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and fell in a trance where the spirits would tell him how to treat the patient. On occasion, the three kinds of doctors would meet to solve a problem in a meeting called a "Thauman". Apart from the three kinds of doctors previously mentioned, there were two further kinds of surgeons. The cupove was a
125:
They have great knowledge of healing through herbs and plants. They use this knowledge to help restore health when people suffer from different illnesses. The
Lawentuchefe are not shamans and sometimes are confused with the Machi, but the Lawentuchefe do not have mystical knowledge. Their function is
26:
of southern Chile. It is essentially magical-religious in nature, believing disease to be caused by supernatural factors such as spells and curable by treatments based on rituals, thermal waters and herbs. Knowledge of medicinal herbs is one of the best-known elements of
Mapuche medicine and is still
177:
leaves in the centre in the corner of a small hut called a ruka , and prepares a goat for sacrifice there. Women sang mournful songs while the machi spread tobacco smoke through the room and got ready to sacrifice the animal. The goat's heart was cut out and placed it in the canelo leaves, and then
144:
and advised patients on which water source to help their illness. They successfully carried out minor surgery on fractures and small tumours and also had knowledge of medicinal plants, knowing specifically which plant, and which specific part of that plant, should be used to take best advantage of
39:
was also commonplace and used as a treatment for many conditions. In
Mapuche culture, it was done by making small cuts with a very sharp stone called a "guincubue" to draw blood, then covering the cut with an astringent or herbal mix. Bloodletting was also used by parents on children to make them
191:
There are several government programs today which aim to integrate traditional mapuche medicine with
Western medicine. They look to incorporate the cultural aspects of Mapuche medicine into modern Western techniques and in this way facilitate bringing modern techniques into Mapuche communities.
139:
The machi (Mapuche shaman) was a combination of a priest and a healer. Mapuche people visited the machi only after other healers had been unable to cure their condition. They had rudimentary knowledge of human anatomy and, though unable to form a diagnosis based on disparate symptoms such as
34:
as a treatment, which was developed to treat wounds and traumas suffered in the frequent battles between tribes. Fractures and dislocations of bones were treated by immobilising and covering the limbs with pastes and ointments made of medicinal herbs. As in Europe, the practice of the
126:
limited to herbalism and its applications to heal sickness. The state of the native forests have put the
Lawentuchefes in a hard place because of the loss of the medical flora (lawen). This is also producing the loss of the Lawentuchefes in the communities.
168:
If a machi had tried all conventional treatments without success a machitĂșn ceremony would be tried, where the machi communicates with the spiritual world in order to find a diagnosis and a cure. For the machitĂșn, the machi places a bunch of
192:
Examples include the "Programa de Salud
Mapuche" (Mapuche Health Program) and the "Mesa Local (PROMAP)" (PROMAP Local Board). The latter aims specifically to incorporate Mapuche views on health and environmental issues into its work.
114:
These were empirical doctors with procedures based on observation, who used simple remedies and techniques. They knew how to take the blood pressure and make basic diagnoses. Their treatments were based mainly on the use of medicinal
223:{Spanish} ZĂșñiga S. Algunos aspectos de las costumbres y reseña del cuidado del niño entre los antiguos araucanos. Ars MĂ©dica. Revista de Estudios MĂ©dicos HumanĂsticos 2001; 141-150, retrieved December 5, 2013
75:. The Mapuche had no written language and their knowledge was transmitted orally. Most of their traditions and culture, including their medical knowledge, were documented for the first time by the European
250:
Latcham, E. Ricardo. La organizaciĂłn social y creencias religiosas de los antiguos araucanos. Publicaciones del Museo de
EtnologĂa y AntropologĂa de Chile. Tomo III. Imprenta Cervantes, Santiago, 1924
104:
These were methodical doctors who believed that disease was caused by insects and worms. They worked to cure epidemic disease among the
Mapuche which mainly arose after the arrival of the Spanish.
149:
If a patient did not recover from any of these methods, the last resort was the performance of a magic ritual called "MachitĂșn". Machis also served as advisors and oracles for their community.
140:
vomiting, fever or cramps, they were able to treat some monosymptomatic diseases like scabies, sciatica or gout with good results. They had a deep understanding of the benefits of
1270:
43:
Hygiene was very important in
Mapuche life. They were very clean and tidy, bathing every day in nearby streams or rivers, regardless of weather conditions. The bark of the
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pathologist who would examine corpses to determine the disease and cause of death and the gutave was a surgeon expert at treating wounds, ulcers and many kinds of wounds.
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Cruz-Coke, Ricardo. Historia de la medicina chilena. Primera edición. Santiago de Chile: Andrés Bello, 1995, retrieved
December 05, 2013
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47:, which is very common in the local area, was used as soap (and is still used today in some commercial beauty products).
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the machi simulated penetrating the patient's abdomen in a search of the "magic poison". Finally, the machi played the
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lighter, more agile and more capable of working and fighting, as it was thought that their blood was salty and heavy.
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There were three main categories of doctors or healers in Mapuche medicine: the vileus, the ampiver and the machis.
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The Mapuche people came about as the result of the mingling of two cultures: the
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572:
501:
30:
One of the most striking aspects of historical Mapuche medicine was the use of
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211:{English} subtitles, Living Atlas Chile, retrieved December 07, 2013
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81:
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63:, with the indigenous inhabitants of the region between the
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is the system of medical treatment historically used by the
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300:Website of the Kingdom of Araucania and Patagonia
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262:redsalud.gov.cl , retrieved December 07, 2013
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283:Mapuche International Link official website
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851:
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276:Mapuche herbalist on livingatlaschile.com
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1669:Indigenous peoples of the Southern Cone
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1160:Medicine in the medieval Islamic world
909:Traditional healers of Southern Africa
7:
1113:Medieval medicine of Western Europe
979:Traditional Alaska Native medicine
712:Kingdom of Araucania and Patagonia
14:
609:FederaciĂłn Mapuche de Estudiantes
1644:List of plants used in herbalism
1233:
1232:
922:
813:
812:
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1679:Indigenous peoples in Argentina
1192:History of alternative medicine
1077:Traditional Vietnamese medicine
1047:Sri Lankan traditional medicine
1067:Traditional Mongolian medicine
944:Brazilian traditional medicine
1:
1239:Category:Traditional medicine
619:Resistencia Ancestral Mapuche
1072:Traditional Tibetan medicine
1057:Traditional Chinese medicine
1015:Iranian traditional medicine
949:Chumash traditional medicine
899:Traditional African medicine
599:Consejo de Todas las Tierras
260:Ministerio de salud de Chile
1684:Indigenous peoples in Chile
1062:Traditional Korean medicine
707:Desert Campaign (1833â1834)
682:Araucanization of Patagonia
604:Coordinadora Arauco-Malleco
16:System of medical treatment
1715:
904:Traditional Hausa medicine
145:their medicinal qualities.
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1279:Medicinal herbs and fungi
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1052:Traditional Thai medicine
920:
874:Ancient Egyptian medicine
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91:Different kind of healers
1108:Medicine in ancient Rome
722:Occupation of AraucanĂa
209:Mapuche herbal medicine
1689:Pre-Columbian cultures
1602:Doctrine of signatures
1098:Ancient Greek medicine
1005:Georgian folk medicine
717:Conquest of the Desert
702:Camino de los chilenos
187:Mapuche medicine today
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87:
614:Mapuche football team
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86:Mapuche Machis (1903)
85:
59:, from what today is
1694:Traditional medicine
1597:Alternative medicine
1212:Prehistoric medicine
1150:Alternative medicine
860:Traditional medicine
592:Extant organizations
156:MachitĂșn Mapuche by
1520:Echigoshirayukidake
657:Battle of the Maule
462:RĂŒxafe (silverwork)
1576:Japanese herbology
1554:Regional practices
1103:Byzantine medicine
290:Mapuche-nation.org
161:
88:
51:Historical context
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1650:
1571:Islamic herbology
1561:Chinese herbology
1429:Purple coneflower
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879:Tabernanthe iboga
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806:
805:
783:Las Canoas (1793)
629:WeichĂĄn Auka Mapu
173:leaves with some
61:Argentina's Pampa
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1674:Society of Chile
1632:Medicinal plants
1590:Related subjects
1581:Korean herbology
1566:Indian herbology
1525:Lingzhi mushroom
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964:Mapuche medicine
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1510:Almond mushroom
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1185:herbs and fungi
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1042:Siddha medicine
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914:YorĂčbĂĄ medicine
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697:Guerra a muerte
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77:conquistadors
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58:
50:
48:
46:
45:Quillaja tree
41:
38:
33:
28:
25:
21:
1642:
1484:White willow
1454:Tea tree oil
1404:Marsh-mallow
1312:Asthma-plant
1237:
1202:Mithridatism
1000:Dhivehi beys
963:
817:
763:Boroa (1651)
431:
255:
246:
204:
190:
167:
148:
94:
54:
42:
37:bloodletting
29:
27:used today.
19:
18:
1607:Herb garden
1414:Opium poppy
1327:medical use
1207:Naturopathy
1175:Health care
741:Parliaments
624:Wallmapuwen
502:We Tripantu
175:canelo tree
142:hot springs
1658:Categories
1627:Homeopathy
1617:Herbal tea
1469:Umckaloabo
1444:Star anise
1424:Peppermint
1389:Lemon balm
1384:Goldenseal
1317:Astragalus
1155:Apothecary
667:Arauco War
558:Promaucaes
397:Aillarehue
365:Placenames
360:Mapudungun
196:References
158:Claude Gay
71:rivers in
1699:Herbalism
1622:Herbalism
1394:Liquorice
1354:Fenugreek
1349:Chaparral
1344:Chamomile
1297:Aloe vera
1217:Shamanism
1165:Electuary
959:Kallawaya
954:Curandero
583:Tehuelche
553:Pehuenche
543:Mapochoes
538:Huilliche
442:Mythology
407:Chemamull
402:Butalmapu
372:TsesungĂșn
355:Huilliche
1545:Shiitake
1474:Valerian
1464:Turmeric
1434:Rosemary
1399:Marigold
1364:Flaxseed
1359:Feverfew
1339:Cardamom
1322:Cannabis
1307:Borututu
1197:Humorism
995:Ayurveda
932:Americas
894:Saltigue
819:Category
568:Picunche
528:Boroanos
507:Wenufoye
492:Weichafe
472:Textiles
467:Religion
447:Polygamy
437:Military
432:Medicine
348:Language
164:MachitĂșn
109:Ampiver:
1535:Meshima
1530:Maitake
1494:Za'atar
1479:Verbena
1419:Oregano
1379:Ginseng
1334:Caraway
1292:Alfalfa
1222:Theriac
1145:Alchemy
1122:Oceania
1020:Ancient
672:Slavery
639:History
578:Ranquel
563:Puelche
548:Moluche
512:WĂŒnelfe
390:Culture
341:Mapuche
180:cultrĂșn
99:Vileus:
69:BĂo BĂo
32:surgery
1612:Herbal
1489:Yarrow
1374:Ginkgo
1369:Ginger
1091:Europe
1037:Ramuan
889:Nganga
867:Africa
647:Origin
533:Cuncos
497:Werkén
171:laurel
115:herbs.
65:Toltén
1503:Fungi
1459:Thyme
1302:Anise
1285:Herbs
1138:Other
1032:Kampo
1010:Hilot
677:MalĂłn
487:Wampu
482:Ulmen
452:Rehue
427:Machi
422:Lonko
412:Kalku
132:Machi
73:Chile
1439:Sage
1409:Neem
1027:Jamu
988:Asia
884:Muti
573:Poya
477:Toki
457:Ruka
417:Kuel
67:and
1660::
228:^
216:^
79:.
1272:e
1265:t
1258:v
852:e
845:t
838:v
333:e
326:t
319:v
134::
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