334:
level of fiber. They combine young leaves with flowers that have high levels of protein. Fruits and seeds have a high concentration of fats and carbohydrates. Maroon leaf monkeys only eat from rare trees and lianas. They must rely on fallback resources when their usual food is not abundant. During 25-month (May to
October) observation study maroon leaf monkeys spent "46 percent of their feeding time on young leaves, 38 percent on seeds, 12 percent on whole fruits, 2 percent on flowers, 1.0 percent on bark, and 1.2 percent on pith."
31:
317:
leaf monkeys feed on large amounts of seeds and fruits. Consumption of young leaves happens primarily from
October to June; especially in June. During this dry time of the year, they consume more succulent foliage and are decrease their intake of seeds. Flowers are mostly consumed between March and May. There is only one type of flower that becomes a high-demand resource during December. Food becomes scarce during the rainy season, and at this time of year maroon leaf monkeys feed on mature leaves.
341:, northern Borneo, had a rainfall of 3,115 millimetres (122.6 in) between the year 2007 and 2008, with temperature ranging from 31.4 °C (88.5 °F) to 22.5 °C (72.5 °F), with a mean of almost 27 °C (81 °F). Only seven of the twenty available species are consumed. When seeds and fruits are abundant, the monkeys spent most of their feeding time eating. During the time that they must use fallback resources, they feed on young leaves of
86:
61:
303:
Borneo has a healthy tropical rainforest. It also contains shallow swampy areas made up of acidic, decomposed plant matter. These swampy areas have seasonal bouts of dry weather; during the wet season the rivers rise around two meters. Maroon leaf monkeys are arboreal primates and spend most of their
312:
Maroon leaf monkeys are herbivores. Their main diet is fruits, seeds, young leaves, and flowers. They are selective feeders, as food becomes limited they will feed on certain types of plant matter or seeds during their time of abundance. To maintain a balance in their diet, they will consume topsoil
320:
During April, June, and August, maroon leaf monkeys consume the topsoil of termite mounds to obtain the minerals needed for a balanced diet. The termite mound soil has high levels of calcium and magnesium and is also a source of potassium and phosphorus. This soil is very acidic and has a dominant
316:
Their primary food is the young parts of leaves, feeding less frequently on seeds and whole fruits, and occasionally on flowers. Feeding patterns vary seasonally. As the fruit season peaks during June to
September, there is an increase of fruit being produced. During this time of abundance, Maroon
333:
Because maroon leaf monkeys are from
Southeast Asia, they must endure scarcity of fruit due to the unpredictable fruiting season. They spend around half their time eating leafy greens and the other half eating seeds and fruits. They favor the highly digestible leaves, which have a relatively low
347:
for 28 percent of their feeding time, concentrating on those with more protein. Maroon leaf monkeys feed on different types of leaves according to their abundance. When there more fruits are available, they increase their time feeding on seeds around 28 percent.
304:
time in the canopy. They have a large home ranges and low population densities compared to other primates. This is believed to be because they rely on specific trees which are rare and widely dispersed.
1898:
1963:
325:, due to the leaching of aluminium. This may be due to the termite's saliva, since termite soil has a higher nutrient content than the surrounding bed soil.
2030:
697:
2065:
1872:
1911:
228:
2070:
2060:
675:
1662:
502:
Supriatna, Jatna; Soekara, Endang; Manullang, Barita O. (1986). "Group composition, home range, and diet of the Maroon leaf monkey (
383:
2075:
1937:
656:
Hanya, Goro; Bernard, Henry (2013). "Functional response to fruiting seasonality by a primate seed predator, red leaf monkey (
2055:
1955:
1916:
1398:
863:
690:
2045:
2050:
1950:
1452:
1092:
1443:
1968:
373:
2040:
1757:
85:
1689:
1434:
980:
1680:
1653:
1366:
1213:
1101:
998:
683:
1838:
953:
890:
1811:
343:
1249:
1240:
944:
881:
769:
601:
30:
1773:
1671:
1407:
1294:
1285:
935:
1312:
1989:
1524:
1416:
200:
971:
464:
1859:
1820:
1560:
1479:
1470:
1357:
926:
917:
899:
872:
559:
1339:
1186:
1119:
1074:
962:
908:
854:
434:
50:
2035:
1612:
1110:
989:
638:
575:
523:
80:
65:
1994:
1515:
1497:
1903:
1846:
1737:
1728:
1636:
1621:
1231:
1204:
1168:
1159:
1083:
1065:
389:
379:
217:
1825:
1713:
1704:
1603:
1506:
707:
628:
620:
567:
515:
484:
429:
167:
1929:
279:
mostly live in forests at altitudes below 2,000 m. They feed on leaves, seeds, and fruits.
1976:
1542:
1195:
822:
264:
260:
563:
227:
1551:
1461:
1425:
1348:
1177:
1143:
1128:
813:
795:
488:
2024:
1924:
1330:
1321:
1276:
1048:
1022:
1013:
786:
420:
411:
369:
70:
642:
527:
1851:
1488:
804:
365:
2007:
1942:
1885:
1805:
1258:
837:
297:
296:) are endemic to the island of Borneo in Southeast Asia. Their habitat is dense
1796:
751:
624:
147:
1381:
714:
393:
177:
97:
38:
1981:
1790:
733:
272:
117:
546:
Davies, A. G.; Baillie, I. C. (1988). "Soil-eating by red leaf monkeys (
378:(3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 172.
1877:
745:
633:
579:
519:
137:
1890:
1833:
739:
727:
322:
268:
157:
127:
107:
42:
1767:
571:
463:
Bennett, Elizabeth L.; Davies, A. Glyn; Waterman, Peter G. (1987).
2002:
338:
410:
Cheyne, S.; Ehlers-Smith, D.A.; Nijman, V.; Traeholt, C. (2020).
375:
Mammal
Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference
1586:
1864:
1771:
679:
558:(Association for Tropical Biology and Conservation): 252–258.
405:
403:
506:) at Tanjung Puting reserve, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia".
465:"Food selection by two South-east Asian colobine monkeys (
1780:
1726:
1702:
1634:
1584:
1577:
1379:
1141:
1046:
1039:
1011:
835:
767:
760:
458:
456:
454:
452:
435:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T18131A17953935.en
691:
8:
1768:
1581:
1043:
764:
698:
684:
676:
595:
593:
591:
589:
226:
59:
29:
20:
632:
477:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society
433:
357:
541:
539:
537:
602:"Fallback Foods of Red Leaf Monkeys (
7:
600:Hanya, Goro; Bernard, Henry (2012).
1663:Black-and-white snub-nosed monkey (
421:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
489:10.1111/j.1095-8312.1988.tb01947.x
14:
473:) in relation to plant chemistry"
2031:IUCN Red List vulnerable species
84:
1399:Black-crested Sumatran langur (
1:
1453:East Sumatran banded langur (
1093:Northern plains gray langur (
550:)in Sabah, Northern Borneo".
2066:Taxa named by Salomon Müller
864:Miss Waldron's red colobus (
337:The Danum Valley of eastern
259:) is a member of the family
2071:Least concern biota of Asia
1690:Myanmar snub-nosed monkey (
16:Species of Old World monkey
2092:
1681:Tonkin snub-nosed monkey (
1654:Golden snub-nosed monkey (
1444:Robinson's banded langur (
1367:Indochinese black langur (
1214:Selangor silvered langur (
1102:Black-footed gray langur (
999:Ulindi River red colobus (
606:) in Danum Valley, Borneo"
2061:Mammals described in 1838
1754:
1241:Indochinese grey langur (
945:Niger Delta red colobus (
722:
706:Extant species of family
625:10.1007/s10764-012-9580-9
235:Maroon leaf monkey range
234:
225:
206:
199:
81:Scientific classification
79:
57:
48:
37:
28:
23:
1672:Gray snub-nosed monkey (
1435:Raffles' banded langur (
1408:Black-and-white langur (
981:Oustalet's red colobus (
936:Tana River red colobus (
777:(Black and white colobi)
372:; Reeder, D. M. (eds.).
288:Distribution and Habitat
2076:Endemic fauna of Borneo
1525:Sabah grizzled langur (
1417:Black Sumatran langur (
954:Bouvier's red colobus (
891:Thollon's red colobus (
344:Spatholobus macropterus
271:and the nearby smaller
1561:Natuna Island surili (
1480:White-fronted surili (
1471:White-thighed surili (
1250:Phayre's leaf monkey (
927:Zanzibar red colobus (
918:Udzungwa red colobus (
882:Preuss's red colobus (
2056:Primates of Indonesia
1990:Paleobiology Database
1340:White-headed langur (
1295:Gee's golden langur (
1286:Shortridge's langur (
1120:Purple-faced langur (
1075:Kashmir gray langur (
963:Semliki red colobus (
909:Ugandan red colobus (
855:Western red colobus (
428:: e.T18131A17953935.
313:from termite mounds.
292:Maroon leaf monkeys (
263:. It is found on the
1644:(Snub-nosed monkeys)
1613:Black-shanked douc (
1534:Maroon leaf monkey (
1111:Tufted gray langur (
990:Lomami red colobus (
972:Lang's red colobus (
471:Presbytis melalophos
2046:Mammals of Malaysia
1839:presbytis-rubicunda
1826:Presbytis_rubicunda
1812:Presbytis rubicunda
1782:Presbytis rubicunda
1738:Pig-tailed langur (
1622:Gray-shanked douc (
1358:Delacour's langur (
1232:Dusky leaf monkey (
1205:Tenasserim lutung (
1169:West Javan langur (
1160:East Javan langur (
1084:Tarai gray langur (
1066:Nepal gray langur (
900:Foa's red colobus (
873:Pennant's colobus (
710:(Old World monkeys)
658:Presbytis rubicunda
604:Presbytis rubicunda
564:1988Biotr..20..252D
548:Presbytis rubicunda
504:Presbytis rubicunda
467:Presbytis rubicunda
414:Presbytis rubicunda
294:Presbytis rubicunda
256:Presbytis rubicunda
210:Presbytis rubicunda
51:Conservation status
24:Maroon leaf monkey
2051:Primates of Borneo
1714:Proboscis monkey (
1604:Red-shanked douc (
1313:François' langur (
1187:Germain's langur (
520:10.1007/BF02382597
300:evergreen forest.
247:maroon leaf monkey
2041:Mammals of Brunei
2018:
2017:
1774:Taxon identifiers
1765:
1764:
1750:
1749:
1647:
1597:
1573:
1572:
1543:Mentawai langur (
1516:Miller's langur (
1498:Thomas's langur (
1392:
1196:Annamese langur (
1059:
1035:
1034:
848:
823:Mantled guereza (
780:
711:
239:
238:
192:P. rubicunda
74:
2083:
2011:
2010:
1998:
1997:
1985:
1984:
1972:
1971:
1959:
1958:
1946:
1945:
1933:
1932:
1920:
1919:
1907:
1906:
1894:
1893:
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1855:
1854:
1842:
1841:
1829:
1828:
1816:
1815:
1814:
1801:
1800:
1799:
1769:
1646:
1645:
1641:
1596:
1595:
1591:
1582:
1552:Siberut langur (
1462:Sarawak surili (
1426:Mitered langur (
1391:
1390:
1386:
1349:Laotian langur (
1342:T. leucocephalus
1333:T. poliocephalus
1216:T. selangorensis
1178:Silvery lutung (
1129:Nilgiri langur (
1058:
1057:
1053:
1044:
847:
846:
842:
814:Ursine colobus (
796:Angola colobus (
779:
778:
774:
765:
709:
708:Cercopithecidae
700:
693:
686:
677:
670:
669:
662:Tropical Ecology
653:
647:
646:
636:
610:
597:
584:
583:
543:
532:
531:
499:
493:
492:
460:
447:
446:
444:
442:
437:
407:
398:
397:
362:
230:
212:
89:
88:
68:
63:
62:
33:
21:
2091:
2090:
2086:
2085:
2084:
2082:
2081:
2080:
2021:
2020:
2019:
2014:
2006:
2001:
1993:
1988:
1980:
1977:Observation.org
1975:
1967:
1962:
1954:
1949:
1941:
1936:
1928:
1923:
1915:
1910:
1902:
1897:
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1884:
1876:
1871:
1863:
1858:
1850:
1845:
1837:
1832:
1824:
1819:
1810:
1809:
1804:
1795:
1794:
1789:
1776:
1766:
1761:
1746:
1722:
1698:
1643:
1642:
1640:
1630:
1593:
1592:
1590:
1578:Odd-nosed group
1569:
1507:Hose's langur (
1388:
1387:
1385:
1375:
1331:Cat Ba langur (
1322:Hatinh langur (
1277:Capped langur (
1137:
1055:
1054:
1052:
1031:
1023:Olive colobus (
1007:
965:P. semlikiensis
938:P. rufomitratus
911:P. tephrosceles
844:
843:
841:
831:
787:Black colobus (
776:
775:
773:
756:
718:
704:
674:
673:
655:
654:
650:
608:
599:
598:
587:
572:10.2307/2388241
545:
544:
535:
501:
500:
496:
462:
461:
450:
440:
438:
409:
408:
401:
386:
364:
363:
359:
354:
331:
310:
290:
285:
265:southeast Asian
261:Cercopithecidae
251:red leaf monkey
221:
214:
208:
195:
168:Cercopithecidae
83:
75:
64:
60:
53:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2089:
2087:
2079:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2023:
2022:
2016:
2015:
2013:
2012:
1999:
1986:
1973:
1960:
1947:
1934:
1921:
1908:
1895:
1882:
1869:
1856:
1843:
1830:
1817:
1802:
1786:
1784:
1778:
1777:
1772:
1763:
1762:
1755:
1752:
1751:
1748:
1747:
1745:
1744:
1734:
1732:
1724:
1723:
1721:
1720:
1710:
1708:
1700:
1699:
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1687:
1678:
1669:
1660:
1650:
1648:
1632:
1631:
1629:
1628:
1619:
1610:
1600:
1598:
1579:
1575:
1574:
1571:
1570:
1568:
1567:
1558:
1549:
1540:
1531:
1522:
1513:
1504:
1495:
1489:Javan surili (
1486:
1477:
1468:
1464:P. chrysomelas
1459:
1450:
1441:
1432:
1423:
1414:
1405:
1395:
1393:
1377:
1376:
1374:
1373:
1364:
1355:
1346:
1337:
1328:
1324:T. hatinhensis
1319:
1302:
1301:
1292:
1288:T. shortridgei
1283:
1266:
1265:
1256:
1247:
1243:T. crepusculus
1238:
1221:
1220:
1211:
1202:
1193:
1184:
1175:
1166:
1149:
1147:
1144:Trachypithecus
1139:
1138:
1136:
1135:
1126:
1117:
1108:
1099:
1090:
1081:
1072:
1068:S. schistaceus
1062:
1060:
1056:(Gray langurs)
1041:
1037:
1036:
1033:
1032:
1030:
1029:
1019:
1017:
1009:
1008:
1006:
1005:
996:
992:P. parmentieri
987:
978:
969:
960:
951:
942:
933:
924:
915:
906:
897:
888:
879:
870:
861:
851:
849:
833:
832:
830:
829:
820:
811:
805:King colobus (
802:
793:
783:
781:
762:
758:
757:
755:
754:
748:
742:
736:
730:
723:
720:
719:
705:
703:
702:
695:
688:
680:
672:
671:
648:
619:(2): 322–337.
613:Int J Primatol
585:
533:
514:(2): 185–190.
494:
448:
399:
384:
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355:
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327:
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100:
95:
91:
90:
77:
76:
58:
55:
54:
49:
46:
45:
35:
34:
26:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2088:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2028:
2026:
2009:
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2000:
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1991:
1987:
1983:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1822:
1818:
1813:
1807:
1803:
1798:
1792:
1788:
1787:
1785:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1770:
1760:
1759:
1753:
1743:
1741:
1736:
1735:
1733:
1731:
1730:
1725:
1719:
1717:
1712:
1711:
1709:
1707:
1706:
1701:
1695:
1693:
1688:
1686:
1684:
1679:
1677:
1675:
1670:
1668:
1666:
1661:
1659:
1657:
1652:
1651:
1649:
1639:
1638:
1637:Rhinopithecus
1633:
1627:
1625:
1620:
1618:
1616:
1611:
1609:
1607:
1602:
1601:
1599:
1589:
1588:
1583:
1580:
1576:
1566:
1564:
1559:
1557:
1555:
1550:
1548:
1546:
1545:P. potenziani
1541:
1539:
1537:
1532:
1530:
1528:
1523:
1521:
1519:
1514:
1512:
1510:
1505:
1503:
1501:
1496:
1494:
1492:
1487:
1485:
1483:
1478:
1476:
1474:
1469:
1467:
1465:
1460:
1458:
1456:
1451:
1449:
1447:
1442:
1440:
1438:
1433:
1431:
1429:
1424:
1422:
1420:
1415:
1413:
1411:
1406:
1404:
1402:
1401:P. melalophos
1397:
1396:
1394:
1384:
1383:
1378:
1372:
1370:
1365:
1363:
1361:
1356:
1354:
1352:
1347:
1345:
1343:
1338:
1336:
1334:
1329:
1327:
1325:
1320:
1318:
1316:
1310:
1308:
1304:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1293:
1291:
1289:
1284:
1282:
1280:
1274:
1272:
1268:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1259:Popa langur (
1257:
1255:
1253:
1248:
1246:
1244:
1239:
1237:
1235:
1229:
1227:
1223:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1212:
1210:
1208:
1203:
1201:
1199:
1194:
1192:
1190:
1185:
1183:
1181:
1176:
1174:
1172:
1167:
1165:
1163:
1157:
1155:
1151:
1150:
1148:
1146:
1145:
1140:
1134:
1132:
1127:
1125:
1123:
1118:
1116:
1114:
1109:
1107:
1105:
1104:S. hypoleucos
1100:
1098:
1096:
1091:
1089:
1087:
1082:
1080:
1078:
1073:
1071:
1069:
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1049:Semnopithecus
1045:
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1038:
1028:
1026:
1021:
1020:
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1016:
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1001:P. lulindicus
997:
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986:
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920:P. gordonorum
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798:C. angolensis
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367:
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27:
22:
19:
1781:
1756:
1739:
1727:
1715:
1703:
1691:
1683:R. avunculus
1682:
1673:
1664:
1656:R. roxellana
1655:
1635:
1623:
1614:
1605:
1585:
1562:
1553:
1544:
1536:P. rubicunda
1535:
1533:
1526:
1517:
1508:
1499:
1490:
1481:
1473:P. siamensis
1472:
1463:
1454:
1446:P. robinsoni
1445:
1437:P. femoralis
1436:
1427:
1419:P. sumatrana
1418:
1409:
1400:
1380:
1368:
1360:T. delacouri
1359:
1350:
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1332:
1323:
1315:T. francoisi
1314:
1307:T. francoisi
1306:
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1296:
1287:
1278:
1270:
1269:
1260:
1251:
1242:
1233:
1225:
1224:
1215:
1206:
1198:T. margarita
1197:
1188:
1180:T. cristatus
1179:
1171:T. mauritius
1170:
1161:
1154:T. cristatus
1153:
1152:
1142:
1130:
1121:
1112:
1103:
1094:
1085:
1076:
1067:
1047:
1040:Langur group
1024:
1012:
1000:
991:
983:P. oustaleti
982:
973:
964:
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946:
937:
928:
919:
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901:
892:
883:
875:P. pennantii
874:
866:P. waldronae
865:
856:
845:(Red colobi)
838:Piliocolobus
836:
824:
815:
807:C. polykomos
806:
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321:exchange of
319:
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277:P. rubicunda
276:
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209:
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191:
190:
178:
154:Infraorder:
18:
1886:iNaturalist
1806:Wikispecies
1740:S. concolor
1716:N. larvatus
1692:R. strykeri
1674:R. brelichi
1615:P. nigripes
1518:P. canicrus
1482:P. frontata
1279:T. pileatus
1271:T. pileatus
1234:T. obscurus
1226:T. obscurus
1189:T. germaini
1095:S. entellus
956:P. bouvieri
893:P. tholloni
713:(subfamily
634:2433/154842
441:16 November
298:dipterocarp
158:Simiiformes
2025:Categories
1624:P. cinerea
1606:P. nemaeus
1563:P. natunae
1500:P. thomasi
1455:P. percura
1428:P. mitrata
1410:P. bicolor
1252:T. phayrei
1162:T. auratus
1122:S. vetulus
1014:Procolobus
884:P. preussi
825:C. guereza
789:C. satanas
752:Haplorhini
750:Suborder:
668:: 383–395.
552:Biotropica
352:References
329:Physiology
267:island of
148:Haplorhini
144:Suborder:
66:Vulnerable
2036:Presbytis
1587:Pygathrix
1554:P. siberu
1527:P. sabana
1491:P. comata
1389:(Surilis)
1382:Presbytis
1369:T. ebenus
1351:T. laotum
1207:T. barbei
1131:S. johnii
1086:S. hector
947:P. epieni
929:P. kirkii
857:P. badius
726:Kingdom:
715:Colobinae
483:: 33–56.
218:S. Müller
186:Species:
179:Presbytis
104:Kingdom:
98:Eukaryota
39:Gomantong
2003:Species+
1956:12100667
1904:10219098
1797:Q1193851
1791:Wikidata
1758:Category
1665:R. bieti
1509:P. hosei
1113:S. priam
1025:P. verus
974:P. langi
746:Primates
740:Mammalia
734:Chordata
732:Phylum:
728:Animalia
643:13904987
528:12549086
508:Primates
394:62265494
368:(2005).
273:Karimata
164:Family:
138:Primates
128:Mammalia
118:Chordata
114:Phylum:
108:Animalia
94:Domain:
71:IUCN 3.1
1969:1046101
1943:1000673
1878:5219560
1705:Nasalis
1594:(Doucs)
1297:T. geei
1261:T. popa
1077:S. ajax
902:P. foai
770:Colobus
744:Order:
738:Class:
580:2388241
560:Bibcode
323:cations
283:Ecology
220:, 1838)
174:Genus:
134:Order:
124:Class:
69: (
1995:231537
1917:573047
1865:311380
1834:ARKive
1729:Simias
641:
578:
526:
392:
382:
269:Borneo
43:Borneo
1982:86810
1930:18131
1899:IRMNG
1891:43502
1852:4MBBG
1309:group
1273:group
1228:group
1156:group
639:S2CID
609:(PDF)
576:JSTOR
524:S2CID
339:Sabah
249:, or
2008:8988
1964:NCBI
1925:IUCN
1912:ITIS
1873:GBIF
660:)".
469:and
443:2021
426:2020
390:OCLC
380:ISBN
308:Diet
241:The
1951:MSW
1938:MDD
1860:EoL
1847:CoL
1821:ADW
629:hdl
621:doi
568:doi
516:doi
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