385:
544:
399:
There is a dispute and confusion about the meaning of
Brusselian, which many consider to be a neighbourhood jargon distinct from a larger Brussels Dutch dialect, while others use the term "Marols" as an overarching substitute term for that citywide dialect. According to Jeanine Treffers-Daller, “the
404:
If you ask ten
Brusselers what "Marollien" is, you get ten different answers. For some people it is French contaminated by Flemish and spoken in the neighborhood of the rue Haute and the rue Blaes, whereas for others it is Frenchified Flemish. Still others say that it is a vernacular variety of
469:. Secondary education was only given in French throughout Belgium. Drained by the personal needs of the administration, many new working class arrivals from the south of Belgium, again increased the presence of French in Brussels. Informal language was from then on a mixture of
460:
French then gradually spread through the working classes, especially after the establishment of compulsory education in
Belgium from 1914 for children aged between six and fourteen years. Primary school education was given in Dutch in the
405:
French, spoken in the whole city, etc., etc. Marollien, however, is exceptional if not unique, because it is a double language. In fact it is not between the germanic and romance languages, it is both.
384:
848:
376:
Brusselian is described as "totally indecipherable to the foreigner (which covers everyone not born in the
Marolles), which is probably a good thing as it is richly abusive."
480:
Nowadays, the
Brussels-Capital Region is officially bilingual in French and Dutch, even though French has become the predominant language of the city.
880:
989:
968:
949:
603:
country of Khemed comes from the
Brusselian phrase for "I'm cold"). Bordurian, for example, has as one of its words the Brusselian-based
692:
769:
Quoted
Jeanine Treffers-Daller, Mixing Two Languages: French-Dutch Contact in a Comparative Perspective (Walter de Gruyter, 1994), 25.
856:
1023:
732:
825:
1018:
1013:
1028:
93:
577:
98:
593:
on
Brusselian, and modelled many other personal and place-names in his works on the dialect (e.g. the city of
445:, French was established as the kingdom's only official language. It was therefore primarily used amongst the
113:
1008:
88:
78:
324:
457:
and a significant portion of the population whose secondary education had only been delivered in French.
871:
118:
281:
251:
474:
442:
434:
393:
237:
108:
83:
700:
699:(in Dutch). Digitale Bibliotheek voor de Nederlandse Letteren. pp. 264–272. Archived from
985:
964:
945:
728:
470:
255:
166:
984:. Historical dictionaries of cities of the world. Vol. 14. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press.
928:
564:
320:
266:
244:
543:
234:
70:
610:
600:
462:
421:
is commonly applied by speakers of French and Dutch to denote a sarcastic form of folk
269:
until the 20th century. It still survives among a small minority of inhabitants called
223:
103:
1002:
619:
370:
31:
873:
Taalgebruik in
Brussel en de plaats van het Nederlands — Enkele recente bevindingen
454:
979:
919:
Baerten, Jean (1982). "Le français à Bruxelles au Moyen-Âge. Une mise en garde".
722:
817:
332:
590:
586:
552:
400:
dialect has a tremendous prestige and a lot of myths are doing the rounds.”
155:
932:
331:
of the
Apostoline sisters, a religious group based in this area during the
373:
neighbourhood, it has subsequently become a fashionable part of the city.
582:
548:
466:
450:
446:
389:
316:
262:
247:
230:
61:
903:
791:
284:, a folkloric theatre of marionettes in central Brussels, still puts on
758:
Mixing Two Languages: French-Dutch Contact in a Comparative Perspective
724:
Mixing Two Languages: French-Dutch Contact in a Comparative Perspective
514:
Nu moet je niet denken dat ik hier dat gedichtje heb zitten voordragen
453:
were bilingual and stayed attached to the old Flemish literature), the
438:
297:
240:
226:
57:
17:
422:
417:
285:
944:(in Dutch). Ghent: Academie voor Nederlandse Taal- en Letterkunde.
572:
383:
342:
328:
501:
Dat as er zain dee uile me konviksen e stuk in uilen uur drinke.
277:), many of them quite bi- and multilingual in French and Dutch.
520:
Dat er zijn die met overtuiging een stuk in hun kraag drinken.
752:
750:
618:). In the original French, the fictional Arumbaya language of
849:"Brussels bilingual? Brussels francophone? Both and neither!"
345:("those who honour the Virgin Mary"), later contracted to
495:
Na mooie ni paaze da'k ee da poèzeke em zitte deklameire
961:
Frommer's Brussels and Bruges Day by Day. First Edition
674:
672:
670:
668:
666:
664:
30:"Marols" redirects here. For the town in France, see
477:
influences, which adapted into becoming Brusselian.
165:
153:
148:
67:
53:
39:
604:
594:
557:
818:"Europe | Analysis: Where now for Belgium?"
522:Dat dat niet louter en alleen is om te drinken.
509:
490:
402:
879:(in Dutch) (Brussels Studies, nÂş13 ed.).
503:Dat da ni seulement en allien es vè te drinke.
327:, which itself takes its name from the former
493:
309:
301:
216:
208:
200:
192:
184:
45:
8:
697:Algemeen Nederduitsch en Friesch Dialecticon
437:was originally spoken in Brussels. When the
358:
346:
613:
512:
364:
352:
336:
655:
441:gained its independence in 1830 after the
36:
555:, which is based on Brusselian and reads
499:Neineie... ik em aile wille demonstreire
542:
921:Revue belge de Philologie et d'Histoire
643:
636:
233:, Belgium. It is essentially a heavily-
622:is another incarnation of Brusselian.
449:(though some in the historic towns of
778:
678:
7:
847:Philippe Van Parijs (1 March 2016).
261:Brusselian was widely spoken in the
27:Dialect of Dutch spoken in Brussels
963:. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons.
886:from the original on 15 March 2016
727:. Walter de Gruyter. p. 300.
518:Neenee… ik heb jullie willen tonen
25:
981:Historical dictionary of Brussels
828:from the original on 19 July 2008
721:Treffers-Daller, Jeanine (1994).
585:modelled his fictional languages
516:Alleen maar om jullie te vermaken
816:Hughes, Dominic (15 July 2008).
425:considered typical of Brussels.
243:that incorporates a sprinkle of
250:dating back to the rule of the
792:"ZWANZE: DĂ©finition de ZWANZE"
760:(Walter de Gruyter, 1994), 25.
1:
567:: ("Here I am, here I stay").
497:Allien mo vè aile t'amuzeire
488:An example of Brusselian is:
942:Grammatica van het Brussels
1045:
605:
595:
558:
29:
959:Evans, Mary Anne (2008).
940:De Vriendt, Sera (2003).
756:Jeanine Treffers-Daller,
494:
319:, a neighbourhood of the
310:
302:
217:
209:
201:
193:
185:
46:
44:
1024:The Adventures of Tintin
927:(4). Brussels: 887–897.
578:The Adventures of Tintin
538:The Adventures of Tintin
978:State, Paul F. (2004).
870:Janssens, Rudi (2008).
433:A local version of the
315:in French refer to the
933:10.3406/rbph.1982.3399
691:Johan Winkler (1874).
614:
609:meaning "mister" (cf.
581:, the Brussels author
568:
559:Eih bennek, eih blavek
533:
513:
508:
413:
396:
365:
359:
353:
347:
337:
546:
465:and in French in the
387:
288:plays in Brusselian.
265:neighbourhood of the
1019:Languages of Belgium
551:features a motto in
547:The coat-of-arms of
415:The Brusselian word
410:Jacques Pohl, 1953,
94:Weser–Rhine Germanic
1014:Culture in Brussels
380:What is Brusselian?
282:Royal Theatre Toone
853:The Brussels Times
703:on January 7, 2005
646:, p. 887–897.
569:
443:Belgian Revolution
439:Kingdom of Belgium
435:Brabantian dialect
397:
369:). Historically a
991:978-0-8108-5075-0
970:978-0-470-72321-0
951:978-90-72474-51-3
904:Hergé's Syldavian
693:"De stad Brussel"
599:in the fictional
530:In Standard Dutch
390:Marolles/Marollen
325:Palace of Justice
317:Marolles/Marollen
263:Marolles/Marollen
177:
176:
16:(Redirected from
1036:
1029:City colloquials
995:
974:
955:
936:
906:
901:
895:
894:
892:
891:
885:
878:
867:
861:
860:
855:. Archived from
844:
838:
837:
835:
833:
813:
807:
806:
804:
803:
788:
782:
776:
770:
767:
761:
754:
745:
744:
742:
741:
718:
712:
711:
709:
708:
688:
682:
676:
659:
653:
647:
641:
617:
608:
598:
571:For the popular
561:
531:
524:
505:
411:
394:LĂ©on van Dievoet
368:
362:
356:
350:
340:
321:City of Brussels
313:
305:
267:City of Brussels
238:Brabantian Dutch
220:
212:
204:
196:
188:
173:
158:
114:South Brabantian
73:
49:
37:
21:
1044:
1043:
1039:
1038:
1037:
1035:
1034:
1033:
999:
998:
992:
977:
971:
958:
952:
939:
918:
915:
910:
909:
902:
898:
889:
887:
883:
876:
869:
868:
864:
846:
845:
841:
831:
829:
815:
814:
810:
801:
799:
790:
789:
785:
777:
773:
768:
764:
755:
748:
739:
737:
735:
720:
719:
715:
706:
704:
690:
689:
685:
677:
662:
656:De Vriendt 2003
654:
650:
642:
638:
633:
628:
541:
532:
529:
526:
521:
519:
517:
515:
507:
502:
500:
498:
496:
486:
431:
412:
409:
382:
338:Mariam Colentes
294:
182:(also known as
171:
154:
144:
74:
71:Language family
69:
60:, specifically
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1042:
1040:
1032:
1031:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1011:
1009:Dutch dialects
1001:
1000:
997:
996:
990:
975:
969:
956:
950:
937:
914:
911:
908:
907:
896:
862:
859:on 2 May 2019.
839:
808:
783:
781:, p. 356.
771:
762:
746:
733:
713:
683:
660:
658:, p. 7–8.
648:
635:
634:
632:
629:
627:
624:
601:Middle Eastern
540:
534:
527:
510:
491:
485:
482:
467:Walloon Region
463:Flemish Region
430:
427:
407:
388:Sketch of the
381:
378:
357:, and finally
293:
290:
175:
174:
169:
163:
162:
159:
151:
150:
149:Language codes
146:
145:
143:
142:
141:
140:
139:
138:
137:
136:
135:
134:
133:
132:
131:
130:
129:
128:
127:
126:
99:Low Franconian
77:
75:
68:
65:
64:
55:
54:Native to
51:
50:
42:
41:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1041:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1006:
1004:
993:
987:
983:
982:
976:
972:
966:
962:
957:
953:
947:
943:
938:
934:
930:
926:
923:(in French).
922:
917:
916:
912:
905:
900:
897:
882:
875:
874:
866:
863:
858:
854:
850:
843:
840:
827:
823:
819:
812:
809:
797:
793:
787:
784:
780:
775:
772:
766:
763:
759:
753:
751:
747:
736:
730:
726:
725:
717:
714:
702:
698:
694:
687:
684:
681:, p. 71.
680:
675:
673:
671:
669:
667:
665:
661:
657:
652:
649:
645:
640:
637:
630:
625:
623:
621:
620:San Theodoros
616:
612:
607:
602:
597:
592:
588:
584:
580:
579:
574:
566:
562:
560:
554:
550:
545:
539:
535:
525:
523:
506:
504:
489:
483:
481:
478:
476:
472:
468:
464:
458:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
428:
426:
424:
420:
419:
406:
401:
395:
391:
386:
379:
377:
374:
372:
371:working class
367:
361:
355:
349:
344:
339:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
312:
306:
304:
299:
291:
289:
287:
283:
278:
276:
272:
268:
264:
259:
258:(1519–1713).
257:
253:
252:Low Countries
249:
246:
242:
239:
236:
232:
228:
225:
221:
219:
213:
211:
205:
203:
197:
195:
189:
187:
181:
172:nl-u-sd-bebru
170:
168:
164:
160:
157:
152:
147:
125:
122:
121:
120:
117:
116:
115:
112:
111:
110:
107:
106:
105:
102:
101:
100:
97:
96:
95:
92:
91:
90:
89:West Germanic
87:
86:
85:
82:
81:
80:
79:Indo-European
76:
72:
66:
63:
59:
56:
52:
48:
43:
38:
33:
32:Marols, Loire
19:
980:
960:
941:
924:
920:
913:Bibliography
899:
888:. Retrieved
872:
865:
857:the original
852:
842:
830:. Retrieved
821:
811:
800:. Retrieved
796:www.cnrtl.fr
795:
786:
774:
765:
757:
738:. Retrieved
723:
716:
705:. Retrieved
701:the original
696:
686:
651:
644:Baerten 1982
639:
576:
570:
556:
537:
511:
492:
487:
479:
459:
455:middle class
432:
416:
414:
403:
398:
375:
308:
307:in Dutch or
300:
295:
279:
274:
270:
260:
215:
207:
199:
191:
183:
179:
178:
123:
798:(in French)
392:in 1939 by
333:Middle Ages
323:, near the
275:Brusseleirs
271:Brusseleers
235:Francisized
1003:Categories
890:2013-04-26
802:2018-02-02
779:State 2004
740:2013-04-26
734:3110138379
707:2009-01-16
679:Evans 2008
626:References
354:Marikollen
348:Maricolles
229:native to
202:Brusseleir
194:Brusselair
186:Brusseleer
180:Brusselian
124:Brusselian
109:Brabantian
47:Brusseleir
40:Brusselian
591:Bordurian
587:Syldavian
553:Syldavian
311:Marollien
256:Habsburgs
248:loanwords
218:Marollien
156:ISO 639-3
881:Archived
826:Archived
822:BBC News
615:mijnheer
596:Khemkhâh
549:Syldavia
528:—
484:Examples
475:Germanic
451:Flanders
447:nobility
408:—
366:Marollen
360:Marolles
298:toponyms
292:Toponymy
231:Brussels
84:Germanic
62:Brussels
832:29 June
575:series
565:English
471:Romance
429:Origins
254:by the
245:Spanish
241:dialect
227:dialect
222:) is a
58:Belgium
988:
967:
948:
731:
606:mänhir
423:humour
418:zwanze
335:(from
303:Marols
286:puppet
210:Marols
119:Pajots
18:Marols
884:(PDF)
877:(PDF)
631:Notes
611:Dutch
583:Hergé
573:comic
563:, in
343:Latin
329:abbey
224:Dutch
104:Dutch
986:ISBN
965:ISBN
946:ISBN
834:2010
729:ISBN
589:and
473:and
296:The
280:The
273:(or
167:IETF
929:doi
536:In
341:in
214:or
1005::
925:60
851:.
824:.
820:.
794:.
749:^
695:.
663:^
206:,
198:,
190:,
994:.
973:.
954:.
935:.
931::
893:.
836:.
805:.
743:.
710:.
363:/
351:/
161:–
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.