44:
57:
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225:
for when this rock was deposited. The growth rate curve, a graph of age of a lichen against the date of the substrate on which it is found has to be constructed for an area. Beschel originally used gravestones to produce a calibration curve. Growth rates for different areas and species can be obtained by measuring maximum lichen sizes on substrates of known age, such as
842:
224:
Lichenometry is based on the assumption that the largest lichen growing on a rock is the oldest individual. Generally, the five largest lichen thalli diameters are taken, although several statistical methods have been used. If the growth rate is known, the maximum lichen size will give a minimum age
304:
In
Britain it can be found commonly growing on hard siliceous rocks, especially in upland regions. Its range covers virtually all of Scotland, much of North West England, and other upland areas in much of the rest of England, Wales and Ireland too.
380:
In an experiment, this lichen species was placed in a capsule and launched into space. The capsule was opened, exposing the lichen to space conditions for 10 days before being brought back down to Earth, where it showed minimal changes or damage.
418:
Beschel, R. E. 1950. Flechten als
Altersmaßstab rezenter Moränen.Zeitschrift für Gletscherkunde und Glazialgeologie NF, 1:151-62. (Translated by W. Barr as Lichens as a measure of the age of recent moraines. Arctic and Alpine Research, 5,
765:
795:
de la Torre, Rosa; Leopoldo G. Sancho; Gerda
Horneck; Asunción de los Ríos; Jacek Wierzchos; Karen Olsson-Francis; Charles S. Cockell; Petra Rettberg; Thomas Berger; Jean-Pierre P. de Vera (August 2010).
202:. Each lichen is a flat patch bordered by a black line of fungal hyphae. These patches grow adjacent to each other, leading to the appearance of a map or a patchwork field.
1200:
993:
1045:
704:"Quaternary History of Northern Cumberland Peninsula, East Baffin Island, N.W.T., Canada Part VI: Preliminary Lichen Growth Curve for Rhizocarpon geographicum"
905:
703:
735:"Direct Measurement of Lichen Growth in the Central Brooks Range, Alaska, U.S.A., and Its Application to Lichenometric Dating, Arctic and Alpine Research"
312:
it is found primarily in siliceous mountain ranges, although occasionally it can be found near sea level, even in southern Spain, where it is known from
1187:
967:
467:
205:
When circular, or roughly circular, the diameter of this lichen species has been widely used to help determining the relative age of deposits, e.g.
1107:
1081:
448:
1299:
644:
1274:
313:
1289:
1284:
597:
440:
1032:
896:
1294:
172:
56:
1279:
846:
573:
1050:
798:"Survival of lichens and bacteria exposed to outer space conditions – Results of the Lithopanspermia experiments"
719:
245:
This lichen species is broadly distributed and may be found in most cold areas with exposed rock surfaces. The
1269:
1264:
652:
858:
672:
461:
151:
43:
1228:
1179:
1060:
959:
809:
734:
335:
250:
340:
298:
1112:
1024:
553:
514:
506:
484:
428:
51:
532:
Sancho, Leopoldo G.; Palacios, David; Green, T. G. Allan; Vivas, Mercedes; Pintado, Ana (2011).
1205:
998:
1161:
1094:
928:
825:
593:
444:
436:
534:"Extreme high lichen growth rates detected in recently deglaciated areas in Tierra del Fuego"
817:
777:
746:
715:
684:
623:
612:"Líquenes de Andalucía (S de España): catálogo bibliográfico y nuevos datos del NW del área"
545:
496:
294:
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98:
946:
813:
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246:
234:
218:
118:
910:
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533:
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108:
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933:
671:
Rosenwinkel, Swenja; Korup, Oliver; Landgraf, Angela; Dzhumabaeva, Atyrgul (2015).
485:"Vegetation Development on Deglaciated Rock Outcrops from Glaciar Frías, Argentina"
400:
369:
270:
214:
372:
of northern Alaska have been given a maximum possible age of 10,000–11,500 years.
1152:
821:
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980:
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128:
881:
319:
781:
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88:
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483:
Garibotti, Irene A.; Pissolito, Clara I.; Villalba, Ricardo (February 2011).
1241:
1125:
941:
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68:
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841:
233:
rock buildings, or moraines of known age (e.g. those deposited during the
17:
1236:
1213:
1146:
1120:
1073:
1006:
875:
611:
286:
570:
510:
1192:
972:
361:
274:
266:
210:
206:
191:
985:
766:"A Review of Lichenometric Dating and Its Applications to Archaeology"
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1011:
389:
385:
258:
195:
78:
852:
750:
318:
309:
278:
1086:
282:
856:
277:. In the tropics it only occurs at high altitudes such as the
733:
Haworth, Leah A.; Calkin, Parker E.; Ellis, James M. (1986).
720:
10.1130/0016-7606(1972)83[1133:QHONCP]2.0.CO;2
797:
217:. This technique is generally attributed to the work of
289:. Further south the map lichen is found broadly across
643:
Svane, Svanhildur Jónsdóttir; Alstrup, Vagn (2004).
1136:
865:
198:, which grows on rocks in mountainous areas of low
431:, Robert Leslie Usinger and David Lukas. 2004.
8:
702:Miller, G. H.; Andrews, J. T. (April 1972).
465:, GlobalTwitcher.com, ed. Nicklas Stromberg
853:
435:, 2nd ed, University of California Press,
42:
31:
627:
500:
571:Global Biodiversity Information Facility
645:"Some lichenicolous fungi from Iceland"
411:
489:Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research
7:
1229:7e483bef-20cb-4084-98e8-37b09a19cb51
1061:e7cd40ab-8eb5-4542-9c01-ae94f862c426
360:has an estimated age of 9500 years.
297:, the sub Antarctic islands and the
209:systems, thus revealing evidence of
764:Benedict, James B. (January 2009).
25:
840:
592:The Richmond Publishing Co Ltd,
213:advances. The process is termed
55:
689:10.1016/j.quascirev.2015.10.031
629:10.5209/rev_BOCM.2014.v38.45775
1:
590:Lichens, An Illustrated Guide
433:Sierra Nevada Natural History
822:10.1016/j.icarus.2010.03.010
1300:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
463:Black Spruce: Picea mariana
1316:
739:Arctic and Alpine Research
677:Quaternary Science Reviews
383:
1275:Lichens described in 1753
782:10.1017/S0002731600047545
550:10.1007/s00300-010-0935-4
502:10.1657/1938-4246-43.1.35
460:C. Michael Hogan. (2008)
157:
150:
52:Scientific classification
50:
41:
34:
1290:Lichens of South America
1285:Lichens of North America
897:Rhizocarpon geographicum
867:Rhizocarpon geographicum
847:Rhizocarpon geographicum
673:"Limits to lichenometry"
366:Rhizocarpon geographicum
354:Rhizocarpon geographicum
332:Rhizocarpon geographicum
183:Rhizocarpon geographicum
161:Rhizocarpon geographicum
36:Rhizocarpon geographicum
653:Acta Botanica Islandica
334:is a known host to the
610:Burgaz, A. R. (2014).
323:
616:Botanica Complutensis
384:Further information:
322:
849:at Wikimedia Commons
588:Frank Dobson. 1979.
336:lichenicolous fungus
143:R. geographicum
1138:Lichen geographicus
814:2010Icar..208..735D
341:Muellerella pygmaea
299:Antarctic Peninsula
249:range includes the
1295:Lichens of Iceland
770:American Antiquity
576:2016-03-03 at the
470:2011-10-05 at the
429:Tracy Irwin Storer
324:
1280:Lichens of Europe
1252:
1251:
1095:Open Tree of Life
859:Taxon identifiers
845:Media related to
449:978-0-520-24096-4
179:
178:
27:Species of lichen
16:(Redirected from
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352:One specimen of
295:Falkland Islands
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544:(6): 813––822.
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482:
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477:
472:Wayback Machine
459:
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368:in the central
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99:Lecanoromycetes
54:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
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1270:Lichen species
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1265:Rhizocarpaceae
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808:(2): 735–748.
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776:(1): 143–172.
756:
745:(3): 289–296.
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255:Boreal forests
247:North American
242:
239:
235:Little Ice Age
229:, historic or
219:Roland Beschel
177:
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538:Polar Biology
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441:0-520-24096-0
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358:Baffin Island
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253:and northern
252:
251:Sierra Nevada
248:
240:
238:
236:
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228:
222:
221:in the Alps.
220:
216:
212:
208:
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201:
200:air pollution
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152:Binomial name
149:
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109:Rhizocarpales
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708:GSA Bulletin
707:
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666:
657:
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638:
619:
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605:
589:
584:
566:
541:
537:
527:
495:(1): 35–45.
492:
488:
478:
462:
456:
432:
424:
414:
401:Extremophile
379:
370:Brooks Range
365:
353:
351:
339:
331:
330:
314:Cabo de Gata
307:
303:
271:Fennoscandia
244:
241:Distribution
223:
215:lichenometry
204:
187:
182:
181:
180:
160:
158:
142:
141:
129:
35:
29:
1020:NatureServe
981:iNaturalist
891:Wikispecies
683:: 229–238.
451:, 439 pages
376:Outer space
231:prehistoric
227:gravestones
130:Rhizocarpon
1259:Categories
600:, page 244
407:References
188:map lichen
89:Ascomycota
85:Division:
18:Map lichen
1242:100386948
1153:Q21976081
1126:100386949
942:FloraBase
906:AusLichen
830:0019-1035
622:: 53–88.
348:Life span
293:, in the
291:Patagonia
263:Greenland
137:Species:
75:Kingdom:
69:Eukaryota
1237:Tropicos
1214:MycoBank
1206:10735537
1175:Fungorum
1147:Wikidata
1121:Tropicos
1025:2.122931
1007:MycoBank
999:10649881
955:Fungorum
918:BioLib:
911:30019710
882:Q1365267
876:Wikidata
660:: 53–58.
574:Archived
558:35963180
519:53123208
511:41240397
468:Archived
419:303-309)
395:See also
356:on East
338:species
287:Colombia
115:Family:
65:Domain:
1193:2600426
1087:1604797
973:2600423
810:Bibcode
327:Ecology
275:Siberia
267:Iceland
211:glacial
207:moraine
192:species
190:) is a
125:Genus:
105:Order:
95:Class:
1226:NZOR:
1219:394083
1180:394083
1113:RHGE60
1108:PLANTS
1058:NZOR:
1012:404005
986:119888
960:404005
921:166989
828:
802:Icarus
596:
556:
517:
509:
447:
439:
390:EXPOSE
386:BIOPAN
362:Thalli
259:Canada
196:lichen
1201:IRMNG
1167:6PW82
1100:67088
1074:21141
1051:88642
994:IRMNG
947:28039
934:4SC54
648:(PDF)
554:S2CID
515:S2CID
507:JSTOR
310:Spain
279:Andes
186:(the
79:Fungi
1188:GBIF
1082:OBIS
1046:NCBI
968:GBIF
826:ISSN
594:ISBN
445:ISBN
437:ISBN
388:and
285:and
283:Peru
273:and
1162:CoL
1033:NBN
929:CoL
818:doi
806:208
778:doi
747:doi
716:doi
685:doi
681:129
624:doi
546:doi
497:doi
364:of
308:In
281:of
257:of
237:).
194:of
173:DC.
1261::
1239::
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1009::
996::
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957::
944::
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908::
893::
878::
824:.
816:.
804:.
800:.
774:74
772:.
768:.
743:18
741:.
737:.
712:83
710:.
706:.
679:.
675:.
658:14
656:.
650:.
620:38
618:.
614:.
552:.
542:34
540:.
536:.
513:.
505:.
493:43
491:.
487:.
443:,
344:.
316:.
301:.
269:,
265:,
261:,
171:)
169:L.
832:.
820::
812::
784:.
780::
753:.
749::
722:.
718::
691:.
687::
632:.
626::
560:.
548::
521:.
499::
167:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
