31:
302:“Intense cartographic work planned for the beginning of the war was stopped by the defeat of France in June 1940. Shortly afterward the great map service known to the world as the Service Géographique de l’Armée Française was demilitarized and renamed Institut National Géographique. Under this label, which it still bears, it continued to function, its activities including the opening of a new school for cartographers in the famous building of the
232:
108:
284:(1914–1918), the difficulties of reading a map on this scale led the generals to request new map drawn to the 1:50 000 scale. This was more convenient, and practical, since one metre on the map equaled 50 kilometres. These new maps formed the basis for the current "Map of Excursion", which is at a scale of 1:25,000.
157:
The map does not pinpoint dwellings or the boundaries of marshes and forests; however, the level of precision of the road networks is such that satellite photographs correspond almost completely with drawn roads more than 200 years later. This map is still consulted today by researchers. It interests
90:
Developments in cartography continually progressed, through new techniques and by the expanding will of political powers to amass and control territories. Very powerful companies testify support to some of the cartographic missions at the end of the 19th century. Two major milestones in cartographic
119:
In France, the first general maps of the territory using a measuring apparatus were made by the
Cassini family during the 18th century on a scale of 1:86,400 (one centimeter on the chart corresponds to approximately 864 meters on the ground). The map of Cassini is the first geometrical map covering
262:). Work on this map took place between 1817 and 1866. During this period several different scales were tested, with the scale 1:80,000 being chosen. This became known as the "Geological Survey" map. The funding for this work was provided by the Department of War. The first work was done by the
522:- Carte manuscrite de la rive droite de la Vallée de la Vesdre par les ingénieurs géographes français avec la collaboration de Cassini, 1745-1748. Vincennes, Archives de la Guerre. 4.6. B 36 à 42, feuille F. in Etienne Helin, Lemoine Isabeau Claire, Bruxelles, Crédit communal, 1980.
298:
The
Institut GĂ©ographique National (English: National Geographic Institute) or IGN is a French public state administrative establishment founded in 1940 to produce and maintain geographical information for France and its overseas departments and territories.
133:
The work of the
Cassinis left its mark on the world; toponyms known as "Cassini signs" still exist, revealing where triangulated measurements at that time were made. The "map of Cassini" or "map of the Academy" is the first general map of the kingdom of
130:, and took more than fifty years to complete; four generations of the Cassini family were involved in their production. These maps, known as "Cassini Maps" or "maps of the Academy," are still referenced by geographers, historians and genealogists.
70:
in 1525. It testifies to the will of the political power to mark its presence on the territory; to affirm, to build limits, borders, to arrange its territory, and to consolidate the internal economic markets. In the 16th century,
34:
The French Sanson family was a major contributor to cartographic maps from the 17th century onwards. Pictured above: Sanson and
Jaillot's decorative map of the world on a double hemisphere projection from
277:
It was originally produced as a mosaic of maps, pasted to fabric, folded and protected by a hard case. This allowed it to be transported with the army, and to survive the rigors of ground combat.
306:
in Paris. A few more sheets of the 1:50,000 map of France were published. The main progress was achieved by the
African Army Map Service, which was able to pursue field work, particularly in the
849:
580:
47:. This period was marked by improvements in measuring instruments and also by an upgrade of work in registers of all types. What is thought to be the oldest land map in Europe, the
30:
243:
decided to produce a map intended to be more accurate than that of
Cassini. However, Napoleon demanded that the primary goal of the work was to produce battlefield maps.
710:
350:
438:
415:
1007:
267:
259:
859:
193:
170:
139:
631:
55:
valley, was found in 1900, and rediscovered in a castle cellar in France in 2014. The Bronze-Age stone is thought to be 4,000 years old.
939:
647:
854:
549:"Les cahiers historiques de l'IGN" n°6, juin 2007, "l'Ecole nationale des sciences géographiques (ENSG) 1941 - 2004" IGN Paris 2007
528:
Collectif : "La petite compagnie : au hasard des souvenirs des derniers arpenteurs de l'IGN" Éditions APR-IGN Cognac 1992
335:
293:
546:"Les cahiers historiques de l'IGN" n° 5, janvier 2005, "Sur la frontière Guyane - Brésil 1956 - 1961 - 1962 - 1991" IGN Paris 2004
805:
703:
575:
531:
Collectif : "La boîte de
Pandore : autres souvenirs retrouvés des derniers arpenteurs de l'IGN", Éditions APR-IGN, 1995
1002:
683:
609:
OpenOffice history and geography: free plugin gratuit offering 1500 maps integrated to the
Gallery and allowing modifications.
540:"Les cahiers historiques de l'IGN" n° 3, juin 2003, "de l'Empire colonial aux ageces de l'IGN : 1940-1973" IGN Paris 2003
598:
251:
192:
The surveys were carried out between 1756 and 1789 and the 181 sheets composing the map were published from 1756 to 1815.
696:
197:
143:
795:
120:
the entire kingdom of France. Before the surveys, it was necessary to carry out a triangulation of the territory.
765:
83:
of the
Portuguese sailors had the most recent knowledge obtained by the Dieppois sailors in their exploration of
585:
412:
826:
790:
785:
675:
553:
780:
325:
927:
882:
841:
800:
571:
501:
483:
473:
977:
821:
749:
739:
506:
488:
215:
were not part of the
Kingdom of France at the time, and are not represented on the map; neither are the
452:
Gottman, Jean. 1946. “French Geography in Wartime.” The Geographical Review. Volume 36, 1946. Page 89.
775:
663:
537:"Les cahiers historiques de l'IGN" n° 2, juillet 2001, "du Tropique au Cercle Polaire" IGN Paris 2001
469:
432:
933:
744:
48:
770:
534:"Les cahiers historiques de l'IGN", n° 1, avril 1999, "1940-1990 : une histoire mouvementée"
240:
303:
255:
76:
525:
Thierry Lassalle : Cartographie 4000 ans d'aventures et de passion IGN-Nathan Paris 1990
904:
734:
519:
566:
123:
These maps were, for their time, a technical innovation. They were the first maps based on
419:
281:
465:
216:
512:
494:
365:
360:
355:
345:
247:
63:
231:
996:
910:
330:
320:
212:
127:
972:
831:
386:
271:
208:
80:
543:"Les cahiers historiques de l'IGN" n° 4, juin 2003, "les bâtiments" IGN Paris 2002
266:, and later by the Geographical Service of the Army, whose first director General
177:
To measure distances by triangulation, ensuring the exact positioning of locations
250:
arc or French meridian line (French: MĂ©ridienne de France) surveyed this time by
956:
719:
72:
44:
180:
To measure the kingdom, determining the number of boroughs, cities and villages
887:
340:
17:
92:
480:, La Documentation photographique, La Documentation française, Paris, 2004.
431:
158:
historians, in particular those in the fields of geography, genealogy and
107:
96:
220:
159:
124:
67:
688:
307:
135:
112:
84:
59:
115:
by French geographers (led by the Cassini family) from 1745 to 1748
223:. Most of the map sheets were published as a new edition in 1815.
204:
151:
147:
106:
29:
590:
52:
692:
146:(Cassini IV)—during the 18th century. The adopted scale is one
310:. The list of maps of French Africa have lengthened notably."
154:, or 1:86,400 (the measuring apparatus contained 864 lines).
639:
387:"Bronze Age slab found in France is oldest 3D map in Europe"
235:
Map of the French coast, corrected by the Academy of Science
79:
allowed the realization of many maps. At the same time, the
664:
Site dedicated to the Georando hiking preparation website
606:
586:
Cassini map superimposed on the Google Maps map of France
655:
599:
History of cartography from antiquity to the present day
671:
270:
and his successor General Bassot remeasured the French
246:
The triangulation for this new map began also from the
623:
615:
495:"La cartographie, entre science, art et manipulation"
200:(1748–1845), later finished the work of his father.
965:
949:
920:
897:
875:
868:
840:
814:
758:
727:
138:. It was drawn up by the Cassini family—primarily
552:"La carte de France – Histoire et techniques" by
196:died in 1784 with his work unfinished. His son,
75:appeared as an important school of cartography.
624:ENSG website, geomatics school in Ile de France
576:retrieve all Cassini maps digitized in Gallica
704:
8:
351:Naval Hydrographic and Oceanographic Service
111:Hand-drawn map of one side of the Valley of
872:
711:
697:
689:
513:"Regards politiques sur les territoires"
230:
567:Online Cassini map on the EHESS website
378:
183:To depict unchanging landscape features
860:Early modern Netherlandish cartography
632:Circé coordinates transformation tool
556:, available under CC-BY-SA on Commons
442:. Vol. 08 (11th ed.). 1911.
43:can be traced to developments in the
27:Overview of the cartography of France
7:
260:meridian arc of Delambre and MĂ©chain
91:study was successfully determining
25:
1008:Science and technology in France
940:Cosmographia (Sebastian MĂĽnster)
855:Early modern Iberian cartography
581:Cassini map on GĂ©oportail (IGN)
140:César-François Cassini de Thury
336:Institut GĂ©ographique National
294:Institut GĂ©ographique National
51:, representing an area of the
1:
173:(Cassini III) began the map:
850:Medieval Islamic cartography
656:Site dedicated to GPS Evadeo
591:Cassini maps on geneanet.org
478:La Carte, enjeu contemporain
433:"Earth, Figure of the"
684:site about the B-17s of IGN
648:Access to IGN on GĂ©oportail
1024:
413:National Library of France
291:
142:(Cassini III) and his son
411:Available on the site of
227:Replacement by Napoleon I
676:IGN France International
640:GĂ©oportail official site
280:At the beginning of the
439:Encyclopædia Britannica
326:French geodesic mission
1003:Cartography by country
928:Map of Juan de la Cosa
236:
198:Jean-Dominique Cassini
194:César-François Cassini
171:César-François Cassini
144:Jean-Dominique Cassini
116:
36:
978:Points of the compass
507:Le Monde Diplomatique
489:Le Monde Diplomatique
234:
110:
33:
759:By country or region
934:Cantino planisphere
883:Ptolemy's world map
515:. 4 September 2008.
502:Philippe Rekacewicz
497:. 4 September 2008.
484:Philippe Rekacewicz
474:Emmanuelle Tricoire
203:The departments of
418:2009-11-26 at the
264:DĂ©pĂ´t de la guerre
237:
117:
41:French cartography
37:
990:
989:
986:
985:
616:IGN official site
77:Pierre Desceliers
58:The first map of
16:(Redirected from
1015:
950:Contemporary age
921:Early Modern age
905:Tabula Rogeriana
873:
713:
706:
699:
690:
682:
670:
662:
654:
646:
638:
630:
622:
614:
605:
597:
574:allowing one to
520:Carte de Cassini
516:
498:
453:
450:
444:
443:
435:
428:
422:
409:
403:
402:
400:
398:
383:
268:François Perrier
211:and part of the
49:Saint-BĂ©lec slab
21:
1023:
1022:
1018:
1017:
1016:
1014:
1013:
1012:
993:
992:
991:
982:
961:
945:
916:
893:
869:Individual maps
864:
836:
810:
754:
723:
717:
680:
668:
660:
652:
644:
636:
628:
620:
612:
603:
595:
563:
554:Jean-Luc Arnaud
511:
493:
492:, février 2006
462:
460:Further reading
457:
456:
451:
447:
430:
429:
425:
420:Wayback Machine
410:
406:
396:
394:
385:
384:
380:
375:
370:
316:
296:
290:
282:First World War
229:
190:
168:
105:
66:and printed in
39:The history of
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1021:
1019:
1011:
1010:
1005:
995:
994:
988:
987:
984:
983:
981:
980:
975:
969:
967:
963:
962:
960:
959:
953:
951:
947:
946:
944:
943:
937:
931:
924:
922:
918:
917:
915:
914:
908:
901:
899:
895:
894:
892:
891:
885:
879:
877:
870:
866:
865:
863:
862:
857:
852:
846:
844:
838:
837:
835:
834:
829:
824:
818:
816:
812:
811:
809:
808:
803:
798:
793:
788:
783:
778:
773:
768:
762:
760:
756:
755:
753:
752:
747:
742:
737:
731:
729:
725:
724:
718:
716:
715:
708:
701:
693:
687:
686:
678:
666:
658:
650:
642:
634:
626:
618:
610:
601:
593:
588:
583:
578:
569:
562:
561:External links
559:
558:
557:
550:
547:
544:
541:
538:
535:
532:
529:
526:
523:
517:
499:
481:
470:Patrick Poncet
461:
458:
455:
454:
445:
423:
404:
393:. 7 April 2021
377:
376:
374:
371:
369:
368:
366:Pictorial maps
363:
361:Paris meridian
358:
356:Nicolas Sanson
353:
348:
346:Map projection
343:
338:
333:
328:
323:
317:
315:
312:
304:HĂ´tel de Rohan
292:Main article:
289:
286:
248:Paris meridian
228:
225:
189:
186:
185:
184:
181:
178:
167:
164:
104:
101:
26:
24:
18:Map of Cassini
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1020:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1001:
1000:
998:
979:
976:
974:
971:
970:
968:
964:
958:
955:
954:
952:
948:
941:
938:
935:
932:
929:
926:
925:
923:
919:
912:
911:Catalan Atlas
909:
906:
903:
902:
900:
896:
889:
886:
884:
881:
880:
878:
874:
871:
867:
861:
858:
856:
853:
851:
848:
847:
845:
843:
839:
833:
830:
828:
825:
823:
820:
819:
817:
813:
807:
806:United States
804:
802:
799:
797:
794:
792:
789:
787:
784:
782:
779:
777:
774:
772:
769:
767:
764:
763:
761:
757:
751:
748:
746:
743:
741:
738:
736:
733:
732:
730:
726:
721:
714:
709:
707:
702:
700:
695:
694:
691:
685:
679:
677:
673:
672:official site
667:
665:
659:
657:
651:
649:
643:
641:
635:
633:
627:
625:
619:
617:
611:
608:
602:
600:
594:
592:
589:
587:
584:
582:
579:
577:
573:
572:Personal site
570:
568:
565:
564:
560:
555:
551:
548:
545:
542:
539:
536:
533:
530:
527:
524:
521:
518:
514:
509:
508:
503:
500:
496:
491:
490:
485:
482:
479:
475:
471:
467:
464:
463:
459:
449:
446:
441:
440:
434:
427:
424:
421:
417:
414:
408:
405:
392:
388:
382:
379:
372:
367:
364:
362:
359:
357:
354:
352:
349:
347:
344:
342:
339:
337:
334:
332:
329:
327:
324:
322:
321:Cartographers
319:
318:
313:
311:
309:
305:
300:
295:
287:
285:
283:
278:
275:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
244:
242:
233:
226:
224:
222:
218:
214:
213:Maritime Alps
210:
206:
201:
199:
195:
187:
182:
179:
176:
175:
174:
172:
165:
163:
161:
155:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
131:
129:
128:triangulation
126:
121:
114:
109:
102:
100:
98:
94:
88:
86:
82:
81:Portolan maps
78:
74:
69:
65:
62:was drawn by
61:
56:
54:
50:
46:
42:
32:
19:
973:Compass rose
728:By continent
505:
487:
477:
466:Jacques LĂ©vy
448:
437:
426:
407:
395:. Retrieved
390:
381:
301:
297:
279:
276:
272:meridian arc
263:
245:
238:
209:Haute-Savoie
202:
191:
169:
156:
132:
122:
118:
103:Cassini maps
89:
57:
40:
38:
957:Cassini map
890:(Sec. V BC)
876:Ancient age
796:Switzerland
786:New Zealand
720:Cartography
681:(in French)
669:(in French)
661:(in French)
653:(in French)
645:(in French)
637:(in French)
629:(in French)
621:(in French)
613:(in French)
604:(in French)
596:(in French)
510:, mai 2000
188:Survey maps
64:Oronce Finé
45:Middle Ages
997:Categories
898:Middle age
888:Soleto Map
373:References
341:Topography
331:GĂ©oportail
241:Napoleon I
827:Jerusalem
791:Palestine
735:The World
239:In 1808,
217:ĂŽle d'Yeu
93:longitude
966:See also
416:Archived
391:BBC News
314:See also
252:Delambre
125:geodetic
97:latitude
68:woodcuts
842:History
815:By city
801:Ukraine
781:Jamaica
397:7 April
256:MĂ©chain
221:Corsica
166:Purpose
160:ecology
150:to 100
942:(1544)
936:(1502)
930:(1500)
913:(1375)
907:(1154)
822:Dublin
771:France
750:Europe
740:Africa
722:topics
607:OOo.HG
308:Sahara
152:toises
136:France
113:Vesdre
85:Canada
73:Dieppe
60:France
776:India
766:China
504:dans
486:dans
258:(the
205:Savoy
148:ligne
832:York
745:Asia
674:for
399:2021
254:and
219:and
95:and
53:Odet
35:1691
288:IGN
999::
476:,
472:,
468:,
436:.
389:.
274:.
207:,
162:.
99:.
87:.
712:e
705:t
698:v
401:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.