31:
751:
132:. At the time of its discovery in 2016, it had the highest chance of being rocky for a planet its size, with a posterior probability that it is dense enough to be terrestrial at about 0.43. For comparison, at the time the corresponding probability for Kepler-10c was calculated as 0.1, and as 0.002 for Kepler-131b.
380:
Espinoza, Néstor; Brahm, Rafael; Jordán, Andrés; Jenkins, James S.; Rojas, Felipe; Jofré, Paula; Mädler, Thomas; Rabus, Markus; Chanamé, Julio; Pantoja, Blake; Soto, Maritza G.; Morzinski, Katie M.; Males, Jared R.; Ward-Duong, Kimberly; Close, Laird M. (2016).
1744:
1739:
1734:
1729:
152:, so large that it could belong to a sub-category of mega-Earths known as supermassive terrestrial planets (SMTP). It likely has an Earth-like composition of rock and iron without any volatiles. A similar mega-Earth,
93:), giving it a high density that implied a mainly rocky composition. However, several follow-up radial velocity studies produced different results for Kepler-10c's mass, all much below the original 17
66:
was revealed to be a
Neptune-mass planet with a density considerably greater than that of Earth, though it has since been determined to be a typical volatile-rich planet weighing just under half that mass.
1724:
633:
1886:
1751:
1778:
1563:
1558:
1719:
1182:
1486:
75:
Kepler-10c was the first exoplanet to be classified as a mega-Earth. At the time of its discovery, it was believed to have a mass around 17 times that of Earth (
100:
estimate. In 2017, a more careful analysis using data from multiple different telescopes and spectrographs found that Kepler-10c is more likely around 7.4
1457:
1040:
1773:
725:
1756:
1593:
621:
1926:
1901:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1474:
1583:
1573:
1619:
1553:
667:
293:
170:, and orbits a subgiant star. Its composition appears to be mainly rock with a small iron core and a relatively thin steam atmosphere.
1911:
1761:
1568:
1445:
1944:
1578:
1639:
1629:
1117:
627:
1714:
1665:
1588:
1493:
1469:
1440:
1427:
730:
1670:
1307:
1896:
1543:
1498:
593:
Basic
Mineralogical Models for Silicate- and Carbon-Rich Mega-Earths Considering Compositional and Geophysical Constraints
1972:
1533:
1876:
1675:
273:
1709:
1704:
1694:
1452:
1112:
1939:
1689:
1377:
1367:
1362:
1347:
1342:
1142:
1026:
1977:
1699:
1644:
1505:
1312:
1292:
1052:
695:
62:(terrestrial and ocean planets with masses around 5–10 Earths). The term "mega-Earth" was coined in 2014, when
1921:
1881:
1624:
1548:
1122:
660:
180:
are a pair of planets orbiting the same star, both thought to be mega-Earths with masses of about 87.4
1982:
1634:
1515:
1127:
1077:
495:
639:
1603:
1247:
1147:
981:
211:
1967:
1891:
1871:
1481:
1152:
1067:
763:
690:
545:
404:
1322:
30:
1684:
1232:
1212:
1167:
1137:
946:
941:
740:
435:
Kepler-145b and K2-66b: A Kepler- and a K2-Mega-Earth with
Different Compositional Characteristics
1280:
1227:
1197:
1157:
1072:
772:
653:
569:
535:
394:
319:
135:
1528:
1372:
1317:
1187:
1162:
910:
905:
854:
704:
561:
1916:
1906:
1654:
1334:
1267:
1217:
1107:
1097:
1021:
951:
936:
735:
553:
412:
329:
1397:
1192:
1092:
1016:
1006:
785:
591:
433:
350:
464:
549:
408:
1257:
1252:
1102:
1057:
966:
138:
is one of the most massive planets classified as mega-Earths, with a mass of 37.1
523:
308:"Pinning down the mass of Kepler-10c: The importance of sampling and model comparison"
1961:
1387:
1062:
1001:
956:
895:
890:
865:
800:
790:
780:
573:
466:
Kepler-277 b: A Supermassive
Terrestrial Exoplanet in the Kepler-277 Planetary System
417:
382:
254:
229:
17:
1538:
1523:
1417:
1407:
1299:
1222:
991:
971:
961:
859:
795:
108:
85:
1464:
1412:
1357:
1352:
1242:
1237:
1207:
1177:
1172:
1132:
1087:
1082:
1011:
996:
986:
931:
875:
870:
836:
821:
816:
810:
249:
177:
173:
59:
1435:
1202:
976:
900:
805:
600:
473:
442:
359:
115:
76:
63:
35:
640:'Godzilla of Earths': Alien Planet 17 Times Heavier Than Our World Discovered
1392:
1382:
885:
880:
846:
831:
720:
557:
383:"Discovery and Validation of a High-Density Sub-Neptune from the K2 Mission"
334:
307:
51:
47:
565:
277:
1402:
1275:
352:
BD+20594B: A Mega-Earth
Detected in the C4 field of the Kepler K2 mission
214:
is the most massive mega-Earth ever known with a mass of about 330
1287:
524:"Transformation of a Star into a Planet in a Millisecond Pulsar Binary"
500:
237:
233:
232:
which is most likely composed largely of crystalline carbon but with a
1598:
926:
750:
685:
153:
399:
324:
294:
The mass of Kepler-10c revisited: upping the radial velocities game
540:
55:
274:"Astronomers Find a New Type of Planet: The "Mega-Earth"2014-14"
649:
645:
622:
Astronomers Find "Mega-Earth," Most
Massive Rocky Planet Yet
312:
Monthly
Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters
1887:
522:
Bailes, M.; Bates, S. D.; et al. (25 August 2011).
118:, is a much more likely mega-Earth, with about 16
58:. Mega-Earths would be substantially more massive than
624:, BY MARCUS WOO FOR NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC, JUNE 5, 2014
1864:
1653:
1612:
1514:
1426:
1333:
1266:
1039:
919:
845:
771:
758:
713:
27:
Terrestrial planet with ten times the mass of Earth
306:Rajpaul, V.; Buchhave, L. A.; Aigrain, S. (2017).
1564:Habitability of K-type main-sequence star systems
1559:Habitability of F-type main-sequence star systems
628:Impossibly heavy planet is the first 'mega-Earth'
1183:List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules
296:, Leonardo dos Santos, 7 August 2017, Astrobites
661:
496:"Astronomers discover planet made of diamond"
8:
634:Kepler space telescope spies a ‘Mega-Earth’
630:, New Scientist, 2 June 2014, By Jacob Aron
601:49th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference
474:51st Lunar and Planetary Science Conference
443:49th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference
360:48th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference
768:
668:
654:
646:
726:Exoplanet orbital and physical parameters
539:
416:
398:
333:
323:
84:) and a radius around 2.3 times Earth's (
1594:List of potentially habitable exoplanets
289:
287:
29:
265:
54:that is at least ten times the mass of
1902:Geodynamics of terrestrial exoplanets
7:
1584:Habitability of yellow dwarf systems
1574:Habitability of neutron star systems
107:, making it a typical volatile-rich
1927:Sudarsky's gas giant classification
1554:Habitability of binary star systems
1912:Nexus for Exoplanet System Science
1569:Habitability of natural satellites
25:
1579:Habitability of red dwarf systems
494:Hirschler, Ben (25 August 2011).
1676:Stars with proto-planetary discs
1640:NASA Star and Exoplanet Database
1630:Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia
1118:Extraterrestrial sample curation
749:
642:, By Miriam Kramer June 02, 2014
163:and a radius of about 2.49
156:, has a mass of about 21.3
1589:Habitable zone for complex life
1027:Ultra-short period planet (USP)
731:Methods of detecting exoplanets
194:, and radii of about 2.92
1770:Discovered exoplanets by year
636:, Washington Post, June 2 2014
221:and a radius less than 4
1:
1897:Extrasolar planets in fiction
1544:Extraterrestrial liquid water
1917:Planets in globular clusters
1534:Circumstellar habitable zone
1877:Exoplanet naming convention
987:Planet/Brown dwarf boundary
590:Futó, P; Gucsik, A (2018).
1999:
1113:Extraterrestrial materials
747:
418:10.3847/0004-637X/830/1/43
145:and a radius of 2.65
50:for a massive terrestrial
1940:Discoveries of exoplanets
1935:
1143:Interplanetary dust cloud
681:
387:The Astrophysical Journal
1645:Open Exoplanet Catalogue
1620:Nearby Habitable Systems
1506:Transit-timing variation
228:. PSR J1719−1438 b is a
114:K2-56b, also designated
38:, with Earth and Neptune
1922:Small planet radius gap
1625:Exoplanet Data Explorer
1549:Galactic habitable zone
1123:Giant-impact hypothesis
558:10.1126/science.1208890
1882:Exoplanet phase curves
1720:Terrestrial candidates
1671:Multiplanetary systems
1635:NASA Exoplanet Archive
1318:Mean-motion resonances
1128:Gravitational collapse
1078:Circumstellar envelope
111:and not a mega-Earth.
39:
1757:Potentially habitable
1662:Exoplanetary systems
1604:Superhabitable planet
1363:F/Yellow-white dwarfs
1248:Sample-return mission
1148:Interplanetary medium
335:10.1093/mnrasl/slx116
33:
1892:Extragalactic planet
1872:Carl Sagan Institute
1153:Interplanetary space
1068:Circumplanetary disk
741:Planet-hosting stars
18:Massive solid planet
1973:Terrestrial planets
1233:Protoplanetary disk
1213:Planetary migration
1168:Interstellar medium
947:Circumtriple planet
942:Circumbinary planet
550:2011Sci...333.1717B
534:(6050): 1717–1720.
409:2016ApJ...830...43E
34:Size comparison of
1198:Nebular hypothesis
1173:Interstellar space
1158:Interstellar cloud
1138:Internal structure
1073:Circumstellar disc
40:
1953:
1952:
1529:Astrooceanography
1163:Interstellar dust
1035:
1034:
911:Ultra-hot Neptune
906:Ultra-hot Jupiter
855:Eccentric Jupiter
705:Planetary science
236:far greater than
16:(Redirected from
1990:
1907:Neptunian desert
1293:Tidally detached
1228:Planet formation
1218:Planetary system
1108:Exozodiacal dust
1098:Disrupted planet
1022:Ultra-cool dwarf
952:Disrupted planet
937:Chthonian planet
769:
753:
736:Planetary system
670:
663:
656:
647:
611:
609:
607:
598:
578:
577:
543:
519:
513:
512:
510:
508:
491:
485:
484:
482:
480:
471:
463:Futó, P (2020).
460:
454:
453:
451:
449:
440:
432:Futó, P (2018).
429:
423:
422:
420:
402:
377:
371:
370:
368:
366:
357:
349:Futó, P (2017).
346:
340:
339:
337:
327:
303:
297:
291:
282:
281:
276:. Archived from
270:
212:PSR J1719−1438 b
208:, respectively.
21:
1998:
1997:
1993:
1992:
1991:
1989:
1988:
1987:
1978:Types of planet
1958:
1957:
1954:
1949:
1945:Search projects
1931:
1860:
1649:
1608:
1510:
1482:Radial velocity
1422:
1378:K/Orange dwarfs
1368:G/Yellow dwarfs
1329:
1323:Titius–Bode law
1262:
1193:Molecular cloud
1093:Detached object
1044:
1042:
1031:
1017:Toroidal planet
1007:Sub-brown dwarf
915:
841:
813:(Super-Mercury)
786:Coreless planet
762:
760:
754:
745:
709:
677:
674:
618:
616:Further reading
605:
603:
596:
589:
586:
581:
521:
520:
516:
506:
504:
493:
492:
488:
478:
476:
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447:
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431:
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379:
378:
374:
364:
362:
355:
348:
347:
343:
305:
304:
300:
292:
285:
280:on 2 June 2014.
272:
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246:
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207:
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73:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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1668:
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1607:
1606:
1601:
1596:
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1576:
1571:
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1541:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1520:
1518:
1512:
1511:
1509:
1508:
1503:
1502:
1501:
1494:Transit method
1491:
1490:
1489:
1479:
1478:
1477:
1467:
1462:
1461:
1460:
1450:
1449:
1448:
1441:Direct imaging
1438:
1432:
1430:
1424:
1423:
1421:
1420:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1345:
1339:
1337:
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1328:
1327:
1326:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1310:
1302:
1297:
1296:
1295:
1285:
1284:
1283:
1272:
1270:
1264:
1263:
1261:
1260:
1258:Star formation
1255:
1253:Scattered disc
1250:
1245:
1240:
1235:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1175:
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1165:
1160:
1155:
1150:
1145:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1110:
1105:
1103:Excretion disk
1100:
1095:
1090:
1085:
1080:
1075:
1070:
1065:
1060:
1058:Accretion disk
1055:
1049:
1047:
1037:
1036:
1033:
1032:
1030:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1014:
1009:
1004:
999:
994:
989:
984:
979:
974:
969:
967:Eyeball planet
964:
959:
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939:
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631:
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264:
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202:
201:and 3.36
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195:
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188:
187:and 64.2
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119:
104:
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97:
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89:
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80:
77:
72:
69:
46:is a proposed
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1995:
1984:
1983:Giant planets
1981:
1979:
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1971:
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1966:
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1956:
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1934:
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1447:
1444:
1443:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1433:
1431:
1429:
1425:
1419:
1418:Yellow giants
1416:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
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1371:
1369:
1366:
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1234:
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1214:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1188:Merging stars
1186:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1149:
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1139:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1119:
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1114:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1063:Asteroid belt
1061:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1050:
1048:
1046:
1038:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1002:Pulsar planet
1000:
998:
995:
993:
990:
988:
985:
983:
980:
978:
975:
973:
970:
968:
965:
963:
960:
958:
957:Double planet
955:
953:
950:
948:
945:
943:
940:
938:
935:
933:
930:
928:
925:
924:
922:
918:
912:
909:
907:
904:
902:
899:
897:
896:Super-Neptune
894:
892:
891:Super-Jupiter
889:
887:
884:
882:
879:
877:
874:
872:
869:
867:
866:Helium planet
864:
861:
858:
856:
853:
852:
850:
848:
844:
838:
835:
833:
830:
828:
825:
823:
820:
818:
815:
812:
809:
807:
804:
802:
801:Hycean planet
799:
797:
794:
792:
791:Desert planet
789:
787:
784:
782:
781:Carbon planet
779:
778:
776:
774:
770:
767:
765:
757:
752:
742:
739:
737:
734:
732:
729:
727:
724:
722:
719:
718:
716:
712:
706:
703:
697:
694:
693:
692:
689:
688:
687:
684:
683:
680:
671:
666:
664:
659:
657:
652:
651:
648:
641:
638:
635:
632:
629:
626:
623:
620:
619:
615:
602:
595:
594:
588:
587:
583:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
542:
537:
533:
529:
525:
518:
515:
503:
502:
497:
490:
487:
475:
468:
467:
459:
456:
444:
437:
436:
428:
425:
419:
414:
410:
406:
401:
396:
392:
388:
384:
376:
373:
361:
354:
353:
345:
342:
336:
331:
326:
321:
318:: L125–L130.
317:
313:
309:
302:
299:
295:
290:
288:
284:
279:
275:
269:
266:
260:
256:
255:Super-Neptune
253:
251:
248:
247:
243:
241:
239:
235:
231:
230:pulsar planet
213:
209:
179:
175:
171:
155:
137:
133:
125:and 2.2
117:
112:
110:
92:
83:
70:
68:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
37:
32:
19:
1955:
1762:Proper names
1539:Earth analog
1524:Astrobiology
1516:Habitability
1453:Microlensing
1413:White dwarfs
1383:M/Red dwarfs
1373:Herbig Ae/Be
1358:Brown dwarfs
1300:Rogue planet
1281:Interstellar
1223:Planetesimal
992:Planetesimal
972:Giant planet
962:Ecumenopolis
860:Mini-Neptune
826:
796:Dwarf planet
604:. Retrieved
592:
531:
527:
517:
505:. Retrieved
499:
489:
477:. Retrieved
465:
458:
446:. Retrieved
434:
427:
390:
386:
375:
363:. Retrieved
351:
344:
315:
311:
301:
278:the original
268:
210:
172:
134:
113:
109:mini-Neptune
74:
60:super-Earths
43:
41:
1968:Mega-Earths
1774:before 2000
1690:Discoveries
1465:Polarimetry
1353:Binary star
1243:Rubble pile
1238:Ring system
1208:Outer space
1178:Kuiper belt
1133:Hills cloud
1088:Debris disk
1083:Cosmic dust
1012:Sub-Neptune
997:Protoplanet
932:Brown dwarf
920:Other types
876:Hot Neptune
871:Hot Jupiter
862:(Gas dwarf)
837:Super-Earth
822:Ocean world
817:Lava planet
811:Iron planet
773:Terrestrial
714:Main topics
606:6 September
584:Works cited
479:6 September
448:6 September
365:6 September
250:Sub-Neptune
178:Kepler-277c
174:Kepler-277b
136:Kepler-145b
1962:Categories
1685:Exoplanets
1666:Host stars
1613:Catalogues
1436:Astrometry
1398:Subdwarf B
1335:Host stars
1308:Retrograde
1203:Oort cloud
1041:Formation
977:Mesoplanet
901:Super-puff
827:Mega-Earth
806:Ice planet
691:Definition
676:Exoplanets
400:1601.07608
325:1707.06192
261:References
64:Kepler-10c
44:mega-Earth
36:Kepler-10c
1779:2000–2009
1745:1501–2000
1740:1001–1500
1428:Detection
1393:Red giant
1053:Accretion
1045:evolution
886:Ice giant
881:Gas giant
832:Sub-Earth
721:Exoplanet
574:206535504
541:1108.5201
507:25 August
393:(1): 43.
116:BD+20594b
52:exoplanet
48:neologism
1735:501–1000
1715:Heaviest
1695:Extremes
1403:Subgiant
1276:Exocomet
566:21868629
244:See also
71:Examples
1710:Largest
1705:Nearest
1408:T Tauri
1304:Orbits
1288:Exomoon
1268:Systems
982:Planemo
847:Gaseous
546:Bibcode
528:Science
501:Reuters
405:Bibcode
238:diamond
234:density
1725:Kepler
1700:Firsts
1599:Tholin
1470:Timing
1388:Pulsar
1313:Trojan
927:Blanet
686:Planet
572:
564:
154:K2-66b
1865:Other
1730:1–500
1655:Lists
764:types
759:Sizes
597:(PDF)
570:S2CID
536:arXiv
470:(PDF)
439:(PDF)
395:arXiv
356:(PDF)
320:arXiv
56:Earth
1854:2024
1849:2023
1844:2022
1839:2021
1834:2020
1829:2019
1824:2018
1819:2017
1814:2016
1809:2015
1804:2014
1799:2013
1794:2012
1789:2011
1784:2010
1499:list
1487:list
1475:list
1458:list
1446:list
1043:and
761:and
608:2020
562:PMID
509:2011
481:2020
450:2020
367:2020
176:and
696:IAU
554:doi
532:333
413:doi
391:830
330:doi
316:471
1964::
1752:K2
599:.
568:.
560:.
552:.
544:.
530:.
526:.
498:.
472:.
441:.
411:.
403:.
389:.
385:.
358:.
328:.
314:.
310:.
286:^
240:.
226:🜨
206:🜨
199:🜨
168:🜨
150:🜨
130:🜨
90:🜨
42:A
1348:B
1343:A
669:e
662:t
655:v
610:.
576:.
556::
548::
538::
511:.
483:.
452:.
421:.
415::
407::
397::
369:.
338:.
332::
322::
223:R
219:E
216:M
203:R
196:R
192:E
189:M
185:E
182:M
165:R
161:E
158:M
147:R
143:E
140:M
127:R
123:E
120:M
105:E
102:M
98:E
95:M
87:R
81:E
78:M
20:)
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