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and the transformation and generation of new organic compounds. The compounds at the surface are likely recycled back into the ocean below. Visible to Short
Wavelength Infrared (VSWIR) spectroscopy is a well-understood technique for mapping from orbit key inorganic, organic, and volatile compositions
204:
that coats fractures and other geologically youthful features on Europa's surface. Material from the ocean is probably being transported to the surface by active processes in the interior. At the surface, the material is exposed to the effects of vacuum, temperature, irradiated by solar
292:
at global (≤ 10 km), regional (≤ 300 m), and local scales (~ 25 m). Distribution maps of astrobiologically relevant compounds and evaluating geological processes can be used to determine if Europa's ocean possesses the chemical energy necessary to support
502:(PDF); D. L. Blaney, R. Clark, J. B. Dalton, A. G. Davies, R. Green, M. Hedman. K. Hibbits, Y. Langevin, J. Lunine, T. McCord, C. Paranicas, S. Murchie, F. Seelos, J. Soderblom, M. Cable, P. Moroulis, Wousik Kim1, L. Dorsky, K. Strohbehn, and Diana. L. Blaney.
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that could observe effectively throughout a flyby or in orbit around Europa. It is designed to operate within Europa's harsh radiation environment. MISE would cover a
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have spectral features at 4.57 μm and 3.4 μm. These longer wavelengths can also be used to measure thermal emissions from currently active regions.
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521:. Jones, Melissa; Schubert, Wayne; Newlin, Laura; Cooper, Moogega; Chen, Fei; Kazarians, Gayane; Ellyin, Raymond; Vaishampayan, Parag; Crum, Ray.
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26:
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297:. MISE could provide fundamental information on where future Europa landers would have the highest probability of detecting organic
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457:. American Astronomical Society, DPS meeting #42, #26.04; Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society, Vol. 42, p.1025.
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flew past Europa in 1979, scientists have worked to understand the composition of the reddish-brown material known as
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A primary goal of the MISE instrument is to determine if Europa is capable of supporting life by searching for
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and bulk surface composition, while the 3–5 μm spectral region is required for detecting low abundances of
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Blaney, Diana L. (2010). "Europa
Composition Using Visible to Short Wavelength Infrared Spectroscopy".
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The MISE spectrometer is designed to enable the identification and mapping of organics, salts, acid
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and a swath width of 300 active pixels. The 0.8–2.5 μm region is essential for quantifying
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bakeout to ensure that the design was compatible with dry heat microbial sterilization.
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spectra. MISE can distinguish between different types of amino acids, such as
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Intricate pattern of linear fractures on Europa's surface, likely colored by
3623:
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2039:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
1943:
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1933:
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209:, and bombarded by material entrained in Jupiter's magnetic field, causing
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519:
Europa
Clipper Mission Concept Preliminary Planetary Protection Approach
3339:
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2201:
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173:. MISE will examine Europa's surface composition and relate it to the
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2180:
2002:
1913:
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1023:
983:
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201:
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1406:
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506:. Vol. 10, EPSC2015-319, European Planetary Science Congress 2015.
326:
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184:
547:
2681:
2307:
1985:
1353:
115:
37:
1840:
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711:
707:
551:
189:
Imaging
Spectrometer's Scanning Mirror and Data Processing Unit
226:
321:
to mid-infrared), with an instantaneous field of view of 250
206:
1553:
1449:
Astrobiology
Science and Technology for Exploring Planets
481:. Whalen, Kelly; Lunine, Jonathan I.; Blaney, Diana L.
426:"Europa Mission to Probe Magnetic Field and Chemistry"
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1006:
997:
907:
811:
745:
662:
587:
253:, which are a wide mix of complex organic compounds
231:
Johns
Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory
139:
129:
121:
111:
99:
94:
84:
79:
69:
61:
51:
43:
33:
233:(APL). The instrument's Principal Investigator is
969:Habitability of F-type main-sequence star systems
959:Habitability of K-type main-sequence star systems
1867:Science instruments on satellites and spacecraft
894:Search for extraterrestrial intelligence (SETI)
388:(Infrared imaging spectrometer used at Jupiter)
500:Mapping Imaging Spectrometer for Europa (MISE)
1852:
1569:
723:
563:
474:
472:
448:
446:
8:
874:List of microorganisms tested in outer space
514:
512:
485:, AAS Meeting #229, id.138.04. January 2017.
225:mission in May 2015, and it is built by the
19:
495:
493:
491:
3488:
3399:
3315:
3308:
3257:
3159:
3050:
2999:
2917:
2745:
2716:
2709:
2664:
2383:
2144:
2135:
1859:
1845:
1837:
1682:
1597:
1576:
1562:
1554:
1299:Enceladus Life Signatures and Habitability
1003:
730:
716:
708:
570:
556:
548:
25:
18:
1486:European Astrobiology Network Association
535:The First Akon Europa Penetrator Workshop
420:
418:
979:List of potentially habitable exoplanets
1397:Living Interplanetary Flight Experiment
398:
153:Mapping Imaging Spectrometer for Europa
1652:List of geological features on Europa
1387:Biological Oxidant and Life Detection
479:MISE: A Search for Organics on Europa
341:, and discriminating salts from acid
7:
1536:
964:Habitability of yellow dwarf systems
949:Habitability of neutron star systems
3650:Venetia Burney Student Dust Counter
939:Habitability of binary star systems
1501:Nexus for Exoplanet System Science
944:Habitability of natural satellites
869:Hypothetical types of biochemistry
345:. Large organic molecules such as
14:
1481:Center for Life Detection Science
1402:Mars Astrobiology Explorer-Cacher
954:Habitability of red dwarf systems
406:Europa Clipper passes key review.
1669:
1535:
1524:
1523:
1506:Ocean Worlds Exploration Program
1339:Life Investigation For Enceladus
859:Extraterrestrial sample curation
653:
3619:International Lunar Observatory
2430:(TRMM, Terra, Aura, Suomi NPP,
1444:Astrobiology Society of Britain
1319:Explorer of Enceladus and Titan
974:Habitable zone for complex life
523:41st COSPAR Scientific Assembly
352:The prototype also underwent a
1329:Journey to Enceladus and Titan
539:The Royal Astronomical Society
386:Jovian Infrared Auroral Mapper
309:The MISE design is an imaging
1:
3565:High Resolution Stereo Camera
1377:Astrobiology Field Laboratory
929:Extraterrestrial liquid water
483:American Astronomical Society
177:of its internal water ocean.
1511:Spanish Astrobiology Center
919:Circumstellar habitable zone
284:, water ice phases, altered
2496:Radiation Budget Instrument
1496:NASA Astrobiology Institute
3702:
2822:Infrared Space Observatory
1749:Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer
1344:Mars sample return mission
317:from 0.8 μm to 5 μm (near
229:in collaboration with the
221:MISE was selected for the
169:mission to Jupiter's moon
161:near infrared spectrometer
56:Near infrared spectrometer
16:Near infrared spectrometer
1791:Jupiter Icy Moons Orbiter
1667:
1657:List of craters on Europa
1519:
1422:Terrestrial Planet Finder
844:Earliest known life forms
651:
430:Jet Propulsion Laboratory
24:
3645:Inertial Stellar Compass
3010:Raman Laser Spectrometer
1647:List of lineae on Europa
1454:Breakthrough Initiatives
670:Deep Space Network (DSN)
75:Science phase: ≥ 3 years
3640:Deep Space Atomic Clock
2899:Venus Emissivity Mapper
1801:Laplace-P/Europa Lander
1115:Mars Science Laboratory
934:Galactic habitable zone
218:on planetary surfaces.
1776:Jupiter Europa Orbiter
1294:Enceladus Life Finder
1274:Breakthrough Enceladus
798:Planetary oceanography
254:
190:
3655:Plasma Wave Subsystem
2766:Multispectral Scanner
2090:Pioneer Venus Orbiter
1894:Pioneer Venus Orbiter
1796:Jovian Europa Orbiter
1469:Breakthrough Starshot
1069:Lunar Micro Ecosystem
989:Superhabitable planet
854:Extraterrestrial life
311:infrared spectrometer
248:
188:
2623:Mars Climate Orbiter
2265:RM-08 and MTVZA-OK (
1476:Carl Sagan Institute
1464:Breakthrough Message
1304:Enceladus Orbilander
1039:Biosatellite program
889:Planetary protection
773:Evolutionary biology
763:Atmospheric sciences
678:(Independent launch)
381:Europa Lander (NASA)
354:planetary protection
290:radiolytic compounds
144:Kennedy Space Center
3580:Mars Orbiter Camera
1459:Breakthrough Listen
541:, January 21, 2016.
463:2010DPS....42.2604B
339:radiolytic products
21:
3558:Imagers/telescopes
2706:Spectrophotometers
1289:Enceladus Explorer
687:Proposed rockets:
261:signatures in the
255:
191:
3663:
3662:
3600:Rosalind Franklin
3522:
3521:
3518:
3517:
3509:Rosalind Franklin
3484:Mass spectrometer
3478:
3477:
3414:Rosalind Franklin
3388:
3387:
3298:
3297:
3294:
3293:
3247:
3246:
3155:Triaxial fluxgate
3040:
3039:
3036:
3035:
3014:Rosalind Franklin
2989:
2988:
2913:UV-visible (UVVS)
2907:
2906:
2803:Rosalind Franklin
2741:Visible-IR (VIRS)
2735:
2734:
2701:
2700:
2697:
2696:
2656:
2655:
2375:
2374:
2187:DMSP 5D-2/F13-F15
1834:
1833:
1826:Europa in fiction
1809:
1808:
1761:
1753:
1665:
1664:
1551:
1550:
1430:
1429:
1254:Rosalind Franklin
1167:Trace Gas Orbiter
824:Allan Hills 84001
803:Planetary science
705:
704:
679:
646:
149:
148:
73:Cruise: 3-6 years
3693:
3501:(Europa Clipper)
3489:
3450:(on ExoMars TGO)
3400:
3394:Neutral particle
3316:
3309:
3258:
3160:
3146:(Europa Clipper)
3051:
3000:
2918:
2746:
2717:
2710:
2665:
2661:Ultraviolet (UV)
2384:
2380:Infrared-visible
2145:
2136:
1861:
1854:
1847:
1838:
1759:
1751:
1683:
1673:
1598:
1578:
1571:
1564:
1555:
1539:
1538:
1527:
1526:
1004:
899:Yamato meteorite
732:
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572:
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159:) is an imaging
87:
70:Mission duration
29:
22:
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3628:
3611:
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3584:
3553:
3514:
3474:
3384:
3346:
3304:
3290:
3285:Cassini–Huygens
3272:
3243:
3187:Cassini–Huygens
3174:
3149:
3083:
3032:
2985:
2933:Mariner 6 and 7
2903:
2849:Mariner 6 and 7
2785:
2731:
2713:Long wavelength
2693:
2652:
2581:Mariner 6 and 7
2528:
2457:MESSR and VTIR
2371:
2341:Electra (radio)
2335:Cassini-Huygens
2322:
2125:
1975:Cassini–Huygens
1953:
1881:Cassini–Huygens
1868:
1865:
1835:
1830:
1805:
1764:
1737:
1725:Cassini–Huygens
1674:
1661:
1635:
1612:
1601:Chaotic terrain
1587:
1582:
1552:
1547:
1515:
1436:
1426:
1369:
1363:
1324:Icebreaker Life
1262:
1224:
1208:
1182:
1176:
1093:
999:
993:
910:
903:
807:
783:Geomicrobiology
741:
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510:
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477:
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412:22 August 2019.
404:
400:
395:
362:
307:
243:
183:
95:Host spacecraft
85:
74:
52:Instrument type
17:
12:
11:
5:
3699:
3697:
3689:
3688:
3686:Europa Clipper
3683:
3678:
3668:
3667:
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3528:
3524:
3523:
3520:
3519:
3516:
3515:
3513:
3512:
3502:
3495:
3493:
3492:Interplanetary
3486:
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3476:
3475:
3473:
3472:
3465:
3458:
3451:
3445:
3435:
3426:
3417:
3406:
3404:
3403:Interplanetary
3397:
3390:
3389:
3386:
3385:
3383:
3382:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3354:
3352:
3351:Interplanetary
3348:
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3342:
3328:
3322:
3320:
3313:
3306:
3300:
3299:
3296:
3295:
3292:
3291:
3289:
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3280:
3278:
3277:Interplanetary
3274:
3273:
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3270:
3264:
3262:
3255:
3249:
3248:
3245:
3244:
3242:
3241:
3234:
3227:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3182:
3180:
3179:Interplanetary
3176:
3175:
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3172:
3166:
3164:
3157:
3151:
3150:
3148:
3147:
3137:
3125:
3118:
3111:
3104:
3097:
3091:
3089:
3088:Interplanetary
3085:
3084:
3082:
3081:
3080:
3079:
3069:
3063:
3057:
3055:
3048:
3042:
3041:
3038:
3037:
3034:
3033:
3031:
3030:
3017:
3006:
3004:
3003:Interplanetary
2997:
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2983:
2976:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2942:
2935:
2930:
2924:
2922:
2921:Interplanetary
2915:
2909:
2908:
2905:
2904:
2902:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2878:Europa Clipper
2863:
2858:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2835:
2824:
2819:
2818:
2817:
2812:
2799:
2793:
2791:
2790:Interplanetary
2787:
2786:
2784:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2752:
2750:
2743:
2737:
2736:
2733:
2732:
2730:
2729:
2723:
2721:
2720:Interplanetary
2714:
2707:
2703:
2702:
2699:
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2695:
2694:
2692:
2691:
2690:
2689:
2679:
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2600:
2595:
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2583:
2578:
2573:
2567:
2566:
2556:
2546:
2536:
2534:
2533:Interplanetary
2530:
2529:
2527:
2526:
2512:
2505:
2498:
2493:
2486:
2479:
2473:
2468:
2467:
2466:
2463:
2455:
2452:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2396:
2390:
2388:
2381:
2377:
2376:
2373:
2372:
2370:
2369:
2362:
2350:
2343:
2338:
2330:
2328:
2327:Interplanetary
2324:
2323:
2321:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2263:
2258:
2257:
2256:
2253:
2247:
2240:
2233:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2177:
2170:
2164:
2157:
2151:
2149:
2142:
2133:
2127:
2126:
2124:
2123:
2116:
2109:
2104:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2080:
2073:
2068:
2061:
2054:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1988:
1986:ExoMars lander
1983:
1978:
1971:
1963:
1961:
1955:
1954:
1952:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1884:
1876:
1874:
1870:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1863:
1856:
1849:
1841:
1832:
1831:
1829:
1828:
1823:
1817:
1815:
1811:
1810:
1807:
1806:
1804:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1786:Europa Orbiter
1783:
1778:
1772:
1770:
1766:
1765:
1763:
1762:
1757:Europa Clipper
1754:
1745:
1743:
1739:
1738:
1736:
1735:
1728:
1721:
1714:
1707:
1700:
1695:
1689:
1687:
1680:
1676:
1675:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1662:
1660:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1643:
1641:
1637:
1636:
1634:
1633:
1628:
1622:
1620:
1614:
1613:
1611:
1610:
1608:Conamara Chaos
1604:
1602:
1595:
1589:
1588:
1583:
1581:
1580:
1573:
1566:
1558:
1549:
1548:
1546:
1545:
1533:
1520:
1517:
1516:
1514:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1472:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1451:
1446:
1440:
1438:
1432:
1431:
1428:
1427:
1425:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1412:Northern Light
1409:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1373:
1371:
1368:Cancelled and
1365:
1364:
1362:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1270:
1268:
1264:
1263:
1261:
1260:
1259:
1258:
1245:
1243:Europa Clipper
1240:
1232:
1230:
1226:
1225:
1223:
1222:
1216:
1214:
1210:
1209:
1207:
1206:
1199:
1194:
1186:
1184:
1178:
1177:
1175:
1174:
1169:
1164:
1163:
1162:
1149:
1142:
1141:
1140:
1127:
1126:
1125:
1112:
1107:
1101:
1099:
1095:
1094:
1092:
1091:
1086:
1081:
1076:
1071:
1066:
1061:
1056:
1051:
1046:
1041:
1036:
1031:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1010:
1008:
1001:
995:
994:
992:
991:
986:
981:
976:
971:
966:
961:
956:
951:
946:
941:
936:
931:
926:
921:
915:
913:
905:
904:
902:
901:
896:
891:
886:
881:
876:
871:
866:
861:
856:
851:
846:
841:
839:Drake equation
836:
831:
826:
821:
815:
813:
809:
808:
806:
805:
800:
795:
790:
785:
780:
778:Exoplanetology
775:
770:
765:
760:
755:
753:Astrochemistry
749:
747:
743:
742:
737:
735:
734:
727:
720:
712:
703:
702:
700:
699:
685:
680:
672:
666:
664:
660:
659:
652:
650:
648:
647:
639:
634:
629:
624:
619:
614:
609:
604:
599:
593:
591:
585:
584:
580:Europa Clipper
577:
575:
574:
567:
560:
552:
544:
543:
527:
508:
504:EPSC Abstracts
487:
468:
442:
414:
397:
396:
394:
391:
390:
389:
383:
378:
376:Cosmochemistry
373:
368:
361:
358:
315:spectral range
306:
303:
242:
239:
223:Europa Clipper
182:
179:
166:Europa Clipper
147:
146:
141:
137:
136:
131:
127:
126:
123:
119:
118:
113:
109:
108:
105:Europa Clipper
101:
97:
96:
92:
91:
88:
82:
81:
77:
76:
71:
67:
66:
63:
59:
58:
53:
49:
48:
45:
41:
40:
35:
31:
30:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3698:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3681:Europa (moon)
3679:
3677:
3676:Space imagers
3674:
3673:
3671:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3637:
3635:
3631:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3616:
3614:
3608:
3601:
3597:
3594:
3593:
3591:
3587:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3562:
3560:
3556:
3550:
3549:
3545:
3543:
3542:
3538:
3535:
3532:
3531:
3529:
3525:
3510:
3506:
3503:
3500:
3497:
3496:
3494:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3481:
3471:
3470:
3466:
3463:
3459:
3457:
3456:
3452:
3449:
3446:
3443:
3439:
3436:
3433:
3432:
3431:Venus Express
3428:ASPERA-4 (on
3427:
3424:
3423:
3419:ASPERA-3 (on
3418:
3415:
3411:
3408:
3407:
3405:
3401:
3398:
3395:
3391:
3381:
3380:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3355:
3353:
3349:
3341:
3338:
3337:
3336:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3323:
3321:
3317:
3314:
3312:Ion detectors
3310:
3307:
3301:
3287:
3286:
3282:
3281:
3279:
3275:
3269:
3266:
3265:
3263:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3250:
3240:
3239:
3238:Venus Express
3235:
3233:
3232:
3228:
3226:
3225:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3188:
3184:
3183:
3181:
3177:
3171:
3168:
3167:
3165:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3152:
3145:
3141:
3138:
3135:
3134:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3123:
3119:
3117:
3116:
3112:
3110:
3109:
3105:
3103:
3102:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3092:
3090:
3086:
3078:
3075:
3074:
3073:
3070:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3058:
3056:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3043:
3028:
3026:
3021:
3018:
3015:
3011:
3008:
3007:
3005:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2992:
2982:
2981:
2977:
2975:
2974:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2947:
2943:
2941:
2940:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2925:
2923:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2910:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2856:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2839:
2836:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2807:
2806:
2804:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2794:
2792:
2788:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2753:
2751:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2738:
2728:
2725:
2724:
2722:
2718:
2715:
2711:
2708:
2704:
2688:
2685:
2684:
2683:
2680:
2677:
2673:
2672:
2670:
2666:
2663:
2659:
2649:
2648:
2644:
2642:
2641:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2624:
2620:
2618:
2617:
2613:
2611:
2610:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2588:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2557:
2554:
2550:
2547:
2544:
2543:
2538:
2537:
2535:
2531:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2513:
2510:
2506:
2503:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2491:
2487:
2484:
2480:
2478:(Terra, Aqua)
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2450:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2433:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2391:
2389:
2385:
2382:
2378:
2368:
2367:
2363:
2360:
2359:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2348:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2336:
2332:
2331:
2329:
2325:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2268:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2254:
2251:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2241:
2238:
2234:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2192:DMSP 5D-2/F16
2190:
2188:
2185:
2182:
2178:
2175:
2171:
2168:
2165:
2162:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2152:
2150:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2128:
2122:
2121:
2117:
2115:
2114:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2102:
2101:Venus Express
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2085:
2081:
2079:
2078:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2066:
2062:
2060:
2059:
2055:
2053:
2052:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2010:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1993:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1976:
1972:
1970:
1969:
1965:
1964:
1962:
1960:
1959:Radio science
1956:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1889:
1885:
1883:
1882:
1878:
1877:
1875:
1871:
1862:
1857:
1855:
1850:
1848:
1843:
1842:
1839:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1818:
1816:
1812:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1781:Europa Lander
1779:
1777:
1774:
1773:
1771:
1767:
1758:
1755:
1750:
1747:
1746:
1744:
1740:
1734:
1733:
1729:
1727:
1726:
1722:
1720:
1719:
1715:
1713:
1712:
1708:
1706:
1705:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1690:
1688:
1684:
1681:
1677:
1672:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1644:
1642:
1638:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1623:
1621:
1619:
1615:
1609:
1606:
1605:
1603:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1579:
1574:
1572:
1567:
1565:
1560:
1559:
1556:
1544:
1543:
1534:
1532:
1531:
1522:
1521:
1518:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1456:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1441:
1439:
1433:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1374:
1372:
1366:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1309:Europa Lander
1307:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1271:
1269:
1265:
1257:
1255:
1251:
1250:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1238:
1234:
1233:
1231:
1227:
1221:
1218:
1217:
1215:
1211:
1205:
1204:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1192:
1188:
1187:
1185:
1179:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1161:
1159:
1155:
1154:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1137:
1133:
1132:
1131:
1128:
1124:
1122:
1118:
1117:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1102:
1100:
1096:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1011:
1009:
1005:
1002:
996:
990:
987:
985:
982:
980:
977:
975:
972:
970:
967:
965:
962:
960:
957:
955:
952:
950:
947:
945:
942:
940:
937:
935:
932:
930:
927:
925:
922:
920:
917:
916:
914:
912:
906:
900:
897:
895:
892:
890:
887:
885:
882:
880:
877:
875:
872:
870:
867:
865:
864:Extremophiles
862:
860:
857:
855:
852:
850:
847:
845:
842:
840:
837:
835:
832:
830:
827:
825:
822:
820:
817:
816:
814:
810:
804:
801:
799:
796:
794:
791:
789:
786:
784:
781:
779:
776:
774:
771:
769:
766:
764:
761:
759:
756:
754:
751:
750:
748:
744:
740:
733:
728:
726:
721:
719:
714:
713:
710:
698:
694:
690:
686:
684:
681:
676:
675:Europa Lander
673:
671:
668:
667:
665:
661:
656:
643:
640:
638:
635:
633:
630:
628:
625:
623:
620:
618:
615:
613:
610:
608:
605:
603:
600:
598:
595:
594:
592:
590:
586:
582:
581:
573:
568:
566:
561:
559:
554:
553:
550:
540:
536:
531:
528:
524:
520:
515:
513:
509:
505:
501:
496:
494:
492:
488:
484:
480:
475:
473:
469:
464:
460:
456:
449:
447:
443:
432:. 27 May 2015
431:
427:
421:
419:
415:
411:
407:
402:
399:
392:
387:
384:
382:
379:
377:
374:
372:
369:
367:
364:
363:
359:
357:
355:
350:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
304:
302:
300:
299:biosignatures
296:
291:
287:
283:
278:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
252:
247:
240:
238:
236:
232:
228:
224:
219:
216:
212:
208:
203:
199:
197:
193:Since NASA's
187:
180:
178:
176:
172:
168:
167:
163:on board the
162:
158:
154:
145:
142:
138:
135:
132:
128:
124:
120:
117:
114:
110:
107:
106:
102:
98:
93:
90:Near infrared
89:
86:Spectral band
83:
78:
72:
68:
64:
60:
57:
54:
50:
47:JPL & APL
46:
42:
39:
36:
32:
28:
23:
3610:Astronomical
3599:
3596:MicrOmega-IR
3546:
3539:
3536:(on InSight)
3527:Seismometers
3508:
3467:
3453:
3441:
3429:
3422:Mars Express
3420:
3413:
3377:
3283:
3253:Helium vapor
3236:
3229:
3222:
3185:
3131:
3120:
3113:
3106:
3099:
3046:Magnetometer
3025:Perseverance
3024:
3013:
2978:
2971:
2944:
2937:
2869:
2853:
2831:
2827:
2802:
2645:
2638:
2614:
2607:
2585:
2542:Schiaparelli
2540:
2539:COMARS+ (on
2454:Kanopus-V-IK
2364:
2356:
2345:
2333:
2118:
2111:
2099:
2082:
2075:
2063:
2056:
2051:Mars Express
2049:
2007:
1990:
1973:
1966:
1886:
1879:
1732:New Horizons
1730:
1723:
1716:
1709:
1702:
1540:
1528:
1437:and programs
1435:Institutions
1253:
1235:
1213:Heliocentric
1201:
1189:
1157:
1144:
1136:Perseverance
1135:
1120:
924:Earth analog
911:habitability
879:Ocean planet
849:Earth analog
834:Biosignature
793:Paleontology
788:Microbiology
768:Biochemistry
758:Astrophysics
739:Astrobiology
697:Falcon Heavy
621:
578:
538:
530:
525:, July 2016.
522:
503:
482:
454:
434:. Retrieved
429:
409:
408:Jeff Foust,
401:
371:Astrobiology
351:
308:
279:
273:, and their
256:
235:Diana Blaney
222:
220:
195:
192:
175:habitability
164:
156:
152:
150:
103:
44:Manufacturer
3612:instruments
3589:Microscopes
2255:Meteor-M2-1
2244:Meteor-3M-1
1679:Exploration
1370:undeveloped
1220:BioSentinel
1110:Fobos-Grunt
1007:Earth orbit
829:Biomolecule
819:Abiogenesis
812:Main topics
746:Disciplines
645:(cancelled)
589:Instruments
410:Space News.
366:Abiogenesis
305:Description
275:enantiomers
140:Launch site
122:Launch date
3670:Categories
3319:Near-Earth
3261:Near-Earth
3231:Pioneer 11
3163:Near-Earth
3101:Pioneer 10
3054:Near-Earth
2939:Mariner 10
2749:Near-Earth
2668:Near-Earth
2621:PMIRR (on
2609:Pioneer 10
2587:Mariner 10
2509:Sentinel-3
2387:Near-Earth
2278:Sentinel-3
2249:MTVZA-GYa
2212:Kanopus-ST
2161:Sentinel-6
2148:Near-Earth
2131:Radiometer
1981:Europa-UVS
1698:Pioneer 11
1693:Pioneer 10
1417:Red Dragon
1197:OSIRIS-REx
1181:Comets and
884:Panspermia
612:Europa-UVS
436:2017-10-23
393:References
267:isoleucine
259:amino acid
215:radiolysis
211:photolysis
100:Spacecraft
80:Properties
3624:MoonLIGHT
3462:Mariner 2
3442:Curiosity
3368:Mariner 2
3305:detectors
3224:MESSENGER
3203:Mariner 2
3115:Voyager 1
2973:Voyager 1
2946:MESSENGER
2855:MESSENGER
2840:(on Juno)
2828:Voyager 1
2771:SCIAMACHY
2640:Voyager 1
2603:2M No.522
2598:2M No.521
2519:Suomi NPP
2347:Mariner 2
2252:Meteor-M2
2239:, MOS-1b)
2140:Microwave
2113:Voyager 1
2071:Pioneer 7
2058:MESSENGER
2015:Mariner 2
1769:Cancelled
1711:Voyager 2
1704:Voyager 1
1334:Laplace-P
1237:Dragonfly
1191:Hayabusa2
1183:asteroids
1152:Tianwen-1
1130:Mars 2020
1121:Curiosity
1054:Eu:CROPIS
909:Planetary
286:silicates
3541:Viking 1
3460:SPS (on
3410:ADRON-RM
3396:detector
3363:ASPERA-4
3358:ASPERA-3
3303:Particle
3066:QuakeSat
2866:E-THEMIS
2629:Venera 9
2471:Meteor-2
2449:ADEOS II
2261:Nimbus 7
2207:GPM Core
2174:ADEOS II
2107:Venera 9
2095:Sakigake
2009:Magellan
1968:Akatsuki
1919:Venera 4
1888:Magellan
1530:Category
1392:Kazachok
1382:Beagle 3
1314:ExoLance
1267:Proposed
1105:Beagle 2
1079:OREOcube
1059:EXOSTACK
1000:missions
602:E-THEMIS
360:See also
343:hydrates
335:organics
331:hydrates
319:infrared
282:hydrates
263:infrared
181:Overview
112:Operator
62:Function
34:Operator
3469:Ulysses
3379:Ulysses
3340:Proba-2
3326:DEMETER
3077:Proba-2
3068:1 and 2
3020:SHERLOC
2810:MA-MISS
2687:Proba-2
2593:Mars 96
2576:Luna 13
2563:InSight
2549:Diviner
2523:NOAA-21
2507:SLSTR (
2432:NOAA-20
2423:AVNIR-2
2366:Rosetta
2318:Zond-PP
2267:Sich-1M
2242:MTVZA (
2202:Envisat
2181:Shizuku
2179:AMSR2 (
2159:AMR-C (
1998:InSight
1992:Galileo
1742:Planned
1718:Galileo
1618:Craters
1593:Geology
1542:Commons
1359:Trident
1349:Oceanus
1248:ExoMars
1229:Planned
1203:Rosetta
1158:Zhurong
1146:Phoenix
1084:Tanpopo
1074:O/OREOS
1019:BIOCORE
689:Atlas V
663:Related
459:Bibcode
347:tholins
337:, most
271:leucine
251:tholins
198:mission
196:Voyager
125:≈ 2025
3602:rover)
3570:HiRISE
3511:rover)
3499:MASPEX
3455:Nozomi
3416:rover)
3198:Magsat
3193:FIELDS
3140:ICEMAG
3095:FIELDS
3016:rover)
2962:SPICAV
2957:SPICAM
2894:SPICAV
2889:SPICAM
2826:IRIS (
2676:EURECA
2502:GCOM-C
2500:SGLI (
2490:EURECA
2483:JERS-1
2273:Seasat
2226:MOPITT
2172:AMSR (
2169:(AQUA)
2167:AMSR-E
2065:Nozomi
2003:Kaguya
1949:WISDOM
1914:MARSIS
1909:SHARAD
1904:SELENE
1899:REASON
1760:(2024)
1752:(2023)
1585:Europa
1491:MERMOZ
1284:CAESAR
1172:Viking
1089:VEGGIE
1064:EXPOSE
1044:E-MIST
1034:BIOPAN
1024:Biolab
984:Tholin
642:ICEMAG
632:REASON
617:MASPEX
288:, and
202:tholin
171:Europa
130:Rocket
65:Mapper
3575:LORRI
3448:FREND
3268:Swarm
3170:Swarm
3027:rover
2995:Raman
2952:NOMAD
2928:Alice
2884:Ralph
2861:MERIS
2838:JIRAM
2805:rover
2797:AKARI
2674:ORI (
2515:VIIRS
2488:ORI (
2481:OPS (
2476:MODIS
2461:MOS-1
2447:GLI (
2428:CERES
2418:AVNIR
2407:Terra
2399:ASTER
2394:AVHRR
2313:WSF-M
2303:SSMIS
2298:SSM/I
2237:MOS-1
2235:MSR (
2230:Terra
2217:MIRAS
1873:Radar
1814:Other
1640:Lists
1631:Cilix
1626:Pwyll
1407:MELOS
1279:BRUIE
1256:rover
1160:rover
1138:rover
1123:rover
998:Space
327:pixel
3633:Misc
3534:SEIS
3505:MOMA
3440:(on
3335:DSLP
3333:and
3331:TPMU
3144:PIMS
3142:and
3133:Juno
3072:SGVM
3061:GOES
2876:(on
2874:SUDA
2870:MISE
2830:and
2815:ISEM
2781:TRMM
2761:MOMS
2756:CASE
2682:LYRA
2571:IRIS
2561:(on
2551:(on
2443:ERSS
2438:ERBS
2413:AIRS
2403:MISR
2358:Juno
2308:TRMM
2293:SMOS
2288:SMMR
2283:SMAP
2222:MISR
2197:ERSS
2155:AQUA
2035:6, 7
1821:Life
1686:Past
1354:THEO
1098:Mars
1029:Bion
637:SUDA
627:PIMS
622:MISE
323:μrad
295:life
241:Goal
213:and
157:MISE
151:The
116:NASA
38:NASA
20:MISE
3438:DAN
3373:SPS
3128:MAG
2967:UVS
2776:TES
2727:ISO
2559:HP3
2553:LRO
2353:MWR
1049:ERA
1014:BIO
693:SLS
683:JPL
607:EIS
597:ECM
455:JPL
227:JPL
134:SLS
3672::
3218:10
3108:11
2872:,
2868:,
2634:10
2616:11
2521:,
2465:1b
2401:,
2224:,
2084:11
2077:10
2045:10
1944:16
1939:15
1934:10
695:,
691:,
537:.
511:^
490:^
471:^
445:^
428:.
417:^
301:.
277:.
269:,
237:.
207:UV
3598:(
3548:2
3507:(
3464:)
3444:)
3434:)
3425:)
3412:(
3213:5
3208:4
3136:)
3130:(
3122:2
3029:)
3022:(
3012:(
2980:2
2880:)
2844:M
2834:)
2832:2
2678:)
2647:2
2625:)
2565:)
2555:)
2545:)
2525:)
2517:(
2511:)
2504:)
2492:)
2485:)
2451:)
2434:)
2409:)
2405:(
2361:)
2355:(
2269:)
2246:)
2232:)
2228:(
2183:)
2176:)
2163:)
2120:2
2040:9
2030:5
2025:4
2020:3
1929:9
1924:8
1860:e
1853:t
1846:v
1577:e
1570:t
1563:v
731:e
724:t
717:v
571:e
564:t
557:v
465:.
461::
439:.
325:/
155:(
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