Mapuche - Knowledge (XXG)

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bands, and belts for regular use. Many of the fabrics are woven for trade, and in many cases, are an important source of income for families. Glazed pots are used to dye the wool. Many Mapuche women continue to weave fabrics according to the customs of their ancestors and transmit their knowledge in the same way: within domestic life, from mother to daughter, and from grandmothers to granddaughters. This form of learning is based on gestural imitation, and only rarely, and when strictly necessary, the apprentice receives explicit instructions or help from their instructors. Knowledge is transmitted as the fabric is woven, the weaving and transmission of knowledge go together.

1366:, use multiple tactics with the more extreme occurrences such as the burning of homes, churches, vehicles, structures, and pastures, which at times included causing deaths and threats to specific targets. As of 2005, protesters from Mapuche communities have used these tactics against properties of both multinational forestry corporations and private individuals. In 2010 the Mapuche launched many hunger strikes in attempts to effect change in the anti-terrorism legislation. As of 2019, the Chilean government committed human rights abuses against the Mapuche based on Israeli military techniques and surveillance according to the French website Orin21. 2066: 1513: 1626: 1796: 1177: 964: 2257: 1740: 1097: 906: 2527: 1694: 474: 1851: 4945: 5377: 2292: 1783:

those goods that they did not produce or held in high esteem, such as horses. Tissue volumes made by Aboriginal women and marketed in the Araucanía and the north of Patagonia Argentina were considerable and constituted a vital economic resource for indigenous families. The production of fabrics in the time before European settlement was intended for uses beyond domestic consumption.

1459: 1313:. In 2003, the Commission for Historical Truth and New Treatments issued a report to defuse tensions calling for drastic changes in Chile's treatment of its indigenous people, more than 80% of whom are Mapuche. The recommendations included the formal recognition of political and "territorial" rights for indigenous peoples, as well as efforts to promote their cultural identities. 1262: 3509:. Copper metallurgy was flourishing in South America, particularly in Peru, from around the beginning of the 1st millennium AD. The Mapuche may have learned copper metal working from their prior interaction with the Inca Empire or prior Peruvian cultures, or it may have been a native craft that developed independently in the region (copper being common in Chile). 822: 1061:. The Spanish garrison was unable to withstand the assault and retreated to Purén. Lautaro seized and burned the fort and prepared his army certain that the Spaniards would attempt to retake Tucapel. Valdivia mounted a counter-attack, but he was quickly surrounded. He and his army was massacred by the Mapuches in the 1679:

significant part of the Mapuche traditional culture. To varying degrees, this history of resistance continues to this day amongst the Mapuche. At the same time, a large majority of Mapuche in Chile identify with the state as Chilean, similar to a large majority in Argentina identifying as Argentines.

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In the 300-year co-existence between the Spanish colonies and the relatively well-delineated autonomous Mapuche regions, the Mapuche also developed a strong tradition of trading with Spaniards, Argentines, and Chileans. Such trade lies at the heart of the Mapuche silver-working tradition, for Mapuche

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has claimed that the Mapuche population dropped from a total of half a million to 25,000 within a generation as a result of the occupation and its associated famine and disease. The conquest of Wallmapu caused numerous Mapuches to be displaced and forced to roam in search of shelter and food. Scholar

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The Mapuche women were responsible for spinning and weaving. Knowledge of both weaving techniques and textile patterns particular to the locality was usually transmitted within the family, with mothers, grandmothers, and aunts teaching a girl the skills they had learned from their elders. Women who

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standing, 35% of the supporters of right-wing parties, 36% of Protestants, and 26% of Catholics were prejudiced against indigenous peoples in Chile. In contrast, only 8% of those who attended university, 16% of supporters of left-wing parties, and 19% of people aged 18–29 were prejudiced. Specific

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In the late eighteenth century and early nineteenth century, Mapuche silversmithing activity and artistic diversity reached its climax. All important Mapuche chiefs of the nineteenth century are supposed to have had at least one silversmith. By 1984 Mapuche scholar Carlos Aldunate noted that there

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At present, the fabrics woven by the Mapuche continue to be used for domestic purposes, as well as for gift, sale, or barter. Most Mapuche women and their families now wear garments with foreign designs and tailored with materials of industrial origin, but they continue to weave ponchos, blankets,

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In addition, the Mapuche used their textiles as an important surplus and an exchange trading good. Numerous sixteenth-century accounts describe their bartering the textiles with other indigenous peoples, and with colonists in newly developed settlements. Such trading enabled the Mapuche to obtain

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The Mapuche have incorporated the remembered history of their long independence and resistance from 1540 (Spanish and then Chileans and Argentines) and of the treaty with the Chilean and Argentine governments in the 1870s. Memories, stories, and beliefs, often very local and particularized, are a

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Contemporary attitudes towards Mapuches on the part of non-indigenous people in Chile are highly individual and heterogeneous. Nevertheless, a considerable part of the non-indigenous people in Chile have a prejudiced and discriminatory attitude towards Mapuche. In a 2003 study, it was found that

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The country has with satisfaction seen the problem of the reduction of the whole Araucanía solved. This event, so important to our social and political life, and so significant for the future of the republic, has ended, happily and with costly and painful sacrifices. Today the whole Araucanía is

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and his troops while they rested without taking any precautions against attack. Almost all the Spaniards died, save a cleric named Bartolomé Pérez, who was taken prisoner, and a soldier named Bernardo de Pereda. The Mapuche then initiated a general uprising that destroyed all the cities in their

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Archaeological finds have shown that Mapuche culture existed in Chile and Argentina as early as 600 to 500 BC. Genetically the Mapuche differ from the adjacent indigenous peoples of Patagonia. This suggests a "different origin or long-lasting separation of Mapuche and Patagonian populations".

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This is an object associated with masculine power. It consists of a disk with an attached handle; the edge of the disc usually has a semicircular recess. In many cases, the face portrayed on the disc carries incised designs. The handle is cylindrical, generally with a larger diameter at its

1622:. As biodiversity in the Chilean countryside has declined due to commercial agriculture and forestry, the dissemination of such knowledge has also declined, but the Mapuche people are reviving it in their communities. Machis have an extensive knowledge of sacred stones and sacred animals. 1562:, which loosely translates as "to pray" or "general prayer". These ceremonies are often major communal events that are of extreme spiritual and social importance. Many other ceremonies are practiced, and not all are for public or communal participation but are sometimes limited to family. 2094:

at the coast of Araucanía in 1849 are considered an "inflection point" or "point of no return" in the relations between Mapuches and the Chilean state. It cemented views of Mapuches as brutal barbarians and showed in the view of many that Chilean authorities' earlier goodwill was naive.

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Rey, Diego; Parga-Lozano, Carlos; Moscoso, Juan; Areces, Cristina; Enriquez-de-Salamanca, Mercedes; Fernández-Honrado, Mercedes; Abd-El-Fatah-Khalil, Sedeka; Alonso-Rubio, Javier; Arnaiz-Villena, Antonio (2013). "HLA genetic profile of Mapuche (Araucanian) Amerindians from Chile".

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Following the independence of Chile in the 1810s, the Mapuche began to be perceived as Chilean by other Chileans, contrasting with previous perceptions of them as a separate people or nation. However, not everybody agreed; 19th-century Argentine writer and president

1487:. Linguists estimate that only about 200,000 full-fluency speakers remain in Chile. The language receives only token support in the educational system. In recent years, it has started to be taught in rural schools of Bío-Bío, Araucanía, and Los Lagos Regions. 1077:

and destroyed it, he also returned to Concepción, rebuilt by the Spanish and destroyed it again. In 1557 Lautaro headed with his army to destroy Santiago, fighting numerous battles with the Spanish along the way, but he and his army were devastated in the

2056:) there is a piece of land that is not a province, its language is different, it is inhabited by other people and it can still be said that it is not part of Chile. Yes, Chile is the name of the country over where its flag waves and its laws are obeyed. 1866:

that decreased hostilities between Spaniards and Mapuches and allowed trade to increase between colonial Chile and the free Mapuches. In this context of increasing trade Mapuches began in the late eighteenth century to accept payments in

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excelled in the textile arts were highly honored for their accomplishments and contributed economically and culturally to their kinship group. A measure of the importance of weaving is evident in the expectation that a man gives a larger

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to control political dissidents. The law allows prosecutors to withhold evidence from the defense for up to six months and to conceal the identity of witnesses, who may give evidence in court behind screens. Insurgent groups, such as the

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of Mapuche ethnicities. Historical denominations no longer in use are shown with white fields. Groups that adopted Mapuche language and culture or that have partial Mapuche descent are shown in the periphery of the main magenta-colored

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Mapuche's strong connections with Chile. This gave Chile a certain influence over the Pampas. Argentine authorities feared that in an eventual war with Chile over Patagonia, Mapuches would align themselves with Chile. In this context,

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Part of the Mapuche ritual is prayer and animal sacrifice, required to maintain the cosmic balance. This belief has continued to current times. In 1960, for example, a machi sacrificed a young boy, throwing him into the water after an

2178:(1861–1883) and the War of the Pacific, Chile had incorporated territories with new indigenous populations. Mapuches obtained relatively favourable views as "primordial" Chileans contrasting with other indigenous peoples like the 1234:

began to be conquered by Argentina and Chile due to two reasons. First, the Argentinean and Chilean states aimed for territorial continuity, and second it remained the sole place for Argentinean livestock to expand and

1158:, all Chilean territory south of the Bíobío River was freed from Spanish rule. In this period the Mapuche Nation crossed the Andes to conquer the present Argentine provinces of Chubut, Neuquen, La Pampa, and Río Negro. 3408: 3362: 1984:

were first described in Spanish in a chronicle of 1673. Among the Mapuche, "the spirits are interested in machi's gendered discourses and performances, not in the sex under the machi's clothes". In attracting the

2363:, emboldened by European-descent supporters, who "lack any right for their claims and violence, not only for NOT being most of them Araucanians , but also because they do not rank among our indigenous peoples". 2486:

and with respective focus trees, either restore the kingdom of Araucania and Patagonia, with recognized Mapuche minority or have Mapuche coup and liberate the Native Americans from both North and South American

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chain and other leading wood importers agreeing to revise their purchasing policies to "provide for the protection of native forests in Chile". Some Mapuche leaders want stronger protections for the forests.

883:. Their contact with the Incas gave them a collective awareness distinguishing between them and the invaders and uniting them into loose geo-political units despite their lack of state organization. 1393:

At the time of the arrival of Europeans, the Mapuche organized and constructed a network of forts and defensive buildings. Ancient Mapuche also built ceremonial constructions such as some earthwork

879:, or somewhere between Santiago and the Maule River. Thus the bulk of the Mapuche escaped Inca rule. Through their contact with Incan invaders Mapuches would have for the first time met people with 956:, who had defeated the Inca governor Quilicanta. It would be the same Michimalonco who would lead the Picunche resistance against the Spanish between 1541 and 1545. His most famous stain is the 304:. The collective term refers to a wide-ranging ethnicity composed of various groups who share a common social, religious, and economic structure, as well as a common linguistic heritage as 2324:

Mapuches were presented as Chileans who were bound to return to Chile. Mapuches were thus indirectly considered foreign enemies. Such a notion fitted well with the expansionist designs of

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claims to have the goal of a "national liberation" of Mapuche, with their regaining sovereignty over their lands. Reportedly there is a tendency among female Mapuche activists to reject

1553:. Also, Mapuche cosmology is informed by complex notions of spirits that coexist with humans and animals in the natural world, and daily circumstances can dictate spiritual practices. 1057:, because he had served as an auxiliary to the Spanish cavalry; he created the first Mapuche cavalry corps. With six thousand warriors under his command, Lautaro attacked the fort at 636:, at other times, exclusively to the Moluche or Nguluche from Araucanía. However, Mapuche is a relatively recent endonym meaning "People of the Earth" or "Children of the Land", with 1219: 457:. Since then the Mapuche have become subjects, and later nationals and citizens of the respective states. Today, many Mapuche and Chilean communities are engaged in the so-called 40: 3405: 3366: 936:. Discouraged by the ferocity of the Mapuches, and the apparent lack of gold and silver in these lands, Almagro decided its full retreat the following year to Peru. In 1541, 1373:

site in Neuquen, one of the biggest shale-oil and shale-gas deposits in the world, has produced waste dumps of sludge waste, polluting the environment close to the town of

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often included unmelted silver coins, something that has helped modern researchers to date the objects. The bulk of the Spanish silver coins originated from mining in

1150:, and Villarrica were either destroyed or abandoned. The city of Castro was taken by a Dutch-Mapuche alliance in 1599, but reconquered by the Spanish in 1600. Only 932:

set out to conquer Chile, after crossing the Itata River they were intercepted by a numerous contingent of Araucanian Mapuche armed with many bows and pikes in the

328:. Today the collective group makes up over 80% of the indigenous peoples in Chile and about 9% of the total Chilean population. The Mapuche are concentrated in the 3455: 1354: 3104:...ayer mataron al apo y todos los cristianos que con él venían, que no escapó ninguno, y todos los yanaconas de servicio, si no eran los que se habían escondido 1667:. At last, only one couple is left. A machi tells them that they must give their only child to the waters, which they do, and this restores order to the world. 1871:

for their products, usually cattle or horses. These coins and silver coins obtained in political negotiations served as raw material for Mapuche metalsmiths (

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Between 1861 and 1879 Argentina and Chile incorporated several Mapuche territories in Wallmapu. In January 1881, having Chile decisively defeated Peru in the

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for Puelmapu. The notion of Mapuches as Chileans is however an anachronism as Mapuches precede the formation of the modern state of Chile. By 1920 Argentine

1322:), the two chief forestry companies are Chilean-owned. In the past, the firms have planted hundreds of thousands of hectares with non-native species such as 3712: 1950:

have flourished. Contemporary Mapuche literature can be said to be composed of an oral tradition and Spanish-Mapudungun bilingual writings. Notable Mapuche

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Land disputes and violent confrontations continue in some Mapuche areas, particularly in the northern sections of the Araucanía region between and around

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In recent years, the crimes committed by Mapuche armed insurgents have been prosecuted under counter-terrorism legislation, originally introduced by the

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wrought their jewelry from the large and widely dispersed quantity of Spanish, Argentine, and Chilean silver coins. Mapuche also made headdresses with

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The Mapuche traditional economy is based on agriculture; their traditional social organization consists of extended families, under the direction of a

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prejudices about the Mapuche are that the Mapuches are lazy and alcoholic; to some lesser degree, Mapuche are sometimes judged antiquated and dirty.

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Pablo Miramán claims the introduction of state education during the Occupation of Wallmapu had detrimental effects on traditional Mapuche education.

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against the Mapuche, a sporadic conflict that lasted nearly 350 years. Hostility towards the conquerors was compounded by the lack of a tradition of

5421: 2151:(1879–1883) there was a rise of racial and national superiority ideas among the Chilean ruling class. It was in this context that Chilean physician 1281:. About 70% of the Mapuche Territory (Wallmapu) left in the hands of Argentina, the loss of land by Mapuches following the occupation caused severe 1123: 4426: 4604:

Quand la parenté impose, le don dispose. Organisation sociale, don et identité dans les communautés mapuche de la province de Neuquén (Argentine)

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Bacigalupo, Ana Mariella. "The Struggle for Mapuche Shamans' Masculinity: Colonial Politics of Gender, Sexuality, and Power in Southern Chile".

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At the time of the arrival of the first Spaniards to Chile, the largest indigenous population concentration was in the area spanning from the

572:, and the feats of that people in their long and interminable war against the Spanish Empire. The name is probably derived from the placename 4787: 4774: 4722: 4324: 4124: 4099: 4000: 3622: 3595: 3561: 4793: 1341:

Chile exports wood to the United States, almost all of which comes from this southern region, with an annual value of around $ 600 million.

5426: 4862: 1610:(shaman). It is usually filled by a woman, following an apprenticeship with an older machi, and has many of the characteristics typical of 4588:

Garavaglia, Juan Carlos (1986). “Los textiles de la tierra en el contexto colonial rioplatense: ¿una revolución industrial fallida?”. En:

3085: 3792: 1755:. The oldest data on textiles in the southernmost areas of the American continent (southern Chile and Argentina today) are found in some 925: 5274: 4341: 289: 2106:

called in 1861 for Mapuches to submit to Chilean state authority and "enter into reduction and civilization". When the Mapuches were

933: 4894: 4761: 4748: 4735: 4551: 3204: 2194: 2065: 1273:

In the years following the occupation the economy of Araucanía changed from being based on sheep and cattle herding to one based on

1243: 536: 430:, made contact with Mapuche groups. The Tehuelche adopted the Mapuche language and some of their culture, in what came to be called 270: 2846: 4066:

Muñoz Sougarret, Jorge (2010). "El naufragio del bergantín Joven Daniel, 1849. El indígena en el imaginario histórico de Chile".

5269: 5436: 5431: 5315: 2947:; Gordon, A. (1988). "La actividad prehispánica y su influencia en la Araucanía". In Dillehay, Tom; Netherly, Patricia (eds.). 1688: 1614:. The machi performs ceremonies for curing diseases, warding off evil, influencing weather, harvests, social interactions, and 1335: 1187:

In the nineteenth century, Argentina and Chile experienced a fast territorial expansion. Argentina established a colony at the

1135: 1771:(Argentina). researchers have found evidence of fabrics made with complex techniques and designs, dated between AD 1300–1350. 2198:

in which our indigenous ancestors are treated like savages, cruel, depraved, lacking morals, lacking warrior skills ...

4477: 3950: 3916:"The Re-Invention of Mapuche Male Shamans as Catholic Priests: Legitimizing Indigenous Co-Gender Identities in Modern Chile" 2705: 2103: 1180: 1042: 633: 446: 329: 4503: 5181: 4927: 4288: 2806: 2372: 1942:

and lacked a writing system. Since that time, a writing system for Mapudungun was developed, and Mapuche writings in both

1832:. It has some ritual importance as a special sign of distinction carried by tribal chiefs. Many kinds of clubs are known. 1192: 2299:

19th-century Argentine authorities aiming to incorporate the Pampas and Patagonia into national territory recognized the

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http://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/volltextserver/volltexte/2010/10717/pdf/Eim_Conceptualisation_of_Mapuche_Religion.pdf

4181: 3228: 3163: 3048: 2264: 5171: 4641:. Buenos Aires: Ministerio de Cultura y Educación, Secretaría de Estado de Cultura, Instituto Nacional de Antropología. 5244: 5166: 5009: 2356: 2276: 1663:(dry earth, which brings sunshine). In the deluge almost all humanity is drowned; the few not drowned survive through 1363: 825: 4609:

Mendez, Patricia (2009a). “Herencia textil, identidad indígena y recursos económicos en la Patagonia Argentina”. En:

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Méndez, Patricia (2009b). “Los tejidos indígenas en la Patagonia Argentina: cuatro siglos de comercio textilI”. En:

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The 2023 film "Sayen" depicts Mapuche villagers resisting an international mining company seeking to exploit cobalt.

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revived the idea of Mapuches being Chileans, in strong contrast with 20th-century scholars based in Chile such as

5416: 4219: 3709: 3484: 2892: 2678: 2644: 2425: 1300: 4700: 871:

there. The southern border of the Inca Empire is believed by most modern scholars to have been situated between

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during the early Spanish colonial period, due to what they referred to as their pure native blood, derived from

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features the conquest of Chile by Pedro Valdivia, and a large part of the book deals with the Mapuche Conflict.

2392: 2384: 2345: 1672: 767: 4247:(in Spanish). Universidad de Chile, Departamento de Sociología, Fundación Facultad de Ciencias Sociales: 60–74 3325: 2586: 2454:

and developing the tactics that would continue to be employed by the Mapuche during the long-running ArauIsab.

2380: 1625: 4689: 4606:(Bern etc., Peter Lang, 2011) (Publications Universitaires Européennes. Série 19 B: Ethnologie-générale, 71). 5355: 3875: 3431:"You've heard about the violence in Chile. You probably haven't about their relationship with Israel's army" 3196: 2683: 2649: 1862:

began to produce large amounts of silver finery. The surge of silversmithing activity may be related to the

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by some people. For others, the importance of the term Araucanian lies in the universality of the epic work

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Brugnoli, Paulina y Hoces de la Guardia, Soledad (1995). "Estudio de fragmentos del sitio Alboyanco". En:

3915: 2111: 1894:

The great diversity in silver finery designs is because designs were made to be identified with different

1171: 1086: 1066: 846: 454: 126: 1647:) of a major flood in which the world is destroyed and recreated. The myth involves two opposing forces: 5360: 5330: 5209: 5176: 4887: 4260: 4046:"Hernan Curiñir Lincoqueo, historiador mapuche: 'Sobre el Bicentenario chileno tenemos mucho que decir'" 2349: 2119:

subjugated, more than to the material forces, to the moral and civilizing force of the republic ...

1804: 1176: 1070: 842: 3547: 2553: 2325: 1795: 1155: 1143: 963: 399: 313: 4741:

Courage Tastes of Blood : The Mapuche Community of Nicolás Ailío and the Chilean State, 1906–2001

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Leadership from the Margins: Women and Civil Society Organizations in Argentina, Chile and El Salvador

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albeit designs associated with philosophical and spiritual concepts have not undergone major changes.

1739: 1377:, which is about 1,200km south of Buenos Aires. In 2018, the Mapuche were suing Exxon, French company 1041:

From their establishment in 1550 to 1598, the Mapuche frequently laid siege to Spanish settlements in

402:. In the seventeenth, eighteenth, and nineteenth centuries, Mapuche groups migrated eastward into the 5191: 5069: 4934: 3081: 2502: 2329: 2049: 1274: 1247: 1236: 995: 2783: 2192:

Since some four years ago a History of the Civilization in Araucanía has been published in the said

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and nationalist point of view. He considered the Mapuche superior to other tribes and the Chilean

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artist Guillermo Bert to create "Encoded Textiles," an exhibit that combined traditional mapuche

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There are various recorded instances in the nineteenth century when Mapuches were the subject of

1955: 1845: 1223: 1204: 1131: 975: 735: 462: 360: 4857: 4203:"Constitution and internal dynamics of the regional identitary in Tarapacá and Los Lagos, Chile" 2458: 2450:, a young Mapuche toqui known for leading the indigenous resistance against Spanish conquest in 1089:. Mapuche numbers decreased significantly following contact with the Spanish invaders; wars and 1045:. In 1553, the Mapuches held a council at which they resolved to make war. They chose as their " 895: 894: – that is the Mapuche heartland. The Mapuche population between Itata River and 3519:

Hurtado Cubillos, Luz Marcela (2009). "La expresión de impersonalidad en el español de Chile".

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features major characters, Fresia and Huenchur who represent her clothing attire and her tribe.

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meaning "person". It is preferred as a term when referring to the people after the Arauco War.

5224: 5019: 5004: 4783: 4770: 4757: 4744: 4731: 4718: 4547: 4320: 4120: 4095: 3996: 3807: 3618: 3591: 3557: 3406:"Mapuche hunger strike in Chile highlights the real problem facing President Sebastian Pinera" 3200: 3184: 2909: 2832: 2497: 2479: 2256: 2156: 2070: 1664: 1476: 1278: 1062: 1007: 937: 583: 569: 367: 4453: 4289:"Representación social mapuche e imaginario social no mapuche de la discriminación percibida" 4171: 3920:

Native Christians: Modes and Effects of Christianity among Indigenous Peoples of the Americas

3687: 2691: 2657: 1650: 1345:, a conservation group, has led an international campaign for preservation, resulting in the 5401: 5381: 5294: 5145: 5115: 5100: 5034: 5029: 4999: 4994: 4880: 4382: 4223: 3768: 2901: 2740: 2469: 2376: 2230: 2226: 1943: 1808: 1764: 1734: 1507: 1484: 1358: 1294: 1188: 1023: 929: 905: 891: 549: 492: 458: 427: 391: 356: 284: 241: 216: 184: 114: 99: 94: 5049: 3728: 5259: 5201: 5044: 4273: 4176: 3716: 3506: 3412: 3393: 2818: 2792: 2769: 2611: 2438: 2405: 2168: 2003:– at once husband and master – to possess their heads ... The ritual transvestism of male 1619: 1491: 1216: 1200: 1054: 945: 872: 816: 3922:, edited by Robin M. Wright, Taylor and Francis, 2009, pp 89–108. ProQuest Ebook Central. 3220: 387: 2850: 485:

Historically, the Spanish colonizers of South America referred to the Mapuche people as

473: 355:(meaning "axe" or "axe-bearer") to lead them. Mapuche material culture is known for its 5125: 4989: 4041: 3155: 3040: 2873: 2807:

http://www.revistahistoriaindigena.uchile.cl/index.php/RHI/article/download/40261/41815

2462: 2250: 2246: 2218: 1939: 1917: 1756: 1605: 1458: 1254: 1196: 994:. Between 1550 and 1553, the Spanish founded several cities in Mapuche lands including 899: 880: 662: 656: 431: 419: 176: 144: 122: 2672: 1693: 5395: 4543: 4402: 3479: 3188: 2388: 2179: 1495: 1401: 1378: 1323: 1227: 1212: 1139: 1050: 1031: 1015: 787: 579: 477: 4944: 4754:

Neoliberal Economics, Democratic Transition, and Mapuche Demands for Rights in Chile

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Speaking the Earth’s Languages: A Theory for Australian-Chilean Postcolonial Poetics

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Alvarado, Margarita (2002) "El esplendor del adorno: El poncho y el chanuntuku” En:

4228: 3456:"Mapuche group files lawsuit against multinationals over pollution from Vaca Muerta" 2921: 1850: 4581:

Chertudi, Susana y Nardi, Ricardo (1961). "Tejidos Araucanos de la Argentina". En:

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As late as 2017 Argentine historian Roberto E. Porcel wrote in a communiqué to the

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There is a traditional stone hand club used by the Mapuche which has been called a

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since Mapuches continued to practice a massive livestock herding in limited areas.

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or chief. In times of war, the Mapuche would unite in larger groupings and elect a

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Mapuche languages are spoken in Chile and Argentina. The two living branches are

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and Patagonia remained independent until the late nineteenth century, when Chile

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Shamans of the Foye Tree : Gender, Power, and Healing among Chilean Mapuche

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claimed that the Republic of Chile owes a "historical debt" to the Mapuche. The

2238: 2074: 1868: 1859: 1716: 1638: 1468: 1370: 1342: 1327: 1306: 898:

has been estimated at 705,000–900,000 in the mid-sixteenth century by historian

887: 876: 868: 860: 856: 563: 383: 379: 118: 4342:"Sociólogo francés Éric Fassin reflexionó sobre el abuso y la violencia sexual" 3485:

Monuments, Empires, and Resistance: The Araucanian Polity and Ritual Narratives

2833:"Las poblaciones reche-mapuche – Memoria Chilena, Biblioteca Nacional de Chile" 2819:"Las poblaciones reche-mapuche – Memoria Chilena, Biblioteca Nacional de Chile" 5229: 5120: 5074: 4959: 3773: 3756: 2905: 2522: 2507: 2242: 2009:... draws attention to the relational gender categories of spirit husband and 1947: 1888: 1483:. Although not genetically related, lexical influence has been discerned from 1480: 1453: 1346: 1331: 1266: 1151: 1119: 1100: 1027: 919: 557: 305: 4806: 2167:

elements from Spain. The writings of Palacios became later influential among

5105: 4969: 4964: 4675: 2318:) in 1878, which had been commissioned by the Argentine Ministry of War. In 2291: 2225:

In the 20th century, many Mapuche women migrated to large cities to work as

2164: 2102:

discourses by elements of the Chilean government and military. For example,

2028: 1700: 1615: 1421: 1316:

Though Japanese and Swiss interests are active in the economy of Araucanía (

1134:, a general uprising developed among the Mapuches and Huilliches led to the 1115: 1026:. Further efforts by the Spanish to gain more territory engaged them in the 791: 724: 704: 415: 325: 301: 297: 172: 164: 152: 5059: 4287:

Quilaquea R., Daniel; Merino D., María Eugenia; Saiz V., José Luis (2007).

2913: 1884: 4653:

Palermo, Miguel Angel (1994). "Economía y mujer en el sur argentino". En:

3992:

Shamans of the Foye Tree: Gender, Power, and Healing among Chilean Mapuche

3990: 3587:

Shamans of the Foye Tree: Gender, Power, and Healing among Chilean Mapuche

3501:, ch. XXXI and XXXIII, mentions copper points on the Mapuche pikes in the 1261: 340:

for economic opportunities, more than 92% of the Mapuches are from Chile.

5239: 5130: 5090: 5054: 4478:"Día histórico en el Congreso: asumen las primeras dos diputadas mapuche" 4045: 2478:

In 2024 expansion pack Trial of Allegiance for grand-strategy video game

2472:" is a power struggle between a vacationing family and three Mapuche men. 2409: 2300: 2280: 2053: 1752: 1722: 1405: 1374: 1231: 1208: 1147: 1111: 1090: 1035: 1019: 999: 991: 987: 949: 718: 698: 680: 438: 371: 333: 317: 226: 160: 46: 2249:

has called the occurrence of Mapuche domestic workers a continuation of

2217:

among the sample, 41% of people over 60 years old, 35% of people of low

2125:

The Chilean race, as everybody knows, is a mestizo race made of Spanish

17: 5140: 5110: 4819:

The Conceptualisation of Mapuche Religion in Colonial Chile (1545–1787)

4728:

When a flower is reborn : The Life and Times of a Mapuche Feminist

2447: 2417: 2413: 2360: 2359:

that those who often claim to be Mapuches in Argentina would be rather

2160: 1923: 1880: 1565:

The main groups of deities and/or spirits in Mapuche mythology are the

1541:), a young man, and a young woman. They believe in worlds known as the 1417: 1282: 1058: 1003: 970: 790:– "polished flint") or Pelontraru ("Shining Caracara", better known as 783: 629: 600: 442: 423: 180: 156: 4623:

Millán de Palavecino, María Delia (1960). “Vestimenta Argentina”. En:

4394: 4369: 1966:

Among the Mapuche in La Araucanía, in addition to heterosexual female

5095: 4293: 2517: 2512: 1760: 1744: 1611: 1599: 1590: 1568: 1409: 1310: 982:

In 1550, Pedro de Valdivia, who aimed to control all of Chile to the

651:

The Mapuche identify by the geography of their territories, such as:

445:

population that lost its indigenous identity. But Mapuche society in

407: 321: 952:

had recently gained independence from Inca rule, being commanded by

924:

The Spanish expansion into Mapuche territory was an offshoot of the

821: 4714: 4386: 3553:

Shamanism: an encyclopedia of world beliefs, practices, and culture

2590: 1093:

decimated the population. Others died in Spanish-owned gold mines.

628:

is used both to refer collectively to the Picunche, Huilliche, and

5039: 5014: 4984: 4974: 4690:

Fogarty & Garrido: A Bilingual Conversation between Four Poems

4141:

Imperial Impersonations: Chilean Racism and the War of the Pacific

4119:(in Spanish) (Second ed.). Editorial Antártica. p. 583. 2483: 2451: 2290: 2255: 2064: 1909: 1849: 1794: 1776: 1738: 1692: 1630: 1624: 1511: 1457: 1437: 1429: 1425: 1394: 1260: 1175: 1095: 1074: 1046: 1011: 962: 941: 904: 829: 820: 779: 472: 434:, during which Patagonia came under effective Mapuche suzerainty. 418:. At about the same time, ethnic groups of the Pampa regions, the 403: 351: 345: 293: 1154:

and Concepción resisted Mapuche sieges and raids. Except for the

828:

picture of the confrontation between the Mapuches (left) and the

441:, mingled with the Spanish during the colonial period, forming a 4979: 4842: 1951: 1582: 1398: 4876: 4852: 4715:

IWGIA - IWGIA - International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs

4664:. Santiago de Chile: Ed. CEDEM, Colección Artes y Oficios Nº 3. 4625:

Cuadernos del Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Folklóricas

4611:

Revista de la Asociación de Antropólogos Iberoamericanos en Red

4583:

Cuadernos del Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Folklóricas

2616:

Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos, República Argentina

2027:

as co-gender specialists", it has been speculated that "female

1759:

excavations, such as those of Pitrén Cemetery near the city of

1338:, although such substitution and replacement is now forgotten. 770:

and the low zones bordering it). Its epic and literary name is

4711:

Language of the Land : The Mapuche in Argentina and Chile

4701:

Trilingual Visibility in Our Transpacific: Three Mapuche Poets

3330:"Ganadería y empresarios ganaderos de la Araucanía, 1900–1960" 2442:

features the Mapuche as a playable civilization (added in the

1203:

in 1898. Chile on the other hand, established a colony at the

4599:. Santiago de Chile: Imprenta San Francisco, Padre Las Casas. 3793:"Conservación en platería mapuche: Museo Fonck, Viña del Mar" 3550:(2004). Mariko Namba Walter, Eva Jane Neumann Fridman (ed.). 3087:

Crónica y relación copiosa y verdadera de los reinos de Chile

2741:"La Araucana – Memoria Chilena, Biblioteca Nacional de Chile" 2044:

presented his view of the Mapuche-Chile relation by stating:

1820:(Spanish for club). It has a long flat body. Another name is 1523:

Central to Mapuche cosmology is the idea of a creator called

1073:

and devastated the city. In 1555 Lautaro went to the city of

1038:

among the Mapuche, who largely refused to serve the Spanish.

782:("axe-bearer") like Lef-Traru ("swift hawk", better known as 504: 410:, conquering, fusing and establishing relationships with the 332:

region. Many have migrated from rural areas to the cities of

259: 256: 4867: 4370:"Argentina and Chile: The Struggle for Patagonia 1843–1881" 2556:

with its large population is not included in this estimate.

2433: 1065:. In 1554 Lautaro went to destroy Concepción where in the 522: 519: 513: 262: 247: 4872: 4830:

Mapuche Social Structure, Illinois Studies in Anthropology

4454:

Los mapuches en nuestro territorio – historia y actualidad

4245:"Encuesta Tolerancia y No Discriminación Tercera Medición" 4243:

Aymerich, Jaime; Canales, Manuel; Vivanco, Manuel (2003).

4094:(Second ed.). Editorial Antártica. pp. 405–419. 3933:

Cautiverio felíz y razón de las guerras dilatadas de Chile

4532:

Hijos del Viento, Arte de los Pueblos del Sur, Siglo XIX.

498: 4029:

Sociedad mapuche y sociedad chilena: la deuda histórica.

1930:

were no silversmiths alive among contemporary Mapuches.

1250:, Chile and Argentina resumed the conquest of Wallmapu. 978:, shows the military genius and expertise of his people. 3067: 3065: 3005: 3003: 1922:. Mapuche silver finery was also subject to changes in 676:, the eastern lands (Pampa and Patagonia of Argentina). 382:, Araucanian Mapuche inhabited the valleys between the 1767:, both of Chile; and the Rebolledo Arriba Cemetery in 766:, "the land of the plains" (located in sectors of the 592:, meaning "rebel, enemy", is probably not the root of 2283:

as they consider their struggle to go beyond gender.

2263:

flag created in 1992 by the indigenist organization "

1858:

In the later half of the eighteenth century, Mapuche

786:), Kallfülikan ("blue quartz stone", better known as 537: 528: 525: 516: 510: 495: 271: 4647:

Charu. Sociedad y cosmovisión en la platería mapuche

4632:

Formaciones económicas y políticas del mundo andino.

3637:

Brugnoli y Hoces de la Guardia, 1995; Alvarado, 2002

1938:

The Mapuche culture of the sixteenth century had an

1618:. Machis often have extensive knowledge of regional 1529:, who is embodied in four components: an older man ( 1183:

in meeting with the main lonkos of Araucania in 1869

501: 253: 5303: 5200: 5154: 5083: 4952: 4910: 3191:; Silva V., Fernando; Estelle M., Patricio (1974). 2061:

Civilizing mission discourses and scientific racism

1751:One of the best-known arts of the Mapuche is their 1556:The most well-known Mapuche ritual ceremony is the 1197:

conquered Formosa, Misiones and Chaco from Paraguay

507: 437:Mapuche in the Spanish-ruled areas, especially the 250: 244: 222: 212: 202: 197: 132: 108: 85: 77: 69: 64: 54: 4368: 3614:Violence and the Body: Race, Gender, and the State 3035: 3033: 3019: 3017: 3015: 2671: 2637: 2375:, the first two Mapuche women were elected to the 1997:become spiritual brides who seduce and call their 599:Scholars believe that the various Mapuche groups ( 4868:Website of the Kingdom of Araucania and Patagonia 4813:. Vol. 1. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 3901:, vol. 51, no. 3, Summer 2004, pp. 489–533. EBSCO 3842: 3840: 3830: 3828: 3132: 3130: 1854:Drawing of a trapelacucha, a silver finery piece. 2077:who was said to have survived the 1849 wreck of 2022: 2016: 2010: 2004: 1998: 1992: 1986: 1979: 1973: 1967: 1915: 1907: 1901: 1895: 1821: 1714: 1698: 1656: 1648: 1642: 1603: 1588: 1580: 1574: 1566: 1557: 1548: 1542: 1536: 1530: 1524: 1317: 801: 761: 745: 729: 709: 689: 671: 643: 637: 616: 610: 604: 573: 3658:Garavaglia, 1986; Palermo, 1994; Mendez, 2009b. 2869: 2867: 2237:). In Santiago, many of these women settled in 2190: 2123: 2116: 2046: 2031:" may have formerly existed among the Mapuche. 2021:)." As concerning "co-gendered identities" of " 1655:(water, which brings death through floods) and 1397:discovered near Purén. Mapuche quickly adopted 603:, Huilliche, Picunche, etc.) called themselves 4427:"La nación mapuche no es argentina ni chilena" 4201:Vergara, Jorge Iván; Gundermann, Hans (2012). 3488:(Cambridge University Press, Washington, 2007) 1705:(Mapuche funeral statue) compared to a person. 1199:in 1870. Later Argentina would also annex the 1118:, who were returning south from a raid in the 4888: 4420: 4418: 4416: 4414: 4412: 4310: 4308: 4031:Polis, Revista de la Universidad Bolivariana. 3688:"Misión Jesuita Mapuche: Noticias de Mayo..." 3590:. University of Texas Press. pp. 46–47. 2847:"Mapuche territorial identities of Araucania" 2756: 2754: 2565:These "cities" were often no more than forts. 2333: 2319: 2309: 1827: 1815: 1462: 587: 561: 308:speakers. Their homelands once extended from 8: 4578:. Buenos Aires: Fondo Nacional de las Artes. 4540:Historia del pueblo mapuche: Siglos XIX y XX 4143:, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 4061: 4059: 3676:Wilson, 1992; Alvarado, 2002; Mendez, 2009a. 2468:The plot of the 2021 Chilean thriller film " 1779:for a bride who was an accomplished weaver. 1014:. The Spanish also established the forts of 909:Distribution of pre-Hispanic people of Chile 33: 4843:Mapuche International Link official website 4562:Hombre y Desierto, una perspectiva cultural 4340:Godoy Valdés, Gloria (September 13, 2012). 4023: 4021: 3865: 3863: 3861: 3786: 3784: 3757:"Refrexiones acerca de la platería mapuche" 3750: 3748: 3746: 3744: 3742: 3740: 2785:Antecedentes históricos del pueblo araucano 1991:(possessing spirit), "Both male and female 1494:who also speak Mapudungun tend to use more 867:with the Mapuche between the Maule and the 5300: 4895: 4881: 4873: 3935:. Santiago: Imprenta el Ferrocarril, 1863. 2884: 2882: 2352:before penetrating what came to be Chile. 2182:who were perceived as "foreign elements". 39: 32: 4504:"What's a QR Code Doing on That Blanket?" 4319:. Rutgers University Press. p. 128. 4227: 3772: 3645: 3643: 3617:. Indiana University Press. p. 326. 2533:Indigenous peoples of the Americas portal 2423:The 2020 Chilean-Brazilian animated film 2155:hailed the Mapuche "race" arguing from a 1978:shamans, who wear female clothing. These 1954:include Sebastián Queupul, Pedro Alonzo, 1138:. The Spanish cities of Angol, Imperial, 4637:Nardi, Ricardo y Rolandi, Diana (1978). 3686:Jesuitas, Misión Mapuche- (2009-05-28). 3387:"Mapuche struggle for autonomy in Chile" 948:. The northern Mapuche tribes, known as 728:: "people of the pewen/pehuen" occupied 5412:Indigenous peoples of the Southern Cone 4832:(Urbana: University of Illinois Press). 3989:Bacigalupo, Ana Mariella (April 2007). 3791:Kangiser Gómez, María Fernanda (2002). 3429:Zinevich, Benjamin (11 November 2019). 2578: 2545: 2035:Mapuche, Chileans and the Chilean state 1972:shamanesses, there are homosexual male 1637:Like many cultures, the Mapuche have a 1049:" (wartime chief) an strong man called 750:, "the land of the sea"; also known as 4269: 4258: 3945:Donovan, Patricia (22 February 2007). 3931:Francisco Núñez de Pineda y Bascuñán. 3221:"Incorporándola al territorio chileno" 1826:; in Spanish, it may also be called a 1162:Incorporation into Chile and Argentina 194: 4634:Lima: Instituto de Estudios Peruanos. 3947:"The gendered realm of the foye tree" 3871:"Mapuche poets in Chilean literature" 2350:Mapuches originated east of the Andes 2295:Flag of Argentinian Tehuelche-Mapuche 1747:exhibited in Museo Artesanía Chilena. 1369:Oil exploitation and fracking in the 283: 7: 2692:participating institution membership 2658:participating institution membership 2316:The Fifteen Thousand League Conquest 1517:A council of Araucanian philosophers 1224:conquered land from Peru and Bolivia 1127:homeland south of the Biobío River. 465:rights in both Argentina and Chile. 65:Regions with significant populations 4796:. Clas.berkeley.edu. Archived from 4639:1000 años de tejido en la Argentina 3719:Tesauro Regional Patrimonial, Chile 1799:Monument in the form of a gigantic 1265:Ancient flag of the Mapuche on the 1085:From 1558 to 1598 war was mostly a 800:: "people of the valleys" occupied 5407:Indigenous culture of the Americas 5275:Kingdom of Araucania and Patagonia 4805:Bandelier, Adolph Francis (1907). 4315:Cosgrove, Serena (2010). "Chile". 3734:Museo Chileno de Arte Precolombino 3537:Ngenechen, and Don Armando Marileo 3521:Cuadernos de Lingüística Hispánica 2997:Villalobos et al. 1974, pp. 96–97. 2988:Villalobos et al. 1974, pp. 91–93. 1334:trees, sometimes replacing native 774:and its old autochthonous name is 760:: "people of the plains" occupied 374:inhabited the valleys between the 25: 5172:Federación Mapuche de Estudiantes 4452:Porcel, Roberto E. (2017-08-22). 4425:Lenton, Diana (August 14, 2020). 4015:Bacigalupo, 2007. p. 268, n. 5:18 3584:Bacigalupo, Ana Mariella (2007). 3041:"La Guerra de Arauco (1550–1656)" 2404:In 2012, renowned Mapuche weaver 2321:La Conquista de quince mil leguas 2311:La Conquista de quince mil leguas 2083:to be then kidnapped by Mapuches. 1110:In 1598 a party of warriors from 859:are reported to have reached the 708:: "people of the south" occupied 688:: "people of the north" occupied 5376: 5375: 4943: 4645:Painecura Antinao, Juan (2012). 4576:Ponchos de las Tierras del Plata 3365:. Cooperativa.cl. Archived from 2708:AZ Domingo 17 de Febrero de 2008 2525: 2287:Mapuches and the Argentine state 1805:Presidente Eduardo Frei Montalva 1763:, and the Alboyanco site in the 1424:, along with the cultivation of 666:: "people of the east" occupied 491: 320:, a land comprising part of the 240: 5422:Indigenous peoples in Argentina 4571:. Buenos Aires: Impresores SCA. 4229:10.4067/s0717-73562012000100009 4115:Ferrando Kaun, Ricardo (1986). 4090:Ferrando Kaun, Ricardo (1986). 3136:Villalobos et al. 1974, p. 109. 2951:(in Spanish). pp. 183–196. 2048:Between two Chilean provinces ( 1689:Paleoethnobotany of the Mapuche 1226:. Later Chile would also annex 1136:Destruction of the Seven Cities 744:: "people of the sea" occupied 642:meaning "earth" or "land", and 582:), meaning "clayey water". The 556:). This term is now considered 4853:Rehue Foundation in Netherland 4502:Sandford, Maggie (July 2013). 4172:"Nicolás Palacios (1854-1911)" 2589:. Censo2017.cl. Archived from 1: 5182:Resistencia Ancestral Mapuche 4534:Buenos Aires: Fundación PROA. 3995:. University of Texas Press. 3979:Bacigalupo, 2007. pp. 131–133 3888:Bacigalupo, 2007. pp. 111–114 3199:. pp. 456–458, 571–575. 2373:2017 Chilean general election 1587:(spirits in nature), and the 1191:in 1820, settled Chubut with 826:Felipe Guaman Poma de Ayala's 316:and later spread eastward to 292:inhabitants of south-central 27:Ethnic group in South America 5162:Consejo de Todas las Tierras 4182:Biblioteca Nacional de Chile 3649:Wilson, 1992; Mendez, 2009a. 3229:Biblioteca Nacional de Chile 3164:Biblioteca Nacional de Chile 3090:(in Spanish). Archived from 3049:Biblioteca Nacional de Chile 2446:expansion). Their leader is 2265:Consejo de Todas las Tierras 2129:and the Araucanian ... 1906:(lands) as well as specific 1124:Martín García Óñez de Loyola 806:, "the land of the valleys". 390:rivers, south of there, the 5427:Indigenous peoples in Chile 5270:Desert Campaign (1833–1834) 5245:Araucanization of Patagonia 5167:Coordinadora Arauco-Malleco 3611:Aladama, Arturo J. (2003). 3497:Pedro Mariño de Lobera, in 3295:A Little Matter of Genocide 2949:La frontera del estado Inca 2357:National Academy of History 2348:who advanced a theory that 2277:Coordinadora Arauco-Malleco 2104:Cornelio Saavedra Rodríguez 2087:The events surrounding the 1364:Coordinadora Arauco Malleco 1181:Cornelio Saavedra Rodríguez 1130:In the years following the 5453: 4367:Perry, Richard O. (1980). 4117:Y así nació La Frontera... 4092:Y así nació La Frontera... 4070:(in Spanish) (1): 133–148. 3846:Painecura 2012, pp. 27–28. 3834:Painecura 2012, pp. 25–26. 3499:Crónica del Reino de Chile 2042:Domingo Faustino Sarmiento 1864:1726 parliament of Negrete 1843: 1732: 1699: 1686: 1505: 1451: 1298: 1292: 1165: 917: 840: 814: 734:, "the land of the pewen ( 398:lived as far south as the 5373: 4941: 4811:The Catholic Encyclopedia 4660:Wilson, Angélica (1992). 4080:Bengoa 2000, pp. 163–165. 3774:10.7770/cuhso-v1n1-art129 3755:Aldunate, Carlos (1984). 3556:. ABC-CLIO. p. 419. 3352:Bengoa 2000, pp. 262–263. 3306:Bengoa 2000, pp. 232–233. 3284:Bengoa 2000, pp. 277–278. 3266:Bengoa 2000, pp. 275–276. 3145:Bengoa 2003, pp. 324–325. 3124:Bengoa 2003, pp. 320–321. 3071:Bengoa 2003, pp. 252–253. 3009:Bengoa 2003, pp. 250–251. 2906:10.1007/s11033-013-2509-3 2893:Molecular Biology Reports 2745:www.memoriachilena.gob.cl 2679:Oxford English Dictionary 2645:Oxford English Dictionary 2426:Nahuel and the Magic Book 1710:Ceremonies and traditions 1579:(ancestral spirits), the 1301:Ralco Hydroelectric Plant 137: 113: 90: 59: 38: 3548:Bacigalupo, Ana Mariella 2346:Francisco Antonio Encina 2163:a blend of Mapuches and 2108:finally defeated in 1883 1836:connection to the disk. 1673:earthquake and a tsunami 1122:area, ambushed Governor 768:Cordillera de Nahuelbuta 5285:Occupation of Araucanía 4595:Joseph, Claude (1931). 4574:Corcuera, Ruth (1998). 4567:Corcuera, Ruth (1987). 3970:Bacigalupo, 2007. p. 87 3710:Several types of clavas 3197:Editorial Universitaria 2934:Bengoa 2003, pp. 37–38. 2684:Oxford University Press 2650:Oxford University Press 2614:[Census 2022]. 2482:the player may play as 2176:Occupation of Araucanía 2023: 2017: 2011: 2005: 1999: 1993: 1987: 1980: 1974: 1968: 1916: 1908: 1902: 1896: 1876: 1822: 1715: 1657: 1649: 1643: 1604: 1589: 1581: 1575: 1567: 1558: 1549: 1543: 1537: 1531: 1525: 1498:when speaking Spanish. 1318: 1168:Occupation of Araucanía 958:Destruction of Santiago 802: 762: 746: 730: 714:, the "southern lands". 710: 694:, the "northern lands". 690: 672: 644: 638: 617: 611: 605: 574: 5437:Ethnic groups in Chile 5432:Pre-Columbian cultures 5280:Conquest of the Desert 5265:Camino de los chilenos 4676:Nicholas Jose Reviews 4569:Herencia textil andina 4268:Cite journal requires 4220:University of Tarapacá 3855:Painecura 2012, p. 30. 3691:Misión Jesuita Mapuche 3326:Pinto Rodríguez, Jorge 3115:Dillehay 2007, p. 335. 2334: 2320: 2310: 2296: 2268: 2234: 2200: 2186:Contemporary attitudes 2131: 2121: 2084: 2058: 1958:, and Leonel Lienlaf. 1879:). Old Mapuche silver 1855: 1828: 1816: 1811: 1748: 1706: 1634: 1520: 1472: 1463: 1270: 1220:with German immigrants 1184: 1172:Conquest of the Desert 1107: 1087:low-intensity conflict 1053:and as his vice toqui 979: 910: 847:Incas in Central Chile 833: 778:. The ancient Mapuche 588: 562: 553: 482: 5177:Mapuche football team 4828:Faron, Louis (1961). 4705:Cordite Poetry Review 4694:Cordite Poetry Review 4683:Cordite Poetry Review 4597:Los tejidos Araucanos 4538:Bengoa, José (2000). 4027:Foerster, Rolf 2001. 3462:. pp. 2018–12–22 3369:on September 28, 2013 3275:Ferrando 1986, p. 547 3185:Villalobos R., Sergio 2381:Aracely Leuquén Uribe 2294: 2259: 2068: 1853: 1803:, located in Avenida 1798: 1742: 1696: 1628: 1515: 1502:Cosmology and beliefs 1461: 1355:military dictatorship 1264: 1244:battles of Chorrillos 1179: 1166:Further information: 1099: 966: 934:Battle of Reynogüelén 908: 843:Origin of the Mapuche 824: 476: 300:, including parts of 133:Related ethnic groups 5155:Extant organizations 4817:Eim, Stefan (2010). 4780:A Grammar of Mapuche 4630:Murra, John (1975). 4542:(Seventh ed.). 4508:Smithsonian Magazine 3876:Estudios Filológicos 3257:Bengoa 2000, p. 156. 2979:Bengoa 2003, p. 157. 2503:Flag of the Mapuches 2330:Julio Argentino Roca 1743:Traditional Mapuche 1532:fucha/futra/cha chau 1490:Mapuche speakers of 1440:, which were called 837:Pre-Columbian period 281:Mapuche and Spanish: 5220:Battle of the Maule 5025:Rüxafe (silverwork) 4794:"Mapuche Dreamwork" 4602:Kradolfer, Sabine, 4044:(August 14, 2008), 3914:Vilaça, Aparecida. 3869:Carrasco, I. 2000. 3315:Pinto 2003, p. 205. 3248:Pinto 2003, p. 153. 2961:Bengoa 2003, p. 40. 2682:(Online ed.). 2648:(Online ed.). 2308:published the work 2306:Estanislao Zeballos 2174:As a result of the 2112:Domingo Santa María 1602:is the role of the 1598:Central to Mapuche 1535:), an older woman ( 1496:impersonal pronouns 1383:Pan American Energy 1237:Chilean agriculture 1230:. In this context, 1080:Battle of Mataquito 1067:Battle of Marihueñu 988:south-central Chile 984:Straits of Magellan 940:reached Chile from 881:state organizations 630:Moluche or Nguluche 615:meaning "pure" and 170:Araucanized groups: 127:Jehovah's Witnesses 45:Mapuche women from 35: 4848:Mapuche-nation.org 3813:on 2 December 2013 3715:2014-03-12 at the 3503:Battle of Andalien 3460:Buenos Aires Times 3411:2014-11-29 at the 3392:2019-06-17 at the 3156:"El fuerte Bulnes" 3082:Vivar, Jerónimo de 3027:. 1974, pp. 98–99. 2970:Otero 2006, p. 36. 2791:2006-11-07 at the 2768:2006-11-05 at the 2762:Mapuche o Araucano 2554:Chiloé Archipelago 2408:collaborated with 2399:In popular culture 2342:Ricardo E. Latcham 2326:Nicolás Avellaneda 2297: 2269: 2251:colonial relations 2149:War of the Pacific 2100:civilizing mission 2085: 2015:wife as a couple ( 1956:Elicura Chihuailaf 1856: 1846:Mapuche silverwork 1812: 1749: 1707: 1635: 1521: 1473: 1412:) Mapuche learned 1271: 1205:Strait of Magellan 1185: 1156:Chiloé Archipelago 1144:Santa Cruz de Oñez 1132:Battle of Curalaba 1108: 980: 976:Pedro Subercaseaux 911: 834: 736:Araucaria araucana 621:meaning "people". 483: 455:conquered Puelmapu 451:occupied Araucanía 400:Chiloé Archipelago 314:Chiloé Archipelago 285:[maˈputʃe] 5389: 5388: 5369: 5368: 5346:Las Canoas (1793) 5192:Weichán Auka Mapu 4788:978-3-11-019558-3 4775:978-0-292-71658-2 4723:978-87-91563-37-9 4655:Memoria Americana 4326:978-0-8135-4799-2 4154:Palacios, Nicolás 4126:978-956-7019-83-0 4101:978-956-7019-83-0 4002:978-0-292-71659-9 3731:clava cefalomorfa 3624:978-0-253-21559-8 3597:978-0-292-71659-9 3563:978-1-57607-645-3 3417:Sounds and colors 3363:"Redireccionando" 3195:(1995 ed.). 3193:Historia de Chile 3189:Silva G., Osvaldo 3094:on April 28, 2012 2690:(Subscription or 2656:(Subscription or 2480:Hearts of Iron IV 2157:scientific racist 2071:Raymond Monvoisin 1829:clava cefalomorfa 1448:Mapuche languages 1336:Valdivian forests 1207:in 1843, settled 1071:Governor Villagra 1063:Battle of Tucapel 1034:akin to the Inca 992:Mapuche territory 938:Pedro de Valdivia 570:Alonso de Ercilla 296:and southwestern 288:) are a group of 232: 231: 193: 192: 16:(Redirected from 5444: 5417:Society of Chile 5379: 5378: 5301: 5295:Mapuche conflict 5225:Spanish invasion 4947: 4897: 4890: 4883: 4874: 4858:Mapulink website 4814: 4801: 4650: 4557: 4518: 4517: 4515: 4514: 4499: 4493: 4492: 4490: 4489: 4474: 4468: 4467: 4465: 4464: 4458: 4449: 4443: 4442: 4440: 4438: 4422: 4407: 4406: 4372: 4364: 4358: 4357: 4355: 4353: 4337: 4331: 4330: 4312: 4303: 4302: 4284: 4278: 4277: 4271: 4266: 4264: 4256: 4254: 4252: 4240: 4234: 4233: 4231: 4207: 4198: 4192: 4191: 4189: 4188: 4168: 4162: 4161: 4150: 4144: 4139:Ericka Beckman, 4137: 4131: 4130: 4112: 4106: 4105: 4087: 4081: 4078: 4072: 4071: 4068:Tiempo Histórico 4063: 4054: 4053: 4038: 4032: 4025: 4016: 4013: 4007: 4006: 3986: 3980: 3977: 3971: 3968: 3962: 3961: 3959: 3958: 3949:. 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Archived from 3797: 3788: 3779: 3778: 3776: 3752: 3735: 3726: 3720: 3707: 3701: 3700: 3698: 3697: 3683: 3677: 3674: 3668: 3665: 3659: 3656: 3650: 3647: 3638: 3635: 3629: 3628: 3608: 3602: 3601: 3581: 3575: 3574: 3572: 3570: 3544: 3538: 3535: 3529: 3528: 3516: 3510: 3495: 3489: 3477: 3471: 3470: 3468: 3467: 3452: 3446: 3445: 3443: 3441: 3426: 3420: 3403: 3397: 3384: 3378: 3377: 3375: 3374: 3359: 3353: 3350: 3344: 3343: 3322: 3316: 3313: 3307: 3304: 3298: 3293:Ward Churchill, 3291: 3285: 3282: 3276: 3273: 3267: 3264: 3258: 3255: 3249: 3246: 3240: 3239: 3237: 3235: 3217: 3211: 3210: 3181: 3175: 3174: 3172: 3170: 3152: 3146: 3143: 3137: 3134: 3125: 3122: 3116: 3113: 3107: 3106: 3101: 3099: 3078: 3072: 3069: 3060: 3059: 3057: 3055: 3037: 3028: 3021: 3010: 3007: 2998: 2995: 2989: 2986: 2980: 2977: 2971: 2968: 2962: 2959: 2953: 2952: 2941: 2935: 2932: 2926: 2925: 2900:(7): 4257–4267. 2886: 2877: 2876:2000, pp. 16–19. 2871: 2862: 2861: 2859: 2858: 2849:. 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535: 534: 531: 530: 527: 524: 521: 518: 515: 512: 509: 506: 503: 500: 497: 459:Mapuche conflict 287: 282: 275: 269: 268: 265: 264: 261: 258: 255: 252: 249: 246: 195: 73:1,745,147 (2017) 55:Total population 43: 36: 21: 5452: 5451: 5447: 5446: 5445: 5443: 5442: 5441: 5392: 5391: 5390: 5385: 5365: 5299: 5260:Guerra a muerte 5196: 5150: 5079: 4948: 4939: 4906: 4901: 4839: 4804: 4792: 4671: 4669:Further reading 4662:Arte de Mujeres 4644: 4618:Anuario INDIANA 4554: 4537: 4527: 4522: 4521: 4512: 4510: 4501: 4500: 4496: 4487: 4485: 4484:. 11 March 2018 4476: 4475: 4471: 4462: 4460: 4456: 4451: 4450: 4446: 4436: 4434: 4424: 4423: 4410: 4366: 4365: 4361: 4351: 4349: 4339: 4338: 4334: 4327: 4314: 4313: 4306: 4286: 4285: 4281: 4267: 4257: 4250: 4248: 4242: 4241: 4237: 4205: 4200: 4199: 4195: 4186: 4184: 4177:Memoria Chilena 4170: 4169: 4165: 4158:La raza chilena 4152: 4151: 4147: 4138: 4134: 4127: 4114: 4113: 4109: 4102: 4089: 4088: 4084: 4079: 4075: 4065: 4064: 4057: 4042:Cayuqueo, Pedro 4040: 4039: 4035: 4026: 4019: 4014: 4010: 4003: 3988: 3987: 3983: 3978: 3974: 3969: 3965: 3956: 3954: 3944: 3943: 3939: 3930: 3926: 3913: 3909: 3896: 3892: 3887: 3883: 3868: 3859: 3854: 3850: 3845: 3838: 3833: 3826: 3816: 3814: 3810: 3795: 3790: 3789: 3782: 3754: 3753: 3738: 3727: 3723: 3717:Wayback Machine 3708: 3704: 3695: 3693: 3685: 3684: 3680: 3675: 3671: 3666: 3662: 3657: 3653: 3648: 3641: 3636: 3632: 3625: 3610: 3609: 3605: 3598: 3583: 3582: 3578: 3568: 3566: 3564: 3546: 3545: 3541: 3536: 3532: 3518: 3517: 3513: 3507:Battle of Penco 3496: 3492: 3478: 3474: 3465: 3463: 3454: 3453: 3449: 3439: 3437: 3435:The Independent 3428: 3427: 3423: 3413:Wayback Machine 3404: 3400: 3394:Wayback Machine 3385: 3381: 3372: 3370: 3361: 3360: 3356: 3351: 3347: 3324: 3323: 3319: 3314: 3310: 3305: 3301: 3292: 3288: 3283: 3279: 3274: 3270: 3265: 3261: 3256: 3252: 3247: 3243: 3233: 3231: 3225:Memoria Chilena 3219: 3218: 3214: 3207: 3183: 3182: 3178: 3168: 3166: 3160:Memoria Chilena 3154: 3153: 3149: 3144: 3140: 3135: 3128: 3123: 3119: 3114: 3110: 3097: 3095: 3080: 3079: 3075: 3070: 3063: 3053: 3051: 3045:Memoria Chilena 3039: 3038: 3031: 3022: 3013: 3008: 3001: 2996: 2992: 2987: 2983: 2978: 2974: 2969: 2965: 2960: 2956: 2943: 2942: 2938: 2933: 2929: 2888: 2887: 2880: 2872: 2865: 2856: 2854: 2845: 2844: 2840: 2831: 2830: 2826: 2817: 2816: 2812: 2805: 2801: 2795: 2793:Wayback Machine 2782: 2778: 2772: 2770:Wayback Machine 2759: 2752: 2739: 2738: 2734: 2725: 2723: 2719: 2712: 2704: 2703: 2699: 2689: 2670: 2669: 2665: 2655: 2636: 2635: 2631: 2621: 2619: 2610: 2609: 2605: 2596: 2594: 2585: 2584: 2580: 2575: 2570: 2569: 2564: 2560: 2551: 2547: 2542: 2531: 2526: 2524: 2494: 2459:Inés of My Soul 2439:Civilization VI 2414:textile weaving 2406:Anita Paillamil 2401: 2393:Socialist Party 2369: 2367:Modern politics 2289: 2214: 2209:La raza chilena 2202: 2188: 2145: 2140:La raza chilena 2133: 2063: 2037: 1964: 1936: 1848: 1842: 1793: 1791:Clava hand-club 1737: 1731: 1721:is the Mapuche 1712: 1691: 1685: 1620:medicinal herbs 1510: 1504: 1492:Chilean Spanish 1464:Familia Mapuche 1456: 1450: 1416:and the use of 1408:already worked 1391: 1303: 1297: 1291: 1289:Modern conflict 1279:wood extraction 1201:Puna de Atacama 1174: 1164: 922: 916: 896:Reloncaví Sound 849: 839: 819: 817:Mapuche history 813: 752:Coastal Mapuche 542: 538: 494: 490: 471: 426:, and northern 368:Spanish arrival 366:At the time of 322:Argentine pampa 280: 273: 243: 239: 189: 125:(less common), 104: 50: 31: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5450: 5448: 5440: 5439: 5434: 5429: 5424: 5419: 5414: 5409: 5404: 5394: 5393: 5387: 5386: 5374: 5371: 5370: 5367: 5366: 5364: 5363: 5361:Coz Coz (1907) 5358: 5353: 5351:Tapihue (1825) 5348: 5343: 5341:Negrete (1793) 5338: 5336:Negrete (1726) 5333: 5331:Malloco (1671) 5328: 5323: 5321:Quillín (1647) 5318: 5316:Quillín (1641) 5313: 5311:Paicaví (1612) 5307: 5305: 5298: 5297: 5292: 5287: 5282: 5277: 5272: 5267: 5262: 5257: 5252: 5247: 5242: 5237: 5232: 5227: 5222: 5217: 5212: 5206: 5204: 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Sociologist 2235:nanas mapuches 2189: 2187: 2184: 2122: 2062: 2059: 2036: 2033: 1963: 1962:Cogender views 1960: 1940:oral tradition 1935: 1932: 1844:Main article: 1841: 1838: 1792: 1789: 1757:archaeological 1733:Main article: 1730: 1727: 1711: 1708: 1687:Main article: 1684: 1681: 1506:Main article: 1503: 1500: 1452:Main article: 1449: 1446: 1390: 1387: 1293:Main article: 1290: 1287: 1255:Ward Churchill 1163: 1160: 918:Main article: 915: 912: 855:Troops of the 838: 835: 815:Main article: 812: 809: 808: 807: 795: 794:) were Nagche. 755: 739: 715: 695: 677: 470: 467: 461:over land and 453:and Argentina 432:Araucanization 230: 229: 224: 220: 219: 214: 210: 209: 204: 200: 199: 191: 190: 188: 187: 167: 155:, Lafquenche, 138: 135: 134: 130: 129: 123:Evangelicalism 111: 110: 106: 105: 103: 102: 97: 91: 88: 87: 83: 82: 81:145,783 (2022) 79: 75: 74: 71: 67: 66: 62: 61: 57: 56: 52: 51: 44: 29: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5449: 5438: 5435: 5433: 5430: 5428: 5425: 5423: 5420: 5418: 5415: 5413: 5410: 5408: 5405: 5403: 5400: 5399: 5397: 5384: 5383: 5372: 5362: 5359: 5357: 5356:Toltén (1869) 5354: 5352: 5349: 5347: 5344: 5342: 5339: 5337: 5334: 5332: 5329: 5327: 5324: 5322: 5319: 5317: 5314: 5312: 5309: 5308: 5306: 5302: 5296: 5293: 5291: 5290:1881 uprising 5288: 5286: 5283: 5281: 5278: 5276: 5273: 5271: 5268: 5266: 5263: 5261: 5258: 5256: 5255:1766 uprising 5253: 5251: 5250:1723 uprising 5248: 5246: 5243: 5241: 5238: 5236: 5233: 5231: 5228: 5226: 5223: 5221: 5218: 5216: 5215:Inca invasion 5213: 5211: 5208: 5207: 5205: 5203: 5199: 5193: 5190: 5188: 5185: 5183: 5180: 5178: 5175: 5173: 5170: 5168: 5165: 5163: 5160: 5159: 5157: 5153: 5147: 5144: 5142: 5139: 5137: 5134: 5132: 5129: 5127: 5124: 5122: 5119: 5117: 5114: 5112: 5109: 5107: 5104: 5102: 5099: 5097: 5094: 5092: 5089: 5088: 5086: 5082: 5076: 5073: 5071: 5068: 5066: 5063: 5061: 5058: 5056: 5053: 5051: 5048: 5046: 5043: 5041: 5038: 5036: 5033: 5031: 5028: 5026: 5023: 5021: 5018: 5016: 5013: 5011: 5008: 5006: 5003: 5001: 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"CXVI". 2857:2019-02-11 2726:2013-09-25 2694:required.) 2660:required.) 2597:2019-03-01 2573:References 2552:Note that 2271:Historian 2243:La Pintana 2165:Visigothic 2147:After the 2114:declared: 2110:President 2050:Concepción 1981:machi weye 1975:machi weye 1948:Mapudungun 1934:Literature 1889:Upper Peru 1873:Mapudungun 1840:Silverwork 1481:Mapudungun 1454:Mapudungun 1347:Home Depot 1332:eucalyptus 1319:Ngulu Mapu 1299:See also: 1267:Arauco War 1253:Historian 1248:Miraflores 1217:Llanquihue 1101:Caupolican 1051:Caupolicán 1028:Arauco War 1008:Villarrica 996:Concepción 920:Arauco War 914:Arauco War 841:See also: 803:Wente mapu 788:Caupolicán 731:Pewen mapu 711:Willi mapu 691:Pikun-mapu 558:pejorative 463:indigenous 361:silverwork 306:Mapudungun 290:indigenous 217:Mapudungun 95:Mapudungun 5146:Tehuelche 5116:Pehuenche 5106:Mapochoes 5101:Huilliche 5005:Mythology 4970:Chemamull 4965:Butalmapu 4935:Tsesungún 4918:Huilliche 4657:3: 63–90. 4403:147607097 4346:uchile.cl 4156:(1918) . 3729:Image of 3440:3 January 2639:"Mapuche" 2470:Immersion 2391:from the 2089:wreck of 2029:berdaches 1701:chemamull 1659:Tren Tren 1616:dreamwork 1559:Ngillatun 1544:Wenu Mapu 1538:kude/kuse 1526:ngenechen 1477:Huilliche 1422:Spaniards 1406:Picunches 1116:Pelantaro 1091:epidemics 1043:Araucanía 969:El joven 967:Painting 950:Picunches 792:Pelantaro 742:Lafkenche 725:Pehuenche 705:Huilliche 673:Puel mapu 668:Pwel mapu 634:Araucanía 624:The name 578:(Spanish 554:araucanos 469:Etymology 447:Araucanía 416:Pehuenche 392:Huilliche 330:Araucanía 326:Patagonia 302:Patagonia 298:Argentina 185:Tehuelche 173:Pehuenche 165:Promaucae 153:Huilliche 86:Languages 78:Argentina 5382:Category 5131:Picunche 5091:Boroanos 5070:Wenufoye 5055:Weichafe 5035:Textiles 5030:Religion 5010:Polygamy 5000:Military 4995:Medicine 4911:Language 4782:, 2007, 4769:, 2007, 4756:, 2006, 4743:, 2005, 4730:, 2002, 4717:, 2007, 4459:(Report) 4352:June 20, 4211:Chungara 3800:Conserva 3767:: 1–19. 3713:Archived 3527:: 31–42. 3409:Archived 3390:Archived 3335:Historia 3328:(2011). 2922:14709971 2914:23666052 2789:Archived 2766:Archived 2492:See also 2420:designs. 2361:Mestizos 2301:Puelmapu 2281:feminism 2261:Wenufoye 2211:, p. 62. 2142:, p. 34. 2073:showing 2054:Valdivia 1903:lof mapu 1881:pendants 1753:textiles 1729:Textiles 1723:New Year 1633:Quilapán 1576:Wangulen 1307:Traiguén 1232:Wallmapu 1209:Valdivia 1148:Valdivia 1004:Imperial 1000:Valdivia 946:Santiago 875:and the 873:Santiago 865:a battle 863:and had 798:Wenteche 763:Nag mapu 738:) tree". 719:Pewenche 699:Williche 686:Picunche 681:Pikunche 594:araucano 545:-nee-ənz 439:Picunche 428:Aonikenk 394:and the 372:Picunche 357:textiles 334:Santiago 318:Puelmapu 227:Wallmapu 213:Language 161:Picunche 109:Religion 18:Mapuches 5402:Mapuche 5235:Slavery 5202:History 5141:Ranquel 5126:Puelche 5111:Moluche 5075:Wünelfe 4953:Culture 4904:Mapuche 3569:15 July 3419:website 2622:8 March 2618:. INDEC 2508:Guñelve 2448:Lautaro 2418:QR Code 2410:Chilean 2371:In the 2231:Spanish 2161:mestizo 2018:kurewen 1944:Spanish 1924:fashion 1651:Kai Kai 1612:shamans 1485:Quechua 1471:, 1848. 1418:cavalry 1389:Culture 1283:erosion 1152:Chillán 1120:Chillán 1114:led by 1059:Tucapel 1055:Lautaro 1024:Tucapel 971:Lautaro 832:(right) 811:History 784:Lautaro 663:Puelche 657:Pwelche 626:Mapuche 601:Moluche 584:Quechua 550:Spanish 443:mestizo 424:Ranquel 420:Puelche 312:to the 236:Mapuche 223:Country 207:Mapuche 181:Ranquel 177:Puelche 157:Moluche 145:Boroano 100:Spanish 49:in 2015 34:Mapuche 5210:Origin 5096:Cuncos 5060:Werkén 4786: 4773: 4760: 4747: 4734: 4721: 4707:, 2012 4696:, 2012 4685:, 2014 4550: 4401: 4395:981291 4393: 4323: 4294:Atenea 4123: 4098: 3999: 3621: 3594: 3560: 3297:, 109. 3203: 2920: 2912: 2874:Bengoa 2518:Pillan 2513:Wekufe 2195:Anales 2180:Aymara 1918:machis 1910:lonkos 1897:reynma 1885:Potosí 1877:rüxafe 1761:Temuco 1745:poncho 1600:belief 1591:wekufe 1569:Pillan 1519:, 1904 1410:copper 1395:mounds 1330:, and 1311:Lumaco 1222:, and 1215:, and 1213:Osorno 1140:Osorno 1022:, and 1016:Arauco 1010:, and 758:Nagche 580:Arauco 575:rag ko 481:field. 408:Pampas 388:Toltén 376:Choapa 370:, the 203:People 5240:Malón 5050:Wampu 5045:Ulmen 5015:Rehue 4990:Machi 4985:Lonko 4975:Kalku 4457:(PDF) 4431:Nodal 4399:S2CID 4391:JSTOR 4218:(1). 4206:(PDF) 3918:. 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