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are mainly influenced by the length of the hydroperiod. A short hydroperiod is the main cause of catastrophic failure. Because
Marbled Salamanders have relatively long life spans, their chances of extinction due to catastrophic failure are low. If they do not breed successfully one year, they will be alive the next year to try again. However, if there are other complications affecting their survival, the possibility of a catastrophic failure poses a larger threat to the overall population. Surviving on land, outside of the reproduction season, is very important to keep the population stable.
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535:. The female will then lay between 50 and 200 eggs, often remaining with them until the nest floods. One fairly unique parental care behavioral characteristic of Marbled Salamanders is that when the mothers stay with their eggs, wrapping their bodies around the eggs to form a bowl shape to collect water over the eggs. Water must make extended contact with the eggs in order for them to begin hatching.
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soil moisture, temperature, and pH are all important factors in determining if a
Marbled Salamander will survive. Chances of survival are low for Marbled Salamanders who travel through fields, however, they have been observed to traverse fields in order to find other pond areas. Marbled Salamanders survive best in a forest habitat, compared to an open field. Protecting
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Reproductive success is highly variable for the
Marbled Salamander. Some years many juveniles will survive, while other years the breeding population may experience a catastrophic failure, and very few juveniles will survive. These catastrophic failures occur randomly, but it has been found that they
509:
Adults spend most of their time in their burrows or under logs, as is the case with most mole salamanders. Juvenile marbled salamanders hatch early compared to most salamanders and gain a size advantage by feeding and growing for several months before the
Jefferson salamanders and spotted salamanders
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is key to the survival of this species. Conservationists recommend leaving a buffer zone of forest around wetlands to increase survivorship of
Marbled Salamanders. Male marbled salamanders have also been shown to have a higher survivorship than females. Marbled Salamanders in the northern portions of
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The first months that
Marbled Salamanders spend living out of the water are the most important in determining how many will survive until the next breeding season. Marbled Salamanders are not strong burrowers, therefore they rely on existing holes in the ground for shelter. Desiccation, heat stress,
454:
including an aquatic life stage. Juveniles have white flecks that eventually develop into bands as they reach adulthood. Adults can grow to about 11 cm (4 in), small compared to other members of its genus. Like most of the mole salamanders, it is secretive, spending most of its life under
449:
The marbled salamander is a stout, black and white banded salamander. It exhibits sexual dimorphism with bands of females tending to be light gray, while those of males are bright white. Males also have a larger proportion of white dorsal surface area relative to females. Females have been reported
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While most
Marbled Salamanders return to the pond where they were born to breed, some may travel over 1,000 meters to locate a new pond to breed. This often occurs when their natal pond has a small population that may not have a large selection of mates. This dispersal helps populations of Marbled
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However, it has been observed that females may abandon their eggs before flooding occurs. Female
Marbled Salamanders have a very low attachment to their eggs, and they will abandon their nest after a disturbance. They have also been observed to abandon undisturbed nests. When the mother leaves the
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to northern
Florida, and west to Illinois and Texas. Their habitats are damp woodlands, forests, and places with soft and wet soil. Seasonally flooded areas are essential for breeding, but the adult salamanders are terrestrial. Like many salamanders, marbled salamanders have poison glands to deter
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When A. opacum is under attack by a predator, they often exhibit tail lashing, head-butting, body coiling, or potentially becoming immobile. These defensive moves are thought to draw attention to the tail, which has granular glands that produce noxious secretions to protect themselves. While some
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Marbled salamanders will migrate to seasonal pond basins in the late summer and early fall where they will court and deposit eggs. Courtship of this species takes place on land. The males will compete by butting heads and blocking another male’s movement with its tail. When courting the female, a
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hatch later in the spring. Larvae typically mature as quickly as two months in the southern part of their range, but take up to six months to mature in the northern part. Marbled salamanders, like other members of this genus, are reported to have relatively long life spans, 8–10 years or more.
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predators have learned to eat the body of
Marbled Salamanders and leave the tail, this is still a deterrent for many predators. A problem with the granular glands Marbled Salamanders possess is that secretions are reduced after multiple attacks, making them more vulnerable.
990:
Gamble, L., Ravela, S., & McGarigal, K. (2008). Multi-scale features for identifying individuals in large biological databases: an application of pattern recognition technology to the marbled salamander Ambystoma opacum. The Journal of Applied Ecology, 45(1), 170–180.
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male will nudge the vent of a female with its snout, with the intent that the female will respond in kind. This back-and-forth nudging has the appearance of a dance as the two salamanders circle around one another. This display culminates with the male depositing a
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excitation along the bones in their digits and in the cloacal region of both males and females. The also have mucus-like secretions that florescence green. It is theorized that biofluorescence may aid in sexual selection, mimicry, camouflage, and communication.
1162:
Gamble, Lloyd R., Kevin McGarigal, and Bradley W. Compton. "Fidelity and Dispersal in the Pond-Breeding Amphibian, Ambystoma Opacum: Implications for Spatio-Temporal Population Dynsamics and Conservation." Biological Conservation, vol. 139, no. 3, 2007., pp.
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Powell, R., Conant, R., Collins, J. T., Conant, I. H., Johnson, T. R., Hooper, E. D., Taggart, T. W., Conant, R., & Collins, J. T. (2016). Peterson Field Guide to Reptiles and amphibians of Eastern and central North America. Houghton Mifflin
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Petranka, James W. “Observations on Nest Site Selection, Nest Desertion, and Embryonic Survival in Marbled Salamanders.” Journal of Herpetology, vol. 24, no. 3, Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles, 1990, pp. 229–34,
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Vergleichende Uebersicht des Linneischen und einiger neuern zoologischen Systeme ... Nebst dem eingeschalteten Verzeichnisse der zoologischen Sammlung des Verfassers und den Beschreibungen neuer Thierarten, die in derselben
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B.B.Rothermel and R.D. Semlitsch. Consequences of forest fragmentation for juvenile survival in spotted (Ambystoma maculatum) and marbled (Ambystoma opacum) salamanders. Canadian Journal of Zoology. 84(6): 797-807.
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Salamanders to avoid genetic problems, by introducing new genes into the population. This dispersal also means that it is important to view these populations as a larger
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Larval salamanders have been found to be positively phototactic until fully developing their rear legs, at which point they switch and become negatively phototactic.
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to have more asymmetrical dorsal markings, while the males have more symmetrical markings. Like all salamanders, they go through
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1070:"Temporally Adaptive Sampling: A Case Study in Rare Species Survey Design with Marbled Salamanders (Ambystoma opacum)"
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1503:"Biofluorescent sexual dimorphism revealed in a southern Appalachian endemic salamander, Plethodon metcalfi"
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because they alter the competitive ability of their prey, allowing other species of prey to thrive.
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Adults feed on terrestrial invertebrates, such as worms, insects, centipedes, other arthropods, and
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Charney, Noah D.; Kubel, Jacob E.; Eiseman, Charles S. (2015-03-23). Cimmaruta, Roberta (ed.).
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Hausmann, Franziska; Arnold, Kathryn E.; Marshall, N. Justin; Owens, Ian P. F. (2003-01-07).
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nest, she leaves the eggs vulnerable to predation by other salamanders, frogs, and beetles.
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1263:"Predator Identity and Ecological Impacts: Functional Redundancy or Functional Diversity?"
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3. life history features. - university of Georgia. (n.d.). Retrieved April 28, 2022, from
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Many species, including the marbled salamander (top left), exhibit biofluorescence.
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751:"Dorsal body pigmentation and sexual dimorphism in the marbled salamander (
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803:"Species Profile: Marbled Salamander (Ambystoma opacum) | SREL Herpetology"
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their range can also go into a state of torpor to survive the cold months.
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Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences
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Arnold, Kathryn E.; Owens, Ian P. F.; Marshall, N. Justin (2002-01-04).
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Taylor, Barbara E.; Scott, David E.; Gibbons, J. Whitfield (June 2006).
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Survival and Breeding Structure in a Population of Ambystoma maculatum
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1664:. Stokes Nature Guides. New York: Little, Brown and Company. 416 pp.
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1391:"Salamanders and other amphibians are aglow with biofluorescence"
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1031:"Sexual dichromatism in the marbled salamander, Ambystoma opacum"
712:"Sexual dichromatism in the marbled salamander, Ambystoma opacum"
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https://srelherp.uga.edu/projects/AmbystomaOpacum-LannooBook.pdf
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1649:. Washington, District of Columbia: Smithsonian Books. 592 pp.
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Pokhrel, L.R.; Karsai, I.; Hamed, M.K.; Laughlin, T.F. (2013).
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Cox, Jonathan L.; Fitzpatrick, Benjamin M. (2023-03-03).
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Marbled salamanders have been found to exhibit prominent
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Chalcraft, David R.; Resetarits, William J. Jr. (2003).
559:, rather than focusing simply on a single wetland area.
1008:. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. p. 75.
574:(snails, slugs). Larvae feed on small aquatic animals (
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1389:Lamb, Jennifer Y.; Davis, Matthew P. (2020-02-27).
1324:Lamb, Jennifer Y.; Davis, Matthew P. (2020-02-27).
1029:Todd, Brian D.; Davis, Andrew K. (September 2007).
710:Todd, Brian D.; Davis, Andrew K. (September 2007).
475:The marbled salamander is the state salamander of
2146:Taxa named by Johann Ludwig Christian Gravenhorst
1006:Amphibians and reptiles of the Great Lakes Region
993:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2664.2007.01368.x
1634:. Göttingen: Heinrich Dieterich. xx + 476 pp. (
463:Marbled salamanders are found in the eastern
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1165:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2007.07.001
964:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
689:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2004.RLTS.T59065A11864879.en
103:introducing citations to additional sources
1647:Salamanders of the United States and Canada
64:Learn how and when to remove these messages
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1568:"Ultraviolet signals in birds are special"
827:"Salamander, Marbled Salamander | NCpedia"
586:), but larger individuals will eat larger
531:and the female moving to take it into her
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234:Learn how and when to remove this message
216:Learn how and when to remove this message
179:This article includes a list of general
93:Relevant discussion may be found on the
1242:"Ambystoma opacum (Marbled Salamander)"
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1305:www.virginiaherpetologicalsociety.com
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2121:IUCN Red List least concern species
675:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
2136:Fauna of the Eastern United States
1662:A Guide to Amphibians and Reptiles
1456:"Fluorescent Signaling in Parrots"
185:it lacks sufficient corresponding
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2151:Extant Pliocene first appearances
1688:Savannah River Ecology Laboratory
1638:, new species, p. 431). (in
1301:"Virginia Herpetological Society"
45:This article has multiple issues.
1225:"AmphibiaWeb - Ambystoma opacum"
919:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2005.00321.x
759:Ethology Ecology & Evolution
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2131:Amphibians of the United States
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863:https://doi.org/10.1139/z06-056
602:, and eggs and larvae of other
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1177:Marangio, Michael S. (1975).
2141:Amphibians described in 1807
1095:10.1371/journal.pone.0120714
779:10.1080/03949370.2013.767858
598:), aquatic insects, snails,
1645:Petranka, James W. (1998).
1472:10.1126/science.295.5552.92
1035:Canadian Journal of Zoology
716:Canadian Journal of Zoology
664:Geoffrey Hammerson (2004).
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1660:Tyning, Thomas F. (1990).
1527:10.1038/s41598-023-29051-8
1415:10.1038/s41598-020-59528-9
1350:10.1038/s41598-020-59528-9
1004:Harding, James H. (1997).
542:A marbled salamander larva
483:Lifecycle and reproduction
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940:L., Husting, E. (1965).
496:Adult marbled salamander
200:more precise citations.
1584:10.1098/rspb.2002.2200
1183:Journal of Herpetology
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522:Adult female with eggs
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2093:Paleobiology Database
1977:Paleobiology Database
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437:found in the eastern
1683:Animal Diversity Web
1247:Animal Diversity Web
899:Conservation Biology
455:logs or in burrows.
114:"Marbled salamander"
99:improve this article
27:Species of amphibian
1519:2023NatSR..13.3588C
1407:2020NatSR..10.2821L
1342:2020NatSR..10.2821L
1279:2003Ecol...84.2407C
1086:2015PLoSO..1020714C
911:2006ConBi..20..792T
771:2013EtEcE..25..214P
267:Conservation status
251:Marbled salamander
1943:marbled-salamander
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1990:SeaLifeBase
1899:NatureServe
1847:iNaturalist
1769:AmphibiaWeb
1741:Wikispecies
1513:(1): 3588.
1401:(1): 2821.
1336:(1): 2821.
1163:247-257doi:
831:ncpedia.org
695:19 November
644:ultraviolet
606:, as well.
588:crustaceans
584:cladocerans
576:zooplankton
472:predators.
469:New England
445:Description
414:Gravenhorst
198:introducing
2115:Categories
2045:Q109500893
1310:2022-04-05
836:2019-10-17
812:2019-10-17
651:References
604:amphibians
181:references
125:newspapers
50:improve it
1592:0962-8452
1535:2045-2322
1480:0036-8075
1423:2045-2322
1358:2045-2322
1203:0022-1511
1104:1932-6203
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578:, mainly
488:Lifecycle
382:Species:
375:Ambystoma
320:Kingdom:
314:Eukaryota
95:talk page
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1553:36869050
1488:11778040
1441:32108141
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592:isopods
566:Feeding
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