Mapuche - Knowledge (XXG)

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bands, and belts for regular use. Many of the fabrics are woven for trade, and in many cases, are an important source of income for families. Glazed pots are used to dye the wool. Many Mapuche women continue to weave fabrics according to the customs of their ancestors and transmit their knowledge in the same way: within domestic life, from mother to daughter, and from grandmothers to granddaughters. This form of learning is based on gestural imitation, and only rarely, and when strictly necessary, the apprentice receives explicit instructions or help from their instructors. Knowledge is transmitted as the fabric is woven, the weaving and transmission of knowledge go together.

1355:, use multiple tactics with the more extreme occurrences such as the burning of homes, churches, vehicles, structures, and pastures, which at times included causing deaths and threats to specific targets. As of 2005, protesters from Mapuche communities have used these tactics against properties of both multinational forestry corporations and private individuals. In 2010 the Mapuche launched many hunger strikes in attempts to effect change in the anti-terrorism legislation. As of 2019, the Chilean government committed human rights abuses against the Mapuche based on Israeli military techniques and surveillance according to the French website Orin21. 2055: 1502: 1615: 1785: 1166: 953: 2246: 1729: 1086: 895: 2516: 1683: 463: 1840: 4934: 5366: 2281: 1772:

those goods that they did not produce or held in high esteem, such as horses. Tissue volumes made by Aboriginal women and marketed in the Araucanía and the north of Patagonia Argentina were considerable and constituted a vital economic resource for indigenous families. The production of fabrics in the time before European settlement was intended for uses beyond domestic consumption.

1448: 1302:. In 2003, the Commission for Historical Truth and New Treatments issued a report to defuse tensions calling for drastic changes in Chile's treatment of its indigenous people, more than 80% of whom are Mapuche. The recommendations included the formal recognition of political and "territorial" rights for indigenous peoples, as well as efforts to promote their cultural identities. 1251: 3498:. Copper metallurgy was flourishing in South America, particularly in Peru, from around the beginning of the 1st millennium AD. The Mapuche may have learned copper metal working from their prior interaction with the Inca Empire or prior Peruvian cultures, or it may have been a native craft that developed independently in the region (copper being common in Chile). 811: 1050:. The Spanish garrison was unable to withstand the assault and retreated to Purén. Lautaro seized and burned the fort and prepared his army certain that the Spaniards would attempt to retake Tucapel. Valdivia mounted a counter-attack, but he was quickly surrounded. He and his army was massacred by the Mapuches in the 1668:

significant part of the Mapuche traditional culture. To varying degrees, this history of resistance continues to this day amongst the Mapuche. At the same time, a large majority of Mapuche in Chile identify with the state as Chilean, similar to a large majority in Argentina identifying as Argentines.

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In the 300-year co-existence between the Spanish colonies and the relatively well-delineated autonomous Mapuche regions, the Mapuche also developed a strong tradition of trading with Spaniards, Argentines, and Chileans. Such trade lies at the heart of the Mapuche silver-working tradition, for Mapuche

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has claimed that the Mapuche population dropped from a total of half a million to 25,000 within a generation as a result of the occupation and its associated famine and disease. The conquest of Wallmapu caused numerous Mapuches to be displaced and forced to roam in search of shelter and food. Scholar

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The Mapuche women were responsible for spinning and weaving. Knowledge of both weaving techniques and textile patterns particular to the locality was usually transmitted within the family, with mothers, grandmothers, and aunts teaching a girl the skills they had learned from their elders. Women who

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standing, 35% of the supporters of right-wing parties, 36% of Protestants, and 26% of Catholics were prejudiced against indigenous peoples in Chile. In contrast, only 8% of those who attended university, 16% of supporters of left-wing parties, and 19% of people aged 18–29 were prejudiced. Specific

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In the late eighteenth century and early nineteenth century, Mapuche silversmithing activity and artistic diversity reached its climax. All important Mapuche chiefs of the nineteenth century are supposed to have had at least one silversmith. By 1984 Mapuche scholar Carlos Aldunate noted that there

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At present, the fabrics woven by the Mapuche continue to be used for domestic purposes, as well as for gift, sale, or barter. Most Mapuche women and their families now wear garments with foreign designs and tailored with materials of industrial origin, but they continue to weave ponchos, blankets,

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In addition, the Mapuche used their textiles as an important surplus and an exchange trading good. Numerous sixteenth-century accounts describe their bartering the textiles with other indigenous peoples, and with colonists in newly developed settlements. Such trading enabled the Mapuche to obtain

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The Mapuche have incorporated the remembered history of their long independence and resistance from 1540 (Spanish and then Chileans and Argentines) and of the treaty with the Chilean and Argentine governments in the 1870s. Memories, stories, and beliefs, often very local and particularized, are a

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Contemporary attitudes towards Mapuches on the part of non-indigenous people in Chile are highly individual and heterogeneous. Nevertheless, a considerable part of the non-indigenous people in Chile have a prejudiced and discriminatory attitude towards Mapuche. In a 2003 study, it was found that

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The country has with satisfaction seen the problem of the reduction of the whole Araucanía solved. This event, so important to our social and political life, and so significant for the future of the republic, has ended, happily and with costly and painful sacrifices. Today the whole Araucanía is

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and his troops while they rested without taking any precautions against attack. Almost all the Spaniards died, save a cleric named Bartolomé Pérez, who was taken prisoner, and a soldier named Bernardo de Pereda. The Mapuche then initiated a general uprising that destroyed all the cities in their

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Archaeological finds have shown that Mapuche culture existed in Chile and Argentina as early as 600 to 500 BC. Genetically the Mapuche differ from the adjacent indigenous peoples of Patagonia. This suggests a "different origin or long-lasting separation of Mapuche and Patagonian populations".

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This is an object associated with masculine power. It consists of a disk with an attached handle; the edge of the disc usually has a semicircular recess. In many cases, the face portrayed on the disc carries incised designs. The handle is cylindrical, generally with a larger diameter at its

1611:. As biodiversity in the Chilean countryside has declined due to commercial agriculture and forestry, the dissemination of such knowledge has also declined, but the Mapuche people are reviving it in their communities. Machis have an extensive knowledge of sacred stones and sacred animals. 1551:, which loosely translates as "to pray" or "general prayer". These ceremonies are often major communal events that are of extreme spiritual and social importance. Many other ceremonies are practiced, and not all are for public or communal participation but are sometimes limited to family. 2083:

at the coast of Araucanía in 1849 are considered an "inflection point" or "point of no return" in the relations between Mapuches and the Chilean state. It cemented views of Mapuches as brutal barbarians and showed in the view of many that Chilean authorities' earlier goodwill was naive.

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Rey, Diego; Parga-Lozano, Carlos; Moscoso, Juan; Areces, Cristina; Enriquez-de-Salamanca, Mercedes; Fernández-Honrado, Mercedes; Abd-El-Fatah-Khalil, Sedeka; Alonso-Rubio, Javier; Arnaiz-Villena, Antonio (2013). "HLA genetic profile of Mapuche (Araucanian) Amerindians from Chile".

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Following the independence of Chile in the 1810s, the Mapuche began to be perceived as Chilean by other Chileans, contrasting with previous perceptions of them as a separate people or nation. However, not everybody agreed; 19th-century Argentine writer and president

1476:. Linguists estimate that only about 200,000 full-fluency speakers remain in Chile. The language receives only token support in the educational system. In recent years, it has started to be taught in rural schools of Bío-Bío, Araucanía, and Los Lagos Regions. 1066:

and destroyed it, he also returned to Concepción, rebuilt by the Spanish and destroyed it again. In 1557 Lautaro headed with his army to destroy Santiago, fighting numerous battles with the Spanish along the way, but he and his army were devastated in the

2045:) there is a piece of land that is not a province, its language is different, it is inhabited by other people and it can still be said that it is not part of Chile. Yes, Chile is the name of the country over where its flag waves and its laws are obeyed. 1855:

that decreased hostilities between Spaniards and Mapuches and allowed trade to increase between colonial Chile and the free Mapuches. In this context of increasing trade Mapuches began in the late eighteenth century to accept payments in

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excelled in the textile arts were highly honored for their accomplishments and contributed economically and culturally to their kinship group. A measure of the importance of weaving is evident in the expectation that a man gives a larger

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to control political dissidents. The law allows prosecutors to withhold evidence from the defense for up to six months and to conceal the identity of witnesses, who may give evidence in court behind screens. Insurgent groups, such as the

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of Mapuche ethnicities. Historical denominations no longer in use are shown with white fields. Groups that adopted Mapuche language and culture or that have partial Mapuche descent are shown in the periphery of the main magenta-colored

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Mapuche's strong connections with Chile. This gave Chile a certain influence over the Pampas. Argentine authorities feared that in an eventual war with Chile over Patagonia, Mapuches would align themselves with Chile. In this context,

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Part of the Mapuche ritual is prayer and animal sacrifice, required to maintain the cosmic balance. This belief has continued to current times. In 1960, for example, a machi sacrificed a young boy, throwing him into the water after an

2167:(1861–1883) and the War of the Pacific, Chile had incorporated territories with new indigenous populations. Mapuches obtained relatively favourable views as "primordial" Chileans contrasting with other indigenous peoples like the 1223:

began to be conquered by Argentina and Chile due to two reasons. First, the Argentinean and Chilean states aimed for territorial continuity, and second it remained the sole place for Argentinean livestock to expand and

1147:, all Chilean territory south of the Bíobío River was freed from Spanish rule. In this period the Mapuche Nation crossed the Andes to conquer the present Argentine provinces of Chubut, Neuquen, La Pampa, and Río Negro. 3397: 3351: 1973:

were first described in Spanish in a chronicle of 1673. Among the Mapuche, "the spirits are interested in machi's gendered discourses and performances, not in the sex under the machi's clothes". In attracting the

2352:, emboldened by European-descent supporters, who "lack any right for their claims and violence, not only for NOT being most of them Araucanians , but also because they do not rank among our indigenous peoples". 2475:

and with respective focus trees, either restore the kingdom of Araucania and Patagonia, with recognized Mapuche minority or have Mapuche coup and liberate the Native Americans from both North and South American

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chain and other leading wood importers agreeing to revise their purchasing policies to "provide for the protection of native forests in Chile". Some Mapuche leaders want stronger protections for the forests.

872:. Their contact with the Incas gave them a collective awareness distinguishing between them and the invaders and uniting them into loose geo-political units despite their lack of state organization. 1382:

At the time of the arrival of Europeans, the Mapuche organized and constructed a network of forts and defensive buildings. Ancient Mapuche also built ceremonial constructions such as some earthwork

868:, or somewhere between Santiago and the Maule River. Thus the bulk of the Mapuche escaped Inca rule. Through their contact with Incan invaders Mapuches would have for the first time met people with 945:, who had defeated the Inca governor Quilicanta. It would be the same Michimalonco who would lead the Picunche resistance against the Spanish between 1541 and 1545. His most famous stain is the 293:. The collective term refers to a wide-ranging ethnicity composed of various groups who share a common social, religious, and economic structure, as well as a common linguistic heritage as 2313:

Mapuches were presented as Chileans who were bound to return to Chile. Mapuches were thus indirectly considered foreign enemies. Such a notion fitted well with the expansionist designs of

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claims to have the goal of a "national liberation" of Mapuche, with their regaining sovereignty over their lands. Reportedly there is a tendency among female Mapuche activists to reject

1542:. Also, Mapuche cosmology is informed by complex notions of spirits that coexist with humans and animals in the natural world, and daily circumstances can dictate spiritual practices. 1046:, because he had served as an auxiliary to the Spanish cavalry; he created the first Mapuche cavalry corps. With six thousand warriors under his command, Lautaro attacked the fort at 625:, at other times, exclusively to the Moluche or Nguluche from Araucanía. However, Mapuche is a relatively recent endonym meaning "People of the Earth" or "Children of the Land", with 1208: 446:. Since then the Mapuche have become subjects, and later nationals and citizens of the respective states. Today, many Mapuche and Chilean communities are engaged in the so-called 29: 3394: 3355: 925:. Discouraged by the ferocity of the Mapuches, and the apparent lack of gold and silver in these lands, Almagro decided its full retreat the following year to Peru. In 1541, 1362:

site in Neuquen, one of the biggest shale-oil and shale-gas deposits in the world, has produced waste dumps of sludge waste, polluting the environment close to the town of

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often included unmelted silver coins, something that has helped modern researchers to date the objects. The bulk of the Spanish silver coins originated from mining in

1139:, and Villarrica were either destroyed or abandoned. The city of Castro was taken by a Dutch-Mapuche alliance in 1599, but reconquered by the Spanish in 1600. Only 921:

set out to conquer Chile, after crossing the Itata River they were intercepted by a numerous contingent of Araucanian Mapuche armed with many bows and pikes in the

317:. Today the collective group makes up over 80% of the indigenous peoples in Chile and about 9% of the total Chilean population. The Mapuche are concentrated in the 3444: 1343: 3093:...ayer mataron al apo y todos los cristianos que con él venían, que no escapó ninguno, y todos los yanaconas de servicio, si no eran los que se habían escondido 1656:. At last, only one couple is left. A machi tells them that they must give their only child to the waters, which they do, and this restores order to the world. 1860:

for their products, usually cattle or horses. These coins and silver coins obtained in political negotiations served as raw material for Mapuche metalsmiths (

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Between 1861 and 1879 Argentina and Chile incorporated several Mapuche territories in Wallmapu. In January 1881, having Chile decisively defeated Peru in the

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for Puelmapu. The notion of Mapuches as Chileans is however an anachronism as Mapuches precede the formation of the modern state of Chile. By 1920 Argentine

1311:), the two chief forestry companies are Chilean-owned. In the past, the firms have planted hundreds of thousands of hectares with non-native species such as 3701: 1939:

have flourished. Contemporary Mapuche literature can be said to be composed of an oral tradition and Spanish-Mapudungun bilingual writings. Notable Mapuche

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Land disputes and violent confrontations continue in some Mapuche areas, particularly in the northern sections of the Araucanía region between and around

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In recent years, the crimes committed by Mapuche armed insurgents have been prosecuted under counter-terrorism legislation, originally introduced by the

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wrought their jewelry from the large and widely dispersed quantity of Spanish, Argentine, and Chilean silver coins. Mapuche also made headdresses with

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The Mapuche traditional economy is based on agriculture; their traditional social organization consists of extended families, under the direction of a

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prejudices about the Mapuche are that the Mapuches are lazy and alcoholic; to some lesser degree, Mapuche are sometimes judged antiquated and dirty.

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Pablo Miramán claims the introduction of state education during the Occupation of Wallmapu had detrimental effects on traditional Mapuche education.

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against the Mapuche, a sporadic conflict that lasted nearly 350 years. Hostility towards the conquerors was compounded by the lack of a tradition of

5410: 2140:(1879–1883) there was a rise of racial and national superiority ideas among the Chilean ruling class. It was in this context that Chilean physician 1270:. About 70% of the Mapuche Territory (Wallmapu) left in the hands of Argentina, the loss of land by Mapuches following the occupation caused severe 1112: 4415: 4593:

Quand la parenté impose, le don dispose. Organisation sociale, don et identité dans les communautés mapuche de la province de Neuquén (Argentine)

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Bacigalupo, Ana Mariella. "The Struggle for Mapuche Shamans' Masculinity: Colonial Politics of Gender, Sexuality, and Power in Southern Chile".

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At the time of the arrival of the first Spaniards to Chile, the largest indigenous population concentration was in the area spanning from the

561:, and the feats of that people in their long and interminable war against the Spanish Empire. The name is probably derived from the placename 4776: 4763: 4711: 4313: 4113: 4088: 3989: 3611: 3584: 3550: 4782: 1330:

Chile exports wood to the United States, almost all of which comes from this southern region, with an annual value of around $ 600 million.

5415: 4851: 1599:(shaman). It is usually filled by a woman, following an apprenticeship with an older machi, and has many of the characteristics typical of 4577:

Garavaglia, Juan Carlos (1986). “Los textiles de la tierra en el contexto colonial rioplatense: ¿una revolución industrial fallida?”. En:

3074: 3781: 1744:. The oldest data on textiles in the southernmost areas of the American continent (southern Chile and Argentina today) are found in some 914: 5263: 4330: 278: 2095:

called in 1861 for Mapuches to submit to Chilean state authority and "enter into reduction and civilization". When the Mapuches were

922: 4883: 4750: 4737: 4724: 4540: 3193: 2183: 2054: 1262:

In the years following the occupation the economy of Araucanía changed from being based on sheep and cattle herding to one based on

1232: 525: 419:, made contact with Mapuche groups. The Tehuelche adopted the Mapuche language and some of their culture, in what came to be called 259: 2835: 4055:

Muñoz Sougarret, Jorge (2010). "El naufragio del bergantín Joven Daniel, 1849. El indígena en el imaginario histórico de Chile".

5258: 5425: 5420: 5304: 2936:; Gordon, A. (1988). "La actividad prehispánica y su influencia en la Araucanía". In Dillehay, Tom; Netherly, Patricia (eds.). 1677: 1603:. The machi performs ceremonies for curing diseases, warding off evil, influencing weather, harvests, social interactions, and 1324: 1176:

In the nineteenth century, Argentina and Chile experienced a fast territorial expansion. Argentina established a colony at the

1124: 1760:(Argentina). researchers have found evidence of fabrics made with complex techniques and designs, dated between AD 1300–1350. 2187:

in which our indigenous ancestors are treated like savages, cruel, depraved, lacking morals, lacking warrior skills ...

4466: 3939: 3905:"The Re-Invention of Mapuche Male Shamans as Catholic Priests: Legitimizing Indigenous Co-Gender Identities in Modern Chile" 2694: 2092: 1169: 1031: 622: 435: 318: 4492: 5170: 4916: 4277: 2795: 2361: 1931:

and lacked a writing system. Since that time, a writing system for Mapudungun was developed, and Mapuche writings in both

1821:. It has some ritual importance as a special sign of distinction carried by tribal chiefs. Many kinds of clubs are known. 1181: 2288:

19th-century Argentine authorities aiming to incorporate the Pampas and Patagonia into national territory recognized the

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http://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/volltextserver/volltexte/2010/10717/pdf/Eim_Conceptualisation_of_Mapuche_Religion.pdf

4170: 3217: 3152: 3037: 2253: 5160: 4630:. Buenos Aires: Ministerio de Cultura y Educación, Secretaría de Estado de Cultura, Instituto Nacional de Antropología. 5233: 5155: 4998: 2345: 2265: 1652:(dry earth, which brings sunshine). In the deluge almost all humanity is drowned; the few not drowned survive through 1352: 814: 4598:

Mendez, Patricia (2009a). “Herencia textil, identidad indígena y recursos económicos en la Patagonia Argentina”. En:

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Méndez, Patricia (2009b). “Los tejidos indígenas en la Patagonia Argentina: cuatro siglos de comercio textilI”. En:

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The 2023 film "Sayen" depicts Mapuche villagers resisting an international mining company seeking to exploit cobalt.

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revived the idea of Mapuches being Chileans, in strong contrast with 20th-century scholars based in Chile such as

5405: 4208: 3698: 3473: 2881: 2667: 2633: 2414: 1289: 4689: 860:

there. The southern border of the Inca Empire is believed by most modern scholars to have been situated between

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during the early Spanish colonial period, due to what they referred to as their pure native blood, derived from

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features the conquest of Chile by Pedro Valdivia, and a large part of the book deals with the Mapuche Conflict.

2381: 2373: 2334: 1661: 756: 4236:(in Spanish). Universidad de Chile, Departamento de Sociología, Fundación Facultad de Ciencias Sociales: 60–74 3314: 2575: 2443:

and developing the tactics that would continue to be employed by the Mapuche during the long-running ArauIsab.

2369: 1614: 4678: 4595:(Bern etc., Peter Lang, 2011) (Publications Universitaires Européennes. Série 19 B: Ethnologie-générale, 71). 5344: 3864: 3420:"You've heard about the violence in Chile. You probably haven't about their relationship with Israel's army" 3185: 2672: 2638: 1851:

began to produce large amounts of silver finery. The surge of silversmithing activity may be related to the

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by some people. For others, the importance of the term Araucanian lies in the universality of the epic work

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Brugnoli, Paulina y Hoces de la Guardia, Soledad (1995). "Estudio de fragmentos del sitio Alboyanco". En:

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The great diversity in silver finery designs is because designs were made to be identified with different

1160: 1075: 1055: 835: 443: 115: 1636:) of a major flood in which the world is destroyed and recreated. The myth involves two opposing forces: 5349: 5319: 5198: 5165: 4876: 4249: 4035:"Hernan Curiñir Lincoqueo, historiador mapuche: 'Sobre el Bicentenario chileno tenemos mucho que decir'" 2338: 2108:

subjugated, more than to the material forces, to the moral and civilizing force of the republic ...

1793: 1165: 1059: 831: 3536: 2542: 2314: 1784: 1144: 1132: 952: 388: 302: 4730:

Courage Tastes of Blood : The Mapuche Community of Nicolás Ailío and the Chilean State, 1906–2001

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Leadership from the Margins: Women and Civil Society Organizations in Argentina, Chile and El Salvador

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albeit designs associated with philosophical and spiritual concepts have not undergone major changes.

1728: 1366:, which is about 1,200km south of Buenos Aires. In 2018, the Mapuche were suing Exxon, French company 1030:

From their establishment in 1550 to 1598, the Mapuche frequently laid siege to Spanish settlements in

391:. In the seventeenth, eighteenth, and nineteenth centuries, Mapuche groups migrated eastward into the 5180: 5058: 4923: 3070: 2491: 2318: 2038: 1263: 1236: 1225: 984: 2772: 2181:

Since some four years ago a History of the Civilization in Araucanía has been published in the said

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and nationalist point of view. He considered the Mapuche superior to other tribes and the Chilean

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artist Guillermo Bert to create "Encoded Textiles," an exhibit that combined traditional mapuche

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There are various recorded instances in the nineteenth century when Mapuches were the subject of

1944: 1834: 1212: 1193: 1120: 964: 724: 451: 349: 4846: 4192:"Constitution and internal dynamics of the regional identitary in Tarapacá and Los Lagos, Chile" 2447: 2439:, a young Mapuche toqui known for leading the indigenous resistance against Spanish conquest in 1078:. Mapuche numbers decreased significantly following contact with the Spanish invaders; wars and 1034:. In 1553, the Mapuches held a council at which they resolved to make war. They chose as their " 884: 883: – that is the Mapuche heartland. The Mapuche population between Itata River and 3508:

Hurtado Cubillos, Luz Marcela (2009). "La expresión de impersonalidad en el español de Chile".

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features major characters, Fresia and Huenchur who represent her clothing attire and her tribe.

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meaning "person". It is preferred as a term when referring to the people after the Arauco War.

5213: 5008: 4993: 4772: 4759: 4746: 4733: 4720: 4707: 4536: 4309: 4109: 4084: 3985: 3796: 3607: 3580: 3546: 3395:"Mapuche hunger strike in Chile highlights the real problem facing President Sebastian Pinera" 3189: 3173: 2898: 2821: 2486: 2468: 2245: 2145: 2059: 1653: 1465: 1267: 1051: 996: 926: 572: 558: 356: 4442: 4278:"Representación social mapuche e imaginario social no mapuche de la discriminación percibida" 4160: 3909:

Native Christians: Modes and Effects of Christianity among Indigenous Peoples of the Americas

3676: 2680: 2646: 1639: 1334:, a conservation group, has led an international campaign for preservation, resulting in the 5390: 5370: 5283: 5134: 5104: 5089: 5023: 5018: 4988: 4983: 4869: 4371: 4212: 3757: 2890: 2729: 2458: 2365: 2219: 2215: 1932: 1797: 1753: 1723: 1496: 1473: 1347: 1283: 1177: 1012: 918: 894: 880: 538: 481: 447: 416: 380: 345: 273: 230: 205: 173: 103: 88: 83: 5038: 3717: 5248: 5190: 5033: 4262: 4165: 3705: 3495: 3401: 3382: 2807: 2781: 2758: 2600: 2427: 2394: 2157: 1992:– at once husband and master – to possess their heads ... The ritual transvestism of male 1608: 1480: 1205: 1189: 1043: 934: 861: 805: 3911:, edited by Robin M. Wright, Taylor and Francis, 2009, pp 89–108. ProQuest Ebook Central. 3209: 376: 2839: 474:

Historically, the Spanish colonizers of South America referred to the Mapuche people as

462: 344:(meaning "axe" or "axe-bearer") to lead them. Mapuche material culture is known for its 5114: 4978: 4030: 3144: 3029: 2862: 2796:

http://www.revistahistoriaindigena.uchile.cl/index.php/RHI/article/download/40261/41815

2451: 2239: 2235: 2207: 1928: 1906: 1745: 1594: 1447: 1243: 1185: 983:. Between 1550 and 1553, the Spanish founded several cities in Mapuche lands including 888: 869: 651: 645: 420: 408: 165: 133: 111: 2661: 1682: 5384: 4532: 4391: 3468: 3177: 2377: 2168: 1484: 1390: 1367: 1312: 1216: 1201: 1128: 1039: 1020: 1004: 776: 568: 466: 4933: 4743:

Neoliberal Economics, Democratic Transition, and Mapuche Demands for Rights in Chile

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Speaking the Earth’s Languages: A Theory for Australian-Chilean Postcolonial Poetics

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Alvarado, Margarita (2002) "El esplendor del adorno: El poncho y el chanuntuku” En:

4217: 3445:"Mapuche group files lawsuit against multinationals over pollution from Vaca Muerta" 2910: 1839: 4570:

Chertudi, Susana y Nardi, Ricardo (1961). "Tejidos Araucanos de la Argentina". En:

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As late as 2017 Argentine historian Roberto E. Porcel wrote in a communiqué to the

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There is a traditional stone hand club used by the Mapuche which has been called a

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since Mapuches continued to practice a massive livestock herding in limited areas.

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or chief. In times of war, the Mapuche would unite in larger groupings and elect a

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Mapuche languages are spoken in Chile and Argentina. The two living branches are

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and Patagonia remained independent until the late nineteenth century, when Chile

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Shamans of the Foye Tree : Gender, Power, and Healing among Chilean Mapuche

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claimed that the Republic of Chile owes a "historical debt" to the Mapuche. The

2227: 2063: 1857: 1848: 1705: 1627: 1457: 1359: 1331: 1316: 1295: 887:

has been estimated at 705,000–900,000 in the mid-sixteenth century by historian

876: 865: 857: 849: 845: 552: 372: 368: 107: 4331:"Sociólogo francés Éric Fassin reflexionó sobre el abuso y la violencia sexual" 3474:

Monuments, Empires, and Resistance: The Araucanian Polity and Ritual Narratives

2822:"Las poblaciones reche-mapuche – Memoria Chilena, Biblioteca Nacional de Chile" 2808:"Las poblaciones reche-mapuche – Memoria Chilena, Biblioteca Nacional de Chile" 5218: 5109: 5063: 4948: 3762: 3745: 2894: 2511: 2496: 2231: 1998:... draws attention to the relational gender categories of spirit husband and 1936: 1877: 1472:. Although not genetically related, lexical influence has been discerned from 1469: 1442: 1335: 1320: 1255: 1140: 1108: 1089: 1016: 908: 546: 294: 4795: 2156:

elements from Spain. The writings of Palacios became later influential among

5094: 4958: 4953: 4664: 2307:) in 1878, which had been commissioned by the Argentine Ministry of War. In 2280: 2214:

In the 20th century, many Mapuche women migrated to large cities to work as

2153: 2091:

discourses by elements of the Chilean government and military. For example,

2017: 1689: 1604: 1410: 1305:

Though Japanese and Swiss interests are active in the economy of Araucanía (

1123:, a general uprising developed among the Mapuches and Huilliches led to the 1104: 1015:. Further efforts by the Spanish to gain more territory engaged them in the 780: 713: 693: 404: 314: 290: 286: 161: 153: 141: 5048: 4276:

Quilaquea R., Daniel; Merino D., María Eugenia; Saiz V., José Luis (2007).

2902: 1873: 4642:

Palermo, Miguel Angel (1994). "Economía y mujer en el sur argentino". En:

3981:

Shamans of the Foye Tree: Gender, Power, and Healing among Chilean Mapuche

3979: 3576:

Shamans of the Foye Tree: Gender, Power, and Healing among Chilean Mapuche

3490:, ch. XXXI and XXXIII, mentions copper points on the Mapuche pikes in the 1250: 329:

for economic opportunities, more than 92% of the Mapuches are from Chile.

5228: 5119: 5079: 5043: 4467:"Día histórico en el Congreso: asumen las primeras dos diputadas mapuche" 4034: 2467:

In 2024 expansion pack Trial of Allegiance for grand-strategy video game

2461:" is a power struggle between a vacationing family and three Mapuche men. 2398: 2289: 2269: 2042: 1741: 1711: 1394: 1363: 1220: 1197: 1136: 1100: 1079: 1024: 1008: 988: 980: 976: 938: 707: 687: 669: 427: 360: 322: 306: 215: 149: 35: 2238:

has called the occurrence of Mapuche domestic workers a continuation of

2206:

among the sample, 41% of people over 60 years old, 35% of people of low

2114:

The Chilean race, as everybody knows, is a mestizo race made of Spanish

5129: 5099: 4808:

The Conceptualisation of Mapuche Religion in Colonial Chile (1545–1787)

4717:

When a flower is reborn : The Life and Times of a Mapuche Feminist

2436: 2406: 2402: 2349: 2348:

that those who often claim to be Mapuches in Argentina would be rather

2149: 1912: 1869: 1554:

The main groups of deities and/or spirits in Mapuche mythology are the

1530:), a young man, and a young woman. They believe in worlds known as the 1406: 1271: 1047: 992: 959: 779:– "polished flint") or Pelontraru ("Shining Caracara", better known as 772: 618: 589: 431: 412: 169: 145: 4612:

Millán de Palavecino, María Delia (1960). “Vestimenta Argentina”. En:

4383: 4358: 1955:

Among the Mapuche in La Araucanía, in addition to heterosexual female

5084: 4282: 2506: 2501: 1749: 1733: 1600: 1588: 1579: 1557: 1398: 1299: 971:

In 1550, Pedro de Valdivia, who aimed to control all of Chile to the

640:

The Mapuche identify by the geography of their territories, such as:

434:

population that lost its indigenous identity. But Mapuche society in

396: 310: 941:

had recently gained independence from Inca rule, being commanded by

913:

The Spanish expansion into Mapuche territory was an offshoot of the

810: 4703: 4375: 3542:

Shamanism: an encyclopedia of world beliefs, practices, and culture

2579: 1082:

decimated the population. Others died in Spanish-owned gold mines.

617:

is used both to refer collectively to the Picunche, Huilliche, and

5028: 5003: 4973: 4963: 4679:

Fogarty & Garrido: A Bilingual Conversation between Four Poems

4130:

Imperial Impersonations: Chilean Racism and the War of the Pacific

4108:(in Spanish) (Second ed.). Editorial Antártica. p. 583. 2472: 2440: 2279: 2244: 2053: 1898: 1838: 1783: 1765: 1727: 1681: 1619: 1613: 1500: 1446: 1426: 1418: 1414: 1383: 1249: 1164: 1084: 1063: 1035: 1000: 951: 930: 893: 818: 809: 768: 461: 423:, during which Patagonia came under effective Mapuche suzerainty. 407:. At about the same time, ethnic groups of the Pampa regions, the 392: 340: 334: 282: 1143:

and Concepción resisted Mapuche sieges and raids. Except for the

817:

picture of the confrontation between the Mapuches (left) and the

430:, mingled with the Spanish during the colonial period, forming a 4968: 4831: 1940: 1571: 1387: 4865: 4841: 4704:

IWGIA - IWGIA - International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs

4653:. Santiago de Chile: Ed. CEDEM, Colección Artes y Oficios Nº 3. 4614:

Cuadernos del Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Folklóricas

4600:

Revista de la Asociación de Antropólogos Iberoamericanos en Red

4572:

Cuadernos del Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Folklóricas

2605:

Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos, República Argentina

2016:

as co-gender specialists", it has been speculated that "female

1748:

excavations, such as those of Pitrén Cemetery near the city of

1327:, although such substitution and replacement is now forgotten. 759:

and the low zones bordering it). Its epic and literary name is

4700:

Language of the Land : The Mapuche in Argentina and Chile

4690:

Trilingual Visibility in Our Transpacific: Three Mapuche Poets

3319:"Ganadería y empresarios ganaderos de la Araucanía, 1900–1960" 2431:

features the Mapuche as a playable civilization (added in the

1192:

in 1898. Chile on the other hand, established a colony at the

4588:. Santiago de Chile: Imprenta San Francisco, Padre Las Casas. 3782:"Conservación en platería mapuche: Museo Fonck, Viña del Mar" 3539:(2004). Mariko Namba Walter, Eva Jane Neumann Fridman (ed.). 3076:

Crónica y relación copiosa y verdadera de los reinos de Chile

2730:"La Araucana – Memoria Chilena, Biblioteca Nacional de Chile" 2033:

presented his view of the Mapuche-Chile relation by stating:

1809:(Spanish for club). It has a long flat body. Another name is 1512:

Central to Mapuche cosmology is the idea of a creator called

1062:

and devastated the city. In 1555 Lautaro went to the city of

1027:

among the Mapuche, who largely refused to serve the Spanish.

771:("axe-bearer") like Lef-Traru ("swift hawk", better known as 493: 399:, conquering, fusing and establishing relationships with the 321:

region. Many have migrated from rural areas to the cities of

248: 245: 4856: 4359:"Argentina and Chile: The Struggle for Patagonia 1843–1881" 2545:

with its large population is not included in this estimate.

2422: 1054:. In 1554 Lautaro went to destroy Concepción where in the 511: 508: 502: 251: 236: 4861: 4819:

Mapuche Social Structure, Illinois Studies in Anthropology

4443:

Los mapuches en nuestro territorio – historia y actualidad

4234:"Encuesta Tolerancia y No Discriminación Tercera Medición" 4232:

Aymerich, Jaime; Canales, Manuel; Vivanco, Manuel (2003).

4083:(Second ed.). Editorial Antártica. pp. 405–419. 3922:

Cautiverio felíz y razón de las guerras dilatadas de Chile

4521:

Hijos del Viento, Arte de los Pueblos del Sur, Siglo XIX.

487: 4018:

Sociedad mapuche y sociedad chilena: la deuda histórica.

1919:

were no silversmiths alive among contemporary Mapuches.

1239:, Chile and Argentina resumed the conquest of Wallmapu. 967:, shows the military genius and expertise of his people. 3056: 3054: 2994: 2992: 1911:. Mapuche silver finery was also subject to changes in 665:, the eastern lands (Pampa and Patagonia of Argentina). 371:, Araucanian Mapuche inhabited the valleys between the 1756:, both of Chile; and the Rebolledo Arriba Cemetery in 755:, "the land of the plains" (located in sectors of the 581:, meaning "rebel, enemy", is probably not the root of 2272:

as they consider their struggle to go beyond gender.

2252:

flag created in 1992 by the indigenist organization "

1847:

In the later half of the eighteenth century, Mapuche

775:), Kallfülikan ("blue quartz stone", better known as 526: 517: 514: 505: 499: 484: 260: 4636:

Charu. Sociedad y cosmovisión en la platería mapuche

4621:

Formaciones económicas y políticas del mundo andino.

3626:

Brugnoli y Hoces de la Guardia, 1995; Alvarado, 2002

1927:

The Mapuche culture of the sixteenth century had an

1607:. Machis often have extensive knowledge of regional 1518:, who is embodied in four components: an older man ( 1172:

in meeting with the main lonkos of Araucania in 1869

490: 242: 5292: 5189: 5143: 5072: 4941: 4899: 3180:; Silva V., Fernando; Estelle M., Patricio (1974). 2050:

Civilizing mission discourses and scientific racism

1740:One of the best-known arts of the Mapuche is their 1545:The most well-known Mapuche ritual ceremony is the 1186:

conquered Formosa, Misiones and Chaco from Paraguay

496: 426:Mapuche in the Spanish-ruled areas, especially the 239: 233: 211: 201: 191: 186: 121: 97: 74: 66: 58: 53: 43: 4357: 3603:Violence and the Body: Race, Gender, and the State 3024: 3022: 3008: 3006: 3004: 2660: 2626: 2364:, the first two Mapuche women were elected to the 1986:become spiritual brides who seduce and call their 588:Scholars believe that the various Mapuche groups ( 4857:Website of the Kingdom of Araucania and Patagonia 4802:. Vol. 1. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 3890:, vol. 51, no. 3, Summer 2004, pp. 489–533. EBSCO 3831: 3829: 3819: 3817: 3121: 3119: 1843:Drawing of a trapelacucha, a silver finery piece. 2066:who was said to have survived the 1849 wreck of 2011: 2005: 1999: 1993: 1987: 1981: 1975: 1968: 1962: 1956: 1904: 1896: 1890: 1884: 1810: 1703: 1687: 1645: 1637: 1631: 1592: 1577: 1569: 1563: 1555: 1546: 1537: 1531: 1525: 1519: 1513: 1306: 790: 750: 734: 718: 698: 678: 660: 632: 626: 605: 599: 593: 562: 3647:Garavaglia, 1986; Palermo, 1994; Mendez, 2009b. 2858: 2856: 2226:). In Santiago, many of these women settled in 2179: 2112: 2105: 2035: 2020:" may have formerly existed among the Mapuche. 2010:)." As concerning "co-gendered identities" of " 1644:(water, which brings death through floods) and 1386:discovered near Purén. Mapuche quickly adopted 592:, Huilliche, Picunche, etc.) called themselves 4416:"La nación mapuche no es argentina ni chilena" 4190:Vergara, Jorge Iván; Gundermann, Hans (2012). 3477:(Cambridge University Press, Washington, 2007) 1694:(Mapuche funeral statue) compared to a person. 1188:in 1870. Later Argentina would also annex the 1107:, who were returning south from a raid in the 4877: 4409: 4407: 4405: 4403: 4401: 4299: 4297: 4020:Polis, Revista de la Universidad Bolivariana. 3677:"Misión Jesuita Mapuche: Noticias de Mayo..." 3579:. University of Texas Press. pp. 46–47. 2836:"Mapuche territorial identities of Araucania" 2745: 2743: 2554:These "cities" were often no more than forts. 2322: 2308: 2298: 1816: 1804: 1451: 576: 550: 297:speakers. Their homelands once extended from 8: 4567:. Buenos Aires: Fondo Nacional de las Artes. 4529:Historia del pueblo mapuche: Siglos XIX y XX 4132:, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 4050: 4048: 3665:Wilson, 1992; Alvarado, 2002; Mendez, 2009a. 2457:The plot of the 2021 Chilean thriller film " 1768:for a bride who was an accomplished weaver. 1003:. The Spanish also established the forts of 898:Distribution of pre-Hispanic people of Chile 22: 4832:Mapuche International Link official website 4551:Hombre y Desierto, una perspectiva cultural 4329:Godoy Valdés, Gloria (September 13, 2012). 4012: 4010: 3854: 3852: 3850: 3775: 3773: 3746:"Refrexiones acerca de la platería mapuche" 3739: 3737: 3735: 3733: 3731: 3729: 2774:Antecedentes históricos del pueblo araucano 1980:(possessing spirit), "Both male and female 1483:who also speak Mapudungun tend to use more 856:with the Mapuche between the Maule and the 5289: 4884: 4870: 4862: 3924:. Santiago: Imprenta el Ferrocarril, 1863. 2873: 2871: 2341:before penetrating what came to be Chile. 2171:who were perceived as "foreign elements". 28: 21: 4493:"What's a QR Code Doing on That Blanket?" 4308:. Rutgers University Press. p. 128. 4216: 3761: 3634: 3632: 3606:. Indiana University Press. p. 326. 2522:Indigenous peoples of the Americas portal 2412:The 2020 Chilean-Brazilian animated film 2144:hailed the Mapuche "race" arguing from a 1967:shamans, who wear female clothing. These 1943:include Sebastián Queupul, Pedro Alonzo, 1127:. The Spanish cities of Angol, Imperial, 4626:Nardi, Ricardo y Rolandi, Diana (1978). 3675:Jesuitas, Misión Mapuche- (2009-05-28). 3376:"Mapuche struggle for autonomy in Chile" 937:. The northern Mapuche tribes, known as 717:: "people of the pewen/pehuen" occupied 5401:Indigenous peoples of the Southern Cone 4821:(Urbana: University of Illinois Press). 3978:Bacigalupo, Ana Mariella (April 2007). 3780:Kangiser Gómez, María Fernanda (2002). 3418:Zinevich, Benjamin (11 November 2019). 2567: 2534: 2024:Mapuche, Chileans and the Chilean state 1961:shamanesses, there are homosexual male 1626:Like many cultures, the Mapuche have a 1038:" (wartime chief) an strong man called 739:, "the land of the sea"; also known as 4258: 4247: 3934:Donovan, Patricia (22 February 2007). 3920:Francisco Núñez de Pineda y Bascuñán. 3210:"Incorporándola al territorio chileno" 1815:; in Spanish, it may also be called a 1151:Incorporation into Chile and Argentina 183: 4623:Lima: Instituto de Estudios Peruanos. 3936:"The gendered realm of the foye tree" 3860:"Mapuche poets in Chilean literature" 2339:Mapuches originated east of the Andes 2284:Flag of Argentinian Tehuelche-Mapuche 1736:exhibited in Museo Artesanía Chilena. 1358:Oil exploitation and fracking in the 272: 7: 2681:participating institution membership 2647:participating institution membership 2305:The Fifteen Thousand League Conquest 1506:A council of Araucanian philosophers 1213:conquered land from Peru and Bolivia 1116:homeland south of the Biobío River. 454:rights in both Argentina and Chile. 54:Regions with significant populations 4785:. Clas.berkeley.edu. Archived from 4628:1000 años de tejido en la Argentina 3708:Tesauro Regional Patrimonial, Chile 1788:Monument in the form of a gigantic 1254:Ancient flag of the Mapuche on the 1074:From 1558 to 1598 war was mostly a 789:: "people of the valleys" occupied 5396:Indigenous culture of the Americas 5264:Kingdom of Araucania and Patagonia 4794:Bandelier, Adolph Francis (1907). 4304:Cosgrove, Serena (2010). "Chile". 3723:Museo Chileno de Arte Precolombino 3526:Ngenechen, and Don Armando Marileo 3510:Cuadernos de Lingüística Hispánica 2986:Villalobos et al. 1974, pp. 96–97. 2977:Villalobos et al. 1974, pp. 91–93. 1323:trees, sometimes replacing native 763:and its old autochthonous name is 749:: "people of the plains" occupied 363:inhabited the valleys between the 14: 5161:Federación Mapuche de Estudiantes 4441:Porcel, Roberto E. (2017-08-22). 4414:Lenton, Diana (August 14, 2020). 4004:Bacigalupo, 2007. p. 268, n. 5:18 3573:Bacigalupo, Ana Mariella (2007). 3030:"La Guerra de Arauco (1550–1656)" 2393:In 2012, renowned Mapuche weaver 2310:La Conquista de quince mil leguas 2300:La Conquista de quince mil leguas 2072:to be then kidnapped by Mapuches. 1099:In 1598 a party of warriors from 848:are reported to have reached the 697:: "people of the south" occupied 677:: "people of the north" occupied 5365: 5364: 4932: 4634:Painecura Antinao, Juan (2012). 4565:Ponchos de las Tierras del Plata 3354:. Cooperativa.cl. Archived from 2697:AZ Domingo 17 de Febrero de 2008 2514: 2276:Mapuches and the Argentine state 1794:Presidente Eduardo Frei Montalva 1752:, and the Alboyanco site in the 1413:, along with the cultivation of 655:: "people of the east" occupied 480: 309:, a land comprising part of the 229: 5411:Indigenous peoples in Argentina 4560:. Buenos Aires: Impresores SCA. 4218:10.4067/s0717-73562012000100009 4104:Ferrando Kaun, Ricardo (1986). 4079:Ferrando Kaun, Ricardo (1986). 3125:Villalobos et al. 1974, p. 109. 2940:(in Spanish). pp. 183–196. 2037:Between two Chilean provinces ( 1678:Paleoethnobotany of the Mapuche 1215:. Later Chile would also annex 1125:Destruction of the Seven Cities 733:: "people of the sea" occupied 631:meaning "earth" or "land", and 571:), meaning "clayey water". The 545:). This term is now considered 4842:Rehue Foundation in Netherland 4491:Sandford, Maggie (July 2013). 4161:"Nicolás Palacios (1854-1911)" 2578:. Censo2017.cl. Archived from 1: 5171:Resistencia Ancestral Mapuche 4523:Buenos Aires: Fundación PROA. 3984:. University of Texas Press. 3968:Bacigalupo, 2007. pp. 131–133 3877:Bacigalupo, 2007. pp. 111–114 3188:. pp. 456–458, 571–575. 2362:2017 Chilean general election 1576:(spirits in nature), and the 1180:in 1820, settled Chubut with 815:Felipe Guaman Poma de Ayala's 305:and later spread eastward to 281:inhabitants of south-central 16:Ethnic group in South America 5151:Consejo de Todas las Tierras 4171:Biblioteca Nacional de Chile 3638:Wilson, 1992; Mendez, 2009a. 3218:Biblioteca Nacional de Chile 3153:Biblioteca Nacional de Chile 3079:(in Spanish). Archived from 3038:Biblioteca Nacional de Chile 2435:expansion). Their leader is 2254:Consejo de Todas las Tierras 2118:and the Araucanian ... 1895:(lands) as well as specific 1113:Martín García Óñez de Loyola 795:, "the land of the valleys". 379:rivers, south of there, the 5416:Indigenous peoples in Chile 5259:Desert Campaign (1833–1834) 5234:Araucanization of Patagonia 5156:Coordinadora Arauco-Malleco 3600:Aladama, Arturo J. (2003). 3486:Pedro Mariño de Lobera, in 3284:A Little Matter of Genocide 2938:La frontera del estado Inca 2346:National Academy of History 2337:who advanced a theory that 2266:Coordinadora Arauco-Malleco 2093:Cornelio Saavedra Rodríguez 2076:The events surrounding the 1353:Coordinadora Arauco Malleco 1170:Cornelio Saavedra Rodríguez 1119:In the years following the 5444: 4356:Perry, Richard O. (1980). 4106:Y así nació La Frontera... 4081:Y así nació La Frontera... 4059:(in Spanish) (1): 133–148. 3835:Painecura 2012, pp. 27–28. 3823:Painecura 2012, pp. 25–26. 3488:Crónica del Reino de Chile 2031:Domingo Faustino Sarmiento 1853:1726 parliament of Negrete 1832: 1721: 1688: 1675: 1494: 1440: 1287: 1281: 1154: 906: 829: 803: 723:, "the land of the pewen ( 387:lived as far south as the 5362: 4930: 4800:The Catholic Encyclopedia 4649:Wilson, Angélica (1992). 4069:Bengoa 2000, pp. 163–165. 3763:10.7770/cuhso-v1n1-art129 3744:Aldunate, Carlos (1984). 3545:. ABC-CLIO. p. 419. 3341:Bengoa 2000, pp. 262–263. 3295:Bengoa 2000, pp. 232–233. 3273:Bengoa 2000, pp. 277–278. 3255:Bengoa 2000, pp. 275–276. 3134:Bengoa 2003, pp. 324–325. 3113:Bengoa 2003, pp. 320–321. 3060:Bengoa 2003, pp. 252–253. 2998:Bengoa 2003, pp. 250–251. 2895:10.1007/s11033-013-2509-3 2882:Molecular Biology Reports 2734:www.memoriachilena.gob.cl 2668:Oxford English Dictionary 2634:Oxford English Dictionary 2415:Nahuel and the Magic Book 1699:Ceremonies and traditions 1568:(ancestral spirits), the 1290:Ralco Hydroelectric Plant 126: 102: 79: 48: 27: 3537:Bacigalupo, Ana Mariella 2335:Francisco Antonio Encina 2152:a blend of Mapuches and 2097:finally defeated in 1883 1825:connection to the disk. 1662:earthquake and a tsunami 1111:area, ambushed Governor 757:Cordillera de Nahuelbuta 5274:Occupation of Araucanía 4584:Joseph, Claude (1931). 4563:Corcuera, Ruth (1998). 4556:Corcuera, Ruth (1987). 3959:Bacigalupo, 2007. p. 87 3699:Several types of clavas 3186:Editorial Universitaria 2923:Bengoa 2003, pp. 37–38. 2673:Oxford University Press 2639:Oxford University Press 2603:[Census 2022]. 2471:the player may play as 2165:Occupation of Araucanía 2012: 2006: 2000: 1994: 1988: 1982: 1976: 1969: 1963: 1957: 1905: 1897: 1891: 1885: 1865: 1811: 1704: 1646: 1638: 1632: 1593: 1578: 1570: 1564: 1556: 1547: 1538: 1532: 1526: 1520: 1514: 1487:when speaking Spanish. 1307: 1157:Occupation of Araucanía 947:Destruction of Santiago 791: 751: 735: 719: 703:, the "southern lands". 699: 683:, the "northern lands". 679: 661: 633: 627: 606: 600: 594: 563: 5426:Ethnic groups in Chile 5421:Pre-Columbian cultures 5269:Conquest of the Desert 5254:Camino de los chilenos 4665:Nicholas Jose Reviews 4558:Herencia textil andina 4257:Cite journal requires 4209:University of Tarapacá 3844:Painecura 2012, p. 30. 3680:Misión Jesuita Mapuche 3315:Pinto Rodríguez, Jorge 3104:Dillehay 2007, p. 335. 2323: 2309: 2299: 2285: 2257: 2223: 2189: 2175:Contemporary attitudes 2120: 2110: 2073: 2047: 1947:, and Leonel Lienlaf. 1868:). Old Mapuche silver 1844: 1817: 1805: 1800: 1737: 1695: 1623: 1509: 1461: 1452: 1259: 1209:with German immigrants 1173: 1161:Conquest of the Desert 1096: 1076:low-intensity conflict 1042:and as his vice toqui 968: 899: 836:Incas in Central Chile 822: 767:. The ancient Mapuche 577: 551: 542: 471: 5166:Mapuche football team 4817:Faron, Louis (1961). 4694:Cordite Poetry Review 4683:Cordite Poetry Review 4672:Cordite Poetry Review 4586:Los tejidos Araucanos 4527:Bengoa, José (2000). 4016:Foerster, Rolf 2001. 3451:. pp. 2018–12–22 3358:on September 28, 2013 3264:Ferrando 1986, p. 547 3174:Villalobos R., Sergio 2370:Aracely Leuquén Uribe 2283: 2248: 2057: 1842: 1792:, located in Avenida 1787: 1731: 1685: 1617: 1504: 1491:Cosmology and beliefs 1450: 1344:military dictatorship 1253: 1233:battles of Chorrillos 1168: 1155:Further information: 1088: 955: 923:Battle of Reynogüelén 897: 832:Origin of the Mapuche 813: 465: 289:, including parts of 122:Related ethnic groups 5144:Extant organizations 4806:Eim, Stefan (2010). 4769:A Grammar of Mapuche 4619:Murra, John (1975). 4531:(Seventh ed.). 4497:Smithsonian Magazine 3865:Estudios Filológicos 3246:Bengoa 2000, p. 156. 2968:Bengoa 2003, p. 157. 2492:Flag of the Mapuches 2319:Julio Argentino Roca 1732:Traditional Mapuche 1521:fucha/futra/cha chau 1479:Mapuche speakers of 1429:, which were called 826:Pre-Columbian period 270:Mapuche and Spanish: 5209:Battle of the Maule 5014:Rüxafe (silverwork) 4783:"Mapuche Dreamwork" 4591:Kradolfer, Sabine, 4033:(August 14, 2008), 3903:Vilaça, Aparecida. 3858:Carrasco, I. 2000. 3304:Pinto 2003, p. 205. 3237:Pinto 2003, p. 153. 2950:Bengoa 2003, p. 40. 2671:(Online ed.). 2637:(Online ed.). 2297:published the work 2295:Estanislao Zeballos 2163:As a result of the 2101:Domingo Santa María 1591:is the role of the 1587:Central to Mapuche 1524:), an older woman ( 1485:impersonal pronouns 1372:Pan American Energy 1226:Chilean agriculture 1219:. In this context, 1069:Battle of Mataquito 1056:Battle of Marihueñu 977:south-central Chile 973:Straits of Magellan 929:reached Chile from 870:state organizations 619:Moluche or Nguluche 604:meaning "pure" and 159:Araucanized groups: 116:Jehovah's Witnesses 34:Mapuche women from 24: 4837:Mapuche-nation.org 3802:on 2 December 2013 3704:2014-03-12 at the 3492:Battle of Andalien 3449:Buenos Aires Times 3400:2014-11-29 at the 3381:2019-06-17 at the 3145:"El fuerte Bulnes" 3071:Vivar, Jerónimo de 3016:. 1974, pp. 98–99. 2959:Otero 2006, p. 36. 2780:2006-11-07 at the 2757:2006-11-05 at the 2751:Mapuche o Araucano 2543:Chiloé Archipelago 2397:collaborated with 2388:In popular culture 2331:Ricardo E. Latcham 2315:Nicolás Avellaneda 2286: 2258: 2240:colonial relations 2138:War of the Pacific 2089:civilizing mission 2074: 2004:wife as a couple ( 1945:Elicura Chihuailaf 1845: 1835:Mapuche silverwork 1801: 1738: 1696: 1624: 1510: 1462: 1401:) Mapuche learned 1260: 1194:Strait of Magellan 1174: 1145:Chiloé Archipelago 1133:Santa Cruz de Oñez 1121:Battle of Curalaba 1097: 969: 965:Pedro Subercaseaux 900: 823: 725:Araucaria araucana 610:meaning "people". 472: 444:conquered Puelmapu 440:occupied Araucanía 389:Chiloé Archipelago 303:Chiloé Archipelago 274:[maˈputʃe] 5378: 5377: 5358: 5357: 5335:Las Canoas (1793) 5181:Weichán Auka Mapu 4777:978-3-11-019558-3 4764:978-0-292-71658-2 4712:978-87-91563-37-9 4644:Memoria Americana 4315:978-0-8135-4799-2 4143:Palacios, Nicolás 4115:978-956-7019-83-0 4090:978-956-7019-83-0 3991:978-0-292-71659-9 3720:clava cefalomorfa 3613:978-0-253-21559-8 3586:978-0-292-71659-9 3552:978-1-57607-645-3 3406:Sounds and colors 3352:"Redireccionando" 3184:(1995 ed.). 3182:Historia de Chile 3178:Silva G., Osvaldo 3083:on April 28, 2012 2679:(Subscription or 2645:(Subscription or 2469:Hearts of Iron IV 2146:scientific racist 2060:Raymond Monvoisin 1818:clava cefalomorfa 1437:Mapuche languages 1325:Valdivian forests 1196:in 1843, settled 1060:Governor Villagra 1052:Battle of Tucapel 1023:akin to the Inca 981:Mapuche territory 927:Pedro de Valdivia 559:Alonso de Ercilla 285:and southwestern 277:) are a group of 221: 220: 182: 181: 5433: 5406:Society of Chile 5368: 5367: 5290: 5284:Mapuche conflict 5214:Spanish invasion 4936: 4886: 4879: 4872: 4863: 4847:Mapulink website 4803: 4790: 4639: 4546: 4507: 4506: 4504: 4503: 4488: 4482: 4481: 4479: 4478: 4463: 4457: 4456: 4454: 4453: 4447: 4438: 4432: 4431: 4429: 4427: 4411: 4396: 4395: 4361: 4353: 4347: 4346: 4344: 4342: 4326: 4320: 4319: 4301: 4292: 4291: 4273: 4267: 4266: 4260: 4255: 4253: 4245: 4243: 4241: 4229: 4223: 4222: 4220: 4196: 4187: 4181: 4180: 4178: 4177: 4157: 4151: 4150: 4139: 4133: 4128:Ericka Beckman, 4126: 4120: 4119: 4101: 4095: 4094: 4076: 4070: 4067: 4061: 4060: 4057:Tiempo Histórico 4052: 4043: 4042: 4027: 4021: 4014: 4005: 4002: 3996: 3995: 3975: 3969: 3966: 3960: 3957: 3951: 3950: 3948: 3947: 3938:. 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Archived from 2703: 2691: 2685: 2684: 2676: 2664: 2657: 2651: 2650: 2642: 2630: 2623: 2617: 2616: 2614: 2612: 2597: 2591: 2590: 2588: 2587: 2572: 2555: 2552: 2546: 2539: 2524: 2519: 2518: 2517: 2374:National Renewal 2366:Chilean Congress 2328: 2312: 2302: 2216:domestic workers 2201: 2194:Nicolás Palacios 2142:Nicolás Palacios 2132: 2125:Nicolás Palacios 2015: 2009: 2003: 1997: 1991: 1985: 1979: 1972: 1966: 1960: 1910: 1902: 1894: 1888: 1820: 1814: 1812:clava mere okewa 1808: 1790:clava mere okewa 1758:Neuquén Province 1724:Mapuche textiles 1709: 1693: 1692: 1651: 1643: 1635: 1618:The daughter of 1598: 1584:(evil spirits). 1583: 1575: 1567: 1561: 1550: 1541: 1535: 1529: 1523: 1517: 1497:Mapuche religion 1455: 1409:in war from the 1348:Augusto Pinochet 1310: 1284:Mapuche conflict 1182:Welsh immigrants 1178:Falkland Islands 979:to conquer more 975:, campaigned in 919:Diego de Almagro 915:conquest of Peru 794: 754: 738: 722: 702: 682: 664: 636: 630: 609: 603: 597: 580: 566: 556: 533: 529: 524: 523: 520: 519: 516: 513: 510: 507: 504: 501: 498: 495: 492: 489: 486: 448:Mapuche conflict 276: 271: 264: 258: 257: 254: 253: 250: 247: 244: 241: 238: 235: 184: 62:1,745,147 (2017) 44:Total population 32: 25: 5443: 5442: 5436: 5435: 5434: 5432: 5431: 5430: 5381: 5380: 5379: 5374: 5354: 5288: 5249:Guerra a muerte 5185: 5139: 5068: 4937: 4928: 4895: 4890: 4828: 4793: 4781: 4660: 4658:Further reading 4651:Arte de Mujeres 4633: 4607:Anuario INDIANA 4543: 4526: 4516: 4511: 4510: 4501: 4499: 4490: 4489: 4485: 4476: 4474: 4473:. 11 March 2018 4465: 4464: 4460: 4451: 4449: 4445: 4440: 4439: 4435: 4425: 4423: 4413: 4412: 4399: 4355: 4354: 4350: 4340: 4338: 4328: 4327: 4323: 4316: 4303: 4302: 4295: 4275: 4274: 4270: 4256: 4246: 4239: 4237: 4231: 4230: 4226: 4194: 4189: 4188: 4184: 4175: 4173: 4166:Memoria Chilena 4159: 4158: 4154: 4147:La raza chilena 4141: 4140: 4136: 4127: 4123: 4116: 4103: 4102: 4098: 4091: 4078: 4077: 4073: 4068: 4064: 4054: 4053: 4046: 4031:Cayuqueo, Pedro 4029: 4028: 4024: 4015: 4008: 4003: 3999: 3992: 3977: 3976: 3972: 3967: 3963: 3958: 3954: 3945: 3943: 3933: 3932: 3928: 3919: 3915: 3902: 3898: 3885: 3881: 3876: 3872: 3857: 3848: 3843: 3839: 3834: 3827: 3822: 3815: 3805: 3803: 3799: 3784: 3779: 3778: 3771: 3743: 3742: 3727: 3716: 3712: 3706:Wayback Machine 3697: 3693: 3684: 3682: 3674: 3673: 3669: 3664: 3660: 3655: 3651: 3646: 3642: 3637: 3630: 3625: 3621: 3614: 3599: 3598: 3594: 3587: 3572: 3571: 3567: 3557: 3555: 3553: 3535: 3534: 3530: 3525: 3521: 3507: 3506: 3502: 3496:Battle of Penco 3485: 3481: 3467: 3463: 3454: 3452: 3443: 3442: 3438: 3428: 3426: 3424:The Independent 3417: 3416: 3412: 3402:Wayback Machine 3393: 3389: 3383:Wayback Machine 3374: 3370: 3361: 3359: 3350: 3349: 3345: 3340: 3336: 3313: 3312: 3308: 3303: 3299: 3294: 3290: 3281: 3277: 3272: 3268: 3263: 3259: 3254: 3250: 3245: 3241: 3236: 3232: 3222: 3220: 3214:Memoria Chilena 3208: 3207: 3203: 3196: 3172: 3171: 3167: 3157: 3155: 3149:Memoria Chilena 3143: 3142: 3138: 3133: 3129: 3124: 3117: 3112: 3108: 3103: 3099: 3086: 3084: 3069: 3068: 3064: 3059: 3052: 3042: 3040: 3034:Memoria Chilena 3028: 3027: 3020: 3011: 3002: 2997: 2990: 2985: 2981: 2976: 2972: 2967: 2963: 2958: 2954: 2949: 2945: 2932: 2931: 2927: 2922: 2918: 2877: 2876: 2869: 2861: 2854: 2845: 2843: 2834: 2833: 2829: 2820: 2819: 2815: 2806: 2805: 2801: 2794: 2790: 2784: 2782:Wayback Machine 2771: 2767: 2761: 2759:Wayback Machine 2748: 2741: 2728: 2727: 2723: 2714: 2712: 2708: 2701: 2693: 2692: 2688: 2678: 2659: 2658: 2654: 2644: 2625: 2624: 2620: 2610: 2608: 2599: 2598: 2594: 2585: 2583: 2574: 2573: 2569: 2564: 2559: 2558: 2553: 2549: 2540: 2536: 2531: 2520: 2515: 2513: 2483: 2448:Inés of My Soul 2428:Civilization VI 2403:textile weaving 2395:Anita Paillamil 2390: 2382:Socialist Party 2358: 2356:Modern politics 2278: 2203: 2198:La raza chilena 2191: 2177: 2134: 2129:La raza chilena 2122: 2052: 2026: 1953: 1925: 1837: 1831: 1782: 1780:Clava hand-club 1726: 1720: 1710:is the Mapuche 1701: 1680: 1674: 1609:medicinal herbs 1499: 1493: 1481:Chilean Spanish 1453:Familia Mapuche 1445: 1439: 1405:and the use of 1397:already worked 1380: 1292: 1286: 1280: 1278:Modern conflict 1268:wood extraction 1190:Puna de Atacama 1163: 1153: 911: 905: 885:Reloncaví Sound 838: 828: 808: 806:Mapuche history 802: 741:Coastal Mapuche 531: 527: 483: 479: 460: 415:, and northern 357:Spanish arrival 355:At the time of 311:Argentine pampa 269: 262: 232: 228: 178: 114:(less common), 93: 39: 20: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5441: 5440: 5437: 5429: 5428: 5423: 5418: 5413: 5408: 5403: 5398: 5393: 5383: 5382: 5376: 5375: 5363: 5360: 5359: 5356: 5355: 5353: 5352: 5350:Coz Coz (1907) 5347: 5342: 5340:Tapihue (1825) 5337: 5332: 5330:Negrete (1793) 5327: 5325:Negrete (1726) 5322: 5320:Malloco (1671) 5317: 5312: 5310:Quillín (1647) 5307: 5305:Quillín (1641) 5302: 5300:Paicaví (1612) 5296: 5294: 5287: 5286: 5281: 5276: 5271: 5266: 5261: 5256: 5251: 5246: 5241: 5236: 5231: 5226: 5221: 5216: 5211: 5206: 5201: 5195: 5193: 5187: 5186: 5184: 5183: 5178: 5173: 5168: 5163: 5158: 5153: 5147: 5145: 5141: 5140: 5138: 5137: 5132: 5127: 5122: 5117: 5112: 5107: 5102: 5097: 5092: 5087: 5082: 5076: 5074: 5073:Related groups 5070: 5069: 5067: 5066: 5061: 5056: 5051: 5046: 5041: 5036: 5031: 5026: 5021: 5016: 5011: 5006: 5001: 4996: 4991: 4986: 4981: 4976: 4971: 4966: 4961: 4956: 4951: 4945: 4943: 4939: 4938: 4931: 4929: 4927: 4926: 4921: 4920: 4919: 4909: 4903: 4901: 4897: 4896: 4891: 4889: 4888: 4881: 4874: 4866: 4860: 4859: 4854: 4852:Mapuche Health 4849: 4844: 4839: 4834: 4827: 4826:External links 4824: 4823: 4822: 4815: 4804: 4791: 4789:on 2007-06-10. 4779: 4766: 4753: 4740: 4727: 4714: 4697: 4686: 4675: 4659: 4656: 4655: 4654: 4647: 4640: 4631: 4624: 4617: 4610: 4609:, 26: 233–265. 4603: 4596: 4589: 4582: 4575: 4568: 4561: 4554: 4547: 4541: 4524: 4515: 4512: 4509: 4508: 4483: 4458: 4433: 4397: 4376:10.2307/981291 4370:(3): 347–363. 4348: 4321: 4314: 4293: 4268: 4259:|journal= 4224: 4203:(in Spanish). 4182: 4169:(in Spanish). 4152: 4134: 4121: 4114: 4096: 4089: 4071: 4062: 4044: 4022: 4006: 3997: 3990: 3970: 3961: 3952: 3926: 3913: 3896: 3879: 3870: 3868:, 35, 139–149. 3846: 3837: 3825: 3813: 3769: 3725: 3710: 3691: 3667: 3658: 3656:Méndez, 2009b. 3649: 3640: 3628: 3619: 3612: 3592: 3585: 3565: 3551: 3528: 3519: 3512:(in Spanish). 3500: 3479: 3461: 3436: 3410: 3387: 3368: 3343: 3334: 3306: 3297: 3288: 3275: 3266: 3257: 3248: 3239: 3230: 3216:(in Spanish). 3201: 3194: 3165: 3151:(in Spanish). 3136: 3127: 3115: 3106: 3097: 3062: 3050: 3036:(in Spanish). 3018: 3000: 2988: 2979: 2970: 2961: 2952: 2943: 2925: 2916: 2867: 2852: 2827: 2813: 2799: 2788: 2765: 2739: 2721: 2686: 2652: 2618: 2592: 2566: 2565: 2563: 2560: 2557: 2556: 2547: 2533: 2532: 2530: 2527: 2526: 2525: 2510: 2509: 2504: 2499: 2494: 2489: 2487:Guaraní people 2482: 2479: 2478: 2477: 2465: 2462: 2455: 2452:Isabel Allende 2444: 2419: 2410: 2389: 2386: 2357: 2354: 2277: 2274: 2242:of servitude. 2234:. Sociologist 2224:nanas mapuches 2178: 2176: 2173: 2111: 2051: 2048: 2025: 2022: 1952: 1951:Cogender views 1949: 1929:oral tradition 1924: 1921: 1833:Main article: 1830: 1827: 1781: 1778: 1746:archaeological 1722:Main article: 1719: 1716: 1700: 1697: 1676:Main article: 1673: 1670: 1495:Main article: 1492: 1489: 1441:Main article: 1438: 1435: 1379: 1376: 1282:Main article: 1279: 1276: 1244:Ward Churchill 1152: 1149: 907:Main article: 904: 901: 844:Troops of the 827: 824: 804:Main article: 801: 798: 797: 796: 784: 783:) were Nagche. 744: 728: 704: 684: 666: 459: 456: 450:over land and 442:and Argentina 421:Araucanization 219: 218: 213: 209: 208: 203: 199: 198: 193: 189: 188: 180: 179: 177: 176: 156: 144:, Lafquenche, 127: 124: 123: 119: 118: 112:Evangelicalism 100: 99: 95: 94: 92: 91: 86: 80: 77: 76: 72: 71: 70:145,783 (2022) 68: 64: 63: 60: 56: 55: 51: 50: 46: 45: 41: 40: 33: 18: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5439: 5438: 5427: 5424: 5422: 5419: 5417: 5414: 5412: 5409: 5407: 5404: 5402: 5399: 5397: 5394: 5392: 5389: 5388: 5386: 5373: 5372: 5361: 5351: 5348: 5346: 5345:Toltén (1869) 5343: 5341: 5338: 5336: 5333: 5331: 5328: 5326: 5323: 5321: 5318: 5316: 5313: 5311: 5308: 5306: 5303: 5301: 5298: 5297: 5295: 5291: 5285: 5282: 5280: 5279:1881 uprising 5277: 5275: 5272: 5270: 5267: 5265: 5262: 5260: 5257: 5255: 5252: 5250: 5247: 5245: 5244:1766 uprising 5242: 5240: 5239:1723 uprising 5237: 5235: 5232: 5230: 5227: 5225: 5222: 5220: 5217: 5215: 5212: 5210: 5207: 5205: 5204:Inca invasion 5202: 5200: 5197: 5196: 5194: 5192: 5188: 5182: 5179: 5177: 5174: 5172: 5169: 5167: 5164: 5162: 5159: 5157: 5154: 5152: 5149: 5148: 5146: 5142: 5136: 5133: 5131: 5128: 5126: 5123: 5121: 5118: 5116: 5113: 5111: 5108: 5106: 5103: 5101: 5098: 5096: 5093: 5091: 5088: 5086: 5083: 5081: 5078: 5077: 5075: 5071: 5065: 5062: 5060: 5057: 5055: 5052: 5050: 5047: 5045: 5042: 5040: 5037: 5035: 5032: 5030: 5027: 5025: 5022: 5020: 5017: 5015: 5012: 5010: 5007: 5005: 5002: 5000: 4997: 4995: 4992: 4990: 4987: 4985: 4982: 4980: 4977: 4975: 4972: 4970: 4967: 4965: 4962: 4960: 4957: 4955: 4952: 4950: 4947: 4946: 4944: 4940: 4935: 4925: 4922: 4918: 4915: 4914: 4913: 4910: 4908: 4905: 4904: 4902: 4898: 4894: 4887: 4882: 4880: 4875: 4873: 4868: 4867: 4864: 4858: 4855: 4853: 4850: 4848: 4845: 4843: 4840: 4838: 4835: 4833: 4830: 4829: 4825: 4820: 4816: 4813: 4809: 4805: 4801: 4797: 4796:"Araucanians" 4792: 4788: 4784: 4780: 4778: 4774: 4770: 4767: 4765: 4761: 4757: 4754: 4752: 4751:0-8130-2938-4 4748: 4744: 4741: 4739: 4738:0-8223-3585-9 4735: 4731: 4728: 4726: 4725:0-8223-2934-4 4722: 4718: 4715: 4713: 4709: 4705: 4701: 4698: 4695: 4691: 4687: 4684: 4680: 4676: 4673: 4669: 4668: 4662: 4661: 4657: 4652: 4648: 4645: 4641: 4637: 4632: 4629: 4625: 4622: 4618: 4615: 4611: 4608: 4604: 4602:, 4, 1:11–53. 4601: 4597: 4594: 4590: 4587: 4583: 4580: 4576: 4573: 4569: 4566: 4562: 4559: 4555: 4553:, 9: 375–381. 4552: 4548: 4544: 4542:956-282-232-X 4538: 4534: 4533:LOM Ediciones 4530: 4525: 4522: 4518: 4517: 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