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appeared to lack a team objective, having no real rules or scoring system. A winner could only be declared if one of the sides agreed that the other side had played better. Individual players who consistently exhibited outstanding skills, such as kicking or leaping higher than others to catch the ball, were often praised, but proficiency in the sport gave them no tribal influence.
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Chris
Hallinan and Barry Judd describe the historical perspective of the history of Australian Rules as Anglo-centric, having been reluctant to acknowledge the Indigenous contribution. They go on to suggest this is an example of white Australians struggling to accept Indigenous peoples "as active and
474:
that appeared in the
Adelaide Observer, stated that "an ancient game was played by my people with a ball about the size of a cricket ball, made of hair and emu feathers. Sides were chosen, and the ball was passed from one to the other, the idea being to keep it in possession of those on one side, and
384:
Each side endeavours to keep possession of the ball, which is tossed a short distance by hand, then kicked in any direction. The side which kicks it oftenest and furthest gains the game. The person who sends it the highest is considered the best player, and has the honour of burying it in the ground
349:
What I can say for certain is that it's the first image of any kind of football that's been discovered in
Australia. It pre-dates the first European images of any kind of football, by almost ten years in Australia. Whether or not there is a link between the two games in some way for me is immaterial
236:
skin, somewhat elastic, but firm and strong. ...The players of this game do not throw the ball as a white man might do, but drop it and at the same time kicks it with his foot, using the instep for that purpose. ...The tallest men have the best chances in this game. ...Some of them will leap as high
585:
and throughout the
Melbourne area, there is no evidence that the game was played north of the Grampians or by the Djabwurrung people, and the claim that Wills observed and possibly played the game is improbable. Hibbin's account was widely publicised causing significant controversy and offending
91:
and catching a stuffed ball. They involved large numbers of players, and were played over an extremely large area. The game was subject to strict behavioural protocols: for instance all players had to be matched for size, gender and skin group relationship. However, to outside observers the game
1559:
Debate over AFL origins continues: The AFL is celebrating its 150th season and this weekend the event will be marked by an
Indigenous round with a special match between Essendon and Richmond called "Dreamtime at the 'G". But the celebrations have reignited a long running debate over the sport's
502:
462:
According to Howitt's historical field notes published in 1907 held in the AIATSIS Collection, an account from a
Mukjarawaint man from the Grampians indicated that both men and women would play in the same teams. This is further supported by an account from Beveridge from 1885.
481:
Another anecdotal account of Marn Grook being played near
Melbourne from 1934 describes some of the rules of the game, including the highest kicker winning the game, that it was educated by the elders and that girls also played but threw instead of kicked the ball.
1427:
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In his exhaustive research of the first four decades of
Australian rules football, historian Mark Pennings "could not find evidence that those who wrote the first rules were influenced by the Indigenous game of Marngrook".
268:
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till required the next day. The sport is concluded with a shout of applause, and the best player is complimented on his skill. The game, which is somewhat similar to the white man's game of football, is very rough...
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This ball game was played by South
Australian Aborigines in the vicinity of Adelaide (Kaurna language). The parndo (ball) was made with a piece of opossum skin, flattish in shape and about the size of a tennis
36:
Australian
Aboriginal domestic scene depicting traditional recreation, including one child kicking the ball, with the object and caption being to "never let the ball hit the ground". (From William Blandowski's
286:
In 1855 William Anderson Cawthorne documented South Australia's indigenous Adelaide Plains people. He produced a series of illustrations: one image was of a pair of playthings, a sling and a ball. In the
5910:
186:. This connection has become culturally important to many Indigenous Australians, including celebrities and professional footballers from communities in which Australian rules football is highly popular.
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By 1906, the name Marn Grook had entered the lexicon, several articles in newspapers of the time describe it as a near extinct pastime and provide details on the size (about 6 inches) of the ball.
194:
Although the consensus among historians is that Marn Grook existed before European arrival, it is not clear how long the game had been played in Victoria or elsewhere on the Australian continent.
5336:
559:
Col Hutchison, former historian for the AFL, wrote in support of the theory postulated by Flanagan, and his account appears on an official AFL memorial to Tom Wills in Moyston, erected in 1998.
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and Waa, played on opposite sides. The Wotjoballuk also played this game, with Krokitch on one side and Gamutch on the other. The mangurt was sent as a token of friendship from one to another.
632:) that have been attributes of both games. However, the connection is speculative. For instance spectacular high marking did not become common in Australian rules football until the 1880s.
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the ground to show where a catch had been taken or where the ball should be placed. The use of the word "mark" to indicate an "impression or trace forming a sign" on the ground dates to
1424:
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because it really highlights that games such as Marn Grook, which is one of the names for Aboriginal football, were played by Aborigines and should be celebrated in their own right
1687:
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581:'s official account of the game's history as part of its 150th anniversary celebrations—sternly rejects the theory, stating that while Marn Grook was "definitely" played around
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If Tom Wills had have said "Hey, we should have a game of our own more like the football the black fellas play" it would have killed it stone dead before it was even born.
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as five feet from the ground to catch the ball. The person who secures the ball kicks it. ...This continues for hours and the natives never seem to tire of the exercise.
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researcher Trevor Ruddell wrote in 2013 that Marn Grook "has no causal link with, nor any documented influence upon, the early development of Australian football."
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Beveridge,1885, Of the Aborigines inhabiting the Great lacustrine and Riverine Depression of the Lower Murray, Lower Murrumbidgee, Lower Lachlan and Lower Darling
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99:, mostly from the colonial Victorian explorers and settlers. Historical reports support it as a widespread activity across south-eastern Australia of the
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While playing as a child with Aboriginal children in this area he developed a game which he later utilised in the formation of Australian Football.
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of Monash University and Nell Reidy have also published eyewitness accounts of the game having been played in the area in which Tom Wills grew up.
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A news article published in 1906 suggests that it had been observed around a century prior, which would put its first observations to Australia's
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1112:, vol. 23 December 1845 − 12 April 1846, Manuscript held at the Mitchell Library, State Library of New South Wales: microfilm CY REEL 363
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341:). It is not thrown or hit with a bat, but is kicked up in the air with a foot. The aim of the game – never let the ball touch the ground.
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used in Marn Grook, and meaning "to catch". The application of the word "mark" in "foot-ball" (and in many other games) dates to the
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835:(Video) (in English and Warlpiri). Sydney: Walpiri Media Association; Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Running time 53 mins.
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Australian Aborigines: The Languages and Customs of Several Tribes of Aborigines in the Western District of Victoria, Australia
1641:
Australian Aborigines: The Languages and Customs of Several Tribes of Aborigines in the Western District of Victoria, Australia
380:, described a game, which he referred to as 'football', where the players of two teams kick around a ball made of possum fur.
272:
1855 illustration by William Anderson Cawthorne of Indigenous playthings from South Australia including a ball, referred to as
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Hallinan, Chris; Judd, Barry (2012). "Duelling paradigms: Australian Aborigines, marn-grook and football histories".
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discouraged the playing of imported games like cricket and encouraged the traditional native game of marn grook.
171:
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1475:"Marngrook, Tom Wills and the Continuing Denial of Indigenous History: On the origins of Australian football"
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Gregory M de Moore. Victoria University. from Football Fever. Crossing Boundaries. Maribyrnong Press, 2005
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The theory hinges on evidence which is circumstantial and anecdotal. Tom Wills was raised in Victoria's
517:
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73:
568:
As written by Col Hutchison on the plaque at Moyston donated by the Australian Football League in 1998.
1622:
1102:. . Toowoomba, Queensland: Faculty of Education, University of Southern Queensland (USQ). p. 109.
438:, and was probably known to most tribes of south-eastern Australia. The Kurnai made the ball from the
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1917:
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1562:. . 7.30 Report (ABC1); Time: 19:42; Broadcast Date: Thursday, 22 May 2008; Duration: 5 min., 18 sec.
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A Bibliography of the Traditional Games of Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples
209:
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played a very similar kicking and catching game with a possum skin ball, and the game was known as
120:
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football games played at gatherings and celebrations by sometimes more than 100 players. From the
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544:. As the only white child in the district, it is said that he was fluent in the languages of the
315:
2774:
422:. Acclaim and recognition went to the players who could leap or kick the highest. Howitt wrote:
826:
Campbell, Liam (writer, director); Cadden, Anna (co-director, director of photography) (2007).
32:
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A group of children is playing with a ball. The ball is made out of typha roots (roots of the
152:
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AFL turning Indigenous dreamtime to big time - ABC News (Australian Broadcasting Corporation)
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Advocates of these theories have drawn comparisons in the catching of the kicked ball (the
245:-willam clan and the two teams were sometimes based on the traditional totemic moieties of
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The men and boys joyfully assemble when this game is to be played. One makes a ball of
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1406:. No. 27, 455. Victoria, Australia. 16 August 1934. p. 4 (The Junior Argus)
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1927:
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More of the Kangaroo: 150 Years of Australian Football in Queensland - 1866 to 2016
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471:
427:
323:
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132:
128:
81:
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The earliest recorded anecdotal account is from about 1841, a decade prior to the
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and frequently played with local Aboriginal children on his father's property,
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1350:. Vol. LXXXVI, no. 4, 491. South Australia. 20 July 1929. p. 44
1247:
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AIATSIS: Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
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684:
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363:
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254:
242:
225:
160:
124:
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1114:. Catalogue listing: # ball games - ; * Torrens River region; South Australia
1032:. No. 7791. Tasmania, Australia. 11 May 1906. p. 3 (FOURTH EDITION)
901:"A code of our own" celebrating 150 years of the rules of Australian football
840:
314:
An 1857 sketch found in 2007 describes an observation by Victorian scientist
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2009:
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179:
136:
41:, 1857, (Haddon Library, Faculty of Archaeology and Anthropology, Cambridge)
1689:
Aboriginal Heritage - History and Heritage - Grampians, Victoria, Australia
1611:
The sports and pastimes of the people of England from the earliest period.
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1322:
Howitt, A. W. (Alfred William), 1830-1908 Notes on the Mukjarawaint tribe
728:
556:. This story has been passed down through the generations of his family.
443:
415:
140:
17:
1425:
Minister opens show exhibition celebrating Aussie Rules' Koorie Heritage
586:
prominent Indigenous footballers who openly criticised the publication.
521:
Tom Wills monument in Moyston makes a claim to the Marn Grook connection
318:, of the Latjilatji people playing a football game near Merbein, on his
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1883:
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367:
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116:
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370:) describes a "great game of football" which inaugurated festivities.
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2189:
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1937:
455:
246:
170:
Some historians claim that Marn Grook had a role in the formation of
497:
Origins of Australian rules football § Indigenous link theories
418:
versus the black cockatoos, for example, which accorded with their
5371:
4005:
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1967:
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431:
345:
In relation to the 1857 sketch, Historian Greg de Moore commented:
305:
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31:
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1989:
1302:
AW Howitt, "Notes on Australian Message Sticks and Messengers",
5464:
4369:
3391:
1736:
1256:. No. 1184. Victoria, Australia. 16 June 1860. p. 4.
354:
An 1860 eyewitness account of an Aboriginal colony (likely the
1732:
1306:, London, 1889, p 2, note 4, Reprinted by Ngarak Press, 1998,
182:
in 1858 and was codified the following year by members of the
450:
skin. It was called by them "mangurt". In this tribe the two
1378:. No. 9551. Victoria, Australia. 25 May 1906. p. 4
410:, wrote that the game was played between large groups on a
1071:
People of the Merri Merri. The Wurundjeri in Colonial Days
614:
Statement by Jim Poulter During 7.30 Report (22 May 2008).
975:
973:
956:. St. Leonards, Australia: Allen & Unwin. p. 8.
904:
The Yorker: Journal of the Melbourne Cricket Club Library
636:
Marn Grook and the Australian rules football term "mark"
446:", the Woiworung made it of tightly rolled up pieces of
123:. According to some accounts, the range extended to the
664:
and is likely derived from the practice where a player
533:
have postulated that Australian rules football pioneer
426:
This game of ball-playing was also practised among the
1677:"Genesis of footy and its Indigenous heart", ABC radio
228:
Aboriginal people east of Melbourne playing the game:
1140:
Warraparna Kaurna! Reclaiming an Australian language
573:
Sports historian Gillian Hibbins—who researched the
395:
In the appendix of Dawson's book, he lists the word
390:
James Dawson in his 1881 book Australian Aborigines.
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1902:
1807:
1798:
253:(crow). Robert Brough-Smyth saw the game played at
3817:Office of the Registrar of Indigenous Corporations
1514:, Australian Football. Retrieved 30 December 2013.
1501:, Australian Football. Retrieved 30 December 2013.
999:
997:
987:
985:
434:river people), the Wotjoballuk as well as by the
72:) is the popular collective name for traditional
1577:Footy Stamps: Home of Australian Football Stamps
95:The earliest accounts emerged decades after the
62:
54:
46:
5703:Australian rules football during the World Wars
1434:, Government Media Release accessed 4 June 2007
1146:. Adelaide, South Australia. pp. 229–230.
607:
561:
382:
347:
335:
230:
4304:Northern Territory National Emergency Response
3807:National Congress of Australia's First Peoples
1210:
1208:
1206:
914:
912:
793:, program first broadcast on 5 September 2008.
628:) and the high jumping to catch the ball (the
525:Since the 1980s, some commentators, including
224:in Victoria, who stated that he had witnessed
39:Australien in 142 Photographischen Abbildungen
5476:
4381:
3792:Australian Aboriginal Progressive Association
3403:
1748:
1681:Marngrook, the long ago story of Aussie Rules
1512:"Pompey Austin - Aboriginal football pioneer"
1069:Isabel Ellender and Peter Christiansen, pp45
1057:(Vol. 1). Melbourne: George Robertson (p. 176
1013:, 27 September 2007. Accessed 3 November 2008
8:
1683:, and Greg de Moore, biographer of Tom Wills
1164:
1158:
298:
292:
273:
5799:Countries playing Australian rules football
1679:— Interviews with Titta Secombe, author of
486:Relationship with Australian rules football
5506:
5483:
5469:
5461:
5183:
4566:
4407:
4388:
4374:
4366:
3899:South West Aboriginal Land and Sea Council
3884:Metropolitan Local Aboriginal Land Council
3856:
3410:
3396:
3388:
2407:
1910:
1804:
1755:
1741:
1733:
1716:Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies
1646:Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies
1414:– via National Library of Australia.
1386:– via National Library of Australia.
1358:– via National Library of Australia.
1268:– via National Library of Australia.
1180:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1040:– via National Library of Australia.
947:
945:
886:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
805:"Aboriginal Culture: Sport and Recreation"
620:Comparisons with Australian rules football
1453:
1451:
1073:, Merri Creek Management Committee, 2001
1304:Journal of the Anthropological Institute
537:could have been inspired by Marn Grook.
516:
399:for the game in the Aboriginal language
5972:Australian Aboriginal words and phrases
3621:National Indigenous Human Rights Awards
3493:People from politics and public service
1215:Farnsworth, Sarah (21 September 2007).
764:"Aussie rules kicked off by Aborigines"
755:
5794:Australian rules football in Australia
3419:Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders
1290:
1278:
1173:
879:
656:, is derived from the Aboriginal word
509:grew up as the only white child among
5809:Australian Football International Cup
5635:Queensland Australian Football League
1458:AFL's native roots a 'seductive myth'
1217:"Kids play kick to kick -1850s style"
1189:Metzenrath, Rita (19 October 2022) .
7:
5952:History of Australian rules football
5425:
3601:Literature of Indigenous Australians
1510:Ruddell, Trevor (19 December 2013).
1473:Hocking, Jenny; Nell, Reidy (2016).
979:Martin Flanagan, 'Sport and Culture'
719:Origins of Australian rules football
575:origins of Australian rules football
475:not to let their rivals secure it."
5445:
2450:Indigenous North American stickball
1227:Australian Broadcasting Corporation
921:"Goodes racist, says AFL historian"
854:Bird, Murray; Parker, Greg (2018).
772:. 22 September 2007. Archived from
27:Indigenous Australian football game
5620:Northern Territory Football League
5584:AFL Women's Under 18 Championships
3782:Aborigines Progressive Association
640:Some claim that the origin of the
25:
1497:Cardosi, Adam (18 October 2013).
1260:from the original on 21 July 2024
199:earliest days as a convict colony
5825:Australian Football Hall of Fame
5444:
5434:
5424:
5415:
5414:
4553:
1590:Aboriginal Football – Marn Grook
1499:"Origins of Australian Football"
1487:(2). Meanjin Company Ltd: 83–93.
1005:"Aborigines were playing possum"
701:
687:
652:of a kicked ball, followed by a
241:The game was a favourite of the
97:European settlement of Australia
5962:Sports originating in Australia
5751:Comparison with Gaelic football
4120:Aboriginal Land Rights Act 1976
1163:... 'play football' "..."
858:. Morningside, Qld. p. 3.
362:(between the current cities of
107:people and other tribes in the
84:, it means "ball" and "game".
4332:Uluru Statement from the Heart
3749:Torres Strait Island languages
1191:"The AFL's Aboriginal origins"
1108:Cawthorne, William A. (1846),
919:Morrissey, Tim (15 May 2008).
513:Aborigines in Western Victoria
1:
3797:Australian Aborigines' League
3777:Aborigines Advancement League
3694:Australian Aboriginal English
669:
605:intelligent human subjects".
163:in the 1860s it was known as
5761:International rules football
3837:National Reconciliation Week
2124:International rules football
1538:10.1080/17430437.2012.723364
1024:"The Queer Side of Football"
505:Australian football pioneer
470:, during a discussion about
5957:Indigenous Australian sport
5140:North & Central America
3889:NSW Aboriginal Land Council
3827:Registered Aboriginal Party
3812:National Indigenous Council
3699:Macro-Gunwinyguan languages
1623:Online Etymology Dictionary
1253:Ovens and Murray Advertiser
5995:
5579:AFL Under 18 Championships
5292:Association football films
4551:
4267:Constitutional recognition
4136:Hawkesbury and Nepean Wars
3772:Aboriginal Medical Service
1197:. Government of Australia.
1053:The Aborigines of Victoria
1050:Robert Brough-Smyth (1878)
579:Australian Football League
494:
376:, in his 1881 book titled
214:The Aborigines of Victoria
5492:Australian rules football
5410:
4448:Attempts to ban the sport
3661:Traditional custodianship
2410:
1985:Australian rules football
1913:
1770:
1342:"Aborigines and Football"
1160:tidnaparndo ngunyawaiendi
952:Flanagan, Martin (1998).
172:Australian rules football
4126:Australian Frontier Wars
3832:Reconciliation Australia
803:Yarrow, Stephen (2019),
406:In 1889, anthropologist
333:The image is inscribed:
4178:Australian history wars
4039:Contemporary visual art
3455:Torres Strait Islanders
1613:Harvard University 1801
1165:
1159:
322:to the junction of the
299:
293:
274:
257:Mission Station, where
222:Protector of Aborigines
184:Melbourne Football Club
159:. North of Brisbane in
63:
55:
47:
5708:History of the VFL/AFL
5655:Tasmanian State League
5362:Retired numbers (list)
3874:Kimberley Land Council
3724:Pama–Nyungan languages
3714:Loanwords into English
3631:Religion and mythology
3584:Torres Strait Islander
3435:Aboriginal Australians
1638:Dawson, James (1881).
1248:"An Aboriginal Colony"
617:
599:Melbourne Cricket Club
571:
522:
514:
460:
393:
352:
343:
311:
283:
239:
42:
5861:After-the-siren kicks
5835:Club best and fairest
5625:Adelaide Footy League
4599:Duration of the match
4213:Native Title Act 1993
4148:Cummeragunja walk-off
3894:Northern Land Council
3744:Torres Strait English
3671:Torres Strait Islands
3298:Other non-ball sports
3262:Synchronized swimming
2844:Mesoamerican ballgame
2029:Circle rules football
1708:James Dawson (1881).
1444:AFL News | Real Footy
1403:The Argus (Melbourne)
1093:Edwards, Ken (2012).
906:Issue 39, Autumn 2009
552:, outside modern-day
520:
504:
424:
378:Australian Aborigines
309:
271:
87:These games featured
74:Indigenous Australian
35:
5967:Traditional football
5048:Organised supporters
4614:Fouls and misconduct
4479:English school games
4397:Association football
3869:Central Land Council
3367:Synchronized skating
1918:Association football
776:on 19 February 2023.
5916:Oldest competitions
5713:Interstate football
5594:Talent League Girls
4443:Oldest competitions
4433:First international
3626:Outstation movement
3465:Western Australians
3267:Underwater football
2367:Other related codes
2159:Medieval/historical
1595:12 May 2006 at the
1430:8 June 2008 at the
1137:Amery, Rob (2016).
648:, meaning a clean,
452:exogamous divisions
310:Marn Grook (detail)
210:Robert Brough Smyth
206:Victorian gold rush
119:regions of western
5896:In popular culture
5766:Lightning football
5728:Schism (1938–1949)
5589:Talent League Boys
4539:Uppies and Downies
4319:Stolen Generations
4309:Self-determination
4229:Stolen Generations
4163:Historical figures
4143:Caledon Bay crisis
3966:Fire-stick farming
3879:Maralinga Tjarutja
3498:Performing artists
3094:Net and wall games
2240:Uppies and downies
2144:Universal football
1995:Lightning football
1110:Literarium Diarium
1089:Several sources:
791:ABC Radio National
769:The Age, Australia
529:, Jim Poulter and
523:
515:
414:basis – the white
316:William Blandowski
312:
284:
212:in his 1878 book,
43:
5934:
5933:
5689:
5688:
5458:
5457:
5270:
5269:
5112:Main associations
4758:Throwback uniform
4721:
4720:
4671:Start and restart
4644:Penalty shoot-out
4549:
4548:
4474:Calcio Fiorentino
4363:
4362:
4246:Western Australia
3981:Possum-skin cloak
3912:
3911:
3904:Tiwi Land Council
3739:Taboo on the dead
3704:Australian Creole
3445:Aboriginal groups
3385:
3384:
3320:Combat (juggling)
3063:British baseball
2914:
2913:
2743:Other ball sports
2738:
2737:
2636:Underwater hockey
2397:
2396:
2180:Calcio fiorentino
2095:Canadian football
2048:American football
1725:978-0-85575-118-0
1655:978-0-85575-118-0
1153:978-1-925261-25-7
1120:Office of Sport.
865:978-0-9943936-1-6
787:The Sports Factor
724:Medieval football
153:Central Australia
143:in south-western
16:(Redirected from
5984:
5921:Terms and jargon
5881:Fantasy football
5854:Related articles
5507:
5485:
5478:
5471:
5462:
5448:
5447:
5438:
5428:
5427:
5418:
5417:
5367:Rivalries (list)
5184:
4567:
4557:
4534:Royal Shrovetide
4408:
4390:
4383:
4376:
4367:
3857:
3689:Avoidance speech
3651:Smoking ceremony
3412:
3405:
3398:
3389:
3272:Underwater rugby
3067:English baseball
2889:Valencian pilota
2680:Hobby horse polo
2408:
2235:Royal Shrovetide
2139:Swedish football
1911:
1805:
1780:Governing bodies
1757:
1750:
1743:
1734:
1729:
1704:
1703:
1701:
1696:on 22 April 2011
1692:, archived from
1666:
1664:
1662:
1625:
1620:
1614:
1605:
1599:
1587:
1581:
1580:
1569:
1563:
1556:
1550:
1549:
1526:Sport in Society
1521:
1515:
1508:
1502:
1495:
1489:
1488:
1470:
1464:
1455:
1446:
1441:
1435:
1422:
1416:
1415:
1413:
1411:
1398:"GENERAL TOPICS"
1394:
1388:
1387:
1385:
1383:
1370:"WORLD OF SPORT"
1366:
1360:
1359:
1357:
1355:
1338:
1332:
1329:
1323:
1320:
1314:
1300:
1294:
1288:
1282:
1276:
1270:
1269:
1267:
1265:
1244:
1238:
1237:
1235:
1233:
1212:
1201:
1198:
1185:
1179:
1171:
1168:
1162:
1145:
1133:
1113:
1103:
1101:
1087:
1081:
1067:
1061:
1048:
1042:
1041:
1039:
1037:
1020:
1014:
1003:David Thompson,
1001:
992:
989:
980:
977:
968:
967:
949:
940:
935:
929:
928:
916:
907:
898:
892:
891:
885:
877:
851:
845:
844:
834:
829:Aboriginal Rules
823:
817:
816:
811:, archived from
800:
794:
784:
778:
777:
760:
711:
709:Australia portal
706:
705:
704:
697:
692:
691:
690:
674:
671:
642:Australian rules
630:spectacular mark
615:
569:
542:Western District
391:
302:
296:
277:
80:language of the
66:
58:
50:
21:
5994:
5993:
5987:
5986:
5985:
5983:
5982:
5981:
5937:
5936:
5935:
5930:
5849:
5813:
5780:
5732:
5685:
5664:
5598:
5567:
5526:
5501:
5494:
5489:
5459:
5454:
5406:
5392:Stars on badges
5387:Stadiums (list)
5352:Professionalism
5266:
5223:
5175:
5166:Summer Olympics
5154:
5106:
5085:
5042:
5026:
4983:
4947:
4926:
4893:
4770:
4764:
4717:
4701:
4697:Cambridge rules
4692:Sheffield rules
4680:
4629:Goal difference
4579:Away goals rule
4558:
4545:
4524:Cornish hurling
4452:
4399:
4394:
4364:
4359:
4299:Media portrayal
4262:1967 Referendum
4250:
4158:Gurindji Strike
4153:Day of Mourning
4105:
4015:
3908:
3855:
3753:
3709:Language groups
3675:
3517:
3469:
3421:
3416:
3386:
3381:
3293:
3248:
3244:World Chase Tag
3220:
3144:Football tennis
3088:
2972:Danish longball
2921:
2910:
2780:Ballon au poing
2775:Balle à la main
2734:
2645:
2641:Unicycle hockey
2513:
2403:
2393:
2362:
2244:
2230:Pasuckuakohowog
2195:Cornish hurling
2160:
2153:
2099:
2033:
2017:Gaelic football
1906:
1898:
1794:
1766:
1761:
1726:
1707:
1699:
1697:
1686:
1673:
1668:
1660:
1658:
1656:
1637:
1634:
1629:
1628:
1621:
1617:
1606:
1602:
1597:Wayback Machine
1588:
1584:
1573:"Early History"
1571:
1570:
1566:
1557:
1553:
1523:
1522:
1518:
1509:
1505:
1496:
1492:
1472:
1471:
1467:
1456:
1449:
1442:
1438:
1432:Wayback Machine
1423:
1419:
1409:
1407:
1396:
1395:
1391:
1381:
1379:
1368:
1367:
1363:
1353:
1351:
1340:
1339:
1335:
1330:
1326:
1321:
1317:
1301:
1297:
1289:
1285:
1277:
1273:
1263:
1261:
1246:
1245:
1241:
1231:
1229:
1214:
1213:
1204:
1188:
1172:
1154:
1143:
1136:
1119:
1107:
1099:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1068:
1064:
1049:
1045:
1035:
1033:
1022:
1021:
1017:
1002:
995:
990:
983:
978:
971:
964:
951:
950:
943:
936:
932:
918:
917:
910:
899:
895:
878:
866:
853:
852:
848:
832:
825:
824:
820:
815:on 25 June 2022
809:Australia Guide
802:
801:
797:
785:
781:
762:
761:
757:
752:
715:
714:
707:
702:
700:
693:
688:
686:
681:
672:
662:Elizabethan era
638:
622:
616:
613:
570:
567:
527:Martin Flanagan
499:
493:
488:
442:of an "old man
392:
389:
289:Kaurna language
280:Kaurna language
192:
149:Warlpiri people
145:New South Wales
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5992:
5991:
5988:
5980:
5979:
5974:
5969:
5964:
5959:
5954:
5949:
5947:Ancient sports
5939:
5938:
5932:
5931:
5929:
5928:
5923:
5918:
5913:
5908:
5903:
5898:
5893:
5888:
5883:
5878:
5873:
5868:
5863:
5857:
5855:
5851:
5850:
5848:
5847:
5845:Sandover Medal
5842:
5837:
5832:
5830:Brownlow Medal
5827:
5821:
5819:
5815:
5814:
5812:
5811:
5806:
5801:
5796:
5790:
5788:
5782:
5781:
5779:
5778:
5773:
5768:
5763:
5758:
5753:
5748:
5742:
5740:
5734:
5733:
5731:
5730:
5725:
5720:
5715:
5710:
5705:
5699:
5697:
5691:
5690:
5687:
5686:
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5662:
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5642:
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5597:
5596:
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5555:
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5540:
5534:
5532:
5528:
5527:
5525:
5524:
5519:
5513:
5511:
5504:
5496:
5495:
5490:
5488:
5487:
5480:
5473:
5465:
5456:
5455:
5453:
5452:
5442:
5432:
5422:
5411:
5408:
5407:
5405:
5404:
5399:
5394:
5389:
5384:
5379:
5374:
5369:
5364:
5359:
5354:
5349:
5344:
5339:
5334:
5329:
5324:
5319:
5314:
5309:
5304:
5299:
5297:Beautiful Game
5294:
5289:
5284:
5278:
5276:
5275:Related topics
5272:
5271:
5268:
5267:
5265:
5264:
5262:National teams
5259:
5254:
5249:
5244:
5239:
5233:
5231:
5225:
5224:
5222:
5221:
5219:National teams
5216:
5211:
5206:
5201:
5196:
5190:
5188:
5181:
5177:
5176:
5174:
5173:
5171:Youth Olympics
5168:
5162:
5160:
5156:
5155:
5153:
5152:
5147:
5142:
5137:
5132:
5127:
5122:
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5114:
5108:
5107:
5105:
5104:
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5087:
5086:
5084:
5083:
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5073:
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5063:
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5050:
5044:
5043:
5041:
5040:
5034:
5032:
5028:
5027:
5025:
5024:
5019:
5014:
5012:Total football
5009:
5004:
4999:
4993:
4991:
4985:
4984:
4982:
4981:
4976:
4971:
4966:
4961:
4955:
4953:
4949:
4948:
4946:
4945:
4940:
4934:
4932:
4928:
4927:
4925:
4924:
4919:
4914:
4909:
4903:
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4895:
4894:
4892:
4891:
4886:
4881:
4876:
4871:
4866:
4856:
4851:
4846:
4841:
4840:
4839:
4829:
4828:
4827:
4817:
4812:
4811:
4810:
4805:
4795:
4790:
4785:
4780:
4774:
4772:
4766:
4765:
4763:
4762:
4761:
4760:
4755:
4750:
4740:
4735:
4729:
4727:
4723:
4722:
4719:
4718:
4716:
4715:
4709:
4707:
4703:
4702:
4700:
4699:
4694:
4688:
4686:
4682:
4681:
4679:
4678:
4673:
4668:
4663:
4662:
4661:
4651:
4646:
4641:
4636:
4631:
4626:
4621:
4616:
4611:
4606:
4601:
4596:
4591:
4586:
4581:
4575:
4573:
4564:
4560:
4559:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4546:
4544:
4543:
4542:
4541:
4536:
4531:
4526:
4521:
4516:
4511:
4501:
4496:
4491:
4486:
4481:
4476:
4471:
4466:
4460:
4458:
4454:
4453:
4451:
4450:
4445:
4440:
4435:
4430:
4425:
4420:
4414:
4412:
4405:
4401:
4400:
4395:
4393:
4392:
4385:
4378:
4370:
4361:
4360:
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4324:Half-Caste Act
4316:
4314:Reconciliation
4311:
4306:
4301:
4296:
4295:
4294:
4292:Protected Area
4289:
4279:
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4269:
4264:
4258:
4256:
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4219:Pilbara strike
4216:
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3998:
3996:Spinifex resin
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3973:
3968:
3963:
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3102:Ball badminton
3098:
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3081:
3076:
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3072:Welsh baseball
3069:
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3036:
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3034:
3029:
3019:
3014:
3009:
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2999:
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2989:
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2977:Indoor cricket
2974:
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2849:Pelota mixteca
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2826:
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2621:Rossall hockey
2618:
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2596:
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2507:Shinty–Hurling
2499:
2494:
2493:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2446:
2445:
2443:Shinty–Hurling
2440:
2437:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2411:
2405:
2402:Stick-and-ball
2399:
2398:
2395:
2394:
2392:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2370:
2368:
2364:
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2164:
2155:
2154:
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2146:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2119:Eton wall game
2116:
2110:
2108:
2101:
2100:
2098:
2097:
2092:
2090:Arena football
2087:
2086:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2044:
2042:
2035:
2034:
2032:
2031:
2026:
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2024:
2014:
2013:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1982:
1981:
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1975:
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1965:
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1811:
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1800:Invasion games
1796:
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1793:
1792:
1787:
1785:National sport
1782:
1777:
1771:
1768:
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1762:
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1684:
1672:
1671:External links
1669:
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1626:
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1600:
1582:
1564:
1551:
1532:(7): 975–986.
1516:
1503:
1490:
1465:
1461:The Australian
1447:
1436:
1417:
1389:
1361:
1333:
1324:
1315:
1295:
1293:, p. xv .
1283:
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1126:NSW Government
1117:
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1082:
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1043:
1029:Tasmanian News
1015:
993:
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969:
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565:
531:Col Hutchinson
492:
491:Tom Wills Link
489:
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430:, the Wolgal (
387:
328:Darling Rivers
218:William Thomas
191:
190:Early accounts
188:
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5886:Footy tipping
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5840:Magarey Medal
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5332:Homosexuality
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5322:Football club
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5150:South America
5148:
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5038:Trading cards
5036:
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5029:
5023:
5020:
5018:
5015:
5013:
5010:
5008:
5005:
5003:
5000:
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4997:Anti-football
4995:
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4355:Voting rights
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4208:
4207:Native police
4205:
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4037:
4035:
4034:Bark painting
4032:
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4022:
4018:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
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3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3946:Bush medicine
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3862:
3861:Land councils
3858:
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3759:Organisations
3756:
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3551:Deadly Awards
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3002:Over-the-line
3000:
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2675:Elephant polo
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2631:Street hockey
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2604:Roller hockey
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2301:American flag
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2015:
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1998:
1996:
1993:
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1988:
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1979:
1976:
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1971:
1969:
1966:
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1963:roller soccer
1961:
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1956:
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1946:
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1943:Indoor soccer
1941:
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1808:Basket sports
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1608:Joseph Strutt
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1463:22 March 2008
1462:
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1312:1-875254-25-0
1309:
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1284:
1281:, p. 85.
1280:
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1169:'foot'
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1079:0-9577728-0-7
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963:0-9757708-0-2
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591:Jenny Hocking
587:
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532:
528:
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468:David Uniapon
464:
459:
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433:
429:
423:
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417:
413:
409:
408:Alfred Howitt
404:
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401:Chaap Wuurong
398:
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365:
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263:William Barak
260:
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65:
59:
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51:
49:
40:
34:
30:
19:
5911:Oldest clubs
5906:Mascot Manor
5901:Kick-to-kick
5871:Barassi Line
5717:
5676:AFL reserves
5650:AFLS Women's
5640:QAFL Women's
5630:NTFL Women's
5615:AFLC Women's
5610:AFL Canberra
5502:competitions
5382:Squad number
5237:Competitions
5194:Competitions
4959:Bicycle kick
4859:Seven-a-side
4820:Keepie uppie
4769:Variants of
4753:Third jersey
4748:Away colours
4639:Penalty kick
4529:Old Division
4498:
4438:Oldest clubs
4428:First league
4330:
4287:Native title
4241:Tent embassy
4224:Pintupi Nine
4211:
4131:Bathurst War
4118:
4101:Yininmadyemi
4086:Sandpainting
4081:Papunya Tula
4076:NATSIA Award
4064:Music groups
3986:Scarred tree
3956:Dugout canoe
3646:Sacred sites
3605:
3561:The Dreaming
3503:Sportspeople
3362:Roller derby
3254:Water sports
3174:Sepak takraw
3164:Newcomb ball
2920:Bat-and-ball
2790:Longue paume
2785:Jeu de paume
2562:Floor hockey
2550:Field hockey
2259:Rugby league
2224:
1948:minifootball
1928:beach soccer
1790:Sportspeople
1710:
1698:, retrieved
1694:the original
1688:
1680:
1659:. Retrieved
1640:
1636:
1618:
1610:
1603:
1585:
1576:
1567:
1554:
1529:
1525:
1519:
1506:
1493:
1484:
1478:
1468:
1439:
1420:
1408:. Retrieved
1401:
1392:
1380:. Retrieved
1373:
1364:
1352:. Retrieved
1345:
1336:
1327:
1318:
1303:
1298:
1286:
1274:
1262:. Retrieved
1251:
1242:
1230:. Retrieved
1220:
1194:
1157:
1139:
1129:
1125:
1109:
1095:
1085:
1070:
1065:
1058:
1051:
1046:
1034:. Retrieved
1027:
1018:
1008:
953:
933:
924:
903:
896:
855:
849:
828:
821:
813:the original
808:
798:
786:
782:
774:the original
767:
758:
695:Sport portal
665:
657:
639:
623:
608:
603:
595:
588:
572:
562:
558:
549:
546:Djab wurrung
539:
524:
511:Djab wurrung
480:
477:
472:Harry Hewitt
465:
461:
425:
405:
396:
394:
383:
377:
374:James Dawson
372:
360:Broken River
353:
348:
344:
336:
332:
313:
291:a ball is a
285:
249:(eagle) and
240:
231:
213:
203:
196:
193:
169:
164:
156:
129:Yarra Valley
94:
89:punt kicking
86:
82:Kulin people
69:
68:(also spelt
61:
53:
45:
44:
38:
29:
5804:Tournaments
5660:TSL Women's
5531:Second-tier
5500:Leagues and
5450:WikiProject
5307:Child abuse
5252:Top scorers
5209:Top scorers
5102:Rugby union
5090:Comparisons
5066:Hooliganism
5056:Barra brava
5031:Memorabilia
4989:Terminology
4879:Three-sided
4854:Rush goalie
4798:Five-a-side
4594:Corner kick
4589:Ball in/out
4411:Modern code
4282:Land rights
4185:King plates
4001:Sweet foods
3971:Food groups
3941:Bush tucker
3681:Language(s)
3616:NAIDOC Week
3566:Enumeration
3475:Individuals
3440:Communities
3352:Makura-Nage
3209:pioneerball
3139:Footbag net
3079:Wiffle ball
2770:Gain-ground
2765:Flickerball
2725:Segway polo
2665:Cowboy polo
2528:Ball hockey
2485:intercrosse
2296:Rugby union
2129:Samoa rules
2005:Nine-a-side
2000:Metro footy
1764:Team sports
1291:Dawson 1881
1279:Dawson 1881
739:Woggabaliri
673: 1200
420:skin system
358:) from the
259:ngurungaeta
165:Purru Purru
105:Jardwadjali
101:Djabwurrung
5977:Wurundjeri
5941:Categories
5738:Variations
5718:Marn Grook
5645:AFL Sydney
5017:Zona mista
5002:Catenaccio
4917:Midfielder
4907:Goalkeeper
4884:3v3 Soccer
4837:Powerchair
4832:Paralympic
4659:Assistants
4499:Marn Grook
4404:Chronology
4173:Prehistory
4096:Visual art
4049:Didgeridoo
3961:Fibrecraft
3936:Bush bread
3802:Mass media
3729:Placenames
3606:Marn Grook
3596:Kurdaitcha
3579:Aboriginal
3541:Corroboree
3460:Victorians
3450:Tasmanians
3372:Tug of war
3330:wheelchair
3287:inner tube
3277:Water polo
3226:Tag sports
3184:Volleyball
3149:Footvolley
3017:Schlagball
2906:Yukigassen
2901:Whirlyball
2879:Tchoukball
2874:Tamburello
2854:Prisonball
2822:wheelchair
2755:Cycle ball
2720:Polocrosse
2705:Arena polo
2670:Cycle polo
2587:ice sledge
2572:Ice hockey
2475:box/indoor
2460:Knattleikr
2389:Yubi lakpi
2358:Wheelchair
2289:wheelchair
2225:Marn grook
2220:Lelo burti
2083:wheelchair
1958:powerchair
1953:paralympic
1877:wheelchair
1840:wheelchair
1815:Basketball
1410:31 January
1382:31 January
1375:The Herald
1354:19 January
1264:31 January
1010:Herald Sun
925:Herald Sun
874:1082363978
750:References
744:Yubi lakpi
734:Lelo burti
650:fair catch
589:Professor
583:Port Fairy
495:See also:
364:Shepparton
356:Taungurung
320:expedition
255:Coranderrk
243:Wurundjeri
226:Wurundjeri
176:originated
161:Queensland
139:, and the
135:people of
125:Wurundjeri
56:marn-grook
48:Marn Grook
5786:Geography
5776:Superules
5771:Rec footy
5327:Geography
5317:Ethnicity
5022:Equaliser
5007:Tiki-taka
4979:Step over
4938:Formation
4899:Positions
4844:Jorkyball
4815:Freestyle
4726:Equipment
4624:Goal kick
4619:Free kick
4604:Equipment
4489:Harpastum
4484:Episkyros
4457:Ancestors
4195:Black War
4190:Massacres
4029:Artefacts
3926:Boomerang
3918:Bushcraft
3842:Sorry Day
3656:Songlines
3531:Astronomy
3488:Musicians
3483:Activists
3357:Paintball
3342:Hornussen
3310:Bo-taoshi
3179:Throwball
3112:Bossaball
3049:Town ball
3044:Stoolball
3039:Stickball
3027:Fastpitch
3007:Pesäpallo
2940:Brännboll
2935:Baseball5
2869:Roll ball
2864:Quidditch
2760:Dodgeball
2750:Angleball
2714:Snow polo
2685:Horseball
2660:Auto polo
2567:Floorball
2545:Broomball
2384:Jegichagi
2379:Kī-o-rahi
2205:Harpastum
2134:Speedball
2053:eight-man
2010:Rec footy
1933:freestyle
1847:Cestoball
1700:5 January
1546:145415549
1176:cite book
1036:7 October
882:cite book
841:271606524
654:free kick
550:Lexington
535:Tom Wills
507:Tom Wills
436:Woiworung
416:cockatoos
216:, quoted
180:Melbourne
137:Gippsland
78:Woiwurung
70:Marn Gook
64:marngrook
18:Marngrook
5891:Guernsey
5876:Families
5756:Footy 9s
5510:National
5420:Category
5402:World XI
5397:Transfer
5347:Politics
5282:12th man
5242:Families
5199:Families
4931:Strategy
4912:Defender
4771:the game
4676:Throw-in
4504:Medieval
4494:La soule
4423:Timeline
4202:Missions
4054:Dreaming
3951:Coolamon
3822:Politics
3666:Tjurunga
3377:Ultimate
3315:Buzkashi
3204:standing
3117:Fistball
3084:Wireball
3022:Softball
3012:Rounders
2982:Kickball
2965:Twenty20
2945:Corkball
2930:Baseball
2894:Llargues
2859:Pushball
2834:Kin-Ball
2802:Handball
2797:Goalball
2730:Yak polo
2690:Motoball
2599:Rinkball
2594:Ringette
2470:Lacrosse
2439:Super11s
2425:Gateball
2215:La soule
2161:football
2063:nine-man
2039:Gridiron
1978:teqball
1904:Football
1894:Slamball
1889:Ringball
1857:Korfball
1593:Archived
1428:Archived
1347:Observer
1258:Archived
1222:ABC News
1122:"Parndo"
1106:Citing:
954:The Call
729:Lacrosse
679:See also
612:—
577:for the
566:—
466:In 1929
444:kangaroo
397:Min'gorm
388:—
261:(elder)
174:, which
141:Riverina
121:Victoria
5723:Origins
5695:History
5669:Defunct
5430:Commons
5377:Smoking
5312:Culture
5302:Captain
5287:Alcohol
5247:Players
5229:Women's
5204:Players
5159:Olympic
5145:Oceania
5071:Torcida
4943:Tactics
4922:Forward
4889:Walking
4825:Footbag
4788:College
4778:Amputee
4666:Scoring
4654:Referee
4649:Players
4634:Offside
4571:Current
4514:Camping
4418:History
4234:Apology
4168:History
4111:History
4011:Woomera
3787:AIATSIS
3641:Seasons
3591:Kinship
3556:Deities
3546:Country
3523:Culture
3513:Writers
3427:Peoples
3325:Curling
3305:Airsoft
3239:Kho kho
3234:Kabaddi
3199:sitting
3107:Biribol
3059:Vitilla
3032:16-inch
2992:Matball
2955:One Day
2950:Cricket
2829:Kaatsen
2710:Chovgan
2609:in-line
2497:Ritinis
2490:women's
2435:Camogie
2430:Hurling
2264:masters
2185:Camping
2170:Ba game
2068:six-man
2022:Ladies'
1923:amputee
1884:Rezball
1862:Netball
1852:Dueball
1632:Sources
1579:. 2006.
1560:origins
1480:Meanjin
1232:18 July
658:mumarki
554:Moyston
440:scrotum
412:totemic
368:Benalla
339:bulrush
278:in the
127:in the
117:Millewa
109:Wimmera
5866:Banner
5818:Awards
5572:Junior
5543:SANFLW
5440:Portal
5357:Racism
5135:Europe
5125:Africa
5097:Futsal
5076:Ultras
4974:Rabona
4969:Nutmeg
4952:Skills
4874:Street
4863:Sevens
4849:Roller
4808:Indoor
4803:Futsal
4685:Former
4519:Cnapan
4338:Treaty
4277:Health
4255:Issues
3719:Palawa
3575:Flags
3571:Elders
3347:Jereed
3194:indoor
3169:Peteca
3154:Jianzi
3054:Vigoro
2839:Lagori
2653:sports
2626:Shinny
2555:indoor
2521:sports
2519:Hockey
2502:Shinty
2465:Knotty
2455:Iomain
2420:Cammag
2404:sports
2316:sevens
2279:sevens
2210:Kemari
2190:Cnapan
2149:Volata
2114:Austus
2105:Hybrid
2073:sprint
1973:street
1938:futsal
1872:indoor
1722:
1652:
1544:
1310:
1150:
1077:
960:
872:
862:
839:
456:Bunjil
448:possum
428:Kurnai
324:Murray
300:parndo
247:Bunjil
234:possum
157:pultja
147:. The
131:, the
113:Mallee
5681:NEAFL
5603:Other
5563:WAFLW
5538:SANFL
5372:RSSSF
5342:Names
5337:IFFHS
5257:Clubs
5214:Clubs
5187:Men's
5180:Lists
5081:Chant
5061:Curva
4869:Swamp
4783:Beach
4738:Boots
4706:Board
4609:Field
4563:Rules
4348:Voice
4343:Truth
4272:Crime
4059:Music
4044:Dance
4006:Waddy
3991:Soaks
3976:Humpy
3767:ATSIC
3282:canoe
3189:beach
3159:Jokgu
3132:Rugby
3122:Fives
2987:Lapta
2922:games
2884:Ulama
2817:field
2812:Czech
2807:beach
2582:power
2533:Bandy
2480:field
2415:Bando
2353:Touch
2336:touch
2331:Tambo
2306:beach
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2252:codes
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2163:codes
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2078:touch
2041:codes
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1867:Fast5
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1820:beach
1775:Sport
1661:3 May
1542:S2CID
1166:tidna
1144:(PDF)
1131:ball.
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833:(PAL)
666:marks
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294:pando
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251:Waang
133:Gunai
5746:AFLX
5558:WAFL
5553:VFLW
5522:AFLW
5130:Asia
5120:FIFA
4964:Curl
4793:Crab
4733:Ball
4713:IFAB
4584:Ball
4469:Cuju
4464:Caid
4091:Vibe
4069:Rock
4021:Arts
3931:Buka
3851:TSRA
3636:Riji
3536:Bora
3337:Guts
3214:snow
3127:Eton
2997:Oină
2960:Test
2700:Polo
2695:Pato
2651:Polo
2614:quad
2577:pond
2538:rink
2374:Cuju
2341:tens
2321:snow
2311:mini
2200:Cuju
2175:Caid
2058:flag
1990:AFLX
1825:deaf
1720:ISBN
1702:2011
1663:2019
1650:ISBN
1412:2023
1384:2023
1356:2022
1308:ISBN
1266:2023
1234:2019
1182:link
1148:ISBN
1075:ISBN
1038:2021
958:ISBN
888:link
870:OCLC
860:ISBN
837:OCLC
646:mark
626:mark
366:and
326:and
220:, a
115:and
103:and
5548:VFL
5517:AFL
4743:Kit
2326:tag
2284:tag
2269:mod
1830:3x3
1534:doi
843:. .
297:or
178:in
151:of
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