1012:
189:
498:
454:, all were born in 1583 from different mothers, none of whom was probably married to the Prince. Sivori claims that Marcu was the first-born, followed by Jonas or Ionașcu and Radulo or Radu (later re-baptized Petru). The latter is also attested in other documents, primarily as a bookish intellectual. Iorga and fellow historian Stoica Nicolaescu also list Marcu as having two brothers, but name them as Dumitrașco and Ștefan. Other scholars either dismiss both as impostors or view them as additional sons. Another disputed detail in Sivori is the date of birth. The chronicler
732:
29:
819:. During the interregnum, the Cercel brothers also became rivals: a son of Petru Cercel, identified by Pascu as being Radu Petru, was a Polish favorite for the Wallachian throne. Dumitrașco and Ștefan, who claimed to be Cercel's other sons, also made unsuccessful bids to the throne in that interval. The former was at the Polish court, competing for favors with Prince Simion, while Ștefan operated in Wallachia and among the outlaws of
1038:, listing his services to the Hungarian nation and demanding to be granted an administrative office, with pay. His request was left unanswered in 1612, when he addressed new complaints to Matthias, who had since been crowned Emperor. In early 1613, he was involved again on the front against Báthory, asking Matthias to make him commander of the loyalist Transylvanian corps, which had been left leaderless by the death of
612:, and, in late 1593, his seizure of the Wallachian throne. In 1597, following Prince Aaron's death, Marcu and his (step)mother Stanca were reunited. They returned to Wallachia, possibly alongside Jonas, and were received at Michael's court. Spontone claims that Michael virtually adopted Marcu and intended to make him his son-in-law. By 1598, however, Cercel had promised to marry Gerolama, an
604:. He also bribed the Ottoman authorities and arranged for his sons to still be recognized as valid candidates for the Wallachian throne. He then offered Jonas and Marcu as hostages to Poland, but escaped from prison as this offer was still being assessed. Still living at Dátos, Marcu received a multilingual education, being taught to read and write in
533:, or restorer, of Târgoviște's Princely Church, which was in fact a project of his father's. Rădulescu also distinguishes clues that Petru may have wanted his son to acquire a classical education. From his father, he received a manuscript of the Gospels, copied by Radu Grămăticul when he was in exile with Pătrașcu's family. A ledger at the
857:. A delegation of Moldavian boyars, frightened by Ieremia's violent purges, asked Basta to recognize Marcu as their Prince. Their petition was endorsed by Radu Șerban, who thus expected to rid himself of Marcu. By May, Marcu had gathered 10,000 men for his planned expedition. Nevertheless, in June, a "Marchiò of
494:. Petru Cercel may have also had an official wife, whose name is recorded as "Stanca", and who is sometimes identified as Marcu's mother. Whether or not she was another name for Sultana, or another Turkish wife, or simply Marcu's stepmother is uncertain, but all are viewed by historians as likely hypotheses.
419:
as a possible reference to the much younger Cercel. It is unclear what became of this historical figure: some authors hypothesize that he embraced Islam upon Paisie's downfall; others believe that he was in fact the same person as Pătrașcu. On at least occasion, Petru Cercel referred to himself as a
1142:
Debreczeni. Little is known about the former Prince after his return to
Transylvania, other than that he married a second time, to the aristocrat Druzsina (or Druzsiána) Bogáthy. His death occurred at some point before 1629, when Druzsina is mentioned as the recipient of a widow's pension, also
1065:, he joined Bethlen's mercenary squads. This marked the beginning of Marcu's push into the new anti-Habsburg camp, consolidated by Bethlen. Marcu moved to Transylvania with his mother, his wife (who was dead by 1618), and a daughter. According to notes left by Transylvanian aristocrat
1122:
to the
Transylvanians, in exchange for their opening a new front against the Habsburgs. Instead, imperials counted on support from two deposed Wallachian Princes. Now allies, Nicolae Pătrașcu and Radu Șerban similarly negotiated payment for a Polish intervention against Transylvania.
810:. Basta's letters confirm his presence there on September 5, and also note that a delegation of Wallachian boyars wanted Marcu to become their Prince. This request appears to have been challenged by other boyars, who obtained recognition for a more experienced candidate, the former
656:, observed these from a distance, concluding that Michael wanted him toppled. Also according to Ieremia, Michael's candidate was a "Greek relative of his", which, Rezachevici notes, was a false label for Cercel. During the same months, Michael also offered the Moldavian throne to a
486:; this would also make Marcu, and possibly his two brothers as well, half-Turkish. As described by Rezachevici, Marcu was "the son of Petru Cercel and of a (baptized) Turkish wife, Sultana". One report of the period backs this account, describing Marcu as a "son" of the
1173:. Radu Petru took monastic orders in 1629, renaming himself Partenie. He was still alive to at least 1634. However, some records of the 1620s show that another Wallachian claimant by the name of Petru was living in Russia, and was also known there by the
2660:
637:(October 1599). Marcu's engagement to Gerolama ended abruptly, though he had already collected her dowry, making him a personal enemy of Ömer. His own career peaked in May 1600, with Michael's conquest of Moldavia. One report by the
1150:
Druzsina inherited Dezna, and lived there until 1656. Cercel's surviving brother, Radu Petru, apparently made a final attempt to become Prince in 1611. Before 1620, he was supporting another one of
Wallachia's intermittent rulers,
574:. Sivori notes that Marcu and Jonas followed their father, who obtained clemency for them. They subsequently joined the retinue of Ferenc II, the Count Kendi, who regarded them as "his own sons" and granted them domicile in
458:
similarly notes that Marcu was aged eighteen in
September 1601, an account also backed by historian Constantin Rezachevici. Other scholarship, however, concludes that Marcu was probably born before his father's coronation.
608:, Hungarian, and German. From March 1590, when Petru Cercel was killed at sea by the Ottomans, Marcu became his theoretical successor. Those years witnessed his uncle Michael the Brave's ascent through the ranks of
2470:
Documente slavo-române cu privire la relațiile Țării Românești și
Moldovei cu Ardealul în sec. XV și XVI. Privilegii comerciale, scrisori domnești și particulare din archivele Sibiului, Brașovului și Bistriței din
975:, but not before attempting to seize Wallachia from Radu Șerban. He was reportedly captured and mutilated during the events. Of Marcu's other surviving relatives, Stanca Cercel was Radu Șerban's guest in Wallachia—
2514:
Maria-Venera Rădulescu, "Marcu, fiul principelui Petru Cercel (1583–1585). Cahle medievale descoperite la
Cerbureni, jud. Argeș, și la Târgoviște, jud. Dâmbovița (Curtea Domnească și zona Bisericii Stelea)", in
1077:. In 1617, Bethlen officially presented him as his choice for Prince in either Moldavia or Wallachia, and expressed hopes that the Ottomans would endorse him. The following year, with Bethlen's tacit support,
746:
Rezachevici calculates the end dates of Marcu's reign as July 23 and
September 4, 1600. Before being chased out of the country, he may have organized efforts to resist the Poles. An 18th-century author,
638:
439:, making him Petru Cercel's half-brother and Marcu Cercel's uncle. This was backed by Michael himself, who in 1594 referred to Petru as "My Highness' brother". However, at least one account in
644:, written in March 1599, suggests that Marco may have been groomed to take over in Moldavia even before its conquest. The text notes that Michael wanted to secure Moldavia as a link with the
478:. His behavior was otherwise incompatible with either Catholic or Orthodox norms. Ottoman sources of the period suggest that he was a polygamist, keeping three mistresses, all of whom were
2685:
1030:
and place the rump kingdom, alongside
Transylvania, in the Ottoman camp. Released in March, after undergoing interrogations, Marcu was financially destitute. In July, he petitioned
515:, meaning "Earring"—from Petru's distinguishing accessory. According to historian Maria-Venera Rădulescu, the heir-apparent must have spent his early years at the princely court in
720:
arrived in Iași "and began to make merry" before being chased out by
Ieremia; "and as happy as they were on their arriving, so were they ashamed to run back". A Moldavian writer,
2675:
188:
290:
2620:
386:
2525:"Documentar. Luptele hatmanului Jan Zamoyski cu Mihai Viteazul într-o tipăritură rară din biblioteca Zamoyski (Broșura căpitanului Stanislaw Bartholan din 1601)", in
861:" was allegedly lodging in Istanbul with Ambassador Lello. As argued by Iorga, this account cannot refer to Cercel, but rather to his Moldavian rival, Ștefan Bogdan.
1143:
granted by
Bethlen. Kemény reports, with a dose of uncertainty ("as I remember it"), that Marcu and his daughter were guests at his wedding, which took place in
1046:
informed his Ottoman allies that Matthias wanted Cercel to take the Moldavian crown. According to Bethlen, this was a conspiracy also involving Radu Șerban and
895:
received a letter from Prince Ieremia, who complained that Rudolf's Wallachian ally was causing damages across the border. Basta praised his skill in directing
567:
427:, who took the throne for only a few days in 1574. He and Petru Cercel were likely full brothers, both of them born to Pătrașcu's wife Voica, although scholar
267:
108:
2630:
1096:
against the same Movilă. His family situation and issues concerning his estate finally drove him back to Transylvania. By 1619, Bethlen's involvement in the
534:
1011:
2645:
2625:
450:
Petru, who took the Wallachian throne in July 1583, had at least three sons, of whom Marcu is the best known. According to the eyewitness Franco Sivori of
1026:
In February 1610, Rudolf ordered Marcu's arrest, having been informed that the Wallachian was involved in a conspiracy. This plot would have made Báthory
901:
raids, during which Cercel collected various bounties, but in the end ordered him to return, fearing Polish reprisals. From 1604, he was faced with the
2640:
676:
352:
also recommended him to the Ottomans. His final bid for the Moldavian throne ended in 1618, when Cercel settled in Transylvania. He lived to see the
2615:
2610:
2680:
1184:
began, but never finished, a romantic play which depicts a "Marcu Voivode" (wrongly credited as Michael the Brave's son). This project was titled
583:
995:, also confiscated Cercel's townhouse in Feyérvár. According to Iorga, this meant that Cercel was living in misery. Rudolf considered him for a
2655:
2412:
Studiĭ și documente cu privire la istoria romînilor. IV: Legăturile Principatelor romîne cu Ardealul; de la 1601 la 1699. Povestire și izvoare
553:
This period of his life ended later in 1585. The allegations surrounding Petru Cercel's amorous life and encouragement of apostasy produced a
2605:
2600:
996:
560:
1313:
2128:, Vol. XXVIII, Issue 9, September 1980, p. 262; Iorga (1902), pp. CXXXI, CXXXIII–CXXXIV, CXXXLX, CXL; Pascu, p. 93; Rădulescu, pp. 59–60
471:
1000:
601:
1108:, Marcu arrived in Prague as early as July 1618, and even obtained from the rebels promises that they would make Bethlen ruler of the
2590:
2063:
Pascu, p. 93; Dragoș Lucian Țigău, "Between Ephemeralty and Fiction. Addenda to the History of the Bans of Caransebeș and Lugoj", in
2559:
865:
306:
1100:
had pushed him back into political life. Various reports note that Cercel managed Transylvanian and Ottoman participation in the
1058:
652:. Shortly before embarking on the expedition, Michael was holding peace talks with the Ottomans. The titular Prince of Moldavia,
609:
466:
by 1581, or at least announced that he would, for opportunistic reasons. Some historians describe him as a Catholic committed to
2595:
756:
2429:
Legături descoperite de D. M. Beza cu mănăstirile Meteorele din Tesalia. Cu o notă despre Nicolae-Vodă Petrașcu, fiul lui Mihai
910:
872:, where Radu Șerban was preparing the reconquest of Wallachia. Marcu assisted in this effort, commanding a guard unit of 3,000
497:
2444:
Cristian Luca, "Activitatea ctitoricească a lui Petru Cercel (1583–1585). Expresie a unei politici culturale consecutive", in
1307:
Robert Mantran, "Comptes rendus. L'Europe centrale à l'époque moderne. Documents sur les principautés roumaines. E. D. Tappe,
948:'s retinue. He had lost control of his Transylvanian troops, who pledged themselves to Bocskai in 1605, and sought to ransack
566:
decision to shun his vassal. All known sons became outcast claimants following their father's removal. Petru Sr fled into the
270:, making Marcu his representative or regional co-ruler. It is not precisely known who Marcu's mother was, but she was likely
2356:Ștefan Andreescu, "Comerțul danubiano-pontic la sfârșitul secolului al XVI-lea: Mihai Viteazul și 'drumul moldovenesc'", in
1113:
2397:
2585:
1174:
892:
768:
613:
545:("Marco Voivode of Wallachia") was enlisted there in 1585, but also that he left soon after, refusing to take the pledge.
411:
698:
Sava. Several sources mention Marcu as a reigning Prince, before Ieremia could return with Polish backing—one of several
393:, which had a growing influence on the appointment of local rulers. As a pretender, he traced his lineage to the ancient
976:
1188:, for its female protagonist—the fictional, insane daughter of Prince Ieremia. Posthumous portrayals of Marcu include
1109:
255:
2635:
853:
and Wallachian mercenaries, with which he planned to retake Iași. That April, he was with Basta and Radu Șerban at
591:
243:
1196:—as noted by critic Eva Sîrbu, he is portrayed by Andrei Finți as a man of "impulsive youth and clean devotion".
752:
1169:
village, which he claimed was his father's purchase, but lost it under Alexander IV, who reassigned Odobești to
143:
2650:
1180:. As noted by scholar Matei Cazacu, his alleged father "could only have been Petru Cercel". In the late 1860s,
831:
827:
740:
736:
712:
443:
diplomatic records disputes Petru's background, alleging that, rather than Pătrașcu's son, he was a Greek from
807:
797:
634:
1326:
Pascu, pp. 76–77, 90, 94–98, 251, 276; Rădulescu, pp. 50–51, 54, 55. See also Birtz, pp. 67–68; Stănilă, p. 6
960:, and, Iorga notes, was regarded as a "second Michael". He was also poised to take the Moldavian throne from
728:, was "princelet" for "a short while", but also that his reign was entirely omitted in the succession lists.
2436:
1105:
1066:
992:
922:
843:
424:
402:
382:
259:
177:
2177:
Carl Göllner, "Beziehungen der Rumanischen Wojewoden Radu Șerban, Nicolae Petrașcu und Gaspar Graziani zur
706:: Nicolae Pătrașcu was the Prince of Wallachia, Cercel ruled over Moldavia, while Michael was the claimant
487:
474:. Others see Petru as an Orthodox who remained friendly toward Catholicism and had Protestant missionaries
275:
2483:
Sándor-Előd Ősz, "Miről álmodik a lelkipásztor? Telegdi T. István alpestesi lelkész álomfeljegyzései", in
1062:
984:
707:
699:
463:
349:
286:
2306:
2137:
Constantin Rezachevici, "Fenomene de criză social-politică în Țara Românească în veacul al XVII-lea", in
1487:
665:
436:
2580:
2575:
509:, a semi-legendary hero of the anti-Ottoman struggle "for Christendom". His other name was his father's
1082:
1078:
806:, in September 1601. Marcu split with Michael's family and rallied with Basta, joining his quarters at
731:
1189:
914:
826:
By 1602, Marcu had turned his attention back on Moldavia. This implied using a heraldic seal with the
28:
2670:
1126:
Cercel's services were rewarded by Bethlen: in August 1619, Marcu received the citadel and estate of
1097:
961:
945:
918:
748:
357:
338:
2319:
2121:
2415:
1162:
1039:
1035:
885:
717:
657:
491:
475:
467:
455:
2490:
1031:
428:
333:, during which he also lost control over his Transylvanian estates. He lived for several years in
1630:
Birtz, pp. 61–62, 67; Gane, pp. 111–112; Nicolaescu, p. 300; Pascu, pp. 82–83; Stănilă, pp. 11–12
937:
889:
846:
788:
760:
440:
334:
217:
47:
1085:. This presented an opportunity for Cercel, but Bethlen hesitated between him and Simion's son,
1047:
820:
293:. He fled to Transylvania before 1601, and, after Michael the Brave's killing, rallied with the
2284:
Matei Cazacu, "Familles de la noblesse roumaine au service de la Russie, XVe–XIXe siècles", in
2555:
2498:
2474:
2459:
2432:
2419:
2401:
1491:
1086:
1074:
972:
653:
645:
630:
483:
451:
432:
322:
294:
263:
128:
80:
65:
2665:
1131:
965:
902:
850:
803:
784:
783:
The Poles also drove away Nicolae Pătrașcu from his throne in Wallachia, replacing him with
685:
626:
587:
520:
479:
394:
330:
298:
279:
271:
225:
158:
38:
694:
516:
398:
368:
estate. He was twice married, the second time to Druzsina Bogáthy, who survived his death.
2534:
2370:
1479:
1240:
1101:
1043:
1027:
926:
881:
858:
802:. Michael briefly reconciled with Basta, but was eventually assassinated by the latter at
527:
by Italian artisans, and showing him as a young child. Marcu's first-ever mention is as a
353:
345:
318:
1720:
Lupaș, p. 178; Rădulescu, p. 56. See also Rezachevici (1979), p. 1343 & (2000), p. 10
2363:
Mircea Remus Birtz, "Un precursor nostalgic: Principele renascentist Petru Cercel", in
2297:
1181:
1139:
816:
703:
575:
390:
326:
302:
2569:
2451:
2387:
1738:
Rădulescu, p. 56. See also Lupaș, p. 178; Pascu, pp. 91–92; Rezachevici (2000), p. 10
1170:
1118:
1054:
988:
941:
906:
792:
597:
416:
364:. He was rewarded for results achieved during this mission, emerging as the owner of
310:
956:, trying to uproot the Transylvanian occupation of that city. By 1608, Marcu was in
435:
is widely believed to have been born from Prince Pătrașcu's marriage or affair with
1134:; in October, while he was still away, Stanca was granted provisional ownership of
980:
721:
649:
618:
506:
251:
154:
2497:. Sibiu: Institute of National History & Tipografia Cartea Românească, 1944.
1309:
Documents Concerning Rumanian History (1427–1601), Collected from British Archives
329:. His subsequent attempts to invade Moldavia from Transylvania were curbed by the
1092:
Also in 1618, Marcu traveled to Istanbul, where he hoped to obtain the favors of
675:
A regency council was eventually appointed, generally believed to have comprised
1166:
1152:
933:
873:
661:
641:
406:
321:. He then renounced plans to obtain the Wallachian throne, ceding it to another
971:
Marcu's estranged cousin and competitor, Nicolae Pătrașcu, also settled in the
409:. A Prince Marco, or Marcu, was Paisie's son and co-ruler. A letter from this "
949:
877:
764:
570:, but was imprisoned there by Ottoman loyalists, and moved to the fortress of
524:
314:
34:
2212:
Rădulescu, p. 61. See also Ősz, pp. 102, 105; Pascu, p. 94; Windisch, p. 1263
909:, which cut him off from Moldavia. One record suggests that Marcu, alongside
2507:
Maria Pia Pedani, "Veneziani a Costantinopoli alla fine del XVI secolo", in
1157:
854:
767:, with whom the Prince is sometimes confused (for instance, in the works of
710:
and "higher point of reference" for the other two. The 18th-century record,
605:
563:
423:
Among Pătrașcu's legitimate children, the first one to rule Wallachia was a
239:
1070:
953:
869:
2502:
2478:
2463:
2423:
2405:
1783:
Al. Grecu, "Relațiile Țării Românești și ale Moldovei cu Raguza [
1093:
983:
for Marcu's servants to meet with her. Meanwhile, Bocskai was proclaimed
812:
579:
511:
247:
1495:
1073:, and engaged in a struggle with Kemény over ownership of the church in
952:. In 1606, Cercel was with Basta and Galeotto Barbiano di Belgiojoso at
787:. In Transylvania, Michael's regime was destabilized by a revolt of the
2124:, "Erdély, Havaselve és Moldva kapcsolatai Bethlen Gábor idejében", in
1452:
Rădulescu, pp. 52, 60. See also Iorga (1902), p. CXXXIII; Stănilă, p. 5
669:
234:
213:
138:
1829:
Iorga (1902), pp. IV, XXXVI, XLIV; Pascu, pp. 89–90; Rădulescu, p. 54
1144:
1135:
1015:
957:
897:
702:. According to Rezachevici, Michael's regime should be regarded as a
681:
578:. Also according to Sivori, Marcu's brother Radu Petru was living in
529:
361:
1061:
and his son, hoping to obtain their goodwill. In 1616, during a new
600:
obtained Prince Petru's release, allowing him to seek asylum in the
1567:
Rădulescu, pp. 51, 53–54, 55. See also Pascu, pp. 90–91, 94–95, 251
1344:
Iorga (1902), pp. IV, XXXVI, XLIV; Nicolaescu, p. 300; Pascu, p. 90
849:
received reports that Cercel was gathering a 10,000-strong army of
470:
ideology, though one who also respected and protected the majority
344:
In the 1610s, Cercel switched allegiances and became a favorite of
266:, who in 1599–1601 managed to control Wallachia, Moldavia, and the
1127:
1019:
964:, but Radu Șerban intervened before this could happen, and put up
571:
555:
444:
365:
104:
538:
2661:
Romanian people in the Principality of Transylvania (1570–1711)
2380:
Lestár Gyulaffi, Sandor Szilagyi, "Történelmi maradványai", in
1545:
I. Radu, "Foștii elevi români-uniți ai școalelor din Roma", in
1238:
Valentin Gheonea, "Un domnitor controversat — Radu Paisie", in
1785:
1547:
Observatorul. Revistă Documentară Culturală–Socială–Religioasă
987:
and confiscated all of Marcu's assets, including an estate at
771:). Some Ottoman sources of the period also refer to Cercel as
381:
Marcu was born at a time when Wallachia and Moldavia, the two
888:. Finally, in January 1603, he led his force into Moldavia.
501:
Prince Petru in Târgoviște's Princely Church (1690s fresco)
278:; she may be the same as Lady Stanca, who went on to marry
415:
Marco voevod", although dated 1542, was read by historian
2543:
Adrian Stănilă, "Femeile din viața lui Petru Cercel", in
2150:
Rădulescu, p. 60. See also Iorga (1902), pp. CXXXIII, CXL
1594:
Birtz, pp. 61, 67; Pascu, pp. 75–77; Rădulescu, pp. 53–54
1262:
Nicolaescu, pp. 297, 300; Pascu, pp. 84–86; Stănilă, p. 4
864:
By September 1602, Marcu was known to be camped with the
625:
Michael's anti-Ottoman rebellion, and his entry into the
462:
Prince Petru was a pious Christian. He may have embraced
1289:
Gane, pp. 106–107, 138–140; Nicolaescu, pp. 294, 297–301
431:
argues that only Petru was Voica's son. The more famous
305:. By 1602, he was given a small command function in the
668:, ruler of that country, Michael finally sent Marcu to
2552:
Kemény János és Bethlen Miklós művei. Magyar Remekírók
2458:, Vol. II. Cluj: Tipografia Cartea Românească, 1940.
2495:
Petru Cercel și Țara Românească la sfârșitul sec. XVI
1549:, Vol. II, Issues 5–6, September–October 1929, p. 274
1461:
Pascu, pp. 87–88; Rădulescu, pp. 52–53; Stănilă, p. 5
876:
and 1,000 Transylvanian pikemen. His troops defended
2473:. Bucharest: Lito-Tipografia L. Motzătzeanu, 1905.
1576:
Birtz, p. 67; Pascu, pp. 90–91, 95; Rădulescu, p. 51
1042:. Taking over as Prince of Transylvania in October,
664:. After renouncing other plans to make his own son,
586:. It is also certain that Stanca went on to remarry
405:, his paternal grandfather, to have been the son of
1838:
Iorga (1902), pp. IV, XXXVI, XLIV; Pascu, pp. 89–90
834:, on Hungarian-language letters which he signed as
183:
173:
165:
150:
137:
127:
114:
98:
90:
86:
76:
61:
53:
46:
21:
2487:, Vol. 62, Issue I, January–June 2017, pp. 98–106.
925:against troops led by the eponymous rebel leader,
523:may preserve Marcu's only known portrait, done in
1793:, Vol. 2, Issue IV, October–December 1949, p. 116
1711:Rădulescu, p. 56; Rezachevici (2000), pp. 5, 8–11
884:, alongside forces led by Basta, Prince Radu and
262:. This probably meant that Marcu was a nephew of
1648:Andreescu, p. 56; Pascu, p. 91; Rădulescu, p. 55
1335:Birtz, p. 68; Pascu, pp. 96–97; Rădulescu, p. 54
285:Marcu had his first military engagements in the
2194:Rădulescu, pp. 60–61. See also Pascu, pp. 93–94
2103:Iorga (1902), p. CXXXIII; Rădulescu, pp. 60, 61
1585:Pascu, pp. 88, 91; Rădulescu, pp. 52–53, 55, 60
1057:show that Marcu was bribing the Ottoman envoy
791:, which won backing from the Imperial general
41:, which may depict Marcu Cercel as a young boy
2529:, Vol. 32, Issue 7, July 1979, pp. 1327–1349.
2266:Birtz, p. 68; Pascu, pp. 96–97; Stănilă, p. 6
1892:Iorga (1902), pp. XVIII–XIX; Rădulescu, p. 58
8:
2554:. Budapest: Szépirodalmi Könyvkiadó, 1980.
775:, translated by Iorga as "Marco the Brave".
535:Pontifical Greek College of Saint Athanasius
2686:Military personnel of the Thirty Years' War
2676:Imperial Army (Holy Roman Empire) personnel
2532:"Mihai Viteazul: itinerarul moldovean", in
2382:Monumenta Hungariae Historica 2. Scriptores
2203:Ősz, p. 102; Pascu, p. 94; Rădulescu, p. 61
1747:Rădulescu, p. 56; Rezachevici (2000), p. 10
1380:Pascu, pp. 91–92; Rezachevici (2000), p. 10
1314:Annales. Économies, Sociétés, Civilisations
751:, records that Marcu commanded some of the
2394:Pretendenți domnesci in secolul al XVI-lea
2375:Trecute vieți de doamne și domnițe. Vol. I
505:Iorga proposes that Marcu was named after
27:
18:
2456:Studii, conferințe și comunicări istorice
1621:Pascu, pp. 90–91, 94–95; Rădulescu, p. 55
759:. This struggle may also have involved a
2621:Eastern Orthodox Christians from Romania
2446:Buletinul Comisiei Monumentelor Istorice
1010:
730:
519:. She believes that a connected site in
496:
1910:Rădulescu, p. 58. See also Pascu, p. 92
1791:Studii. Revistă de Istorie și Filosofie
1204:
1081:staged a rebellion against Wallachia's
2343:, Vol. XV, Issue 8, August 1977, p. 24
2326:, Vol. XV, Issue 1, January 1980, p. 3
932:Later in 1604, Cercel was stranded at
2398:Institutul de Arte Grafice Carol Göbl
2288:, Vol. 34, Issue 1, 1993, pp. 213–214
7:
2511:, Vol. 15 (Suppl.), 1997, pp. 67–84.
2358:Studii și Materiale de Istorie Medie
2286:Cahiers du Monde Russe et Soviétique
2183:Revue des Études Sud-est Européennes
2139:Studii și Materiale de Istorie Medie
1434:Rădulescu, p. 52; Stănilă, pp. 5, 11
1407:Pascu, pp. 21, 44–45, 53–55, 75, 142
735:Marcu's seal of 1607, featuring the
672:, preparing him for his coronation.
250:in July–September 1600. His father,
2631:Romanian people of Albanian descent
2547:, Vol. II, Issue 3, 2013, pp. 4–13.
2185:, Vol. VI, Issue 1, 1968, pp. 80–83
559:, and played a significant part in
2646:Prisoners and detainees of Austria
2626:Romanian people of Turkish descent
1946:Gyulaffi & Szilagyi, pp. 53–54
1937:Pascu, p. 93; Rădulescu, pp. 58–59
1865:Pascu, p. 92; Rădulescu, pp. 57–58
1353:Pascu, pp. 89–90; Rădulescu, p. 54
1165:. Radu Petru also took control of
700:Polish interventions in the region
14:
2485:Theologia Reformata Transylvanica
2416:Stabilimentul grafic I. V. Socecŭ
1536:Luca, p. 94; Pascu, pp. 84–85, 94
1317:, Vol. 23, Issue 5, 1968, p. 1172
1161:and owner of Belizvor estate, in
1112:. In discussions with Marcu, the
1069:, he was initially a resident of
923:Szepesváralja (Spišské Podhradie)
258:in the 1580s, and alleged son of
2641:Romanian prisoners and detainees
2377:. Bucharest: Luceafărul S. A., .
2067:, Vol. 26, Part II, 2016, p. 360
1558:Rădulescu, p. 52; Stănilă, p. 11
289:, when he was chased out by the
187:
2616:17th-century monarchs in Europe
2611:16th-century monarchs in Europe
2300:, "La apariția volumului 8 din
1003:, but none were yet available.
633:, also resulted in Wallachia's
360:, acting as Bethlen's agent in
2681:People of the Long Turkish War
2448:, Issues 1–4/1999, pp. 93–101.
2384:, Vol. XXXIII, 1894, pp. 1–80.
2045:Pascu, p. 93; Rădulescu, p. 59
2036:Pascu, p. 93; Rădulescu, p. 59
2000:Pascu, p. 93; Rădulescu, p. 58
1928:Gyulaffi & Szilagyi, p. 38
1856:Pascu, p. 92; Rădulescu, p. 57
1811:Pascu, p. 92; Rădulescu, p. 57
1639:Pascu, p. 91; Rădulescu, p. 55
648:, having been promised 12,000
622:Ömer, the influential eunuch.
602:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
401:. This hinges on the claim of
397:, through the branch known as
1:
2656:Romanian emigrants to Austria
1729:Rezachevici (2000), pp. 5, 10
1053:Nevertheless, the records of
991:. In May 1607, a new Prince,
755:, but was easily defeated by
2606:17th-century Romanian people
2601:16th-century Romanian people
2519:, Vol. XXV, 2013, pp. 47–66.
568:Principality of Transylvania
268:Principality of Transylvania
109:Principality of Transylvania
2414:, pp. I–CCCXIX. Bucharest:
2367:, Vol. II, 2001, pp. 61–68.
2360:, Vol. XV, 1997, pp. 41–60.
1973:Iorga (1902), pp. LXX–LXXII
1774:Rezachevici (1979), p. 1342
1693:Rezachevici (1979), p. 1333
282:, also Prince of Moldavia.
2702:
2322:, "Chipul din castel", in
2304:. Eminescu dramaturg", in
2141:, Vol. IX, 1978, pp. 68–69
2085:Iorga (1902), pp. CXIV–CXV
1155:, who made him an adjunct
842:). In March of that year,
472:Wallachian Orthodox Church
2337:Buzduganul cu trei peceți
2335:Eva Sîrbu, "În premieră.
1919:Iorga (1902), pp. VI, XVI
1901:Iorga (1902), pp. XIX–XXI
1765:Rezachevici (2000), p. 10
1756:Rezachevici (2000), p. 10
1443:Rezachevici (2000), p. 10
1229:Iorga (1898), pp. 266–267
1194:Buzduganul cu trei peceți
753:Moldavian military forces
713:Letopisețul Cantacuzinesc
660:, orphaned son of Prince
420:grandson of Radu Paisie.
242:adventurer who served as
169:Sultana (Stanca) Köprülü?
57:July 23–September 4, 1600
26:
2522:Constantin Rezachevici,
1847:Rădulescu, pp. 58–59, 65
1527:Rădulescu, pp. 54–55, 62
836:Marko vaijvoda Moldvania
716:, argues that Marcu and
677:Andronikos Kantakouzenos
635:conquest of Transylvania
543:Marco Baiboda di Blachia
317:, helping to defeat the
123:Druzsina Bogáthy (1620s)
102:before 1629 (aged 35–50)
2509:Quaderni di Studi Arabi
1244:, September 1996, p. 51
724:, notes that Marcu, or
383:Danubian Principalities
297:, which was fighting a
2310:, Issue 38/1988, p. 12
1023:
1018:of Cercel's castle in
985:Prince of Transylvania
743:
708:Prince of Transylvania
502:
350:Prince of Transylvania
229:
221:
2538:, May 2000, pp. 5–11.
1220:Nicolaescu, pp. 76–77
1022:, from a 2018 display
1014:
940:, a pensioner of the
840:Marcus Vayvoda C.czel
765:Deli-Marko (Delmarco)
734:
500:
377:Origins and childhood
287:1600 war for Moldavia
2586:Monarchs of Moldavia
2550:Éva Windisch (ed.),
2076:Iorga (1902), p. CXV
1964:Iorga (1902), p. LXX
1955:Iorga (1902), p. LXX
1883:Iorga (1898), p. 255
1874:Iorga (1902), p. XVI
1802:Iorga (1902), p. CXV
1702:Iorga (1898), p. 254
1684:Andreescu, pp. 55–56
1657:Rădulescu, pp. 55–56
1612:Pascu, pp. 76–77, 90
1603:Rădulescu, pp. 53–54
1486:, p. 70. Bucharest:
1389:Rădulescu, pp. 54–55
1280:Pascu, pp. 12–14, 84
905:in Transylvania and
757:Stanisław Żółkiewski
582:as a protege of the
313:, and saw action at
238:1580 – 1620), was a
33:Reconstruction of a
2591:House of Drăculești
2545:Revista Hiperboreea
2468:Stoica Nicolaescu,
2018:Iorga (1934), p. 80
1488:Editura științifică
1470:Iorga (1934), p. 78
979:tried to arrange a
977:Matthias of Austria
658:Ștefan Bogdan Sasul
610:Wallachian boyardom
476:burned at the stake
468:Counter-Reformation
274:and related to the
256:Prince of Wallachia
2527:Revista de Istorie
1147:on June 14, 1632.
1036:Hungarian Palatine
1024:
989:Alsóidecs (Ideciu)
950:Feyérvár (Bălgrad)
798:Battle of Mirăslău
789:Hungarian nobility
744:
639:English Ambassador
629:as an ally of the
614:Ottoman slave girl
592:Prince of Moldavia
584:French ambassadors
549:Orphan "princelet"
503:
48:Prince of Moldavia
16:Prince of Moldavia
2636:Romanian adoptees
2437:Cartea Românească
2433:Monitorul Oficial
2230:Ősz, pp. 102, 105
2179:Milice chrétienne
1982:Gane, pp. 210–211
1666:Pedani, pp. 72–73
1138:by its lord, the
1106:István Szamosközy
1098:Thirty Years' War
1079:Lupu Mehedințeanu
1001:Hungarian Kingdom
993:Sigismund Rákóczi
962:Constantin Movilă
946:Sigismund Báthory
828:Moldavian aurochs
737:Moldavian aurochs
646:Tsardom of Russia
631:Holy Roman Empire
490:, therefore also
433:Michael the Brave
403:Pătrașcu the Good
358:Thirty Years' War
339:Sigismund Báthory
295:Holy Roman Empire
264:Michael the Brave
260:Pătrașcu the Good
195:
194:
66:Michael the Brave
2693:
2344:
2333:
2327:
2317:
2311:
2307:România Literară
2295:
2289:
2282:
2276:
2273:
2267:
2264:
2258:
2257:Stănilă, pp. 5–6
2255:
2249:
2248:Pascu, pp. 95–96
2246:
2240:
2237:
2231:
2228:
2222:
2221:Windisch, p. 152
2219:
2213:
2210:
2204:
2201:
2195:
2192:
2186:
2175:
2169:
2168:Rădulescu, p. 60
2166:
2160:
2157:
2151:
2148:
2142:
2135:
2129:
2119:
2113:
2110:
2104:
2101:
2095:
2092:
2086:
2083:
2077:
2074:
2068:
2061:
2055:
2054:Rădulescu, p. 59
2052:
2046:
2043:
2037:
2034:
2028:
2025:
2019:
2016:
2010:
2009:Rădulescu, p. 58
2007:
2001:
1998:
1992:
1991:Rădulescu, p. 58
1989:
1983:
1980:
1974:
1971:
1965:
1962:
1956:
1953:
1947:
1944:
1938:
1935:
1929:
1926:
1920:
1917:
1911:
1908:
1902:
1899:
1893:
1890:
1884:
1881:
1875:
1872:
1866:
1863:
1857:
1854:
1848:
1845:
1839:
1836:
1830:
1827:
1821:
1818:
1812:
1809:
1803:
1800:
1794:
1781:
1775:
1772:
1766:
1763:
1757:
1754:
1748:
1745:
1739:
1736:
1730:
1727:
1721:
1718:
1712:
1709:
1703:
1700:
1694:
1691:
1685:
1682:
1676:
1673:
1667:
1664:
1658:
1655:
1649:
1646:
1640:
1637:
1631:
1628:
1622:
1619:
1613:
1610:
1604:
1601:
1595:
1592:
1586:
1583:
1577:
1574:
1568:
1565:
1559:
1556:
1550:
1543:
1537:
1534:
1528:
1525:
1519:
1516:
1510:
1504:
1498:
1484:Nume de persoane
1477:
1471:
1468:
1462:
1459:
1453:
1450:
1444:
1441:
1435:
1432:
1426:
1425:Birtz, pp. 63–67
1423:
1417:
1414:
1408:
1405:
1399:
1396:
1390:
1387:
1381:
1378:
1372:
1371:Rădulescu, p. 57
1369:
1363:
1360:
1354:
1351:
1345:
1342:
1336:
1333:
1327:
1324:
1318:
1305:
1299:
1298:Pascu, pp. 86–87
1296:
1290:
1287:
1281:
1278:
1272:
1271:Stănilă, pp. 4–5
1269:
1263:
1260:
1254:
1251:
1245:
1236:
1230:
1227:
1221:
1218:
1212:
1211:Rădulescu, p. 56
1209:
1190:Constantin Vaeni
1163:Mehedinți County
1136:Sóspatak (Șeușa)
1116:pledged 100,000
938:Austrian Bohemia
915:Boldizsár Kornis
903:Bocskai uprising
666:Nicolae Pătrașcu
627:Long Turkish War
588:Aaron the Tyrant
576:Dátos (Dătășeni)
541:suggests that a
484:Muslim apostates
395:House of Basarab
387:tributary states
337:at the court of
335:Austrian Bohemia
331:Bocskai uprising
280:Aaron the Tyrant
200:, also known as
191:
159:Aaron the Tyrant
31:
19:
2701:
2700:
2696:
2695:
2694:
2692:
2691:
2690:
2651:Romanian exiles
2566:
2565:
2564:
2535:Magazin Istoric
2517:Muzeul Național
2371:Constantin Gane
2352:
2347:
2334:
2330:
2318:
2314:
2296:
2292:
2283:
2279:
2274:
2270:
2265:
2261:
2256:
2252:
2247:
2243:
2238:
2234:
2229:
2225:
2220:
2216:
2211:
2207:
2202:
2198:
2193:
2189:
2176:
2172:
2167:
2163:
2158:
2154:
2149:
2145:
2136:
2132:
2120:
2116:
2112:Windisch, p. 31
2111:
2107:
2102:
2098:
2093:
2089:
2084:
2080:
2075:
2071:
2062:
2058:
2053:
2049:
2044:
2040:
2035:
2031:
2026:
2022:
2017:
2013:
2008:
2004:
1999:
1995:
1990:
1986:
1981:
1977:
1972:
1968:
1963:
1959:
1954:
1950:
1945:
1941:
1936:
1932:
1927:
1923:
1918:
1914:
1909:
1905:
1900:
1896:
1891:
1887:
1882:
1878:
1873:
1869:
1864:
1860:
1855:
1851:
1846:
1842:
1837:
1833:
1828:
1824:
1819:
1815:
1810:
1806:
1801:
1797:
1782:
1778:
1773:
1769:
1764:
1760:
1755:
1751:
1746:
1742:
1737:
1733:
1728:
1724:
1719:
1715:
1710:
1706:
1701:
1697:
1692:
1688:
1683:
1679:
1674:
1670:
1665:
1661:
1656:
1652:
1647:
1643:
1638:
1634:
1629:
1625:
1620:
1616:
1611:
1607:
1602:
1598:
1593:
1589:
1584:
1580:
1575:
1571:
1566:
1562:
1557:
1553:
1544:
1540:
1535:
1531:
1526:
1522:
1517:
1513:
1505:
1501:
1480:Alexandru Graur
1478:
1474:
1469:
1465:
1460:
1456:
1451:
1447:
1442:
1438:
1433:
1429:
1424:
1420:
1416:Luca, pp. 93–94
1415:
1411:
1406:
1402:
1397:
1393:
1388:
1384:
1379:
1375:
1370:
1366:
1361:
1357:
1352:
1348:
1343:
1339:
1334:
1330:
1325:
1321:
1306:
1302:
1297:
1293:
1288:
1284:
1279:
1275:
1270:
1266:
1261:
1257:
1252:
1248:
1241:Magazin Istoric
1237:
1233:
1228:
1224:
1219:
1215:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1114:Prince of Thurn
1104:. According to
1102:Bohemian Revolt
1063:war in Moldavia
1044:Gabriel Bethlen
1028:King of Hungary
1009:
968:on the throne.
927:Stephen Bocskai
919:Pongrác Sennyey
911:Count Dampierre
832:Wallachian bird
821:Temeşvar Eyalet
808:Făgăraș Citadel
781:
769:Ilie Bărbulescu
749:Johann Filstich
741:Wallachian bird
551:
379:
374:
354:Bohemian Revolt
346:Gabriel Bethlen
157:
122:
103:
42:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2699:
2697:
2689:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2596:Köprülü family
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2568:
2567:
2563:
2562:
2548:
2541:
2540:
2539:
2530:
2520:
2512:
2505:
2488:
2481:
2466:
2449:
2442:
2441:
2440:
2426:
2410:"Prefață", in
2408:
2385:
2378:
2368:
2361:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2345:
2328:
2320:Radu G. Țeposu
2312:
2298:Alexandru Piru
2290:
2277:
2268:
2259:
2250:
2241:
2232:
2223:
2214:
2205:
2196:
2187:
2170:
2161:
2152:
2143:
2130:
2122:Ludovic Demény
2114:
2105:
2096:
2087:
2078:
2069:
2056:
2047:
2038:
2029:
2020:
2011:
2002:
1993:
1984:
1975:
1966:
1957:
1948:
1939:
1930:
1921:
1912:
1903:
1894:
1885:
1876:
1867:
1858:
1849:
1840:
1831:
1822:
1813:
1804:
1795:
1776:
1767:
1758:
1749:
1740:
1731:
1722:
1713:
1704:
1695:
1686:
1677:
1668:
1659:
1650:
1641:
1632:
1623:
1614:
1605:
1596:
1587:
1578:
1569:
1560:
1551:
1538:
1529:
1520:
1511:
1499:
1472:
1463:
1454:
1445:
1436:
1427:
1418:
1409:
1400:
1391:
1382:
1373:
1364:
1355:
1346:
1337:
1328:
1319:
1300:
1291:
1282:
1273:
1264:
1255:
1246:
1231:
1222:
1213:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1192:'s 1977 film,
1182:Mihai Eminescu
1145:Halmi (Halmeu)
1087:Gabriel Movilă
1075:Gerend (Grind)
1059:Iskender Pasha
1008:
1005:
973:Habsburg lands
944:and member of
882:Crimean Tatars
847:Sigismund Vasa
780:
777:
704:dynastic union
654:Ieremia Movilă
550:
547:
492:Turko-Albanian
488:Köprülü family
391:Ottoman Empire
378:
375:
373:
370:
319:Crimean Tatars
303:Ottoman Empire
230:Marco Circelli
193:
192:
185:
181:
180:
175:
171:
170:
167:
163:
162:
152:
148:
147:
141:
135:
134:
131:
125:
124:
116:
112:
111:
100:
96:
95:
92:
88:
87:
84:
83:
81:Ieremia Movilă
78:
74:
73:
63:
59:
58:
55:
51:
50:
44:
43:
32:
24:
23:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2698:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2573:
2571:
2561:
2560:963-15-1495-1
2557:
2553:
2549:
2546:
2542:
2537:
2536:
2531:
2528:
2524:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2513:
2510:
2506:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2489:
2486:
2482:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2467:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2450:
2447:
2443:
2438:
2434:
2431:. Bucharest:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2396:. Bucharest:
2395:
2392:
2391:
2389:
2388:Nicolae Iorga
2386:
2383:
2379:
2376:
2372:
2369:
2366:
2365:Caietele OBSS
2362:
2359:
2355:
2354:
2349:
2342:
2338:
2332:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2316:
2313:
2309:
2308:
2303:
2299:
2294:
2291:
2287:
2281:
2278:
2272:
2269:
2263:
2260:
2254:
2251:
2245:
2242:
2236:
2233:
2227:
2224:
2218:
2215:
2209:
2206:
2200:
2197:
2191:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2174:
2171:
2165:
2162:
2159:Lupaș, p. 203
2156:
2153:
2147:
2144:
2140:
2134:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2118:
2115:
2109:
2106:
2100:
2097:
2091:
2088:
2082:
2079:
2073:
2070:
2066:
2060:
2057:
2051:
2048:
2042:
2039:
2033:
2030:
2024:
2021:
2015:
2012:
2006:
2003:
1997:
1994:
1988:
1985:
1979:
1976:
1970:
1967:
1961:
1958:
1952:
1949:
1943:
1940:
1934:
1931:
1925:
1922:
1916:
1913:
1907:
1904:
1898:
1895:
1889:
1886:
1880:
1877:
1871:
1868:
1862:
1859:
1853:
1850:
1844:
1841:
1835:
1832:
1826:
1823:
1817:
1814:
1808:
1805:
1799:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1787:
1780:
1777:
1771:
1768:
1762:
1759:
1753:
1750:
1744:
1741:
1735:
1732:
1726:
1723:
1717:
1714:
1708:
1705:
1699:
1696:
1690:
1687:
1681:
1678:
1675:Pedani, p. 73
1672:
1669:
1663:
1660:
1654:
1651:
1645:
1642:
1636:
1633:
1627:
1624:
1618:
1615:
1609:
1606:
1600:
1597:
1591:
1588:
1582:
1579:
1573:
1570:
1564:
1561:
1555:
1552:
1548:
1542:
1539:
1533:
1530:
1524:
1521:
1515:
1512:
1509:
1503:
1500:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1476:
1473:
1467:
1464:
1458:
1455:
1449:
1446:
1440:
1437:
1431:
1428:
1422:
1419:
1413:
1410:
1404:
1401:
1398:Stănilă, p. 7
1395:
1392:
1386:
1383:
1377:
1374:
1368:
1365:
1362:Stănilă, p. 6
1359:
1356:
1350:
1347:
1341:
1338:
1332:
1329:
1323:
1320:
1316:
1315:
1310:
1304:
1301:
1295:
1292:
1286:
1283:
1277:
1274:
1268:
1265:
1259:
1256:
1250:
1247:
1243:
1242:
1235:
1232:
1226:
1223:
1217:
1214:
1208:
1205:
1199:
1197:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1176:
1172:
1171:Matei Basarab
1168:
1164:
1160:
1159:
1154:
1148:
1146:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1132:Zaránd County
1129:
1124:
1121:
1120:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1090:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1051:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1040:Lajos Rákóczi
1037:
1033:
1032:György Thurzó
1029:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1006:
1004:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
974:
969:
967:
966:Mihail Movilă
963:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
942:Aulic Council
939:
935:
930:
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
907:Upper Hungary
904:
900:
899:
894:
891:
887:
886:Stroe Buzescu
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
866:Imperial Army
862:
860:
856:
852:
848:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
824:
822:
818:
815:
814:
809:
805:
804:Câmpia Turzii
801:
799:
794:
793:Giorgio Basta
790:
786:
785:Simion Movilă
779:Habsburg ally
778:
776:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
742:
738:
733:
729:
727:
723:
719:
718:Preda Buzescu
715:
714:
709:
705:
701:
697:
696:
691:
687:
686:Udrea Băleanu
684:
683:
678:
673:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
643:
640:
636:
632:
628:
623:
621:
620:
616:and niece of
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
598:Pope Sixtus V
595:
593:
590:, who became
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
562:
558:
557:
548:
546:
544:
540:
536:
532:
531:
526:
522:
518:
514:
513:
508:
499:
495:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
460:
457:
456:Ciro Spontone
453:
448:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
421:
418:
417:Nicolae Iorga
414:
413:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
376:
371:
369:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
348:; this rebel
347:
342:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
311:Giorgio Basta
308:
307:Imperial Army
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
283:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
236:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
190:
186:
182:
179:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
153:
149:
145:
142:
140:
136:
132:
130:
126:
121:(before 1618)
120:
119:unknown woman
117:
113:
110:
106:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
82:
79:
75:
71:
67:
64:
60:
56:
52:
49:
45:
40:
36:
30:
25:
20:
2581:1620s deaths
2576:1580s births
2551:
2544:
2533:
2526:
2516:
2508:
2494:
2491:Ștefan Pascu
2484:
2471:Transilvania
2469:
2455:
2445:
2428:
2411:
2393:
2381:
2374:
2364:
2357:
2340:
2336:
2331:
2323:
2315:
2305:
2301:
2293:
2285:
2280:
2275:Birtz, p. 68
2271:
2262:
2253:
2244:
2239:Pascu, p. 95
2235:
2226:
2217:
2208:
2199:
2190:
2182:
2178:
2173:
2164:
2155:
2146:
2138:
2133:
2125:
2117:
2108:
2099:
2094:Pascu, p. 93
2090:
2081:
2072:
2064:
2059:
2050:
2041:
2032:
2027:Pascu, p. 93
2023:
2014:
2005:
1996:
1987:
1978:
1969:
1960:
1951:
1942:
1933:
1924:
1915:
1906:
1897:
1888:
1879:
1870:
1861:
1852:
1843:
1834:
1825:
1820:Pascu, p. 95
1816:
1807:
1798:
1790:
1784:
1779:
1770:
1761:
1752:
1743:
1734:
1725:
1716:
1707:
1698:
1689:
1680:
1671:
1662:
1653:
1644:
1635:
1626:
1617:
1608:
1599:
1590:
1581:
1572:
1563:
1554:
1546:
1541:
1532:
1523:
1518:Pascu, p. 43
1514:
1507:
1502:
1483:
1475:
1466:
1457:
1448:
1439:
1430:
1421:
1412:
1403:
1394:
1385:
1376:
1367:
1358:
1349:
1340:
1331:
1322:
1312:
1308:
1303:
1294:
1285:
1276:
1267:
1258:
1253:Pascu, p. 12
1249:
1239:
1234:
1225:
1216:
1207:
1193:
1185:
1177:
1156:
1149:
1125:
1117:
1091:
1083:Alexander IV
1052:
1048:Gáspár Bekes
1025:
1007:With Bethlen
981:safe conduct
970:
931:
896:
863:
839:
835:
825:
811:
795:
782:
772:
745:
725:
722:Miron Costin
711:
693:
692:Negrea, and
689:
680:
674:
650:Don Cossacks
624:
617:
596:
554:
552:
542:
528:
510:
507:Prince Marko
504:
461:
449:
429:Ștefan Pascu
422:
410:
380:
343:
301:against the
284:
252:Petru Cercel
233:
212:("Marcu the
210:Marco-Voevod
209:
205:
202:Marco Cercel
201:
198:Marcu Cercel
197:
196:
155:Petru Cercel
118:
69:
22:Marcu Cercel
2671:Mercenaries
1789:]", in
1506:Rădulescu,
1153:Radu Mihnea
1110:Czech lands
1067:John Kemény
934:Libochowitz
921:, defended
844:Polish King
838:(in Latin:
817:Radu Șerban
763:mercenary,
726:Marcul vodă
662:Iancu Sasul
642:Henry Lello
464:Catholicism
407:Radu Paisie
327:Radu Șerban
291:Polish army
222:Markó vajda
62:Predecessor
37:plate from
2570:Categories
2452:Ioan Lupaș
2350:References
2324:Amfiteatru
1175:patronymic
773:Deli-Marco
690:Spatharios
525:terracotta
517:Târgoviște
399:Drăculești
325:favorite,
240:Wallachian
206:Marcu-Vodă
161:(adoptive)
144:Drăculești
133:1 daughter
35:terracotta
2503:869202971
2479:767577459
2464:933395883
2424:895358710
2418:, 1902.
2406:249346785
2400:, 1898.
1490:, 1965.
1158:Postelnic
1055:Schäßburg
997:Captaincy
893:Rudolf II
880:from the
606:Neo-Latin
594:in 1591.
564:Murad III
521:Cerbureni
372:Biography
218:Hungarian
184:Signature
77:Successor
39:Cerbureni
2126:Igaz Szó
2065:Banatica
1167:Odobești
1094:Osman II
954:Cassovia
874:Székelys
859:Bogdania
830:and the
813:Paharnic
739:and the
580:Istanbul
512:cognomen
356:and the
323:Habsburg
309:, under
299:Long War
276:Köprülüs
248:Moldavia
178:Orthodox
174:Religion
94:ca. 1580
70:de facto
2666:Hajduks
2439:, 1934.
1496:3662349
999:of the
890:Emperor
878:Teișani
855:Sathmar
761:Ragusan
480:Turkish
441:English
437:Teodora
425:Vintilă
389:of the
385:, were
315:Teișani
272:Turkish
226:Italian
214:Voivode
139:Dynasty
2558:
2501:
2477:
2462:
2435:&
2422:
2404:
2341:Cinema
2339:", in
2181:", in
1508:passim
1494:
1311:", in
1178:Petrov
1034:, the
1016:Mockup
958:Prague
898:hajduk
870:Corona
682:Hetman
572:Huszth
561:Sultan
530:ktitor
362:Prague
254:, was
244:Prince
166:Mother
151:Father
115:Spouse
2302:Opere
1200:Notes
1140:Canon
1130:, in
1128:Dezna
1119:scudi
1071:Csúcs
1020:Dezna
936:, in
796:(see
695:Armaș
556:fatwa
452:Genoa
445:Morea
366:Dezna
208:, or
129:Issue
105:Dezna
54:Reign
2556:ISBN
2499:OCLC
2475:OCLC
2460:OCLC
2420:OCLC
2402:OCLC
1492:OCLC
1186:Mira
917:and
851:Serb
670:Iași
619:Agha
539:Rome
482:and
99:Died
91:Born
1786:sic
868:at
537:in
246:of
235:fl.
216:";
107:?,
2572::
2493:,
2454:,
2390:,
2373:,
1482:,
1089:.
1050:.
929:.
913:,
823:.
688:,
679:,
447:.
412:Io
341:.
232:;
228::
224:,
220::
204:,
800:)
146:?
72:)
68:(
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