763:
791:, found their path blocked by a formidable thorny barrier of 'prickly holly oak, well twisted together, about six feet high' which had been erected across the narrowest part of the valley. Most of the men who attempted to scale the barrier were shot down before they could reach the other side. All discipline amongst the remainder of the men who were trapped by the barrier now ended and the Afghans closed in to finish them off. The few remaining men who had managed to scale the barrier began a desperate gallop towards Jalalabad but many were slaughtered in a melee just after reaching the other side of the barrier.
51:
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489:
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cantonment. A cavalry escort was assigned for protection, but
Macnaghten chose to continue without them when they were delayed by preparation issues. The moment his party dismounted from their horses, they were seized and Macnaghten and an aide were slain by armed men; their bodies were mutilated and dragged through the streets of Kabul.
392:) and a few Indian sepoys reached Jalalabad. Over one hundred British prisoners and civilian hostages were later released. An uncertain number of the Indians, many of whom were maimed by frostbite, survived and returned to Kabul to exist as beggars or to be sold into slavery elsewhere. About 2,000 sepoys returned to India after
453:, with Macnaghten as his chief adviser, consisted of 20,000 soldiers and were accompanied by 38,000 civilian camp followers (craftsmen, stretcher bearers, cooks, servants, barbers, tailors, armourers, cameleers, etc., as well as families of both Indian and British soldiers). In March 1839 they crossed the
730:
By the second day, sniping from the surrounding hills was taking its toll on the slow-moving column. Despite being well armed, the troops' progress was being hindered by the terrified civilians and camp followers. Small skirmishes were frequent. The
Afghans succeeded in capturing some of the column's
521:
As political agent and envoy at the court of Shuja Shah, Macnaghten became a leader of
British society in Kabul. The city was described at the time as clean and pleasant with many spacious wooden houses surrounded by well-kept gardens. The occupiers enjoyed themselves arranging cricket matches, horse
839:
On 13 January, a
British officer from the 16,000 strong column rode into Jalalabad on a wounded horse (a few sepoys, who had hidden in the mountains, followed in the coming weeks). Assistant Surgeon William Brydon, who was riding a pony taken from a mortally wounded officer after being begged by the
810:
Another group of fifteen mounted officers managed to reach as far as the village of
Fattehabad but ten were killed while sitting down to accept breakfast from the villagers, four were shot from the rooftops as they remounted their horses and attempted to flee the village and one was tracked down and
782:
Akbar Khan brought the two officers to his camp and provided them with dinner. The reasons for his hospitality soon became clear however and both officers were refused permission to return to their men. Shelton became furious and demanded the right as an officer and soldier to return to lead his men
750:
Throughout the third day, the column laboured through the pass. Once the main body had moved through, the
Afghans left their positions to massacre the stragglers and the wounded. By the evening of 9 January, the column had only moved 40 kilometres (25 mi) but already 3,000 people had died. Many
734:
Later that afternoon, Akbar Khan met
Elphinstone, feigning ignorance to any treachery on his part. He told the British that he had been unable to provide the agreed escort because they had left their cantonments earlier than expected. Akbar Khan then asked Elphinstone to wait while he negotiated the
658:
succeeded
Macnaghten as envoy to the Afghan court. On 1 January 1842, Elphinstone agreed to Akbar Khan's terms, which contained some unfavourable conditions. For example, all gunpowder reserves had to be handed over, along with the newest muskets and most of the cannon. However, in return Akbar Khan
915:
Dost
Mohammad remained a British prisoner till the end of 1841 when he was set free by the British authorities who, after they took their revenge on Kabul, had resolved to abandon any attempts to intervene in the internal affairs of Afghanistan. After Shuja Shah was assassinated in April 1842, Dost
754:
By the fourth day, a few hundred native soldiers deserted and tried to return to Kabul, but they were all either killed or enslaved. By now
Elphinstone, who had ceased giving orders, sat silently on his horse. On the evening of 9 January, Lady Sale, along with the wives and children of both British
642:
fire at long range from the high ground. The East India Company troops fled, leaving behind 300 dead and wounded (who were swiftly killed). British morale began to erode as the situation grew more desperate. Elphinstone sent messengers to request help from Major General Nott in Kandahar, but they
633:
On 2 November 1841, Akbar Khan proclaimed a general revolt and the citizens of Kabul quickly followed suit. They stormed the house of Sir Alexander Burnes, one of the senior British political officers, and killed him and his staff. Both Elphinstone and Macnaghten were caught by surprise. By now the
578:
Despite this ominous turn of events, Sir Willoughby Cotton was replaced as commander of the remaining British troops by Sir William Elphinstone, who was ill at the time and initially unwilling to accept the appointment. The 59-year-old Elphinstone had entered the British army in 1804. He was made a
468:
on 22 July in a surprise attack, losing 200 men killed and wounded while the Afghans lost nearly 500 men killed and 1,600 taken prisoner, with an unknown number wounded. An Afghan had betrayed his sovereign and the British troops managed to blow one city gate and marched into the city in a euphoric
561:
While the British enjoyed this lifestyle, some Afghans chafed under occupation by a foreign power. Rumours of relationships between British soldiers and Afghan women created tensions in Kabul. Britain had replaced Dost Mohammad, a (relatively) popular ruler, with Shuja Shah, a weak puppet, who was
843:
On 13 January and now just kilometres from Jalalabad, Brydon had to fight for his life against a party of Afghan horsemen. After escaping a single pursuer, he was spotted by a staff officer on the walls of Jalalabad who immediately dispatched riders to meet the exhausted surgeon. Brydon was asked
726:
On leaving the city, Elphinstone discovered that the escort promised by Akbar Khan had not materialised, nor had the food and fuel to help with the crossing of the Hindu Kush in winter. Major Eldred Pottinger pleaded with the sick British commander to turn back to Kabul as they still had time to
574:
to keep the peace. Once these ended, the tribes saw no more reason to remain loyal to the British-supported regime. Macnaghten dismissed warnings of Afghan discontent, writing to his superiors in India that "this is the usual state of Afghan society". As the spring and summer of 1841 progressed,
878:
commanding divisions, leveled the great bazaar and all the larger buildings of Kabul. Sale personally rescued his wife Lady Sale and some other hostages from the hands of Wazir Akbar Khan. However, the slaughter of an army by Afghan tribesmen was humiliating for the British authorities in India.
847:
Although part of his skull had been sheared off by a sword, he ultimately survived because he had insulated his hat with a magazine which deflected the blow. Brydon later published a memoir of the death march. The pony he rode was said to have lain down in a stable and never got up. For several
891:
The leadership of Elphinstone is seen as a notorious example of how the ineptitude and indecisiveness of a senior officer could compromise the morale and effectiveness of a whole army (though already much depleted). Elphinstone completely failed to lead his soldiers, but fatally exerted enough
778:
who, for the first time in the retreat, showed his competence and led a fierce resistance against the Afghans. As the surviving troops lay besieged in a small ruined mud-walled enclosure in Jagadalak, Akbar Khan's envoys returned and persuaded Elphinstone and his second in command, Shelton, to
569:
The efforts to control Afghanistan were further weakened by the British government in India. Dismayed at the costs of maintaining the large garrison in Kabul, it discontinued the periodic subsidies (essentially bribes) that had been paid to the various tribes in the region around Kabul and the
718:
At first light on 6 January Elphinstone's column began slowly to move out of Kabul leaving Shuja Shah Durrani and his followers to their fate. As Akbar Khan had guaranteed safety to all concerned, the sick, wounded and infirm were also left behind. However once the rearguard finally left the
646:
Macnaghten, realising their desperate situation, tried to negotiate an agreement with Akbar Khan for the withdrawal of the troops and the 12,000 British and Indian civilians living in Kabul. On 23 December, Afghan leaders invited him and his fellow diplomats to an outdoor meeting beyond the
377:, one of the sons of Dost Mohammad Barakzai, by which his army was to fall back to the Jalalabad garrison, more than 140 kilometres (90 mi) away. The Afghans launched numerous attacks against the column as it made slow progress through the winter snows along the route that is now the
802:
Sniping then began, followed by a series of rushes; soon the hillock was overrun by tribesmen. An officer named Captain Souter was mistaken by the Afghans as a high-ranking officer because they thought he was wearing a general's yellow waistcoat. In fact the officer had wrapped the
738:
Instead of hurrying forward, Elphinstone had moved only ten kilometres (6 mi) from Kabul. By now efforts to maintain military cohesion had also begun to fail. When the column entered the narrow six-kilometre (four-mile) pass the next day, they were shot at from all sides by
751:
had been killed in the fighting, but some had frozen to death or taken their own lives. A written report by Elphinstone recorded that most of the sepoys had by this stage lost fingers or toes in the freezing conditions, and that their snow-encrusted muskets had become unusable.
735:
column's safe passage with the Afghan chiefs who commanded Khord-Kabul pass 25 kilometres (15 mi) from Kabul. Despite what had already occurred, the British commander agreed to the terms and waited. He also agreed to hand over three more European hostages to Akbar Khan.
634:
East India Company had only 4,500 soldiers in and around Kabul, of which 690 were Europeans. Elphinstone did nothing to punish Burnes's killers, which only encouraged further revolt. On 9 November, Afghan forces seized the main British supply depot in Kabul and looted it.
882:
Of the British prisoners, 32 officers, over 50 soldiers, 21 children and 12 women survived to be released in September 1842. An unknown number of sepoys and other Indian prisoners were sold into slavery in Kabul or kept as captives in mountain villages. One sepoy,
381:. In total the British army lost 4,500 troops, along with about 12,000 civilians: the latter comprising both the families of Indian and British soldiers, plus workmen, servants and other Indian camp followers. The final stand was made just outside a village called
916:
Mohammad quickly reestablished his authority. He died on 9 June 1863 of natural causes, one of the few Afghan rulers in the past thousand years to do so. Even after the two British invasions of his country, he did not intervene in any manner during the
895:
Historians still debate whether Akbar Khan ordered the massacre, sanctioned it, or was simply unable to prevent it. Some of the British officers and families taken hostage later claimed that Akbar Khan had called out "Spare them!" in
794:
The biggest single surviving group of men, consisting of 20 officers and 45 European soldiers, mostly infantry from the 44th Regiment of Foot, tried to press on but found themselves surrounded on a snowy hillock near the village of
799:. With only 20 working muskets and two shots per weapon, the troops refused to surrender. A British sergeant is said to have cried "not bloody likely!" when the Afghans tried to persuade the soldiers they would spare their lives.
887:
Sita Ram, escaped from Afghanistan after 21 months of slavery and rejoined his former regiment at Delhi. Around 2,000 sepoys and camp followers were eventually found in Kabul and brought back to India by General Pollock's army.
562:
seen as far crueler to his enemies than his predecessor. In 1840, the son of Dost Mohammad, Wazir Akbar Khan, began assembling allies amongst the tribesmen in the rural areas where British influence was weakest. He initiated a
727:
take refuge in the fortress of Bala Hissar. But Elphinstone said there would be no turning back and they would proceed to Jalalabad. The column of 16,000 soldiers and civilians was now at the mercy of the Afghan tribes.
659:
promised a safe passage from Kabul for all foreign troops and civilians, amongst them children, women and the elderly. The withdrawal, which would begin on 6 January, involved crossing the snow-covered mountains of the
755:
and Indian officers, and their retinues, accepted Akbar Khan's assurances of protection. Despite deep mistrust, the group was taken into the custody of Akbar's men. Once they were hostages, all the Indian servants and
650:
Two other British officers who had been part of Macnaghten's party were subsequently released. Elphinstone again failed to take action against the Afghans, and his officers began to lose their faith in his leadership.
472:
Dost Mohammad fled and sought refuge in the wilds of the Hindu Kush. Kabul fell without a fight on 6 August 1839. Shuja Shah returned and was proclaimed emir by the British. He established a court in the fortress of
786:
On 12 January, the column, having lost their commander and over 12,000 casualties, decided that their only hope was to wait until night and press on in the dark. The remaining troops, now led by Brigadier-General
637:
On 23 November, the Afghans occupied a hill overlooking the British cantonments and began bombarding the camp with two guns. A British force sallied out to drive them away, but the Afghans drove them back with
373:, as emir. However a deteriorating situation made their position more and more precarious, until an uprising in Kabul forced Maj. Gen. Elphinstone to withdraw. To this end he negotiated an agreement with
230:
927:
from which these units had been drawn. The reputation for invincibility previously enjoyed by the company was broken. "Men remembered Kabul," commented a British officer at the outbreak of the
457:
and began their march to Kabul. They advanced through rough terrain, crossing deserts and mountain passes at an elevation of 4,000 metres (13,000 ft) but made good progress and took
972:(2017) episode "A Soldier's Daughter" dramatizes Brydon's survival in the retreat. In the show, Queen Victoria responds to the loss of life in the retreat with a speech at the launch of
518:
miles) outside Kabul. This decision, made on diplomatic grounds, would prove to be a grave military error that placed the whole garrison in a weak and easily overrun position.
698:
In total, there were 700 British and 3,800 Indian troops. The camp followers, Indian and British families, their servants and civilian workers, numbered approximately 14,000.
683:(the 5th, 37th and 54th BNI), one regiment of Shah Shujah's Levy (a British-subsidised force of Indian troops recruited for Afghan service), Anderson's Irregular Horse, the
747:. It was now apparent Akbar Khan had not been negotiating their safe passage; it was actually a ruse to give the Afghans more time to get into position for an ambush.
731:
artillery while forcing the British to spike two of their three remaining pieces. In just 24 hours the column now had only one small gun and two heavier cannons left.
223:
1222:
840:
man not to let it fall into anyone else's hands, continued on despite him and his pony being severely wounded in several skirmishes with roaming bands of Afghans.
2466:
2426:
723:, Afghans quickly moved in and began firing at the retreating troops from the walls while setting fire to the garrison buildings, killing all those left behind.
438:, tried to force Afghan foreign policy under British guidance, he renewed his relationship with the Russians. Lord Auckland followed the counsel of his adviser
430:
after Dost Mohammad Barakzai had seized power from former ruler Shuja Shah Durrani in 1834. Dost Mohammad had rejected earlier overtures from Russia, but after
2065:
216:
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of the 44th Foot around his body. He was dragged into captivity along with a sergeant named Fair and seven privates. The remaining troops were killed.
1043:
1041:
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nights, lights were raised on the gates of Jalalabad and bugles were sounded from the walls in the hope of guiding any further survivors to safety.
2282:
1723:
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The Grove and Valley of Jugdulluk where Elphinstone's Army made its last stand in the calamitous retreat; January 1842. As drawn on the spot by
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The destruction of several regiments of Indian troops during the retreat inevitably affected the morale of the East India Company's
431:
427:
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4,500 regular troops (700 British and 3,800 Indian) and approximately 14,000 civilians (workers, family members and camp followers)
2117:
1866:
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Terence R. Blackburn. David, The extermination of a British army: the retreat from Cabul, 2008 APH Publishing Corporation. p. 121
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that Dost Mohammad should be supported, and resolved to seek a military solution. He began to assemble his forces in late 1838.
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mood. The ample supplies acquired in Ghazni considerably aided the further advance, which otherwise would have been difficult.
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to the tribesmen. Either way, the British reaction to such an atrocity must have been clear to him. Akbar Khan became the
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races and hunting parties. In the evenings, amateur dramatics were staged by East India Company officers and their wives.
2451:
2436:
967:
530:
50:
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2102:
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By the evening of 11 January, the army had been reduced to 200 men. The small rearguard was led by Brigadier-General
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2302:
2051:
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In the autumn of 1841 Brigadier-General Sale and his brigade were recalled to Jalalabad, which was on the military
301:
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in 1837. Although Elphinstone was a man of high birth and perfect manners, his colleague and contemporary General
2312:
435:
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regarded him as "the most incompetent soldier that was to be found amongst all the officers of requisite rank".
378:
80:
1776:
928:
917:
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The annihilation left Britain and India in shock and the Governor General, Lord Auckland, suffered an apparent
684:
592:
388:
Out of more than 16,000 people from the column commanded by Elphinstone, only one European (Assistant Surgeon
1102:
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tribesmen. Many in the column died of exposure, frostbite or starvation, or were killed during the fighting.
2264:
2254:
951:
857:
480:
More than a year later, Dost Mohammad surrendered to Macnaghten on 4 November 1840 and was exiled to India.
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311:
306:
2006:
2330:
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340:
269:
240:
121:
41:
1781:
1749:"Season 2, Victoria | History in Images: Victoria Season 2 Episode 1 | Masterpiece | Official Site | PBS"
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607:
580:
1982:
500:
In August 1839 the British, under pressure from Shah Shuja, refrained from remaining in occupation of
2446:
2297:
2272:
2244:
973:
788:
2011:
1016:
2398:
2287:
2185:
955:
819:
526:
406:
370:
363:
362:
At the beginning of the conflict, British and East India Company forces had defeated the forces of
17:
2365:
2208:
2160:
1107:
824:
804:
796:
588:
501:
474:
366:
332:
296:
284:
149:
2307:
2107:
1970:
1960:
1937:
1927:
1908:
1898:
1852:
1842:
1820:
1810:
1702:
1698:
1669:
1622:
1435:
1371:
1295:
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1061:
1057:
488:
450:
1253:
1162:
1155:
2234:
2165:
2074:
1871:
1049:
960:
897:
655:
626:
465:
443:
374:
254:
163:
2029:
998:
940:
558:. Such was the British confidence that most of their troops were soon sent back to India.
259:
172:
2239:
2180:
2089:
1786:
988:
828:
539:
424:
389:
264:
135:
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authority to prevent any of his officers from exercising proper command in his place.
2415:
2170:
2142:
1780:
1691:
1227:
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in May 1842, and ruled until Dost Mohammad Khan's return in 1843. In 1847 he died of
767:
563:
401:
352:
814:
1800:
871:
600:
547:
1883:
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upon hearing the news. In the autumn of 1842, an "Army of Retribution" led by Sir
2038:
1950:
1921:
1892:
1836:
1804:
1663:
675:
Elphinstone commanded a column consisting of one British infantry battalion (the
924:
875:
622:
571:
543:
88:
2355:
2198:
2122:
1992:
1875:
1824:
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upon arrival what happened to the army, to which he answered "I am the army".
720:
660:
454:
291:
1941:
1912:
1856:
1974:
832:
664:
555:
551:
348:
614:. He left his wife, Lady Sale, behind in the British cantonments in Kabul.
1724:"'Victoria' Season 2: "A Soldier's Daughter/The Green-Eyed Monster" Recap"
396:
of Kabul several months later, but others remained behind in Afghanistan.
884:
611:
575:
British freedom of movement around Kabul became increasingly restricted.
458:
382:
208:
203:~approximately 16,500 soldiers and civilians killed, missing, or captured
84:
1923:
Retreat from Kabul: The Catastrophic British Defeat in Afghanistan, 1842
909:
740:
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turned back when they found the mountain passes blocked by heavy snow.
546:. Such social gatherings often saw the serving of salmon and stew with
356:
901:
863:
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depicting British troops trying to fight their way through the pass.
2043:
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621:
535:
504:, instead establishing their military cantonments 2.5 kilometres (
405:
called the retreat "the worst British military disaster until the
336:
55:
An 1898 depiction of the last stand of survivors of Her Majesty's
566:
that kept the East India Company troops permanently on the move.
1952:
Die Signatur des Krieges: Berichte aus einer verunsicherten Welt
496:, who was given command of British forces in Afghanistan in 1841
343:. An uprising in Kabul forced the then-commander, Major-General
2047:
212:
534:. It was considered a special honour to be invited to evening
1984:
The North American Review, c. 1 v. 55, English in Afghanistan
1560:
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945:
Das Trauerspiel von Afghanistan (The Tragedy of Afghanistan)
2025:
First Western War In Afghanistan Was An 'Imperial Disaster'
1533:
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1489:
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1413:
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1795:. Vol. 7. London: Smith, Elder & Co. p. 166.
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1125:
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1024:
1017:
First Afghan War – Battle of Kabul and Retreat to Gandamak
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armed with captured British muskets and their traditional
464:
They also captured the until-then impregnable fortress of
187:
Unknown but a British source states possibly up to 30,000
1248:
1246:
369:
and in 1839 occupied Kabul, restoring the former ruler,
1157:
Afghanistan: A Short History of Its People and Politics
629:, son of deposed Afghan leader, Dost Mohammad Barakzai.
1864:
Herrick, Claire E. J. "Brydon, William (1811–1873)".
2343:
2321:
2263:
2225:
2218:
2151:
2088:
2081:
423:In 1838 the East India Company feared an increased
1806:Captives – Britain, Empire and the World 1600–1850
1690:
1154:
1957:Signature of War: Reports From an Unsettled World
1361:
1359:
1285:
1283:
979:, and by privately meeting and honouring Brydon.
2012:Account of the British campaign and the massacre
1959:] (in German). Berlin: Matthes & Seitz.
442:to support Shuja Shah, dismissing the advice of
1665:Afghanistan: A History from 1260 to the Present
1223:"The first Anglo-Afghan war: Lessons unlearned"
34:
1894:The Great Game: On Secret Service in High Asia
1621:Sita Ram pp. 119–128 "From Sepoy to Subedar",
954:describes this event in the first book of his
351:. As the army and its numerous dependants and
2059:
355:began their march, it came under attack from
224:
8:
1870:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
1838:Return of a King; the Battle for Afghanistan
1148:
1146:
827:depicting the arrival of assistant surgeon
542:(Lady Sale), the wife of Brigadier-General
449:The army, under the command of General Sir
2222:
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1926:. Guilford, Connecticut: The Lyons Press.
347:, to fall back to the British garrison at
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27:Retreat during the First Anglo-Afghan War
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2283:Siege of the British Residency in Kabul
2039:A Brief History of the First Afghan War
2007:Britain's Disastrous Retreat from Kabul
1867:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
1649:
1402:
1009:
173:
1697:. Holt, Rinehart and Winston. p.
1609:
1085:
2467:19th-century disasters in Afghanistan
2427:Battles of the First Anglo-Afghan War
7:
2394:
1662:Lee, Jonathan L. (15 January 2019).
667:, 140 kilometres (90 mi) away.
331:was the retreat of the British and
18:Massacre of Elphinstone's army
2371:Afghanistan Medal (United Kingdom)
591:. By 1825 he had been promoted to
25:
2351:European influence in Afghanistan
1949:Malzahn, Claus Christian (2005).
1048:Wilkinson-Latham, Robert (1977).
779:accompany them for negotiations.
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2384:
2383:
2201:
1792:Dictionary of National Biography
994:List of massacres in Afghanistan
142:
128:
114:
49:
2293:Siege of the Sherpur Cantonment
2032:Das Trauerspiel von Afghanistan
2017:Account of the death march on
679:), three regiments of regular
1:
2442:History of Nangarhar Province
1989:University of Chicago Library
1052:North-West Frontier 1837–1947
1884:UK public library membership
2361:The Great Game: Afghanistan
1897:. Oxford University Press.
2483:
2303:Second Battle of Charasiab
1430:Ram, Subedar Sita (1988).
855:
416:
409:exactly a century later."
2379:
2196:
1920:Macrory, Patrick (2002).
1777:Arbuthnot, Alexander John
1161:. HarperCollins. p.
943:in 1858 wrote the ballad
939:German novelist and poet
531:A Midsummer Night's Dream
436:Governor-General of India
250:
194:
181:
157:
107:
63:
48:
39:
2422:Massacres in Afghanistan
1256:. www.britishbattles.com
1103:"The Ghosts of Gandamak"
918:Indian Rebellion of 1857
685:5th Bengal Light Cavalry
428:influence in Afghanistan
394:another British invasion
2161:Amir Dost Mohammad Khan
1891:Hopkirk, Peter (1991).
1782:"Brydon, William"
1254:"The Battle of Ghuznee"
952:George MacDonald Fraser
858:Kabul Expedition (1842)
710:A 1909 illustration by
329:1842 retreat from Kabul
35:1842 retreat from Kabul
2462:1842 disasters in Asia
2331:Third Anglo-Afghan War
2278:Battle of Peiwar Kotal
2098:William Hay Macnaghten
1841:. London: Bloomsbury.
1689:Mason, Philip (1974).
1366:Mason, Philip (1986).
1290:Mason, Philip (1986).
1153:Ewans, Martin (2002).
900:, but "Kill them!" in
836:
771:
715:
712:Arthur David McCormick
689:Bengal Horse Artillery
681:Bengal Native Infantry
630:
525:Performances included
497:
440:William Hay Macnaghten
419:First Anglo-Afghan War
399:In 2013, a writer for
367:Dost Mohammad Barakzai
341:First Anglo-Afghan War
242:First Anglo-Afghan War
158:Commanders and leaders
42:First Anglo-Afghan War
1876:10.1093/ref:odnb/3811
1432:From Sepoy to Subedar
931:fifteen years later.
856:Further information:
817:
765:
759:wives were murdered.
709:
677:44th Regiment of Foot
625:
608:line of communication
585:33rd Regiment of Foot
581:Companion of the Bath
491:
195:Casualties and losses
2457:Military withdrawals
2298:Battle of Ahmed Khel
2273:Battle of Ali Masjid
2245:Battle of Jellalabad
789:Thomas John Anquetil
702:Retreat and massacre
687:and six guns of the
670:
379:Kabul–Jalalabad Road
81:Kabul–Jalalabad Road
2452:January 1842 events
2437:1842 in Afghanistan
2288:Battle of Charasiab
2186:Mohammed Nadir Shah
2118:William Elphinstone
2019:The Baldwin Project
1995:. 1842. p. 45.
1652:, pp. 263–264.
1640:, pp. 387–388.
1600:, pp. 458–459.
1405:, pp. 248–250.
1341:, pp. 335–337.
1329:, pp. 223–225.
1277:, pp. 221–222.
1200:, pp. 462–463.
1088:, pp. 349–350.
929:great Bengal mutiny
906:emir of Afghanistan
835:on 13 January 1842.
820:Remnants of an Army
494:William Elphinstone
371:Shah Shujah Durrani
345:William Elphinstone
169:William Elphinstone
2366:Malalai of Maiwand
2313:Battle of Kandahar
2250:Retreat from Kabul
2209:Afghanistan portal
2171:Amir Sher Ali Khan
1833:Dalrymple, William
1693:A Matter of Honour
1668:. Reaktion Books.
1368:A Matter of Honour
1292:A Matter of Honour
1108:The New York Times
837:
805:regimental colours
783:and die fighting.
772:
716:
671:Elphinstone's army
631:
610:between Kabul and
589:Battle of Waterloo
498:
333:East India Company
150:East India Company
2432:Conflicts in 1842
2407:
2406:
2339:
2338:
2308:Battle of Maiwand
2194:
2193:
2128:Frederick Roberts
2108:Willoughby Cotton
2034:, German original
2030:Theodor Fontane,
1991:. United States:
1933:978-1-59921-177-0
1882:(Subscription or
1848:978-1-4088-1830-5
1816:978-0-7126-6528-5
1675:978-1-78914-010-1
1231:. 26 January 2013
1099:William Dalrymple
451:Willoughby Cotton
407:fall of Singapore
324:
323:
312:Khelat-i-Ghilzai
207:
206:
103:
102:
71:6–13 January 1842
16:(Redirected from
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2396:
2387:
2386:
2235:Battle of Ghazni
2223:
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2206:
2205:
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2166:Wazir Akbar Khan
2086:
2075:Anglo-Afghan War
2068:
2061:
2054:
2045:
1996:
1978:
1945:
1916:
1887:
1879:
1860:
1828:
1809:. Random House.
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656:Eldred Pottinger
627:Wazir Akbar Khan
583:for leading the
517:
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444:Alexander Burnes
375:Wazir Akbar Khan
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2255:Battle of Kabul
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2176:Ghazi Ayub Khan
2147:
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2003:
1981:
1967:
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1370:. p. 223.
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956:Flashman Papers
950:British writer
941:Theodor Fontane
937:
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673:
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618:Afghan uprising
514:
510:
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502:Kabul's citadel
486:
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385:on 13 January.
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1598:Dalrymple 2013
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1138:Dalrymple 2013
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1756:. Retrieved
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1731:. Retrieved
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1650:Hopkirk 1991
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1403:Hopkirk 1991
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1367:
1346:
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1270:
1258:. Retrieved
1233:. Retrieved
1226:
1217:
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1106:
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861:
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776:John Shelton
773:
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749:
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595:and then to
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275:Bimaru Hills
126:
108:Belligerents
40:Part of the
29:
2447:Last stands
2153:Afghanistan
1753:Masterpiece
1610:Colley 2010
1260:20 February
1235:20 February
1086:Colley 2010
1056:. pp.
999:Ambela Pass
925:Bengal Army
876:Robert Sale
721:cantonments
572:Khyber Pass
544:Robert Sale
475:Bala Hissar
364:Afghan Emir
339:during the
89:Afghanistan
59:at Gandamak
44:, 1839–1842
2416:Categories
2399:Multimedia
2356:Great Game
2265:Second War
2123:Sam Browne
2103:John Keane
1993:HathiTrust
1966:3882218533
1886:required.)
1825:1004570815
1770:References
1758:9 February
1733:9 February
1708:0333418379
1627:0333456726
1441:0333456726
1377:0333418379
1301:0333418379
1172:0060505087
1067:0850452759
935:Depictions
811:beheaded.
661:Hindu Kush
538:hosted by
484:Occupation
455:Bolan Pass
413:Background
302:Jellalabad
292:Ali Masjid
2323:Third War
2227:First War
1942:148949425
1913:831358381
1857:955470310
1803:(2010) .
976:Trafalgar
974:HMS
852:Aftermath
833:Jalalabad
665:Jalalabad
556:champagne
349:Jalalabad
307:2nd Kabul
280:1st Kabul
57:44th Foot
2389:Category
1975:58549290
1835:(2013).
1779:(1886).
983:See also
969:Victoria
961:Flashman
958:series,
885:Havildar
797:Gandamak
741:Ghilzais
612:Peshawar
492:General
459:Kandahar
383:Gandamak
297:Hykulzye
285:Gandamak
182:Strength
85:Gandamak
76:Location
2344:Related
2082:Leaders
1789:(ed.).
910:cholera
898:Persian
870:, with
745:jezails
693:sappers
593:colonel
587:at the
548:madeira
536:soirées
513:⁄
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200:Unknown
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2219:Events
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864:stroke
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434:, the
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270:Parwan
260:Khelat
255:Ghazni
147:
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119:
96:Result
1955:[
1785:. In
1114:9 May
1060:–11.
1005:Notes
757:sepoy
337:Kabul
316:Tezin
265:Kahun
1971:OCLC
1961:ISBN
1938:OCLC
1928:ISBN
1909:OCLC
1899:ISBN
1853:OCLC
1843:ISBN
1821:OCLC
1811:ISBN
1760:2019
1735:2019
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1262:2013
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1167:ISBN
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1062:ISBN
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