486:
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566:
31:
862:
581:
75:
50:
874:
378:
The significant color variations for fish in this species are related to sex and geographic location. Male and juvenile fish are bright red-orange which darkens on the fish changing to female, ranging from maroon to dark brown. The body bars of the female are narrower and the body bars reportedly
369:
body color, with a range of color to dark brown. Juveniles and males are bright red-orange. The fish has three body bars which may be white, grey, or yellow. Where the female bars are grey, they can be "switched" rapidly to white if fish is provoked. The size-based dominance hierarchy means in any
797:
In 2021 an expansive phylogenetic analysis of the damselfishes has reclassified the Maroon
Clownfish from the monotypic genus Premnas to a junior synonym of Amphiprion. The species name remains unchanged, thus the Maroon Clownfish is now Amphiprion biaculeatus. Reef fish taxonomist Yi-Kai Tea
370:
group of anemonefish, the female is always larger than the male. A significant difference in size is seen in this species, with females being one of the largest anemonefish, growing up to 17 cm (6.7 in) while males are much smaller, usually being 6–7 cm (2.4–2.8 in).
485:
821:
in captivity. One of the more prominent traits is the "lightning" morph which is characterized by broken, jagged white body bars that have a honeycomb appearance. One of the first times this trait was observed was in a wild-caught pair from
Fisherman's Island near
469:
437:
453:
1512:
511:
527:
399:, all three body bars are yellow for both male and female, and the female body color can range from a dull maroon to a dark brown. While other species have a blue tinge to their body bars,
806:
The fish has successfully bred in a home aquarium. Being one of the larger anemonefish and the most aggressive, these characteristics need to be accommodated in any aquarium setup.
505:
In the area from East Timor through New Guinea and
Australia, the female has white or grey head and body bars. Male and juvenile fish are bright red-orange with white bars.
1532:
596:
No similar species are seen because the cheek spine is distinctive of the genus and presently all geographic variations of the fish are considered to be the one species.
1194:
345:, meaning the breeding male changes to female if the sole breeding female dies, with the largest nonbreeder becoming the breeding male. The fish's natural diet includes
649:
bubble-tip anemone, predominantly with the solitary form. The fish chooses the host and one of the primary drivers for host selection is thought to be competition.
1868:
1379:
Jang-Liaw, N; Tang, K; Hui, C; Shao, K (December 2002). "Molecular phylogeny of 48 species of damselfishes (Perciformes: Pomacentridae) using 12S mtDNA sequences".
1102:
1894:
1948:
565:
794:
demonstrate the need to show not only geographic and morphological differences, but also genetic data to confirm the separation of the proposed species.
341:; the female is largest, the breeding male is second largest, and the male nonbreeders get progressively smaller as the hierarchy descends. They exhibit
1842:
842:
named the "blood orange clownfish" by the
Florida aquaculture company, Oceans, Reefs and Aquariums. The body of this hybrid more closely resembles
1881:
1337:"Experimental evaluation of the roles of habitat selection and interspecific competition in determining patterns of host use by two anemonefishes"
695:
of the head, tooth shape, and body proportions are used. The spine on the cheek of the fish is the characteristic that distinguishes the genus
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1431:
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231:
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1920:
1963:
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1958:
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1627:
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is considered to be the most territorial of all anemonefish. Competition alone, though, does not explain the preference of
431:
in the south, has a dull-yellow head bar and grey body bars. Male and juvenile fish are bright red-orange with white bars.
379:
all but disappear in older females. At least three geographic variations in the color of females are found, with fish from
861:
1803:
1790:
278:
653:
is highly generalist, hosting at least 14 species, around half of all species of anemonefish. With such competition,
846:, but possesses a darker orange hue, grows larger, and has a more fiery temperament, features characteristic of its
555:
have yellow body bars on both males and females. This distinctive feature meant they were previously considered a
334:
1899:
1074:
74:
1513:"Amphiprion pacificus, a new species of anemonefish (Pomacentridae) from Fiji, Tonga, Samoa, and Wallis Island"
491:
The male is significantly smaller than the female, with the female showing the dull-yellow headband, from the
1768:
401:
1953:
1730:
789:
406:
1808:
873:
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176:
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The characteristic that defines this genus is the spine on the cheek. The colors of the body and bars
1925:
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1301:
1144:
783:
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735:
688:
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The relationship between anemonefish and their host sea anemones is not random and instead is highly
193:
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925:
338:
326:
39:
1317:
1285:
1226:
1060:
818:
771:
624:
601:
319:
202:
69:
1235:"Finding NEMO: nestedness engendered by mutualistic organization in anemonefish and their hosts"
1873:
1907:
1816:
1524:
1486:
1475:"Amphiprion barberi, a new species of anemonefish (Pomacentridae) from Fiji, Tonga, and Samoa"
1450:
1427:
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and geographic location. Despite the common name maroon clownfish, only some females have a
1795:
1602:
901:
Allen, G.R.; Arceo, H.; Mutia, M.T.M.; Muyot, F.B. & Nañola, C.L. & Santos (2022).
322:. They can grow up to be about 17 cm (6.7 in). Like all anemonefishes it forms a
1508:
1466:
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708:
572:
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391:, the head bar tends towards a dull yellow, with the other two body bars being grey. In
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features and color pattern in the field, while in a laboratory, other features such as
420:
261:
153:
116:
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island, North
Sulawesi, showing the bright red-orange colors and three white body bars
1942:
1289:
911:
902:
428:
411:, this geographic variety, is the only anemonefish to have yellow or gold body bars.
126:
59:
54:
1321:
30:
1821:
1131:
Litsios, G.; Sims, C; Wüest, R; Pearman P.B.; Zimmermann, N.E.; Salamin N. (2012).
880:
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607:
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492:
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1718:
1554:
Tang, Kevin; Stiassny, Melanie; Mayden, Richard; DeSalle, Robert (May 2021).
1528:
1490:
1157:
1133:"Mutualism with sea anemones triggered the adaptive radiation of clownfishes"
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384:
342:
323:
311:
136:
86:
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1176:
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island, North
Sulawesi, showing the dull-yellow head bar and grey body bars
711:
lineage, however genetic analysis has shown that it is closely related to
333:
and is unaffected by the stinging tentacles of the host anemone. It is a
1829:
1747:
1474:
623:
is found in the Malay
Archipelago and Western Pacific Ocean north of the
106:
1847:
1834:
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1313:
476:
460:
392:
1860:
1572:
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96:
1724:
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agrees, based on DNA studies, "Premnas has been refuted for ages."
762:
from
Sumatra probably should be recognized as a distinct species,
756:
681:
346:
1728:
447:
showing the gold tinged head bar and distinctive cheek spine
1422:
Nelson, Joseph; Grande, Terry; Wilson, Mark (6 May 2016).
834:
The maroon clownfish has been successfully crossbred with
643:
is highly specialised with only one species anemone host,
1290:"Why do anernonefishes inhabit only some host actinians?"
1070:
Field Guide to
Anemone Fishes and Their Host Sea Anemones
541:
showing similar coloration to the male at North
Sulawesi
1195:"What we really know about the diversity of Clownfish"
1628:"Lightning Maroon Clownfish Are Cheap And Common Now"
770:, 1904). The recent precedents of the recognition of
1446:
Kuiter, R. H., and H. Debelius. 2007 (2nd edition).
687:. Historically, anemonefish have been identified by
1737:
419:The female in the Central Malay Archipelago, from
1335:Srinivasan, M.; Jones, G.P.; Caley, J. (1999).
521:showing the narrower body bars and maroon color
1674:"Blood Orange (P. biaculeatus x A. ocellaris)"
926:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-2.RLTS.T188480A1881366.en
586:Female with gold body bars and dark brown body
1280:
1278:
968:
966:
964:
962:
571:Female with striking gold body bars from the
8:
1707:"Spine-cheek Clownfish, Premnas biaculeatus"
1701:SeaScope, Aquarium Systems, Inc. 22(1): 1-3.
1055:
1053:
1051:
1049:
1047:
1045:
551:Fish from Sumatra, the Andaman Islands, and
1699:Premnas biaculeatus - The Maroon Clownfish.
1650:"Blue Zoo Aquatics - The Lightning Project"
1188:
1186:
1126:
1124:
387:retaining white body bars. In the central
1725:
1517:Aqua, International Journal of Ichthyology
1479:Aqua, International Journal of Ichthyology
976:What Fish?: A Buyer's Guide to Marine Fish
48:
29:
20:
1571:
1363:
1258:
1166:
1156:
1025:
924:
1103:"Geographic Variants Within Clownfishes"
600:has shown that it is closely related to
1426:(5th ed.). John Wiley & Sons.
893:
857:
561:
507:
433:
1668:
1666:
1220:
1218:
1216:
1381:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
7:
1002:"Territory inheritance in clownfish"
1949:IUCN Red List least concern species
1497:from the original on 2 August 2016.
912:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
443:Female from Gilli Lawa Laut, near
14:
946:Lieske, E., and R. Myers. 1999.
872:
860:
579:
564:
526:
510:
484:
468:
452:
436:
73:
1587:Matt, Pedersen (15 May 2021).
1344:Marine Ecology Progress Series
1:
1560:Ichthyology & Herpetology
1556:"Systematics of Damselfishes"
1511:; Drew, J; Fenner, D (2010).
1448:World Atlas of Marine Fishes.
1401:10.1016/S1055-7903(02)00278-6
556:
1591:. REEF to RAINFOREST MEDIA.
776:as a distinct species from
707:has been thought to have a
1980:
722:Genetic analysis suggests
1075:Western Australian Museum
788:being distinguished from
699:from the closely related
661:for the solitary form of
415:Central Malay Archipelago
337:with a strict size-based
296:spine-cheeked anemonefish
208:
201:
182:
175:
70:Scientific classification
68:
46:
37:
28:
23:
1589:"RIP Premnas: 1816-2021"
1225:Ollerton J; McCollin D;
1158:10.1186/1471-2148-12-212
1137:BMC Evolutionary Biology
1107:Reef to Rainforest media
973:Tristan Lougher (2006).
616:Distribution and habitat
335:sequential hermaphrodite
979:. Interpet Publishing.
879:Maroon clownfish and a
501:East Timor to Australia
402:Amphiprion chrysopterus
1964:Fish described in 1790
1251:10.1098/rspb.2006.3758
1018:10.1098/rsbl.2003.0156
1000:Buston PM (May 2004).
905:Amphiprion biaculeatus
1959:Monotypic fish genera
1721:on Sealife Collection
1239:Proc R Soc B Biol Sci
919:: e.T188480A1881366.
734:, closely related to
646:Entacmaea quadricolor
363:vary according to sex
228:Lutianus trifasciatus
211:Chaetodon biaculeatus
1201:on 25 September 2015
826:, Papua New Guinea.
817:has been subject to
294:, commonly known as
218:Holocentrus sonnerat
1796:Premnas_biaculeatus
1769:Premnas biaculeatus
1739:Premnas biaculeatus
1711:Fishes of Australia
1705:Bray, D.J. (2011).
1697:Fenner, Bob. 2005.
1424:Fishes of the world
1393:2002MolPE..25..445J
1356:1999MEPS..186..283S
1306:1986EnvBF..15..171F
1149:2012BMCEE..12..212L
1091:on 18 October 2014.
1012:(Suppl 4): S252–4.
815:P. biaculeatus
791:A. akallopisos
764:Premnas epigrammata
724:P. biaculeatus
717:A. latezonatus
705:P. biaculeatus
674:P. biaculeatus
663:E. quadricolor
659:P. biaculeatus
651:E. quadricolor
641:P. biaculeatus
621:P. biaculeatus
609:A. latezonatus
408:A. latezonatus
339:dominance hierarchy
291:Premnas biaculeatus
258:Premnas semicinctus
238:Premnas epigrammata
186:Premnas biaculeatus
168:P. biaculeatus
40:Conservation status
1630:. 17 February 2017
1603:"Maroon Clownfish"
1365:10.3354/meps186283
1314:10.1007/BF00002992
1109:. 18 December 2014
948:Coral Reef Fishes.
819:selective breeding
810:Selective breeding
744:. This would make
625:Great Barrier Reef
320:Great Barrier Reef
302:, is a species of
1936:
1935:
1908:Open Tree of Life
1731:Taxon identifiers
1294:Environ Biol Fish
1245:(1609): 591–598.
1061:Fautin, Daphne G.
986:978-1-84286-118-9
785:A. pacificus
779:A. melanopus
676:is currently the
389:Malay Archipelago
287:
286:
282:
272:
265:
255:
245:
235:
225:
215:
157:
63:
24:Maroon clownfish
1971:
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1799:
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1719:Maroon clownfish
1714:
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1573:10.1643/i2020105
1551:
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1531:. Archived from
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1499:
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1419:
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1197:. Archived from
1190:
1181:
1180:
1170:
1160:
1128:
1119:
1118:
1116:
1114:
1099:
1093:
1092:
1087:. Archived from
1065:Allen, Gerald R.
1057:
1040:
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1029:
997:
991:
990:
970:
957:
944:
938:
937:
935:
933:
928:
898:
876:
867:Maroon clownfish
864:
598:Genetic analysis
583:
568:
557:separate species
535:East New Britain
530:
514:
495:the Philippines.
488:
472:
456:
440:
427:in the north to
374:Color variations
300:maroon clownfish
277:
270:
268:Premnas unicolor
260:
250:
248:Premnas gibbosus
240:
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220:
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188:
152:
78:
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1006:Proc. Biol. Sci
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804:
802:In the aquarium
773:A. barberi
713:A. percula
671:
633:
618:
603:A. percula
594:
592:Similar species
587:
584:
575:
573:Andaman Islands
569:
553:Nicobar Islands
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397:Andaman Islands
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16:Species of fish
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11:
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1692:External links
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1535:on 27 May 2015
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1433:978-1118342336
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1387:(3): 445–454.
1371:
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1300:(3): 171–180.
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1193:DeAngelis, R.
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848:P. biaculeatus
838:to create the
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655:P. biaculeatus
639:in structure.
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1954:Pomacentridae
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55:Least Concern
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27:
22:
19:
1738:
1710:
1698:
1677:. Retrieved
1653:. Retrieved
1644:
1632:. Retrieved
1622:
1612:24 September
1610:. Retrieved
1607:animal-world
1606:
1597:
1582:
1563:
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1539:24 September
1537:. Retrieved
1533:the original
1520:
1516:
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1286:Fautin, D.G.
1242:
1238:
1205:20 September
1203:. Retrieved
1199:the original
1140:
1136:
1113:24 September
1111:. Retrieved
1106:
1097:
1089:the original
1069:
1009:
1005:
995:
975:
947:
942:
930:. Retrieved
916:
910:
904:
896:
847:
844:A. ocellaris
843:
836:A. ocellaris
835:
833:
824:Port Moresby
814:
813:
805:
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736:
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728:monophyletic
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18:
1856:iNaturalist
1763:Wikispecies
1523:: 129–138.
1469:; Drew, J;
1350:: 283–292.
1143:(11): 212.
760:epigrammata
678:only member
425:Philippines
357:Description
351:zooplankton
304:anemonefish
214:Bloch, 1790
133:Subfamily:
1943:Categories
1717:Photos of
1566:(1): 258.
1471:Kaufman, L
932:9 December
888:References
750:Amphiprion
742:A. percula
732:Amphiprion
701:Amphiprion
519:East Timor
517:Female at
493:Apo Island
475:Female at
381:East Timor
1679:20 August
1655:20 August
1634:20 August
1529:0945-9871
1491:0945-9871
1231:Allen GR.
1227:Fautin DG
693:scalation
385:Australia
343:protandry
327:mutualism
324:symbiotic
312:Indonesia
252:Castelnau
232:Schneider
162:Species:
93:Kingdom:
87:Eukaryota
1874:10154992
1830:FishBase
1754:Q1365437
1748:Wikidata
1509:Allen, G
1495:Archived
1473:(2008).
1467:Allen, G
1409:12450749
1322:38930957
1288:(1986).
1269:17476781
1233:(2007).
1177:23122007
1067:(1997).
1036:15252999
669:Taxonomy
533:Male at
459:Male at
423:and the
318:and the
222:Lacepède
203:Synonyms
123:Family:
107:Chordata
103:Phylum:
97:Animalia
83:Domain:
60:IUCN 3.1
1848:2398709
1783:Premnas
1485:: 105.
1389:Bibcode
1352:Bibcode
1302:Bibcode
1260:1766375
1168:3532366
1145:Bibcode
1027:1810038
854:Gallery
850:genes.
746:Premnas
697:Premnas
685:Premnas
680:of the
547:Sumatra
477:Bunaken
461:Bunaken
393:Sumatra
298:or the
196:, 1790)
148:Premnas
143:Genus:
113:Class:
58: (
1926:212768
1913:519096
1887:170216
1527:
1489:
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983:
953:
840:hybrid
768:Fowler
637:nested
367:maroon
316:Taiwan
281:, 1854
279:Gronow
264:, 1830
262:Cuvier
254:, 1875
244:, 1904
242:Fowler
234:, 1801
224:, 1802
156:, 1816
154:Cuvier
1921:WoRMS
1900:80991
1869:IRMNG
1861:57753
1822:6VWT4
1809:47263
1340:(PDF)
1318:S2CID
757:taxon
730:with
682:genus
347:algae
329:with
194:Bloch
1895:NCBI
1882:ITIS
1843:GBIF
1835:6632
1804:BOLD
1681:2017
1657:2017
1636:2017
1614:2015
1541:2015
1525:ISSN
1487:ISSN
1451:ISBN
1428:ISBN
1405:PMID
1265:PMID
1207:2015
1173:PMID
1115:2015
1079:ISBN
1032:PMID
981:ISBN
951:ISBN
934:2022
917:2022
881:tang
782:and
755:The
740:and
715:and
606:and
405:and
395:and
349:and
1817:CoL
1791:AFD
1778:ADW
1568:doi
1564:109
1397:doi
1360:doi
1348:186
1310:doi
1255:PMC
1247:doi
1243:274
1163:PMC
1153:doi
1022:PMC
1014:doi
1010:271
921:doi
726:is
539:PNG
383:to
314:to
1945::
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62:)
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