE Publications: 331–360.
2760:(1). Thousands Oaks, California: SAGE Publications: 85‒102.
2363:
Mass Murder with Firearms: Incidents and Victims, 1999–2013
2361:
Krouse, William J.; Richardson, Daniel J. (July 30, 2015).
3657:
Statistic of Democide: Genocide and Mass Murder Since 1900
3605:"The Comparative Analysis of Mass Atrocities and Genocide"
3177:
Overcoming Evil: Genocide, Violent Conflict, and Terrorism
2324:
34:. For other multiple killings by government or state, see
3137:
SĂ©melin, Jacques; et al. (Hoffman, Stanley) (2007).
2640:(1). Thousand Oaks, California: SAGE Publications: 3–13.
2128:
2126:
2124:
2122:
2120:
2118:
681:. Protection of political groups was eliminated from the
2479:"Spa killings another grisly chapter in Georgia history"
774:
Topology of mass killings as defined by Valentino, 2003
3068:
The Dark Side of Democracy: Explaining Ethnic Cleansing
2915:(1). Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press: 117–119.
2718:(1st ed.). Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO.
2556:
2554:
2175:
JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association
953:
and first-generation studies, Valentino does not see
3612:
R.J. Rummel: An Assessment of His Many Contributions
2975:
R.J. Rummel: An Assessment of His Many Contributions
2853:
R.J. Rummel: An Assessment of His Many Contributions
2300:
2237:
2235:
2210:
2208:
2206:
2204:
2021:
2019:
989:), and why ethnic minorities, such as Greeks in the
878:
Algerian war of independence from France (1954–1962)
4486:
4455:
4290:
4208:
4084:
3985:
3893:
3882:
2285:
800:Agricultural collectivization and political terror
743:, killings that accompany agrarian reforms in some
3413:Genocide in International Law: The Crime of Crimes
635:– the systematic killing of members of a specific
593:has emerged as a "more straightforward" term than
3475:(2). New York City, New York: Springer: 129–156.
2805:(2). New York City, New York: Springer: 129–156.
571:is used by a number of genocide scholars because
893:Allied bombings of Germany and Japan (1940–1945)
2171:"Gendercide: The Implications of Sex Selection"
928:German occupation of Western Europe (1940–1945)
858:German annexation of western Poland (1939–1945)
709:Investigative Assistance for Violent Crimes Act
2253:
1646:1988 executions of Iranian political prisoners
3847:
531:
8:
903:Allied naval blockade of Germany (1914–1919)
3462:"Development, Democracy, and Mass Killings"
2795:"Development, Democracy, and Mass Killings"
2085:
2037:
4483:
3890:
3854:
3840:
3832:
2878:(3). Hoboken, New Jersey: Wiley: 359–371.
2545:
2336:
2132:
1946:The list does not include deaths from the
1937:It is not a complete list of all examples.
1040:
915:RENAMO terrorism in Mozambique (1976–1992)
905:Nigerian land blockade Biafra (1967–1970)
880:Soviet invasion of Afghanistan (1979–1989)
848:American Indian Wars (15th–20th centuries)
538:
524:
40:
3700:
3619:
2982:
2608:
2521:
2509:
2417:
2407:
2348:
2312:
2073:
2010:
1415:Politicide by UNITA and government forces
4478:Post-conflict reception of war criminals
2909:The Journal of Interdisciplinary History
2325:Bach-Lindsday, Huth & Valentino 2004
2156:
930:Japan's empire in East Asia (1910–1945)
772:
711:of 2012, passed in the aftermath of the
553:is a concept which has been proposed by
2269:
2097:
2049:
1967:
1905:
997:, were not targeted for genocide. Like
436:
346:
292:
259:
55:
48:
3758:from the original on 27 September 2020
3004:Genocide: A Comprehensive Introduction
2596:
2572:
2560:
2533:
2497:
2265:
1912:
917:AUC terrorism in Colombia (1997–2008)
815:Political terror and ethnic cleansing
3674:from the original on 22 December 2021
3641:from the original on 26 November 2021
3553:The American Political Science Review
3087:Handbook on the Economics of Conflict
2938:The American Political Science Review
2584:
2273:
2241:
2226:
2214:
2061:
2025:
1998:
1986:
1974:
1884:Mass killings under communist regimes
1252:Indonesian mass killings of 1965–1966
713:Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting
7:
3908:Saint Petersburg Declaration of 1868
3506:from the original on 1 December 2021
2144:
1641:Casualties of the Iranian Revolution
1038:in addition to politicide-genocide.
669:generally applies to mass murder of
3819:from the original on 24 August 2021
2109:
1540:Afghanistan conflict (1978–present)
900:Starvation blockades/siege warfare
3913:Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907
2477:Albright, Mandi (March 17, 2021).
2458:from the original on March 5, 2021
2301:Esteban, Morelli & Rohner 2010
1018:, while the second compilation by
925:Imperial conquests and rebellions
882:Ethiopian civil war (1970s–1980s)
25:
4402:Sudanese civil war (2023–present)
3590:from the original on 25 June 2021
2286:Easterly, Gatti & Kurlat 2006
1059:
1006:Global databases of mass killings
4540:
4539:
4345:Myanmar civil war (2021–present)
3544:Harff, Barbara (February 2003).
3349:Bibliography of Genocide studies
2625:Bibliography of Genocide studies
2484:The Atlanta Journal-Constitution
2187:10.1001/jama.1987.03390170118043
1845:Politicide with communal victims
1700:Politicide with communal victims
1681:Politicide with communal victims
1662:Politicide with communal victims
1514:Politicide with communal victims
1457:Politicide with communal victims
1374:Politicide with communal victims
1355:Politicide with communal victims
1226:Politicide with communal victims
1188:Politicide with communal victims
1147:Politicide with communal victims
1079:Politicide with communal victims
822:Argentine Dirty War (1974–1983)
818:Spanish White Terror (1936–1975)
4435:Yemeni civil war (2014–present)
2872:International Studies Quarterly
2714:Charny, Israel W., ed. (2000).
1879:List of genocides by death toll
807:Cambodian genocide (1975–1979)
601:. Mass killing was proposed by
3771:Verdeja, Ernesto (June 2012).
3460:; Kurlat, Sergio (June 2006).
3316:The Historiography of Genocide
3196:The Historiography of Genocide
3023:Journal of Conflict Resolution
2851:Gleditish, N. P., ed. (2017).
2793:; Kurlat, Sergio (June 2006).
2735:The Historiography of Genocide
2370:Congressional Research Service
1889:Genocide of indigenous peoples
910:Sub-state/insurgent terrorism
805:Great Leap Forward (1958–1962)
758:, and killings as part of the
1:
3610:. In Gleditish, N. P. (ed.).
3514:– via William Easterly.
1874:List of battles by casualties
3975:International Criminal Court
3766:– via Digital Commons.
3621:10.1007/978-3-319-54463-2_12
3411:Schabas, William A. (2009).
3357:Journal of Political Economy
3250:Valentino, Benjamin (2004).
2984:10.1007/978-3-319-54463-2_12
2372:. p. 26. Archived from
2169:La Puma, John (1987-05-01).
1894:Anti-communist mass killings
4375:Russian invasion of Ukraine
3598:– via Genocide Watch.
3035:10.1177/0022002797041003001
1863:Outline of genocide studies
1600:Genocides in central Africa
1340:Genocides in central Africa
833:Turkish Armenia (1915–1918)
792:Dispossessive mass killing
4597:
4349:Nagorno-Karabakh conflict
3469:Journal of Economic Growth
3346:
2799:Journal of Economic Growth
2679:International Organization
2622:
2254:Curthoys & Docker 2008
1860:
707:In the United States, the
29:
4526:
4035:Joint criminal enterprise
3965:Responsibility to protect
3869:
3789:10.1017/S1537592712000680
3726:Schaak, Beth (May 1997).
3689:Journal of Peace Research
3654:Rummel, Rudolph (2003) .
3565:10.1017/S0003055403000522
3481:10.1007/s10887-006-9001-z
3386:Genocide and Human Rights
3291:10.1017/S1537592712000680
3227:10.1017/S004388710002089X
3104:Schaak, Beth (May 1997).
2950:10.1017/S0003055403000522
2811:10.1007/s10887-006-9001-z
2754:Journal of Peace Research
2691:10.1017/S0020818304582061
2634:Journal of Peace Research
2409:10.1186/s40621-019-0226-7
1924:to avoid the politics of
886:
866:
841:
835:The Holocaust (1939–1945)
820:The Holocaust (1939–1945)
803:The Holodomor (1931–1933)
791:
3777:Perspectives on Politics
3711:10.1177/0022343304040500
3682:– via Power Kills.
3279:Perspectives on Politics
3194:Stone, Dan, ed. (2008).
2766:10.1177/0022343304040051
2716:Encyclopedia of Genocide
2646:10.1177/0022343309342944
1318:1971 Bangladesh genocide
1086:First Sudanese Civil War
837:Rwandan genocide (1994)
617:considers more apt than
36:Homicide by state actors
4502:Crimes against humanity
4340:Libyan civil war (2011)
4200:Wartime sexual violence
4148:Human trophy collecting
4133:Enforced disappearances
3603:Harff, Barbara (2017).
3519:Harff, Barbara (2003).
1634:Politicide and genocide
1593:Politicide and genocide
1435:Politicide and genocide
1333:Politicide and genocide
1311:Genocide and politicide
1289:Politicide and genocide
1245:Genocide and politicide
1125:Genocide and politicide
355:Avunculicide/Nepoticide
4153:Indiscriminate attacks
4138:Extrajudicial killings
4009:Command responsibility
3066:Mann, Michael (2005).
2546:Tago & Wayman 2010
2337:Tago & Wayman 2010
2133:Tago & Wayman 2010
1726:Hutu massacres of 1988
995:Second Polish Republic
985:happened in Cambodia (
946:Communist mass killing
895:The Blitz (1940–1941)
867:Coercive mass killing
747:, and killings during
645:– political scientist
275:Voluntary manslaughter
240:Vehicle-ramming attack
4473:List of global issues
4302:Gaza–Israel conflict
4128:Desecration of graves
4108:Collective punishment
3827:– via ProQuest.
3521:"Genocide Politicide"
3394:10.4324/9781351157568
3324:10.1057/9780230297784
3175:Staub, Ervin (2011).
3156:Staub, Ervin (1989).
2836:Working Paper No. 486
2349:Gurr & Harff 1988
1826:Genocide - Politicide
1132:1959 Tibetan uprising
845:Colonial enlargement
293:Non-criminal homicide
188:Murder for body parts
104:Depraved-heart murder
4528:‡ Does not apply to
4507:Crimes of aggression
4489:international crimes
4387:Sri Lankan Civil War
4195:Use of human shields
4093:humanitarian workers
3732:The Yale Law Journal
3110:The Yale Law Journal
3002:Jones, Adam (2010).
2444:(December 3, 2015).
2442:Ye Hee Lee, Michelle
2339:, pp. 4, 11–12.
1948:Great Chinese Famine
717:Newtown, Connecticut
334:Justifiable homicide
153:Lonely hearts killer
4365:Russo-Ukrainian War
4002:Civilian casualties
3456:Easterly, William;
2789:Easterly, William;
2575:, pp. 485–486.
2396:Injury Epidemiology
1789:Burundian genocides
1438:1,900,000–3,500,000
1314:2,000,000–3,000,000
1296:Guatemalan genocide
1274:Cultural Revolution
1043:
775:
663:Genocide Convention
89:Consensual homicide
44:Part of a series on
4581:War crimes by type
4468:War crime apologia
4382:Second Chechen War
4085:War crimes by type
4045:Military necessity
4040:Medical neutrality
3958:Protocol II (1977)
3923:Geneva Conventions
3874:List of war crimes
3531:on 30 October 2007
2379:on August 6, 2015.
1952:Great Leap Forward
1442:Cambodian genocide
1041:
987:Cambodian genocide
942:Benjamin Valentino
855:Expansionist wars
773:
749:colonial expansion
736:Benjamin Valentino
319:Capital punishment
285:Vehicular homicide
280:Negligent homicide
245:Wrongful execution
183:Misdemeanor murder
109:Felony murder rule
4553:
4552:
4522:
4521:
4463:War crimes trials
4291:War crimes by war
4080:
4079:
4060:Protected persons
3953:Protocol I (1977)
3667:978-3-825-84010-5
3631:978-3-319-54463-2
3441:978-0-231-14282-3
3422:978-0-521-71900-1
3403:978-1-351-15756-8
3333:978-0-230-27955-1
3261:978-0-801-43965-0
3205:978-0-230-27955-1
3186:978-0-195-38204-4
3167:978-0-521-42214-7
3148:978-0-231-14282-3
3096:978-0-857-93034-7
3077:978-0-521-53854-1
3013:978-0-415-48619-4
2994:978-3-319-54463-2
2862:978-3-319-54463-2
2744:978-0-230-27955-1
2725:978-0-874-36928-1
1854:
1853:
1807:500,000–1,000,000
1248:500,000–1,000,000
1065:Related articles
1062:number of victims
1056:Nature of episode
967:Armenian genocide
934:
933:
872:Counterguerrilla
830:Ethnic cleansing
762:conquests by the
725:Homeland Security
667:crime of genocide
603:genocide scholars
579:Anton Weiss-Wendt
555:genocide scholars
548:
547:
339:"License to kill"
148:Internet homicide
129:Child cannibalism
124:Human cannibalism
16:(Redirected from
4588:
4571:Killings by type
4566:Genocide studies
4543:
4542:
4484:
4392:Syrian civil war
4335:2006 Lebanon War
4298:Afghanistan wars
4050:Prisoners of war
3891:
3886:humanitarian law
3856:
3849:
3842:
3833:
3828:
3826:
3824:
3767:
3765:
3763:
3738:(7): 2259‒2291.
3722:
3704:
3683:
3681:
3679:
3650:
3648:
3646:
3640:
3623:
3609:
3599:
3597:
3595:
3589:
3550:
3540:
3538:
3536:
3515:
3513:
3511:
3505:
3466:
3445:
3426:
3407:
3380:
3337:
3310:
3273:
3246:
3209:
3190:
3171:
3152:
3133:
3116:(7): 2259‒2291.
3100:
3081:
3062:
3017:
2998:
2986:
2969:
2932:
2903:
2866:
2847:
2830:
2785:
2748:
2729:
2710:
2673:
2612:
2606:
2600:
2594:
2588:
2582:
2576:
2570:
2564:
2558:
2549:
2543:
2537:
2531:
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2519:
2513:
2507:
2501:
2495:
2489:
2488:
2474:
2468:
2467:
2465:
2463:
2438:
2432:
2431:
2421:
2411:
2387:
2381:
2380:
2378:
2367:
2358:
2352:
2346:
2340:
2334:
2328:
2322:
2316:
2310:
2304:
2298:
2289:
2283:
2277:
2263:
2257:
2251:
2245:
2239:
2230:
2224:
2218:
2212:
2199:
2198:
2166:
2160:
2154:
2148:
2142:
2136:
2130:
2113:
2107:
2101:
2095:
2089:
2086:Weiss-Wendt 2008
2083:
2077:
2071:
2065:
2059:
2053:
2047:
2041:
2038:Weiss-Wendt 2008
2035:
2029:
2023:
2014:
2008:
2002:
1996:
1990:
1984:
1978:
1972:
1955:
1944:
1938:
1935:
1929:
1910:
1811:Rwandan genocide
1767:Bosnian genocide
1648:
1416:
1389:
1122:
1061:
1044:
993:and Jews in the
955:authoritarianism
776:
770:, among others.
753:counterinsurgent
745:Communist states
741:ethnic cleansing
627:communist states
540:
533:
526:
502:Suspicious death
314:Assisted suicide
300:Note: Varies by
99:Crime of passion
94:Contract killing
79:Attempted murder
65:Note: Varies by
41:
21:
4596:
4595:
4591:
4590:
4589:
4587:
4586:
4585:
4556:
4555:
4554:
4549:
4530:airborne forces
4518:
4497:Atrocity crimes
4482:
4451:
4286:
4211:committed by...
4210:
4204:
4113:Criminal orders
4076:
4055:Proportionality
4013:Superior orders
3981:
3918:Geneva Protocol
3885:
3878:
3865:
3860:
3822:
3820:
3770:
3761:
3759:
3725:
3702:10.1.1.989.5581
3686:
3677:
3675:
3668:
3653:
3644:
3642:
3638:
3632:
3607:
3602:
3593:
3591:
3587:
3548:
3543:
3534:
3532:
3518:
3509:
3507:
3503:
3464:
3455:
3452:
3442:
3429:
3423:
3410:
3404:
3383:
3354:
3351:
3345:
3343:Further reading
3340:
3334:
3313:
3276:
3262:
3249:
3212:
3206:
3193:
3187:
3174:
3168:
3155:
3149:
3136:
3103:
3097:
3084:
3078:
3065:
3020:
3014:
3001:
2995:
2972:
2935:
2906:
2884:10.2307/2600447
2869:
2863:
2850:
2833:
2788:
2751:
2745:
2732:
2726:
2713:
2676:
2631:
2627:
2621:
2616:
2615:
2607:
2603:
2595:
2591:
2583:
2579:
2571:
2567:
2559:
2552:
2544:
2540:
2532:
2528:
2520:
2516:
2508:
2504:
2496:
2492:
2476:
2475:
2471:
2461:
2459:
2451:Washington Post
2440:
2439:
2435:
2389:
2388:
2384:
2376:
2365:
2360:
2359:
2355:
2347:
2343:
2335:
2331:
2323:
2319:
2311:
2307:
2299:
2292:
2284:
2280:
2272:, p. 160;
2264:
2260:
2252:
2248:
2240:
2233:
2225:
2221:
2213:
2202:
2168:
2167:
2163:
2155:
2151:
2143:
2139:
2131:
2116:
2108:
2104:
2096:
2092:
2084:
2080:
2072:
2068:
2060:
2056:
2048:
2044:
2036:
2032:
2024:
2017:
2009:
2005:
1997:
1993:
1985:
1981:
1973:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1958:
1945:
1941:
1936:
1932:
1911:
1907:
1902:
1865:
1859:
1644:
1643:
1596:200,000–500,000
1460:100,000–200,000
1414:
1387:
1270:400,000–850,000
1120:
1104:400,000–500,000
1082:400,000–600,000
1008:
975:Rwanda genocide
959:totalitarianism
939:
929:
916:
914:
904:
894:
890:Terror bombing
881:
879:
875:Guerrilla wars
859:
849:
836:
834:
821:
819:
806:
804:
733:
587:
544:
250:Judicial murder
141:Child sacrifice
136:Human sacrifice
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4594:
4592:
4584:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4558:
4557:
4551:
4550:
4548:
4547:
4527:
4524:
4523:
4520:
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4517:
4516:
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4514:
4509:
4504:
4493:
4491:
4481:
4480:
4475:
4470:
4465:
4459:
4457:
4456:Related topics
4453:
4452:
4450:
4449:
4448:
4447:
4437:
4432:
4431:
4430:
4419:
4409:
4404:
4399:
4394:
4389:
4384:
4379:
4378:
4377:
4372:
4362:
4361:
4360:
4355:
4347:
4342:
4337:
4332:
4327:
4322:
4321:
4320:
4319:
4318:
4308:
4300:
4294:
4292:
4288:
4287:
4285:
4284:
4279:
4277:United Kingdom
4274:
4269:
4264:
4263:
4262:
4252:
4251:
4250:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4220:
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4192:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4171:
4170:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4143:Hostage-taking
4140:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4103:Child soldiers
4100:
4088:
4086:
4082:
4081:
4078:
4077:
4075:
4074:
4069:
4066:Ruse de guerre
4062:
4057:
4052:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4027:
4024:Hors de combat
4020:
4015:
4006:
4005:
4004:
3997:non-combatants
3989:
3987:
3983:
3982:
3980:
3979:
3978:
3977:
3967:
3962:
3961:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3945:
3940:
3935:
3930:
3920:
3915:
3910:
3905:
3899:
3897:
3888:
3880:
3879:
3877:
3876:
3870:
3867:
3866:
3861:
3859:
3858:
3851:
3844:
3836:
3830:
3829:
3768:
3744:10.2307/797169
3723:
3684:
3666:
3651:
3630:
3600:
3541:
3516:
3458:Gatti, Roberta
3451:
3450:External links
3448:
3447:
3446:
3440:
3427:
3421:
3408:
3402:
3381:
3369:10.1086/682584
3347:Main article:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3338:
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3274:
3260:
3247:
3215:World Politics
3210:
3204:
3191:
3185:
3172:
3166:
3153:
3147:
3134:
3122:10.2307/797169
3101:
3095:
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3018:
3012:
2999:
2993:
2970:
2933:
2921:10.2307/206491
2904:
2867:
2861:
2848:
2831:
2791:Gatti, Roberta
2786:
2749:
2743:
2730:
2724:
2711:
2674:
2628:
2623:Main article:
2620:
2617:
2614:
2613:
2609:Gleditish 2017
2601:
2589:
2577:
2565:
2550:
2538:
2526:
2522:Valentino 2004
2514:
2510:Valentino 2004
2502:
2490:
2469:
2433:
2382:
2353:
2341:
2329:
2327:, p. 387.
2317:
2313:Valentino 2004
2305:
2290:
2278:
2276:, p. 137.
2258:
2246:
2231:
2219:
2200:
2161:
2149:
2137:
2114:
2102:
2090:
2078:
2074:Valentino 2004
2066:
2054:
2042:
2030:
2015:
2011:Valentino 2004
2003:
1991:
1979:
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1956:
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1930:
1904:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1897:
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1876:
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1861:Main article:
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1742:
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1736:
1735:September 1989
1733:
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1656:September 1983
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1505:Congo-Kinshasa
1502:
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1412:
1409:
1406:
1402:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1393:
1390:
1388:September 1973
1385:
1381:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1372:
1369:
1366:
1362:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1353:
1350:
1349:September 1972
1347:
1343:
1342:
1337:
1336:50,000–400,000
1334:
1331:
1328:
1325:
1321:
1320:
1315:
1312:
1309:
1306:
1303:
1299:
1298:
1293:
1292:60,000–200,000
1290:
1287:
1284:
1281:
1277:
1276:
1271:
1268:
1265:
1262:
1259:
1255:
1254:
1249:
1246:
1243:
1240:
1237:
1233:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1224:
1221:
1218:
1214:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1205:
1202:
1199:
1198:Congo-Kinshasa
1195:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1186:
1183:
1180:
1176:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1167:
1164:
1161:
1157:
1156:
1154:Ba'athist Iraq
1151:
1148:
1145:
1142:
1139:
1135:
1134:
1129:
1126:
1123:
1118:
1115:
1111:
1110:
1105:
1102:
1099:
1096:
1093:
1089:
1088:
1083:
1080:
1077:
1074:
1071:
1067:
1066:
1063:
1057:
1054:
1051:
1048:
1012:Rudolph Rummel
1007:
1004:
991:Ottoman Empire
951:Rudolph Rummel
938:
935:
932:
931:
926:
923:
919:
918:
911:
907:
906:
901:
897:
896:
891:
888:
884:
883:
876:
873:
869:
868:
865:
862:
861:
856:
852:
851:
846:
843:
839:
838:
831:
828:
824:
823:
816:
813:
809:
808:
801:
798:
794:
793:
790:
787:
786:
783:
780:
732:
729:
705:
704:
694:
690:
683:United Nations
656:
647:Rudolph Rummel
640:
630:
586:
583:
546:
545:
543:
542:
535:
528:
520:
517:
516:
515:
514:
509:
504:
499:
494:
489:
484:
479:
478:
477:
472:
462:
457:
452:
447:
439:
438:
434:
433:
432:
431:
426:
425:
424:
419:
409:
408:
407:
402:
392:
391:
390:
385:
380:
372:
367:
362:
357:
349:
348:
344:
343:
342:
341:
336:
331:
326:
321:
316:
311:
295:
294:
290:
289:
288:
287:
282:
277:
272:
270:In English law
264:
263:
257:
256:
255:
254:
253:
252:
242:
237:
235:Torture murder
232:
230:Thrill killing
227:
222:
221:
220:
218:Angel of mercy
210:
208:Pseudocommando
205:
200:
195:
193:Murder–suicide
190:
185:
180:
175:
170:
165:
160:
155:
150:
145:
144:
143:
133:
132:
131:
121:
116:
111:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
60:
59:
53:
52:
46:
45:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4593:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4563:
4561:
4546:
4538:
4537:
4535:
4531:
4525:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4499:
4498:
4495:
4494:
4492:
4490:
4485:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4460:
4458:
4454:
4446:
4443:
4442:
4441:
4440:Yugoslav Wars
4438:
4436:
4433:
4429:
4428:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4415:
4414:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4370:War in Donbas
4368:
4367:
4366:
4363:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4350:
4348:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4317:
4314:
4313:
4312:
4309:
4307:
4304:
4303:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4295:
4293:
4289:
4283:
4282:United States
4280:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4261:
4258:
4257:
4256:
4253:
4249:
4246:
4245:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4215:
4213:
4207:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4169:
4168:Mass killings
4166:
4165:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4123:Death marches
4121:
4119:
4118:Death flights
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4098:
4094:
4090:
4089:
4087:
4083:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4067:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4025:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4010:
4007:
4003:
4000:
3999:
3998:
3994:
3991:
3990:
3988:
3984:
3976:
3973:
3972:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3948:Fourth (1949)
3946:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3938:Second (1949)
3936:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3925:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3900:
3898:
3896:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:International
3881:
3875:
3872:
3871:
3868:
3864:
3857:
3852:
3850:
3845:
3843:
3838:
3837:
3834:
3818:
3814:
3810:
3806:
3802:
3798:
3794:
3790:
3786:
3782:
3778:
3774:
3769:
3757:
3753:
3749:
3745:
3741:
3737:
3733:
3729:
3724:
3720:
3716:
3712:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3694:
3690:
3685:
3673:
3669:
3663:
3659:
3658:
3652:
3637:
3633:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3613:
3606:
3601:
3586:
3582:
3578:
3574:
3570:
3566:
3562:
3558:
3554:
3547:
3542:
3530:
3526:
3522:
3517:
3502:
3498:
3494:
3490:
3486:
3482:
3478:
3474:
3470:
3463:
3459:
3454:
3453:
3449:
3443:
3437:
3433:
3428:
3424:
3418:
3414:
3409:
3405:
3399:
3395:
3391:
3387:
3382:
3378:
3374:
3370:
3366:
3362:
3358:
3353:
3352:
3350:
3342:
3335:
3329:
3325:
3321:
3317:
3312:
3308:
3304:
3300:
3296:
3292:
3288:
3284:
3280:
3275:
3271:
3267:
3263:
3257:
3253:
3248:
3244:
3240:
3236:
3232:
3228:
3224:
3220:
3216:
3211:
3207:
3201:
3197:
3192:
3188:
3182:
3178:
3173:
3169:
3163:
3159:
3154:
3150:
3144:
3140:
3135:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3119:
3115:
3111:
3107:
3102:
3098:
3092:
3088:
3083:
3079:
3073:
3069:
3064:
3060:
3056:
3052:
3048:
3044:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3028:
3024:
3019:
3015:
3009:
3005:
3000:
2996:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2976:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2959:
2955:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2939:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2868:
2864:
2858:
2854:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2750:
2746:
2740:
2736:
2731:
2727:
2721:
2717:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2630:
2629:
2626:
2618:
2611:, p. 10.
2610:
2605:
2602:
2598:
2593:
2590:
2586:
2581:
2578:
2574:
2569:
2566:
2562:
2557:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2542:
2539:
2535:
2530:
2527:
2523:
2518:
2515:
2512:, p. 70.
2511:
2506:
2503:
2499:
2494:
2491:
2486:
2485:
2480:
2473:
2470:
2457:
2453:
2452:
2447:
2443:
2437:
2434:
2429:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2386:
2383:
2375:
2371:
2364:
2357:
2354:
2350:
2345:
2342:
2338:
2333:
2330:
2326:
2321:
2318:
2315:, p. 91.
2314:
2309:
2306:
2302:
2297:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2282:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2262:
2259:
2255:
2250:
2247:
2243:
2238:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2223:
2220:
2216:
2211:
2209:
2207:
2205:
2201:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2165:
2162:
2159:, p. 37.
2158:
2153:
2150:
2147:, p. 17.
2146:
2141:
2138:
2134:
2129:
2127:
2125:
2123:
2121:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2106:
2103:
2099:
2094:
2091:
2087:
2082:
2079:
2075:
2070:
2067:
2063:
2058:
2055:
2051:
2046:
2043:
2039:
2034:
2031:
2027:
2022:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2007:
2004:
2000:
1995:
1992:
1988:
1983:
1980:
1976:
1971:
1968:
1961:
1953:
1949:
1943:
1940:
1934:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1906:
1899:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1866:
1864:
1856:
1850:
1847:
1844:
1841:
1839:December 1998
1838:
1835:
1834:
1831:
1828:
1825:
1822:
1819:
1816:
1815:
1812:
1809:
1806:
1803:
1800:
1797:
1794:
1793:
1790:
1787:
1784:
1781:
1778:
1775:
1772:
1771:
1768:
1765:
1762:
1759:
1757:November 1995
1756:
1753:
1750:
1749:
1746:
1744:13,000–30,000
1743:
1740:
1737:
1734:
1731:
1730:
1727:
1724:
1721:
1718:
1715:
1712:
1709:
1708:
1705:
1703:15,000–50,000
1702:
1699:
1696:
1693:
1690:
1689:
1686:
1683:
1680:
1677:
1674:
1671:
1670:
1667:
1664:
1661:
1658:
1655:
1652:
1651:
1647:
1642:
1639:
1637:10,000–20,000
1636:
1633:
1631:December 1992
1630:
1627:
1624:
1623:
1620:
1617:
1614:
1612:February 1982
1611:
1608:
1605:
1604:
1601:
1598:
1595:
1592:
1589:
1587:December 1980
1586:
1583:
1582:
1579:
1577:40,000–60,000
1576:
1573:
1571:December 1989
1570:
1567:
1564:
1563:
1560:
1557:
1554:
1552:December 1978
1551:
1548:
1545:
1544:
1541:
1538:
1535:
1532:
1529:
1526:
1523:
1522:
1519:
1516:
1513:
1511:December 1979
1510:
1507:
1504:
1503:
1500:
1497:
1494:
1492:December 1979
1491:
1488:
1485:
1484:
1481:
1478:
1475:
1473:December 1980
1472:
1469:
1466:
1465:
1462:
1459:
1456:
1453:
1451:December 1975
1450:
1447:
1446:
1443:
1440:
1437:
1434:
1431:
1428:
1425:
1424:
1421:
1418:
1413:
1410:
1408:November 1975
1407:
1404:
1403:
1400:
1397:
1394:
1392:December 1976
1391:
1386:
1383:
1382:
1379:
1376:
1373:
1370:
1368:February 1973
1367:
1364:
1363:
1360:
1357:
1354:
1351:
1348:
1345:
1344:
1341:
1338:
1335:
1332:
1329:
1327:December 1972
1326:
1323:
1322:
1319:
1316:
1313:
1310:
1308:December 1971
1307:
1304:
1301:
1300:
1297:
1294:
1291:
1288:
1286:December 1996
1285:
1282:
1279:
1278:
1275:
1272:
1269:
1266:
1263:
1260:
1257:
1256:
1253:
1250:
1247:
1244:
1241:
1239:November 1965
1238:
1235:
1234:
1231:
1228:
1225:
1223:December 1973
1222:
1219:
1216:
1215:
1212:
1209:
1206:
1203:
1201:February 1964
1200:
1197:
1196:
1193:
1191:12,000–20,000
1190:
1187:
1184:
1182:December 1963
1181:
1178:
1177:
1174:
1171:
1168:
1166:December 1962
1165:
1162:
1159:
1158:
1155:
1152:
1150:30,000–60,000
1149:
1146:
1143:
1140:
1137:
1136:
1133:
1130:
1127:
1124:
1121:December 1959
1119:
1116:
1113:
1112:
1109:
1108:South Vietnam
1106:
1103:
1100:
1097:
1094:
1092:South Vietnam
1091:
1090:
1087:
1084:
1081:
1078:
1075:
1072:
1069:
1068:
1064:
1058:
1055:
1052:
1049:
1046:
1045:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1020:Barbara Harff
1017:
1013:
1005:
1003:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
971:the Holocaust
968:
962:
960:
956:
952:
947:
943:
936:
927:
924:
921:
920:
912:
909:
908:
902:
899:
898:
892:
889:
885:
877:
874:
871:
870:
864:
863:
857:
854:
853:
847:
844:
840:
832:
829:
826:
825:
817:
814:
811:
810:
802:
799:
796:
795:
789:
788:
784:
781:
778:
777:
771:
769:
765:
761:
757:
754:
750:
746:
742:
737:
730:
728:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
702:
701:Barbara Harff
698:
695:
691:
688:
684:
680:
679:social groups
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
657:
653:
648:
644:
641:
638:
634:
631:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
609:
608:
607:
604:
600:
596:
592:
584:
582:
580:
576:
575:
570:
566:
564:
560:
556:
552:
541:
536:
534:
529:
527:
522:
521:
519:
518:
513:
510:
508:
505:
503:
500:
498:
495:
493:
490:
488:
485:
483:
480:
476:
473:
471:
468:
467:
466:
463:
461:
460:Friendly fire
458:
456:
453:
451:
448:
446:
443:
442:
441:
440:
435:
430:
427:
423:
420:
418:
415:
414:
413:
410:
406:
403:
401:
398:
397:
396:
393:
389:
386:
384:
381:
379:
376:
375:
373:
371:
368:
366:
363:
361:
358:
356:
353:
352:
351:
350:
345:
340:
337:
335:
332:
330:
327:
325:
322:
320:
317:
315:
312:
310:
307:
306:
305:
304:
303:
297:
296:
291:
286:
283:
281:
278:
276:
273:
271:
268:
267:
266:
265:
262:
258:
251:
248:
247:
246:
243:
241:
238:
236:
233:
231:
228:
226:
223:
219:
216:
215:
214:
213:Serial killer
211:
209:
206:
204:
201:
199:
196:
194:
191:
189:
186:
184:
181:
179:
178:Mass stabbing
176:
174:
173:Mass shooting
171:
169:
166:
164:
161:
159:
156:
154:
151:
149:
146:
142:
139:
138:
137:
134:
130:
127:
126:
125:
122:
120:
119:Honor killing
117:
115:
112:
110:
107:
105:
102:
100:
97:
95:
92:
90:
87:
85:
82:
80:
77:
75:
74:Assassination
72:
71:
70:
69:
68:
62:
61:
58:
54:
51:
47:
43:
42:
37:
33:
19:
18:Mass killings
4534:paratroopers
4425:
4424: /
4412:World War II
4311:2023–present
4260:Soviet Union
4167:
4097:parachutists
4095: /
4072:Safe conduct
4064:
4022:
4011: /
3970:Rome Statute
3943:Third (1949)
3933:First (1949)
3821:. Retrieved
3780:
3776:
3760:. Retrieved
3735:
3731:
3692:
3688:
3676:. Retrieved
3656:
3643:. Retrieved
3611:
3592:. Retrieved
3556:
3552:
3533:. Retrieved
3529:the original
3524:
3508:. Retrieved
3472:
3468:
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3412:
3385:
3360:
3356:
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2604:
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2460:. Retrieved
2449:
2436:
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2385:
2374:the original
2356:
2344:
2332:
2320:
2308:
2281:
2270:Schabas 2009
2261:
2256:, p. 7.
2249:
2222:
2181:(17): 2362.
2178:
2174:
2164:
2157:SĂ©melin 2007
2152:
2140:
2105:
2098:Verdeja 2012
2093:
2081:
2069:
2057:
2050:Verdeja 2012
2045:
2033:
2028:, p. 2.
2006:
1994:
1982:
1970:
1942:
1933:
1925:
1921:
1918:mass killing
1917:
1908:
1776:October 1993
1738:January 1990
1722:5,000–20,000
1697:January 1991
1618:5,000–30,000
1590:January 1986
1568:January 1980
1565:El. Salvador
1549:January 1978
1479:9,000–20,000
1432:January 1979
1398:5,000–10,000
1377:5,000–10,000
1220:October 1965
1210:1,000–10,000
1204:January 1965
1172:9,000–30,000
1095:January 1965
1073:October 1956
1036:
1032:
1009:
999:Michael Mann
981:rather than
963:
940:
922:Imperialist
842:Territorial
768:World War II
734:
706:
686:
673:rather than
661:– under the
651:
618:
615:Michael Mann
598:
594:
591:Mass killing
590:
588:
572:
569:Mass killing
568:
567:
551:Mass killing
550:
549:
302:jurisdiction
299:
298:
261:Manslaughter
225:Spree killer
203:Proxy murder
84:Child murder
67:jurisdiction
64:
63:
4576:Mass murder
4407:World War I
4397:Tigray war‎
4091:Attacks on
4018:Distinction
3903:Lieber Code
3823:27 December
3762:27 December
3678:27 December
3645:27 December
3594:27 December
3535:27 December
3510:27 December
2597:Rummel 2004
2573:Straus 2007
2561:Straus 2007
2534:Straus 2007
2498:Straus 2007
2266:Schaak 1997
1928:altogether.
1913:Charny 2000
1869:Mass murder
1820:1949 - 1976
1524:Afghanistan
1517:3,000–4,000
1346:Philippines
766:during the
764:Axis powers
760:imperialist
623:bourgeoisie
585:Terminology
507:Tyrannicide
445:Crucifixion
388:Neonaticide
383:Infanticide
168:Mass murder
158:Lust murder
32:Mass murder
4560:Categories
4445:Kosovo War
4358:Second war
4330:Korean War
4209:War crimes
4185:Starvation
4175:No quarter
3863:War crimes
3813:1016173088
2585:Dulić 2004
2402:(47): 47.
2368:(Report).
2274:Jones 2010
2242:Harff 2003
2227:Harff 1996
2215:Harff 2017
2062:Krain 1997
2026:Stone 2008
1999:Krain 1997
1987:Staub 2011
1975:Staub 1989
1962:References
1829:45,000,000
1798:April 1994
1741:Politicide
1675:March 1988
1615:Politicide
1609:March 1981
1574:Politicide
1533:Politicide
1530:April 1992
1527:April 1978
1508:March 1977
1495:Politicide
1476:Politicide
1470:March 1976
1429:April 1975
1395:Politicide
1330:April 1979
1305:March 1971
1267:Politicide
1264:March 1975
1207:Politicide
1169:Politicide
1144:March 1975
1117:March 1959
1101:Politicide
1098:April 1975
1076:March 1972
1024:politicide
979:politicide
973:, and the
887:Terrorist
797:Communist
697:Politicide
633:Gendercide
611:Classicide
599:politicide
559:government
465:Gendercide
405:Sororicide
400:Fratricide
374:Prolicide
365:Mariticide
360:Familicide
324:Euthanasia
4427:Wehrmacht
4353:First war
4316:by Israel
4306:2008–2009
4243:Palestine
4163:Massacres
3993:Civilians
3805:145170749
3719:109403016
3697:CiteSeerX
3497:195313778
3377:154859371
3307:145170749
3243:144879341
3059:143852782
3043:0022-0027
2892:0020-8833
2827:195313778
2782:145120734
2707:154296897
2670:145155872
2654:0022-3433
2195:0098-7484
2145:Mann 2005
1842:July 1999
1801:July 1994
1732:Sri Lanka
1678:June 1991
1665:2,000,000
1628:June 1981
1536:1,800,000
1489:July 1976
1467:Argentina
1454:July 1992
1448:Indonesia
1371:July 1977
1352:June 1976
1283:July 1978
1280:Guatemala
1242:July 1966
1236:Indonesia
1185:June 1964
1163:July 1962
1141:June 1963
1022:combines
785:Examples
782:Scenario
675:political
512:War crime
475:Androcide
422:Patricide
417:Matricide
412:Parricide
395:Siblicide
370:Uxoricide
329:Foeticide
198:Poisoning
114:Foeticide
4545:Category
4512:Genocide
4325:Iraq War
3817:Archived
3809:ProQuest
3797:41479553
3756:Archived
3672:Archived
3636:Archived
3585:Archived
3581:54804182
3501:Archived
3489:40216091
3299:41479553
3270:53013098
3235:40060166
2966:54804182
2819:40216091
2662:25654524
2462:April 9,
2456:Archived
2428:31828004
2110:Ott 2011
1950:and the
1926:genocide
1922:massacre
1857:See also
1804:Genocide
1782:Genocide
1779:May 1994
1760:Genocide
1754:May 1992
1719:Genocide
1694:May 1988
1555:Genocide
1486:Ethiopia
1426:Cambodia
1365:Pakistan
1302:Pakistan
1261:May 1966
1028:genocide
1016:democide
983:genocide
937:Analysis
812:Fascist
731:Topology
687:Genocide
659:Genocide
652:de facto
643:Democide
619:genocide
595:genocide
574:genocide
492:Regicide
487:Omnicide
482:Genocide
470:Femicide
455:Democide
429:Senicide
378:Filicide
163:Lynching
50:Homicide
4223:Germany
4218:Croatia
4190:Torture
4180:Perfidy
4158:Looting
3895:Sources
3573:3118221
2958:3118221
2900:2600447
2844:1615375
2774:4149657
2699:3877862
2419:6889601
1773:Burundi
1763:225,000
1710:Burundi
1691:Somalia
1684:180,000
1419:500,000
1229:140,000
1217:Burundi
1160:Algeria
1047:Country
827:Ethnic
756:warfare
721:Justice
497:Stoning
450:Deicide
4532:(i.e.
4487:Other
4417:Allied
4272:Turkey
4267:Serbia
4255:Russia
4228:Israel
4030:Intent
3986:Topics
3811:
3803:
3795:
3752:797169
3750:
3717:
3699:
3664:
3628:
3579:
3571:
3495:
3487:
3438:
3419:
3400:
3375:
3330:
3305:
3297:
3268:
3258:
3241:
3233:
3202:
3183:
3164:
3145:
3130:797169
3128:
3093:
3074:
3057:
3051:174282
3049:
3041:
3010:
2991:
2964:
2956:
2929:206491
2927:
2898:
2890:
2859:
2842:
2825:
2817:
2780:
2772:
2741:
2722:
2705:
2697:
2668:
2660:
2652:
2426:
2416:
2193:
1848:10,000
1836:Serbia
1795:Rwanda
1785:50,000
1751:Bosnia
1584:Uganda
1498:10,000
1405:Angola
1358:60,000
1324:Uganda
1179:Rwanda
1128:65,000
671:ethnic
665:, the
637:gender
347:Family
57:Murder
4248:Hamas
4238:Japan
4233:Italy
3801:S2CID
3793:JSTOR
3748:JSTOR
3715:S2CID
3639:(PDF)
3608:(PDF)
3588:(PDF)
3577:S2CID
3569:JSTOR
3549:(PDF)
3525:CIDCM
3504:(PDF)
3493:S2CID
3485:JSTOR
3465:(PDF)
3373:S2CID
3303:S2CID
3295:JSTOR
3239:S2CID
3231:JSTOR
3126:JSTOR
3055:S2CID
3047:JSTOR
2962:S2CID
2954:JSTOR
2925:JSTOR
2896:JSTOR
2823:S2CID
2815:JSTOR
2778:S2CID
2770:JSTOR
2703:S2CID
2695:JSTOR
2666:S2CID
2658:JSTOR
2377:(PDF)
2366:(PDF)
1900:Notes
1817:China
1653:Sudan
1606:Syria
1558:5,000
1546:Burma
1384:Chile
1258:China
1114:China
1070:Sudan
1050:Start
779:Type
563:state
561:or a
437:Other
4422:Axis
3995:and
3928:1864
3825:2021
3764:2021
3680:2021
3662:ISBN
3647:2021
3626:ISBN
3596:2021
3537:2021
3512:2021
3436:ISBN
3417:ISBN
3398:ISBN
3328:ISBN
3266:OCLC
3256:ISBN
3200:ISBN
3181:ISBN
3162:ISBN
3143:ISBN
3091:ISBN
3072:ISBN
3039:ISSN
3008:ISBN
2989:ISBN
2888:ISSN
2857:ISBN
2840:SSRN
2739:ISBN
2720:ISBN
2650:ISSN
2464:2021
2424:PMID
2191:ISSN
1920:and
1716:1988
1713:1988
1672:Iraq
1625:Iran
1411:2001
1138:Iraq
1060:Est.
1026:and
723:and
3785:doi
3740:doi
3736:106
3707:doi
3616:doi
3561:doi
3477:doi
3390:doi
3365:doi
3361:123
3320:doi
3287:doi
3223:doi
3118:doi
3114:106
3031:doi
2979:doi
2946:doi
2917:doi
2880:doi
2807:doi
2762:doi
2687:doi
2642:doi
2414:PMC
2404:doi
2183:doi
2179:257
1053:End
957:or
715:in
677:or
625:in
597:or
309:War
4562::
4536:)
3815:.
3807:.
3799:.
3791:.
3781:10
3779:.
3775:.
3754:.
3746:.
3734:.
3730:.
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3693:41
3691:.
3670:.
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3567:.
3557:97
3555:.
3551:.
3523:.
3499:.
3491:.
3483:.
3473:11
3471:.
3467:.
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3293:.
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3281:.
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3217:.
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