148:
264:, with subsidiary units at Nepopoalco and at Hueyapan itself, while Sánchez Farfán also gained additional estates further to the west. When she was widowed in the 1530s, María de Estrada assumed direct control of the estate, and in this capacity, she filed a petition to the king of Spain to ask for lighter taxation of her lands. Eventually, María de Estrada remarried to Alonso Martín, a civilian settler in
285:
inferring that she arrived in the New World too late to be the castaway rescued in 1513. A later date for her arrival in the
Americas would imply that María de Estrada was Sanchéz Farfán's second wife, a different woman from the castaway he had married in Cuba, although the sources providing these dates seem to be unaware of his earlier marriage.
456:, who sailed from Spain on 15 December 1512, while Himmerich y Valencia (1996), p. 239, states that she traveled from Cuba to Mexico with her brother in 1519; however, the biographical details indicate that the emigrée of 1512 was not Francisco's sister, so at least one of these assumptions must be discarded.
284:
Luisa
Campuzano, in the fullest discussion of the problem, concluded that the sources support each other, and provide a consistent factual and psychological portrait, but other historians have been more cautious, suggesting that María de Estrada's military prowess may be a literary fiction, and
139:
In 1519, Pedro Sánchez Farfán joined the expedition of Hernán Cortés, and fought in the initial
Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire, but it is not clear whether his wife went with him. Some modern sources indicate that María de Estrada only arrived on the mainland in April 1520, with the rival
708:
Españolas de ultramar en la historia y en la literatura: aventureras, madres, soldados, virreinas, gobernadoras, adelantadas, prostitutas, empresarias, monjas, escritoras, criadas y esclavas en la expansión ibérica ultramarina (siglos XV a
190:
Most of the early sources refer to María de
Estrada in general terms among the small number of women who accompanied the army at this time, but a handful of writers of the later sixteenth century single her out as a soldier. The
313:
Dates of c. 1475 and 1495 are based on the identification of María de
Estrada as one of a pair of Spanish castaways rescued on Cuba, who were said to be 40 and 18 or 20 in 1513, Campuzano (1997), p. 47; she is recorded as
280:
The basic fact that María de
Estrada accompanied Cortés' army to Mexico is vouched for by eyewitness memoirs and most historians agree as to the reliability of the evidence on which her detailed biography is based.
653:
327:
591:
434:
Campuzano (1997), at p. 50; Campuzano (2004) appears to be a more recent revision of the same material, while Maura (1997) is a complimentary paper in the same volume.
187:: after a week of street battles, the army was forced to fight its way back out of the city, suffering heavy casualties and losing most of its baggage and artillery.
645:
657:
685:
Maura, Juan
Francisco (1997). "La épica olvidada de la conquista de México: ... dez de Velasco y otras mujeres de armas toma". In Campuzano, Luisa (ed.).
112:, the castaways were betrayed and massacred. The woman identified as Maria de Estrada was one of a handful of survivors, taken captive by one of the
804:
101:, perhaps accompanying her brother or an unrecorded husband. Their attempt to establish a settlement was a failure, and on the return journey to
794:
530:
203:
during the battle, proving herself "as good a warrior as any man", and that she participated in the decisive charge of armored cavalry at the
769:
534:
46:
779:
294:
272:
was annexed to the royal domains of the king of Spain as it seems that neither María nor her first husband had surviving descendants.
108:
At first, the locals treated the marooned
Spanish crew well, helping them to travel along the coast; but at the place later known as
728:
609:
323:
665:
799:
784:
388:
212:
228:
325:
789:
178:
587:
170:
720:
579:
453:
347:
Fully developed by
Campuzano (1997) and Maura (1997), but it already alluded to by Giménez Caballero (1969) p. 140.
669:
632:
774:
141:
208:
751:
690:
521:
498:
196:
192:
128:
89:, and when he returned to the New World to settle permanently in 1509, Maria probably travelled with him.
700:"María de Estrada, Beatriz Bermúdez de Velasco y otras mujeres de armas tomar de la Conquista de México"
248:
338:
Campuzano (1997), p. 49; Himmerich y
Valencia (1996), pp. 77, 154-5, 239; Porras Muñoz (1982), p. 286.
511:
404:
374:
Himmerich y Valencia (1996), p. 239; for the chronology of the campaign, see Marley (1998) pp. 14–22.
319:
261:
216:
181:
in Cortés' absence, and now the conquistadors were struck by a full-scale native revolt known as the
82:
144:, which included her brother Francisco, and which joined forces with Cortés at the end of May 1520.
224:
220:
157:
399:
Himmerich y Valencia (1996), p. 239. See also the historical summary ("Reseña Histórica") for the
152:
38:
554:
493:
Campuzano, Luisa (1997). "Blancos y blancas en la conquista de Cuba". In Campuzano, Luisa (ed.).
734:
724:
615:
605:
562:
546:
384:
98:
465:
The possibility seems only to have been considered (and rejected) by Campuzano (1997), p. 48.
538:
204:
485:
519:
Danaher Chaison, Joanne (April 1976). "Mysterious Malinche: A Case of Mistaken Identity".
183:
236:
699:
265:
232:
123:
to indigenous life in the Americas. In 1513, she was released thanks to the arrival of
97:
According to a widely accepted identification, María joined an early expedition to the
34:
165:
María was certainly with the combined army after it returned to the native capital at
147:
763:
601:
508:
Las muchachas de La Habana no tienen temor de Dio... Ecritoras cubanas (s. XVIII-XXI)
240:
120:
119:
For several years, she lived among the natives, one of the first Europeans to become
102:
174:
166:
124:
78:
706:
127:
on the island. Soon afterwards, she married one of these Spanish colonists, named
597:
49:. There is also some evidence that she had previously spent several years as a
268:, but by 1561, his relatives were fighting over the inheritance: instead, the
256:
719:(in Spanish). Hernando Maura (illus.). Valencia, Spain: Colecciуn Parnaseo —
619:
550:
17:
738:
86:
77:, although her father came originally from northern Spain. Her brother, the
566:
452:
Bel Bravo (2002) p. 202 suggests that she was the María Estrada, native of
654:
INAFED (Instituto Nacional para el Federalismo y el Desarrollo Municipal)
416:
The date is given as "ca. 1536", Himmerich y Valencia (1996), pp. 77 239.
244:
200:
109:
50:
113:
74:
558:
42:
542:
383:
Diaz, B., 1963, The Conquest of New Spain, London: Penguin Books,
235:
claims that she led a force of conquistadors into the area around
146:
600:(trans.) (6th printing (1973) ed.). Harmondsworth, England:
54:
687:
Mujeres latinoamericanas: historia y cultura. Siglos xvi al xix
495:
Mujeres latinoamericanas: historia y cultura. Siglos xvi al xix
215:
also describe those feats, adding that she participated in the
714:
664:(in Spanish) (online version at E-Local ed.). INAFED,
574:
Davies, Catherine; Brewster, Claire; Owen, Hilary (2006).
254:
Cortés certainly gave María and her husband an extensive
322:
in 1537, but her second husband had remarried by 1548.
105:, her vessel was shipwrecked on the island of Cuba.
576:
South American Independence: Gender, Politics, Text
199:wrote that she fought her way out of the city as a
642:El gobierno de la Ciudad de México en el siglo XVI
177:woman with them at this point. There had been the
151:Possible depiction of María de Estrada along with
219:along with other women soldiers and nurses, like
33:(c. 1475 or 1486 – between 1537–48) was a
45:in 1519–24. She traveled as a conquistador and
443:Davies, Brewster and Owen (2006), pp. 131–134.
53:among the native inhabitants of pre-colonial
8:
662:Enciclopedia de los Municipios de México
629:The Encomenderos of New Spain, 1521-1555
482:Mujeres españolas en la Historia Moderna
37:woman who was part of the expedition of
646:Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
306:
65:María Estrada (the surname is given as
531:Academy of American Franciscan History
81:Francisco de Estrada, had accompanied
748:Women in the conquest of the Americas
627:Himmerich y Valencia, Robert (1996).
247:, charging head first and screaming "
7:
535:Catholic University of America Press
644:(in Spanish). Mexico City, Mexico:
425:Himmerich y Valencia (1996), p. 239
295:List of people from Morelos, Mexico
231:. Furthermore, Dominican historian
25:
480:Bel Bravo, María Antonia (2002).
640:Porras Muñoz, Guillermo (1982).
805:Women in the Conquest of Mexico
689:(in Spanish). La Habana, Cuba:
510:(in Spanish). La Habana, Cuba:
497:(in Spanish). La Habana, Cuba:
746:Maura, Juan Francisco (1997).
698:Maura, Juan Francisco (2005).
213:Francisco Cervantes de Salazar
1:
795:Women in 16th-century warfare
484:(in Spanish). Madrid, Spain:
207:. For their part, historians
73:in some sources) was born in
658:"Tetela del Volcán, Morelos"
770:Spanish emigrants to Mexico
229:Beatriz Bermúdez de Velasco
169:in June 1520: according to
135:Cortés expedition to Mexico
821:
780:16th-century Spanish women
580:Liverpool University Press
454:San Vicente de la Barquera
666:Secretaría de Gobernación
633:University of Texas Press
593:The Conquest of New Spain
588:Díaz del Castillo, Bernal
506:Campuzano, Luisa (2004).
239:, where she defeated the
365:Campuzano (1997), p. 44.
171:Bernal Díaz del Castillo
116:who had led the attack.
721:Universitat de València
356:Campuzano (1997), p. 49
260:in this area, based at
209:Fray Juan de Torquemada
578:. Liverpool, England:
162:
800:Women in war in Spain
785:Spanish conquistadors
529:(4). Washington, DC:
276:Academic perspectives
217:Siege of Tenochtitlan
150:
27:Spanish conquistadora
723:. pp. 185–190.
691:Casa de las Amerícas
672:on 30 September 2007
596:. Penguin Classics.
499:Casa de las Amerícas
129:Pedro Sánchez Farfán
83:Christopher Columbus
790:People from Morelos
407:, in INAFED (2005).
225:Beatriz de Palacios
197:Diego Muñoz Camargo
173:, she was the only
158:History of Tlaxcala
750:. Bern, New York:
163:
142:Pánfilo de Narváez
693:. pp. 53–60.
501:. pp. 35–52.
405:Tetela del Volcán
320:Tetela del Volcán
262:Tetela del Volcán
16:(Redirected from
812:
755:
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31:María de Estrada
21:
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631:. Austin, TX:
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99:Gulf of Darién
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59:
26:
24:
14:
13:
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18:María Estrada
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674:. Retrieved
670:the original
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237:Popocatépetl
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184:Noche Triste
182:
167:Tenochtitlan
164:
156:
138:
121:acculturated
118:
114:local chiefs
107:
96:
79:conquistador
70:
66:
64:
47:fought there
30:
29:
676:1 September
598:J. M. Cohen
537:: 514–523.
316:encomendera
243:Indians of
233:Diego Durán
195:chronicler
764:Categories
752:Peter Lang
473:References
389:0140441239
270:encomienda
257:encomienda
193:Tlaxcallan
61:Background
620:162351797
590:(1963) .
551:0003-1615
401:municipio
87:cabin boy
739:77558646
656:(2005).
289:See also
249:Santiago
245:Hueyapan
201:rodelero
110:Matanzas
67:Destrada
51:castaway
567:1481001
175:Spanish
75:Seville
71:Estrada
35:Spanish
737:
727:
618:
608:
565:
559:979828
557:
549:
387:
266:Puebla
43:Mexico
709:XVII)
703:(PDF)
555:JSTOR
486:Sílex
301:Notes
241:Nahua
85:as a
735:OCLC
725:ISBN
678:2008
616:OCLC
606:ISBN
563:OCLC
547:ISSN
385:ISBN
227:and
211:and
55:Cuba
715:PDF
539:doi
403:of
318:of
251:!"
69:or
41:to
766::
733:.
705:.
660:.
614:.
604:.
561:.
553:.
545:.
533:,
527:32
525:.
223:,
155:.
131:.
57:.
754:.
741:.
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713:(
680:.
648:.
635:.
622:.
582:.
569:.
541::
514:.
488:.
329:.
161:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
