212:
184:, was killed by a death squad and hardliners took over the ETA leadership. Based on the theory that they needed to elicit a more repressive response from the state to attain their goals, these leaders carried out a number of bloody attacks on civilian targets, whereas Yoyes argued there was a place for political negotiation with the Spanish government and Basque political parties and social movements. She felt ETA was only interested in killing and had lost its original revolutionary ideals. In addition, Yoyes had found love and wanted a new life outside a clandestine organisation.
271:, who also left ETA, performed a concerts in honor of Yoyes and against ETA intimidation; as a result Imanol suffered boycotts, graffiti, vandalism, and death threats. In 2000, Imanol announced that he was leaving the Basque Country, fed up with ETA's repeated death threats and the "suffocating atmosphere of fear and repression in the Basque region" that ETA had created over the years since he participated in the tribute concert in 1986 to Yoyes.
177:
thirteen civilians were killed. There was also violence committed by death squads linked to the
Spanish state. The unrest continued after the death of General Franco in 1975 and throughout Spain's subsequent transition to democracy, during which the organization vastly increased the number of people it killed every year as a way to put pressure on Basque nationalist parties not to participate in the democratization process.
37:
240:
festival. Hundreds of people attended Yoyes's funeral and a protest march through the town where mourners each carried a flower. A letter condemning ETA was published in the press and gained hundreds of signatures. At the time, ETA kept Basque society under tight control and this was the first time people had spoken out. Yoyes' murder is now considered a milestone in the history of ETA.
165:, a dictatorship in which basic freedoms were restricted and there was no right to protest. ETA was regarded by the Franco regime as a terrorist organization, but to many young people in the Basque Country, it seemed like a noble revolutionary movement prepared to fight to topple a dictator and achieve socialism.
202:
the main news magazine in Spain, under the headline "The Return of the ETA Woman". Friends of Yoyes believe the
Spanish government leaked the story about Yoyes' return in order to make ETA look weak. At the time, Madrid had a policy of trying to persuade members of ETA to abandon the organization. On
172:
Yoyes had to overcome sexism within ETA, which, according to
Elixabete Garmendia, was very much a "man's world" even though it was supposed to be a revolutionary movement. She was expected to play a subordinate role but was determined to take part in the same activities as men. Eventually, Yoyes rose
168:
Yoyes joined ETA in the early 1970s, probably in 1971, at the age of 17. At first, she operated in a support role, becoming a full member in 1973. In that year, her boyfriend and fellow member, Jose
Etxeberria, was killed in Getxo when a bomb he was carrying accidentally went off. A few months later,
148:
Dolores González
Katarain was born in Ordizia, Gipuzkoa, on 14 May 1954. Her parents were Luis González and Angelita Katarain; she was the second of nine children. Her paternal grandfather, who moved to Ordizia from León, a Castillian province, owned the grocery store in the town, where Yoyes would
139:
Yoyes was the first woman to enter the senior ETA leadership, but she decided to leave the organization to start a new life. Her former comrades regarded her as a traitor and she was killed by ETA in 1986 in her hometown of
Ordizia, during a local festival, in front of her three-year-old son. The
191:
In 1985, Yoyes decided to return to the Basque
Country so that she could bring up Arkaitz with his father in the city of San Sebastian. There were no charges against her because of a Spanish amnesty law passed in 1977. She informed ETA in advance of her intention to go back, but the leadership
176:
During the last years of the Franco regime, ETA was killing dozens of people every year as part of their campaign for Basque independence - mostly members of the
Spanish security forces, but also numerous Basque business owners and other civilians. In 1974 ETA bombed a café in Madrid in which
239:
In
September 1986, Yoyes and her 3-year-old son went back to her hometown of Ordizia to see a festival. She was shot dead in front of him in the main square. The crime caused outrage and led to unprecedented criticism of ETA in its Basque heartland. The local council in Ordizia suspended the
152:
According to her school friend, Elixabete
Garmendia, Yoyes always had a sense of responsibility. "She was pretty reserved but she had a way of making deep connections with people. She wanted to talk about books and ideas - she was very curious about the world around her."
203:
the other hand, ETA now considered Yoyes a traitor, and graffiti threatening her appeared in the Basque Country. However, friends of Yoyes point out that she never publicly criticized ETA, and that she kept the organization informed of her intentions.
192:
reacted badly. By this stage, Yoyes had put her ETA activism completely behind her. According to Elixabete Garmendia, she returned to the Basque Country "incredibly well-educated" and was starting to enjoy her life outside political activism.
187:
After many arguments and threats, ETA secretly allowed Yoyes to leave the organization. She went into exile in Mexico in 1980, where she studied sociology and worked for the United Nations. While she was away, Yoyes had a son called Arkaitz.
243:
Yoyes' friend, Elixabete Garmendia, believes there was also a sexist element to the killing. She believes ETA thought it owned Yoyes because she was a woman and acted "like a spurned husband" when she chose to start a new life.
173:
to become the first woman in the ETA leadership and was considered an iconic figure in ETA circles because of her toughness and intelligence. In 1979, she was one of two ETA members who gave an interview to the BBC.
723:
211:
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493:
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647:
567:
415:
367:
584:
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she fled into exile in the south of France, where she became a full ETA member and participated in armed terrorist actions.
551:
728:
637:
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sometimes help out on breaks from school. Her family lived on the outskirts of Ordizia in a house called Goitine.
462:
743:
180:
In the late 1970s, Yoyes went through a crisis, which included bouts of depression. Her mentor within ETA,
133:
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670:
713:
708:
224:
622:
603:
431:"Asesinada en Ordizia la ex dirigente 'etarra' 'Yoyes' un año después de acogerse a la reinserción"
430:
228:
625:[Former ETA militants support singer-songwriter Imanol after terrorist threats]. El País.
524:[Imanol - Biography] (in Basque). Badok: Berriaren Euskal Musikaren Ataria. 27 June 2014.
368:"Han sido identificados los dos jóvenes muertos por la explosión de un artefacto en Las Arenas"
643:
563:
36:
684:
663:
Shepard, William S. (2002). "The ETA: Spain Fights Europe's Last Active Terrorist Group".
588:
268:
162:
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539:[Imanol passes through the filter of Harkaitz Cano] (in Spanish). La Vanguardia.
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623:"Ex militantes de ETA apoyan al cantautor Imanol tras las amenazas de los terroristas"
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498:
664:
467:
276:
251:, was arrested in 1987 and convicted of killing Yoyes. The operation was codenamed
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17:
606:[Imanol Larzábal: 'All Against Fear' in the Basque Country] (in Spanish).
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607:
435:
394:"The sociology and psychology of terrorism: Who becomes a terrorist and why?"
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136:), who became a symbol because of the tragic circumstances of her life.
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195:
Late in 1985, Yoyes was shocked to find herself on the front page of
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killing led to unprecedented criticism of ETA in the Basque Country.
132:, was an iconic female leader of armed Basque separatist group ETA (
494:"Kubati, el 'gudari' que ejecutó a Yoyes ante la mirada de su hijo"
440:
210:
416:"Los atentados más sangrientos a lo largo de la historia de ETA"
396:. Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. September 1999
604:"Imanol Larzábal: 'Todos contra el miedo' en el País Vasco"
317:"Yoyes - Woman leader of ETA, Witness - BBC World Service"
113:
102:
76:
43:
27:
587:[Five years without Imanol] (in Spanish).
560:Civic movements. From the street to the Parliament
126:(14 May 1954 – 10 September 1986), also known as
556:Movimientos cívicos. De la calle al Parlamento
8:
583:Alemán Amundarain, Josemari (25 June 2009).
537:"Imanol pasa por el filtro de Harkaitz Cano"
562:] (in Spanish). Turpial. p. 103.
35:
24:
461:Villameriel, Miguel (10 September 2011).
429:Barbería, José Luis (11 September 1986).
374:(in Spanish). 30 November 1973. p. 7
642:. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 146.
724:People killed by ETA (separatist group)
687:[Imanol has died] (in Basque).
602:Barbería, José Luis (3 November 1989).
552:"2. Los movimientos cívicos contra ETA"
289:
223:, in Ordizia (Gipuzkoa) as a homage to
749:20th-century Spanish women politicians
639:Regional Politics and State Succession
621:Intxausti, Aurora (3 November 1989).
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535:Lecumberri, Jokin (26 August 2019).
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247:The ETA member, Antonio López Ruiz,
550:Martínez Gorriarán, Carlos (2007).
14:
719:ETA (separatist group) activists
124:María Dolores González Katarain
48:María Dolores González Katarain
636:Nelson, Elizabeth Ann (2021).
502:(in Spanish). 14 November 2013
1:
217:Conjunción ternaria 1 sobre 2
231:and María Dolores Katarain,
182:José Miguel Beñaran Ordeñana
739:Assassinated Spanish people
280:, was made about her life.
765:
347:"Yoyes - Desde Mi Ventana"
15:
274:In 2000, a Spanish film,
255:in honour of Yoyes' son.
34:
734:People murdered in Spain
666:Mediterranean Quarterly
585:"Cinco años sin Imanol"
463:"La memoria de 'Yoyes'"
259:was released in 2013.
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671:Duke University Press
214:
134:Euskadi Ta Askatasuna
522:"Imanol - Biografia"
729:People from Ordizia
103:Cause of death
267:In 1986 and 1989,
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16:For the film, see
263:Impact and legacy
161:Yoyes grew up in
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80:10 September 1986
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669:. Vol. 13.
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691:. 26 June 2004.
685:"Imanol hil da"
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269:Imanol Larzabal
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225:Nikolas Lekuona
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163:Francoist Spain
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439:(in Spanish).
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215:The sculpture
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84:(aged 32)
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673:. p. 61.
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504:. Retrieved
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478:15 September
476:. Retrieved
468:Diario Vasco
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446:15 September
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82:(1986-09-10)
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18:Yoyes (film)
714:1986 deaths
709:1954 births
506:12 December
400:21 December
378:12 December
352:12 December
326:12 December
114:Nationality
58:14 May 1954
703:Categories
284:References
144:Early life
106:Killed by
54:1954-05-14
198:Cambio 16
249:"Kubati"
92:Gipuzkoa
66:Gipuzkoa
608:El País
473:Vocento
436:El País
253:Arkaitz
117:Spanish
88:Ordizia
62:Ordizia
689:Berria
646:
566:
257:Kubati
207:Murder
558:[
441:Prisa
277:Yoyes
233:Yoyes
219:, by
129:Yoyes
96:Spain
70:Spain
29:Yoyes
644:ISBN
564:ISBN
508:2016
480:2016
448:2016
402:2020
380:2016
354:2016
328:2016
77:Died
44:Born
321:BBC
157:ETA
108:ETA
705::
554:.
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