1245:, whose account provided material for all later records of the event, reconnoitred and reinforced a neighbouring spur to the west with a stockade and ditch. Their signal fire to Alexander also alerted the defenders of Pir-Sar, and it took two days of skirmishing in the narrow ravines for Alexander to regroup. At the vulnerable north side leading to the fort, Alexander and his catapults were stopped by a deep ravine. To bring the siege engines within reach, an earthwork mound was constructed to bridge the ravine with carpentry, brush and earth. The first day's work brought the siege mound 50 metres (60 yards) closer, but as the sides of the ravine fell away steeply below, progress rapidly slowed. Nevertheless, at the end of the third day, a low hill connected to the nearest tip of Pir-Sar was within reach and was taken, after Alexander in the vanguard and his first force were repelled by boulders rolled down from above. Three days of drumbeats marked the defenders' celebration of the initial repulse, followed by a surprise retreat. Alexander hauled himself up the last rock face on a rope. Alexander cleared the summit, slaying some fugitives (inflated by Arrian to a massacre), and erected altars to
1018:, the first tribe whose lands he had entered had retreated to their capital. Eager to defeat them, the Macedonians crossed a river with all the cavalry and eight hundred Macedonian infantry mounted on horses. They arrived quickly enough to kill a number of the Aspasians and drive them within their walls. The rest of the army came up the next day and took the city. However, a number of the Aspasians decided to flee before the city was taken, seeing their cause as lost. The Macedonians followed them and killed a great many of them. Alexander's men, enraged to see that their king had been injured during the course of the siege, razed the city to the ground. The Macedonians marched off to the next town,
1091:
Alexander raced forward with the van, trying to do all he could to upset their preparations, while
Craterus followed up at a more methodical pace with the main force. It is specifically mentioned that he had the siege engines with him. It must have been a great relief for the Macedonians to proceed into the relatively flat lands of this region of the Indus compared to the mountainous regions they had been in. The speed with which the Macedonian van proceeded was such that Alexander was able to prevent facing a full complement of enemy forces. In response to Alexander's tactics, it was written that each of the enemy tribes retreated to their respective territories.
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continue to fire as before. However, again the mercenaries put up fierce resistance. While this was going on, Alexander ordered that a unit of hypaspists charge across the bridge at the mercenaries. However, too many of them rushed upon it too quickly and the hastily built bridge collapsed under their weight. Seeing the opportunity, the
Assacenians fired volleys of arrows, stones and even fireballs into the ditch on top of the men. The pit the hypaspists had fallen into was to be their tomb, and a great many of them were slain. However, Alexander saved those he could by attacking this sortie with a counter-attack of his own.
996:(mostly Macedonian noblemen who were equipped with a spear, a shield and were disciplined to such an extent that they have been called "the first real cavalry") and all the Greek mercenary cavalry. Their instructions were to follow the river to the Indus bringing all the cities and fortifications to submission on the way through either systematic reduction or by terms. Then they were to build a bridge upon their arrival at the Indus so that when the King arrived and after the winter when Alexander had wintered his army in the region, they could proceed to cross the river and punish the tribes across the Indus.
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distant from the town. In pursuing the
Macedonians, the Assacenians lost their discipline and became disordered due to their excitement at the prospect of having caught the Macedonians so off guard. However, when they finally came within range of the Macedonian bows, Alexander ordered his bowmen to fire on the Assacenians. The mounted javelin men, Agrianians and archers at once dashed forward to attack. These were swiftly followed by the phalanx, which Alexander led in person. Alexander was injured during the course of this action and is alleged to have stated, "They may call me son of
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from the encampment they had made near the city after they had surrendered to
Alexander. On hearing of this, Alexander had his troops surround the hill where the Assacenians were camped. As the Assacenians attempted to make their escape, all hell broke loose and the Macedonians killed a great many of them. After this, the Macedonians proceeded back to Massaga and took it with ease, and killed all the soldiers in the garrison of the city. During the course of the siege, the Macedonians had lost no more than 25 men, however a number of them were wounded.
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mountain retreat of the Swat fugitives from the south. He thus avoided the entanglement of the mountainous region that would have attended and hampered direct pursuit from the Swat side. The fugitive host could be cut off from retreat to the east of the Indus and from such assistance as
Abisares, the ruler on that side, might offer. Finally, when attacking Aornus from the south, Alexander could command all the advantages that the Indus valley and the fertile plains of the Peshawar valley would offer in respect of supplies and other resources
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cavalry). Leonnatus was ordered to take up the right flank, with
Attalus' and Balacrus' brigades. Alexander took up the centre opposed to the Guraean centre. Alexander sent Ptolemy and Leonnatus to their respective flanks by routes that the Guraeans could not observe, thus hiding these two particular flanks of his army (lined roughly obliquely with his centre line) from the Guraeans. Alexander's contingent was comparatively small, and his plan was to lure them out and to fight them while Leonnatus and Ptolemy took their flanks.
940:, it is said that he had 150,000 soldiers. Historians have expressed doubts about the veracity of these numbers. Alexander had in his army soldiers from Greece, Thrace and Agriania as well as soldiers from various territories within his new empire. Leaving Alexandria ad Caucasum, Alexander marched to Nicaea, where he sacrificed to Athena (which was his habit at the beginning of every campaign) and exclaiming that he was following in the footsteps of his ancestor Heracles, began his advance towards the Indus along the
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therefore critical for
Alexander to take the whole of the valley so that no reinforcements could be brought up into the valley and file through either the north or south exit of the valley and attack Alexander while he was besieging Aornus. A historian of Alexander's, who took up the issue and examined the topography of the region, had this to say about the strategic situation that Alexander had developed for himself as a result of this campaign
1162:, was going to cross the Indus with his soldiers to interrupt the siege and assist Ora. Alexander changed his plans and set out for Ora with all the forces under his immediate command. In addition to this, he ordered Coenus to establish a camp and fortify it as an eventual base of operations against the town of Bazira. Coenus was then to leave a suitable garrison at that base to observe Bazira and while he joined Alexander and his forces at Ora.
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returned to
Alexander after gaining control over the Aspasian valleys, including Andaca. Alexander ordered Craterus to set up a number of new colonies in the region, including Arigaeum. Control of Arigaeum and Andaca were important in controlling the Choaspes river, and occupying the fortresses with healthy garrisons would prove advantageous to Alexander in the case of revolts.
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mercenaries were successful in preventing this action from succeeding. As a result, Alexander ordered that a tower and terrace be built; this took nine days. Alexander then ordered that the tower be advanced toward the wall. Archers and slingers, most likely from Cyprus, were stationed on the tower as it was moved forward in order to keep the defenders at a distance.
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Alexander then marched towards
Massaga, the largest Assacenian fortified city and their capital. The Assacenians had acquired the services of 7,000 mercenaries from beyond the Indus. These mercenaries were soldiers of considerable capability, and as a result of their presence, the Assacenians as well
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However, when Coenus left Bazira, the town's inhabitants sallied out and attacked the encampment he had set up. These tribesmen lost 500 of their fellow tribesmen during the course of this attack, and were easily driven back. A few days later, the
Macedonians were able to take Ora, after which point
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During the course of the siege of the fortress of Massaga, Alexander was of the view that the taking of Massaga would strike the tribes in the surrounding territory with fear as to his power and ability. When it became clear that the stronghold would surrender, Alexander decided to dispatch a number
1103:
Upon arriving at Massaga, Alexander ordered that the camp be set up outside of the capital. However, so the Assacenians were so confident thanks to support of their mercenaries that they decided to immediately attack. Seeing an opportunity, Alexander ordered his men to retreat to a hill about a mile
1135:
Alexander's conditions for their surrender were that the Assacenians agree to serve under him and they surrender to him the Massagan king's family as hostages. However, the Assacenians were unwilling to agree to this as this would mean fighting their fellow tribes and clans. They decided to retreat
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so that he could reinforce his army at any point should any particular section of his army become threatened during the course of his campaign in the valley of the Cophen. In addition to this, these two forces were to keep the Indian rulers in the region from combining their forces and coordinating
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While on the march Alexander sent ambassadors ahead to the various tribes that were ahead of him ordering them to submit and provide him with hostages. Taxila and a number of other princes came to him bringing him gifts as proof of their vassalage and paying tribute with gifts for the Macedonians.
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As Alexander had now effectively replaced Darius III as King of Persia, Alexander was now effectively the new overlord of the Empire including this easternmost region. Therefore, Alexander was able to treat anyone who resisted him as in revolt against him. While descending into the Cophen valley,
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It was as a result of these conquests that Alexander did to conquer the inhabitants of the Peshawar valley. The Peshawar valley ran perpendicularly to the Swat river, which was flowed on a north–south axis. This valley was effectively an opening through which Abisares could pass through. It was
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The mercenaries fought fiercely and would not let the Macedonians through. The next day, Alexander ordered that from the tower they extend a bridge and would have the same men who stormed Tyre from the bridges built on the mole to storm the Assacenians. Meanwhile, the archers and slingers would
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to understand the sound strategic reasons which caused Alexander, before attacking Aornus, first to turn south to the Peshawar valley. Once he had consolidated his hold there and made his arrangements for crossing the Indus quite secure, he could safely move up to the right bank and attack the
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Upon arriving at Ora, Alcetas was attacked by Ora's inhabitants. However, Alcetas was easily able to drive this sortie back into the town. Bazira, which stood on the precipice of a mountain was fortified by "nature and art" and showed no signs of capitulating. After receiving the submission of
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Following his victory over the Guraeans, Alexander marched down the Garaeus river subduing the tribes of this region to tribute paying status. From there he proceeded into the valley of the Suastos where there was a force of two thousand cavalry, thirty thousand infantry and thirty elephants.
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After defeating the Aspasians and thus securing his lines of communication, the Macedonians marched towards the Guraean fortified city of Arigaeum. On hearing news of Alexander's capacity as a general and besieger, the populace razed the fortress. It was at this particular point that Craterus
1077:
When the Macedonians arrived where the assembled force had gathered, Alexander divided his army into three parts with Ptolemy taking up the left (he commanded a third of the hypaspists, the brigades of Philip and Philotas, two squadrons of horse archers, the Agrianians and half the remaining
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A subsequent assault on Massaga proved to be unsuccessful with the professional mercenaries showing that they were worth the gold they were getting paid. The next day, Alexander ordered the siege equipment to be brought up and ordered a section of the wall to be battered down. However, the
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Alexander had begun planning the expedition two years before, in 329 BC, but had been delayed in carrying out the expedition by a series of revolts that had taken place in Aria, Sogdiana and Bactria. He was held up in putting down these revolts as he had been marching through the
1081:
As expected, the Guraeans attacked Alexander's small contingent and after Ptolemy faced rough fighting, he was able to achieve victory on his flank. Leonnatus' victory was comparatively easier, after which time the enemy surrendered. It is said that 40,000 Guraeans were captured.
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Alexander's next destination was Euspla, where the King of the Aspasians was based. At this point, deeming their cause lost, the Aspasians burned this city and fled. The Macedonians pursued them. During the ensuing combat, one of the Aspasians thrust his spear right through
999:
Meanwhile, Alexander had at his disposal the bulk of the forces in his army. These forces comprised the shield bearing guards (known as the "silver shields"), four regiments of Companion cavalry, the Phalanx (other than those who marched with the first column), the foot
1210:'s last siege, "the climax to Alexander's career as the greatest besieger in history" according to Alexander's biographer Robin Lane Fox. The siege took place in the winter of 327–326 BC. (The site has been identified as being near the Pir-Sar mountain in Swat by
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The next day, the Macedonians built another bridge and attacked in a similar manner. However, during the course of the attack the Macedonians managed to kill the leader of the mercenaries. Consequentially, the Assacenians decided to negotiate their surrender.
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went to the mountain and they made ivy garlands and crowned themselves with them, as they were, singing hymns in honor of Dionysus. Alexander also offered sacrifices to Dionysus, and feasted in company with his companions. On the other hand, according to
1261:, which was between the rivers Cophen and Indus, the city's citizens sent out to him their president, whose name was Acuphis (Ἄκουφις), and thirty of their most distinguished men as envoys. When they entered the Alexander's tent and saw him, they made a
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to proceed to Bazira with the expectation that this town would capitulate as a result of Massaga. Simultaneously, he sent Alcetas, Attalus and Demetrius to Ora with the very specific orders to blockade Ora until he could arrive himself and take it.
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River. It had a flat summit well supplied with natural springs and wide enough to grow crops. Therefore, it could not be starved to submission. Neighbouring tribesmen who surrendered to Alexander offered to lead him to the best point of access.
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Returning to Alexandria ad Caucasum in May 327 BC he found a surfeit of victual and supplies ready for the army for its expedition into India. However, there were administrative matters that required his attention. Both the satrap of the
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and Alexander should leave their city independent for the sake of the god. Alexander believed them and left the city self governed but asked from the Acuphis to send his own son, his daughter's son and some horsemen to accompany him.
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which were on the mountain they would feel home sick or they will recover their taste for wine after they had become accustomed to water only, so he decided to make his vow and sacrifice to Dionysus at the foot of the mountain.
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Ptolemy, who had been sent ahead on a foraging expedition, came back to the main contingent of the army under Alexander and reported that there was a very large force assembled and preparing to face the Macedonians.
980:. They were accompanied by the king of Taxila to take advantage of his knowledge of the region. They were to proceed along the southern bank of the Cophen. They had at their disposal three brigades led by
1123:
Alexander ordered that a tower and terrace be built—it took nine days—after which time he ordered that archers and slingers be stationed on top of the tower and force the defenders from the ramparts.
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river. From there, he was going to proceed beyond the Indus and punish the Indian states and tribes which had not recognised him as their overlord and had not sent him ambassadors with tribute.
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However, he found that the campaign was far more difficult than he had anticipated. At Nicaea, he took the time to split his army into two separate forces with the object of retaining the
1037:, whom he had probably kept in hand in case of just such an occasion, in command of a force responsible for gaining and keeping control of the tribes living in the surrounding valleys.
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mid-winter and decided to camp in the mountains. It was during this time that he founded the city of Alexandria ad Caucasum. This city was some twenty five miles north-west of modern
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breast plate, but the spear did not make contact with him due to the armour stopping the severity of the blow. It was at this point that Ptolemy killed the King of the Aspasians.
893:. Following this expedition, Darius was able to conquer the surrounding Indian territory and receive tribute of 350 Euboic talents per annum. Relatively little is known about the
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in 1926, and has been confirmed by archaeologists.) It offered the last threat to Alexander's supply line, which stretched in a dangerously vulnerable manner, over the
912:, had served in the Persian Army at Gaugumela and had later been Alexander's vassal. Alexander gained useful intelligence concerning the region from these individuals.
1011:
Alexander's plan was to march along all the valleys that were in between Nicaea and the river Indus with the aim of subduing those tribes that had not paid tribute.
904:, Omphis, whom the Macedonians called "Taxila" after his capital city, had invited Alexander to come to his aid in his struggle against the neighbouring potentate
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in Alexander's day. There were a variety of princelings and republics, which the Indians called, "kingless" peoples. All were vying for power over the region.
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Alexander informed his new vassals of his intentions. He planned to spend the rest of the summer and autumn reducing the region ahead of him up to the
329:
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Massaga and massacring its inhabitants, Alexander set out in the direction of Bazira. However, while proceeding to Bazira he received the news that
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The King's force takes up the center of the Macedonian line while Ptolemy and Leonnatus' forces take a circuit to catch the barbarians by surprise.
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The Guraeans had retreated after burning their fortified city, joined up with their fellow tribesmen and prepared themselves to face Alexander.
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865:. The goal of the campaign was to secure the Macedonian line of communications so that the Macedonian army could proceed into India proper.
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936:, Proëxes, and the commander of the garrison, Neiloxinus, were replaced due to their unsatisfactory conduct. When Alexander set out for
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although Alexander wanted to go up the mountain he decided not to do it because he was afraid that when his men will see the
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Amongst the gifts that the Macedonians had never seen before, the Indian potentates furnished Alexander with 25 elephants
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the inhabitants of Bazira saw their cause as lost, abandoned Bazira to the Macedonians and headed off to Aornus.
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and also he named the mountain near the city, Meron (Μηρὸν) (i.e. thigh), because he grew in the thigh of
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1265:. When Alexander told them to rise, the Acuphis started his speech. In his speech he said that the god
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It had been Alexander's purpose to conquer the whole of the Persian Empire which extended as far as
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of his lieutenants to the surrounding fortress towns to follow up on this victory. He ordered
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908:. Porus was considered to be the most powerful prince in the region. Another king,
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as the mercenaries themselves were confident of victory against the Macedonians.
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between May 327 BC and March 326 BC. It was conducted against the
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The army that was to march along the river Cophen was to be commanded by
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founded the city and named it Nysa and the land Nysaea (Νυσαία) after
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1249:, Athena of Victory, traces of which were identified by Stein.
1108:, but I suffer none the less like a mortal. This is blood, not
325:
1004:, the archers, the other half of the horse archers, the
1943:. Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press. p. 604.
27:
Military campaign by Alexander the Great in 327-326 BC.
1029:
The King's campaign through the Aspasian territory.
1941:Warfare in Antiquity: History of the Art of War
1925:Philostratus, Life of Apollonius of Tyana, 2.10
34:
1971:. Pennsylvania: Stackpole Books. p. 681.
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1914:Pliny the Elder, Natural History, 6.23.5
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1014:Alexander received information that the
1962:. London: Eyre & Spottiswoode, Ltd.
1303:
969:their efforts against the Macedonians.
299:
1960:The Generalship of Alexander The Great
1257:When Alexander arrived at the city of
1194:The Aornos is located to the north of
42:Indian campaign of Alexander the Great
7:
66:May 327 BC – March 326 BC
1903:Arrian, Anabasis of Alexander, 5.2
1889:Arrian, Anabasis of Alexander, 5.1
25:
2040:On Alexander's Track to the Indus
877:. A previous king of the Persian
1992:. England: University of Oxford.
1352:. England: University of Oxford.
885:, had sent one of his generals,
821:Kabul (Sanskrit: "Kubha") Valley
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2062:Battles of Alexander the Great
1:
312:Location of the Cophen Valley
2082:Military history of Pakistan
2042:. Bhavan Books & Prints.
2057:Wars of Alexander the Great
35:Alexander's Indian campaign
2113:
1989:The Early History of India
1349:The Early History of India
1241:and Alexander's secretary
1183:
2038:Stein, Sir Aurel (1929).
1958:Fuller, J. F. C. (1958).
1222:. The site lies north of
363:
286:
201:
159:
135:Hellenic conquest of the
58:
47:
39:
2087:Invasions of Afghanistan
1967:Dodge, Theodore (1890).
1879:Lane Fox (1973); Arrian.
1281:Then, together with his
1140:Sieges of Bazira and Ora
54:The Valley of the Cophen
1986:Smith, Vincent (1914).
1939:Delbrück, Hans (1990).
1852:Fuller 1959, p. 247–248
1346:Smith, Vincent (1914).
1086:Third phase—Assacenians
1008:and the horse lancers.
857:valleys in what is now
1199:
1177:
1124:
1070:
1030:
271:)at least 50,000 men’s
202:Commanders and leaders
18:Massaga (ancient city)
2032:IV chapters 28.1–30.4
1999:"Annabasis Alexandri"
1597:Delbrück 1990, p. 232
1557:Delbrück 1990, p. 231
1530:Delbrück 1990, p. 177
1193:
1172:
1122:
1068:
1049:Second phase—Guraeans
1028:
1022:, which capitulated.
948:First phase—Aspasians
1033:Alexander then left
805: current battle
309:class=notpageimage|
2014:Alexander the Great
1870:Lane Fox, p. 343ff.
1861:Stein 2004, p.123–4
1843:Fuller 1959, p. 125
1831:Fuller 1959, p. 247
1775:Fuller 1959, p. 246
1695:Fuller 1959, p. 245
1488:Fuller 1959, p. 126
1208:Alexander the Great
889:, to sail down the
817:Alexander the Great
520:Alexander the Great
480:Indian subcontinent
356:Alexander the Great
213:Alexander the Great
102: /
2097:Military campaigns
1793:Dodge 1890, p. 525
1751:Dodge 1890, p. 524
1735:Dodge 1890, p. 523
1711:Dodge 1890, p. 522
1667:Dodge 1890, p. 521
1649:Dodge 1890, p. 520
1629:Dodge 1890, p. 519
1609:Dodge 1890, p. 518
1588:Dodge 1890, p. 517
1518:Dodge 1890, p. 514
1506:Dodge 1890, p. 515
1459:Dodge 1890, p. 225
1441:Dodge 1890, p. 512
1429:Dodge 1890, p. 452
1417:Smith 1914, p. 513
1408:Dodge 1890, p. 511
1392:Dodge 1890, p. 513
1374:Dodge 1890, p. 539
1336:Dodge 1890, p. 510
1322:Dodge 1890, p. 540
1313:Dodge 1890, p. 509
1206:) was the site of
1200:
1125:
1071:
1031:
859:Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
125:Macedonian victory
106:35.2°N 72.483333°E
2067:320s BC conflicts
2022:978-0-14-008878-6
2016:. Penguin, 1973,
2012:Lane Fox, Robin.
1978:978-1-85367-179-1
1950:978-0-8032-9199-7
1450:Smith 1914, p. 48
1365:Smith 1914, p. 37
1283:Companion cavalry
1061:Siege of Arigaeum
879:Achaemenid Empire
815:was conducted by
514:
513:
320:
319:
175:League of Corinth
155:
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16:(Redirected from
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2043:
2009:
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1993:
1982:
1963:
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1927:
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1095:Siege of Massaga
883:Darius the Great
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505:Mallian campaign
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139:country, modern
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21:
2112:
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2102:
2101:
2092:Ptolemy I Soter
2047:
2046:
2037:
2003:
2001:
1996:
1985:
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1966:
1957:
1951:
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1930:
1923:
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1345:
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1340:
1335:
1326:
1321:
1317:
1312:
1305:
1301:
1255:
1202:Aornos (modern
1188:
1186:Siege of Aornos
1182:
1180:Siege of Aornus
1158:, the ruler of
1142:
1097:
1088:
1063:
1051:
950:
871:
813:Cophen campaign
809:
808:
807:
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799:
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673:
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359:
355:
352:
350:
316:
315:
314:
313:
311:
305:
304:
303:
281:
277:
256:
247:Ptolemy I Soter
240:
231:
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190:
184:
173:
131:
111:35.2; 72.483333
110:
108:
104:
101:
96:
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89:
88:
87:
53:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2110:
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2089:
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2079:
2074:
2069:
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2035:
2025:
2010:
1994:
1983:
1977:
1964:
1955:
1949:
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1906:
1892:
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1355:
1338:
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1204:Swat, Pakistan
1184:Main article:
1181:
1178:
1141:
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1059:
1050:
1047:
966:interior lines
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870:
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837:tribes in the
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2019:
2015:
2011:
2000:
1995:
1991:
1990:
1984:
1980:
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1600:
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1575:
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1569:
1566:Arrian, XXIII
1563:
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1527:
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1319:
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1310:
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1304:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1253:Siege of Nysa
1252:
1250:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
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1038:
1036:
1027:
1023:
1021:
1017:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1003:
997:
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
970:
967:
962:
960:
954:
947:
945:
943:
939:
935:
934:Paropamisadae
929:
927:
923:
919:
913:
911:
907:
903:
898:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
868:
866:
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
827:
822:
818:
814:
796:
780:
763:
746:
729:
712:
695:
678:
661:
644:
627:
600:
583:
566:
535:
528:
521:
506:
503:
500:
497:
494:
491:
488:
485:
484:
481:
478:
477:
473:
470:
467:
464:
461:
458:
455:
452:
449:
446:
443:
440:
437:
434:
431:
428:
425:
422:
419:
416:
413:
412:Halicarnassus
410:
407:
404:
401:
398:
397:
393:
392:
388:
385:
382:
379:
376:
373:
372:
369:
366:
365:
362:
357:
347:
342:
340:
335:
333:
328:
327:
324:
310:
294:
285:
280:
276:
273:
270:
264:
260:
254:
248:
244:
239:
235:
230:
226:
220:
214:
210:
206:
205:
200:
197:
193:
189:
188:
183:
182:
178:
176:
172:
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164:
163:
158:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
129:
128:
124:
121:
120:
115:
86:
82:
78:
73:
70:
69:
65:
62:
61:
57:
51:
46:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
2039:
2029:
2013:
2002:. Retrieved
1988:
1968:
1959:
1940:
1920:
1909:
1884:
1875:
1866:
1857:
1848:
1593:
1562:
1553:
1548:Arrian, XXIV
1484:
1479:Arrian, XXII
1455:
1446:
1413:
1370:
1348:
1341:
1318:
1288:Philostratus
1280:
1256:
1237:
1201:
1173:
1168:
1164:
1152:
1143:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1114:
1102:
1098:
1089:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1056:
1052:
1039:
1032:
1013:
1010:
998:
971:
963:
955:
951:
942:Cophen River
930:
914:
900:The King of
899:
872:
834:
830:
824:
812:
810:
632:Persian Gate
486:
472:Sogdian Rock
448:Persian Gate
442:Uxian Defile
375:Mount Haemus
354:Campaigns of
195:
191:
185:
179:
160:Belligerents
29:
2034:(in French)
2004:20 November
1263:Proskynesis
1247:Athena Nike
1212:Aurel Stein
992:, half the
978:Hephaestion
926:Afghanistan
843:Afghanistan
130:Territorial
109: /
81:Afghanistan
2051:Categories
1933:References
1216:Hindu Kush
1006:Agrianians
918:Hindu Kush
869:Background
841:valley of
833:, and the
683:Alexandria
97:72°29′00″E
94:35°12′00″N
1969:Alexander
1271:his nurse
1043:Ptolemy's
1016:Aspasians
994:Companion
974:Perdiccas
910:Sisicotus
835:Assakenoi
666:Gaugamela
615:Cyropolis
454:Cyropolis
436:Gaugamela
263:Leonnatus
238:Perdiccas
196:Assakenoi
2030:Anabasis
2028:Arrian,
1997:Arrian.
1267:Dionysus
1218:back to
1156:Abisares
1035:Craterus
990:Meleager
863:Pakistan
847:Panjkora
831:Guraeans
826:Aspasioi
768:Granicus
588:Hydaspes
549:820miles
507:(326 BC)
501:(326 BC)
499:Hydaspes
495:(326 BC)
489:(327 BC)
474:(327 BC)
468:(328 BC)
462:(329 BC)
460:Jaxartes
456:(329 BC)
450:(330 BC)
444:(331 BC)
438:(331 BC)
432:(332 BC)
426:(332 BC)
420:(333 BC)
414:(334 BC)
408:(334 BC)
402:(334 BC)
400:Granicus
389:(335 BC)
383:(335 BC)
377:(335 BC)
279:Abisares
275:Cleophis
229:Craterus
192:Guraeans
151:valleys.
145:Panjkora
85:Pakistan
79:valley,
71:Location
40:Part of
2024:, 1973.
1243:Eumenes
1239:Ptolemy
982:Gorgias
875:Gandara
819:in the
751:Miletus
571:Malavas
554:Babylon
406:Miletus
368:Balkans
265: (
249: (
215: (
187:Kasmira
171:Macedon
132:changes
75:modern
2077:326 BC
2072:327 BC
2020:
1975:
1947:
1228:Punjab
1224:Attock
1196:Taxila
1160:Hazara
1147:Coenus
1020:Andaca
986:Clitus
938:Nicaea
902:Taxila
895:Punjab
887:Skylax
853:) and
845:, and
829:, the
803:
649:Uxians
605:Cophen
547:1200km
493:Aornos
487:Cophen
394:Persia
387:Thebes
381:Pelium
282:others
181:Aśvaka
147:, and
137:Cophen
122:Result
1299:Notes
1292:vines
1232:Indus
1220:Balkh
1110:ichor
1002:agema
959:Indus
924:, in
922:Kabul
906:Porus
891:Indus
839:Kunar
785:Pella
734:Issus
466:Gabai
418:Issus
141:Kunar
77:Kabul
2018:ISBN
2006:2011
1973:ISBN
1945:ISBN
1275:Zeus
1259:Nysa
1106:Zeus
988:and
976:and
855:Swat
811:The
717:Tyre
700:Gaza
430:Gaza
424:Tyre
149:Swat
83:and
63:Date
1226:in
1112:!"
851:Dir
268:WIA
252:WIA
218:WIA
2053::
1895:^
1836:^
1798:^
1780:^
1756:^
1740:^
1716:^
1700:^
1672:^
1654:^
1634:^
1614:^
1602:^
1571:^
1535:^
1523:^
1511:^
1493:^
1464:^
1434:^
1422:^
1397:^
1379:^
1358:^
1327:^
1306:^
984:,
944:.
928:.
881:,
861:,
637:10
620:11
610:12
593:13
576:14
559:15
143:,
2008:.
1981:.
1953:.
1198:.
849:(
790:1
773:2
756:3
739:4
722:5
705:6
688:7
671:8
654:9
345:e
338:t
331:v
255:)
221:)
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
