497:. Bloch was forced to write for it under the pseudonym Marc Fougères. The journal's bank account was also in Bloch's name; this too had to go. Henri Hauser supported Febvre's position, and Bloch was offended when Febvre intimated that Hauser had more to lose than both of them. This was because, whereas Bloch had been allowed to retain his research position, Hauser had not. Bloch interpreted Febvre's comment as implying that Bloch was not a victim. Bloch, alluding to his ethnicity, replied that the difference between them was that, whereas he feared for his children because of their Jewishness, Febvre's children were in no more danger than any other man in the country.
543:
327:
643:
444:. Fliche not only opposed Bloch's transfer to Montpellier but made his life uncomfortable when he was there. The Vichy government was attempting to promote itself as a return to traditional French values. Bloch condemned this as propaganda; the rural idyll that Vichy said it would return France to was impossible, he said, "because the idyllic, docile peasant life of the French right had never existed".
17:
255:, he was stationed in Alsace. He possessed none of the eager patriotism with which he had approached the First World War. Instead, Carole Fink suggests that because Bloch felt himself to have been discriminated against, he had "begun to distance himself intellectually and emotionally from his comrades and leaders". Back in Strasbourg, his main duty was evacuating civilians behind the
627:. Bloch was using the pseudonym "Maurice Blanchard", and in appearance was "an ageing gentleman, rather short, grey-haired, bespectacled, neatly dressed, holding a briefcase in one hand and a cane in the other". He was renting a room above a dressmaker's shop on rue des Quatre Chapeaux; the Gestapo raided the place the following day. It is possible Bloch had been
371:, which he later described as taking place "under golden skies coloured by the black and fawn smoke". Before the evacuation, Bloch ordered the immediate burning of fuel supplies. Although he could have remained in Britain, he chose to return to France the day he arrived because his family was still there.
773:; he described the British soldier as naturally "a looter and a lecher: that is to say, the two vices which the French peasant finds it hard to forgive when both are satisfied to the detriment of his farmyard and his daughters", and English officers as being imbued with an "old crusted Tory tradition".
731:
bestowed upon him after the war, leading to much of his work being overshadowed by the last months of his life. This led to "indiscriminate heaps of praise under which he is now almost hopelessly buried". His legacy has been further complicated by the fact that the second generation of
Annalists led
423:
in the remaining southern-third of the country. Bloch moved south, where in
January 1941, he applied for and received one of only ten exemptions to the ban on employing Jewish academics the Vichy government made. This was probably due to Bloch's pre-eminence in the field of history. He was allowed to
387:
To Bloch, France collapsed because her generals failed to capitalise on the best qualities humanity possessed—character and intelligence—because of their own "sluggish and intractable" progress since the First World War. He was horrified by the defeat which, Carole Fink has suggested, he saw as being
282:
Bloch was largely bored between 1939 and May 1940 as he often had little work to do. To pass the time and occupy himself, he decided to begin writing a history of France. To this end, he purchased notebooks and began to work out a structure for the work. Although never completed, the pages he managed
654:
on 6 June 1944. As a result, the Nazi regime was keen to evacuate and "liquidate their holdings" in France; this meant disposing of as many prisoners as they could. Between May and June 1944 the Nazi occupying forces shot around 700 prisoners in scattered locations to avoid the risk of this becoming
572:
around Lyon, Bloch still found it difficult to join them because of his age. Although the
Resistance recruited heavily among university lecturers—and indeed, Bloch's alma mater, the École Normale Superieur, provided it with many members—he commented in exasperation to Simonne that he "didn't know it
563:
pinpointed Bloch's motive for joining the
Resistance in his characteristic refusal to mince his words or play half a role. Bloch had previously expressed the view that "there can be no salvation where there is not some sacrifice". He sent his family away and returned to Lyon to join the underground.
504:
suggests Febvre did not really understand the position Bloch, or any French Jew, was in. Already damaged by this disagreement, Bloch's and Febvre's relationship declined further when the former had been forced to leave his library and papers in his Paris apartment following his move to Vichy. He had
303:
to the French
Military Mission there. He was considered an excellent candidate for the position due to his fluency in Norwegian and knowledge of the country. Bloch considered it and came close to accepting; ultimately, though, it was too far from his family, whom he rarely saw enough of in any case.
859:
Davies suggests that the speech he self-described with at his funeral may be unpleasant hearing to some historians in the words' stridency and emotion. However, he also notes the necessity of remembering the context, that "they are the words of a Jew by birth writing in the darkest hour of France's
679:
At his burial, his own words were read at the graveside. With them, Bloch proudly acknowledged his Jewish ancestry while identifying foremost as a
Frenchman. He described himself as "a stranger to any formal religious belief as well as any supposed racial solidarity, I have felt myself to be, quite
604:
later told how he knew Bloch as, although originally "a man, made for the creative silence of gentle study, with a cabinet full of books" was now "running from street to street, deciphering secret letters in some
Lyonaisse Resistance garret"; all Bloch's notes were kept in code. For the first time,
932:
They did not do this with the intention of suppressing discussion of Bloch's ideas, wrote Karen
Stirling, but "it is easy for contemporary scholars to confuse Bloch's own individualistic work as a historian with that of his structuralist successors". In other words, to apply to Bloch's views those
486:
at any cost. He believed that it was worth making concessions to keep the journal afloat and to keep France's intellectual life alive. Bloch rejected out of hand any suggestion that he should, in his words, "fall into line". Febvre also asked Bloch to resign as joint-editor of the journal. Febvre
562:
sometime between late 1942 and March 1943. Bloch was careful not to join simply because of his ethnicity or the laws that were passed against it. As Burguière has pointed out, and Bloch would have known, taking such a position would effectively "indict all Jews who did not join". Burguière has
102:
and spending a brief time in
Britain, he unsuccessfully attempted to secure passage to the United States. Returning to France, he found his ability to work curtailed by new antisemitic regulations. However, he applied for and received one of the few permits available, allowing Jews to continue
782:
Carole Fink describes the meetings Bloch had with his family: "In
February 1940 he made two trips to Paris—displaying signs of 'fatigue'—where he saw his wife, visited relatives and friends, and savoured the joys of civilian life: a sandwich in a café, a concert, and several good
404:, and perhaps more importantly, her failure to understand what motorisation meant. He understood that it was the latter that allowed the French army to become bogged down in Belgium, and this had been compounded by the French army's slow retreat. He wrote in
581:
active with Bloch as later describing how "that eminent professor came to put himself at our command simply and modestly". Bloch used his professional and military skills on their behalf, writing propaganda for them and organising their supplies and
509:
residence, but the Nazis—-who had made their headquarters in the hotel next to Bloch's apartment—-looted his rooms and confiscated his library in 1942. Bloch held Febvre responsible for the loss, believing he could have done more to prevent it.
727:—this is a reputation mostly acquired postmortem. Henry Loyn suggests it is also one which would have amused and amazed Bloch. According to Stirling, this posed a particular problem within French historiography when Bloch effectively had
635:, during which time his wife died. While imprisoned, he was tortured, suffering beatings and ice-baths. On occasion, his torturers broke his ribs and wrists, which led to his being returned to his cell unconscious. He eventually caught
692:
Febvre had not approved of Bloch's decision to join the Resistance, believing it to be a waste of his brain and talents, although, as Davies points out, "such a fate befell many other French intellectuals". Febvre continued publishing
251:. This involved him undertaking such a detailed assessment of the French fuel supply that he later wrote he was able to "count petrol tins and ration every drop" of fuel he obtained. During the first few months of the war, called the
837:: "we were all of us either specialists in the social sciences or workers in scientific laboratories, and maybe the very disciplines of those employments kept us, by a sort of fatalism, from embarking on individual action".
718:
named Bloch the leader of what he called the "French Historical Revolution", and Bloch became an icon for the post-war generation of new historians. Although he has been described as being, to some extent, the object of a
675:
was delivered. One man managed to crawl away and later provided a detailed report of events; the bodies were discovered on 26 June. For some time Bloch's death was merely a "dark rumour" until it was confirmed to Febvre.
897:
noted that he "would no longer write that only the working class has remained faithful to desecrated France. What an injustice to the host of boys from the bourgeoisie who sacrificed themselves and are still sacrificing
667:, they were shot by the Gestapo in groups of four. According to Lyon, Bloch spent his last moments comforting a 16-year-old beside him who was worried that the bullets might hurt. Bloch fell first, reputedly shouting "
521:
suggests that this document hints at Bloch in some way foreseeing his death, as he emphasised that nobody had the right to avoid fighting for their country. In March 1942 Bloch and other French academics such as
736:
has "co-opted his memory", combining Bloch's academic work and Resistance involvement to create "a founding myth". The aspects of his life which made Bloch easy to beatify have been summed up by
655:
common knowledge, thus inviting Resistance reprisals around southern France. Among those killed was Bloch, one of a group of 26 Resistance prisoners picked out in Montluc and driven along the
384:
had in the first war. He did not, however, believe that the earlier war was an indication of how the next would progress: "no two successive wars", he wrote in 1940, "are ever the same war".
2666:
605:
suggests Lyon, Bloch was forced to consider the role of the individual in history, rather than the collective; perhaps by then even realising he should have done so earlier.
247:
On 24 August 1939, at the age of 53, Bloch was mobilised for a third time, now as a fuel supply officer. He was responsible for the mobilisation of the French Army's massive
513:
Bloch's mother had recently died, and his wife was ill; furthermore, although he was permitted to work and live, he faced daily harassment. On 18 March 1941, Bloch made his
2671:
2646:
2641:
2651:
639:
and fell seriously ill. It was later claimed that he gave away no information to his interrogators, and while incarcerated taught French history to other inmates.
2636:
223:. After the war, he was awarded his doctorate in 1918 and became a lecturer at the University of Strasbourg. There, he formed an intellectual partnership with
723:
in both England and France—"one of the most influential historians of the twentieth century" by Stirling, and "the greatest historian of modern times" by
680:
simply French before anything else". According to his instructions, no orthodox prayers were said over his grave, and on it was to be carved his epitaph
358:
345:, Bloch disguised himself in civilian clothes and lived under German occupation for a fortnight before returning to his family at their country home in
276:
248:
454:
It was during these bitter years of defeat, of personal recrimination, of insecurity that he wrote both the uncompromisingly condemnatory pages of
2621:
487:
feared that Bloch's involvement, as a Jew in Nazi-occupied France, would hinder the journal's distribution. Bloch, forced to accede, turned the
2661:
146:
60:
440:
of the Middle Ages, who, according to Weber, "made no secret of his antisemitism". He disliked Bloch further for having once given him a poor
2591:
2572:
2520:
2501:
2453:
2434:
2415:
2396:
2377:
2358:
2304:
2285:
2266:
2218:
2170:
2145:
2126:
2103:
2063:
684:("I have loved the truth"). In 1977, his ashes were transferred from St-Didier to Fougeres and the gravestone was inscribed as he requested.
2626:
235:
588:
380:
or "fervent fraternity" of the French Army in the First World War. He saw the French generals of 1940 as behaving as unimaginatively as
2656:
893:, and "they would have continued promising careers after the war had they not decided to become engaged at the risk of their lives".
740:
as "Frenchman and Jew, scholar and soldier, staff officer and Resistance worker ... articulate on the present as well as the past".
107:
authorities had looted his apartment and stole his books; he was also forced to relinquish his position on the editorial board of
411:
Two-thirds of France was occupied by Germany. Bloch, one of the few elderly academics to volunteer, was demobilised soon after
425:
814:
200:
2631:
479:
181:
567:
558:
and occupied the territory previously under direct Vichy rule. This was the catalyst for Bloch's decision to join the
2046:
Birnbaum, P. (2007). "The Absence of an Encounter: Sociology And Jewish Studies". In Gotzmann, A.; Wiese, C. (eds.).
631:
by a woman working in the shop. In any case, they found a radio transmitter and many papers. Bloch was imprisoned in
492:
2676:
555:
416:
216:
170:
84:
864:, Bloch had written that the only time he had ever emphasised his ethnicity was "in the face of an antisemite".
437:
365:
335:
308:
in New York City, and the School also invited Bloch. He refused, possibly because of difficulties in obtaining
162:
131:
76:
428:, and Montpellier. The latter, further south, was beneficial to his wife's health, which was in decline. The
396:. Bloch understood the reasons for France's sudden defeat: not in the rumours of British betrayal, communist
715:
664:
546:
Exterior of Montluc Prison, where Bloch and his comrades were held before their deaths; the mural is modern.
2276:
Fink, C. (1998). "Marc Bloc and the Drôle de Guerre: Prelude to the "Strange Defeat"". In Blatt, J. (ed.).
697:, ("if in a considerably modified form" comments Beatrice Gottlieb), dividing his time between his country
769:
Notwithstanding his respect for British historians, says Lyon, Bloch, like many of his compatriots, was
534:
by the Vichy government, a group intended to include all Jews in France, both of birth and immigration.
331:
2161:. Conference on Methods of Historical Social Analysis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp.
709:, when classes were returning to a degree of normality, he was booed by his students at the Sorbonne.
2616:
2611:
712:
651:
518:
501:
295:. These never took place, however, disappointing Bloch very much; he had planned to speak on Belgian
894:
801:
706:
527:
220:
192:
185:
166:
80:
341:
In May 1940, the German army outflanked the French and forced them to withdraw. Facing capture in
907:
The journal by 1946 had changed its name, of which by now it was on its fourth: it had begun as
878:
514:
401:
389:
354:
596:. He went under various pseudonyms: Arpajon, Chevreuse, Narbonne. Often on the move, Bloch used
412:
2162:
2156:
2055:
326:
2587:
2568:
2547:
2516:
2497:
2480:
2449:
2430:
2411:
2392:
2373:
2354:
2337:
2300:
2281:
2262:
2245:
2214:
2197:
2166:
2141:
2122:
2099:
2078:
2059:
890:
882:
642:
614:
597:
574:
559:
523:
350:
268:
123:
99:
474:
The war also impacted Bloch's professional relationship with Febvre. The Nazis wanted French
2539:
2472:
2327:
2237:
2189:
2047:
702:
672:
636:
429:
231:
224:
154:
68:
30:
860:
history and that Bloch never confused patriotism with a narrow, exclusive nationalism". In
542:
2530:
Stirling, K. (2007). "Rereading Marc Bloch: The Life and Works of a Visionary Modernist".
2155:
Chirot, D. (1984). "Social and Historical Landscapes of Marc Bloch". In Skocpol T. (ed.).
847:
820:
733:
592:(Unified Resistance Movement, or MUR), section R1, and edited the underground newsletter,
475:
433:
393:
376:
296:
212:
158:
72:
55:
300:
103:
working in the French university system. He had to leave Paris, and complained that the
2561:
2193:
2115:
874:
632:
601:
321:
305:
208:
150:
64:
933:
who followed him with, in some cases, rather different interpretations of those views.
2605:
2543:
2476:
2241:
2092:
2048:
724:
381:
227:
188:
2259:
Medieval Scholarship: Biographical Studies on the Formation of a Discipline: History
2213:. Translated by Conroy P. V. (2nd ed.). Chicago: University of Illinois Press.
2297:
The Quantum Dissidents: Rebuilding the Foundations of Quantum Mechanics (1950–1990)
628:
420:
397:
256:
204:
119:
104:
91:
482:; Bloch advocated disobedience, while Febvre was passionate about the survival of
2050:
Modern Judaism and Historical Consciousness: Identities, Encounters, Perspectives
2370:
The Obstructed Path: French Social Thought in the Years of Desperation 1930–1960
886:
793:
770:
705:
and working at the École Normale in Paris. This caused some outrage, and, after
467:
441:
346:
309:
126:, acting predominantly as a courier and translator. In 1944, he was captured in
112:
2484:
2332:
2315:
2249:
805:
737:
698:
660:
551:
491:
over to the sole editorship of Febvre, who then changed the journal's name to
252:
142:
116:
95:
2551:
2341:
2257:
Fink, C. (1995). "Marc Bloch (1886–1944)". In Damico H. Zavadil J. B. (ed.).
2201:
2082:
833:
Bloch questioned the lack of a collective French spirit between the wars in
362:
573:
is so difficult to offer one's life". The French historian and philosopher
283:
to write, "in his cold, poorly lit rooms", eventually became the kernel of
2351:
The Problem of Unbelief in the Sixteenth Century: The Religion of Rabelais
2448:. The Annales School. Vol. IV. London: Routledge. pp. 162–176.
656:
583:
531:
312:: the US government would not grant visas to every member of his family.
292:
260:
196:
624:
600:
as his excuse for travelling. The journalist-turned-resistance fighter
288:
272:
264:
16:
2586:. Translated by Todd, J. M. Cambridge, MA.: Harvard University Press.
728:
646:
Monument des Roussilles; Bloch is commemorated on the far-left panel.
619:
506:
424:
work at the "University of Strasbourg-in-exile", the universities of
342:
792:
Bloch's pseudonyms tended to hark back to his life living on Paris'
230:. Together they founded the Annales School and began publishing the
388:
worse, for both France and the world, than her previous defeats at
275:, where he joined the Intelligence Department, in liaison with the
2463:
Lyon, B. (1985). "Marc Bloch: Did He Repudiate Annales History?".
2228:
Epstein, S. R. (1993). "Marc Bloch: The Identity of a Historian".
911:, which it stayed as until 1939. It was then successively renamed
641:
541:
325:
94:, Bloch volunteered for service, and was a logistician during the
15:
720:
177:
161:
over the course of his career. As an academic, he worked at the
127:
2408:
Are We Good Citizens? Affairs Political, Literary, and academic
2353:. Cambridge, MA.: Harvard University Press. pp. xi–xxxii.
613:
Bloch was arrested at the Place de Pont, Lyon, during a major
299:. He also turned down the opportunity to travel to Oslo as an
2138:
The French Historical Revolution: The Annales School, 1929–89
259:. Further transfers occurred, and Bloch was re-stationed to
1674:
1672:
1418:
1416:
1989:
1987:
1798:
1796:
1647:
1645:
1632:
1630:
1628:
1615:
1613:
1611:
1609:
1526:
1524:
1499:
1497:
1484:
1482:
1193:
1191:
408:
that a fast, motorised retreat might have saved the army.
39:
1854:
1852:
1850:
1391:
1389:
1387:
1385:
1008:
1006:
1813:
1811:
184:
family, Bloch was raised in Paris, where his father—the
2427:
Framing the Nation: Documentary Film in Interwar France
2075:
Strange Defeat: A Statement of Evidence Written in 1940
1746:
1744:
1742:
1740:
1738:
1736:
1734:
1732:
1730:
1728:
1543:
1541:
1539:
1255:
1253:
978:
976:
974:
972:
970:
968:
966:
586:, becoming a regional organiser. Bloch also joined the
1783:
1781:
1779:
1777:
1775:
1773:
1771:
1703:
1701:
1699:
1560:
1558:
1556:
1469:
1467:
1285:
1283:
1240:
1238:
1210:
1208:
1206:
1178:
1176:
1174:
1172:
1170:
1168:
1166:
1164:
1162:
1160:
1147:
1145:
1143:
1141:
1139:
1137:
1135:
530:, refused to join or condone the establishment of the
1336:
1334:
1270:
1268:
1225:
1223:
1122:
1120:
1118:
1105:
1103:
1101:
1025:
1023:
1021:
663:
on the night of 16 June 1944. Driven to a field near
42:
1052:
1050:
993:
991:
953:
951:
949:
287:. At one point he expected to be invited to neutral
134:. Several of his books were published posthumously.
36:
33:
2513:
A Textbook of Historiography, 500 B.C. to A.D. 2000
2494:
The École Normale Superieure and the Third Republic
2444:Loyn, H. (1999). "Marc Bloch". In Clark, C. (ed.).
550:In November 1942, as part of an operation known as
2560:
2114:
2091:
2211:New History in France: The Triumph of the Annales
1364:
889:. "The bourgeoisie rose to the challenge", wrote
517:in Clermont-Ferrand. The Polish social historian
478:to be stripped of Jews in accordance with German
215:, he served in the French Army and fought at the
2077:. Translated by Hopkins, G. London: Cumberlege.
2667:People executed by Nazi Germany by firing squad
452:
153:of French social history. Bloch specialised in
67:of French social history. Bloch specialised in
8:
2280:. New York: Berghahn Books. pp. 39–53.
203:, and from an early age was affected by the
2567:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
2320:Annales: Économies, Sociétés, Civilisations
2117:The Annales School: An Intellectual History
921:Annales. Economies, Sociétés, Civilisations
374:Bloch felt that the French Army lacked the
2446:Febvre, Bloch and other Annales Historians
1930:
505:attempted to have them transported to his
2672:Resistance members killed by Nazi Germany
2331:
2158:Vision and Method in Historical Sociology
2098:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1894:
1882:
1870:
1802:
1678:
1636:
1530:
1503:
1488:
1197:
195:. Bloch was educated at various Parisian
2647:French military personnel of World War I
2278:The French Defeat of 1940: Reassessments
2121:. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
2113:Burguière, A. (2009). Todd J. M. (ed.).
2005:
1993:
1954:
1858:
1619:
1600:
1515:
1376:
1012:
909:Annales d'Histoire Économique et Sociale
623:on 8 March 1944, and handed over to the
532:Union Générale des Israelites des France
400:or fascist plots, but in her failure to
334:, Strasbourg, now part of the refounded
236:Annales d'histoire économique et sociale
2642:French civilians killed in World War II
2261:. London: Routledge. pp. 205–218.
2017:
1966:
1651:
1588:
1576:
1395:
945:
800:was a train that travelled between the
749:
458:and the beautifully serene passages of
2652:French people executed by Nazi Germany
1942:
1817:
1762:
1458:
1446:
1407:
1352:
1325:
982:
304:Some academics had escaped France for
2637:French Army personnel of World War II
2349:Gottlieb, B. (1982). "Introduction".
2140:. Oxford: Stanford University Press.
1918:
1906:
1841:
1750:
1719:
1690:
1663:
1547:
1473:
1434:
1422:
1259:
1244:
1151:
919:, from 1942 to 1944, before becoming
54:
7:
2410:. New York: Teachers College Press.
2316:"Marc Bloch, Historien et Résistant"
2180:Davies, R. R. (1967). "Marc Bloch".
2029:
1978:
1829:
1787:
1707:
1564:
1340:
1313:
1301:
1289:
1274:
1229:
1214:
1182:
1126:
1109:
1092:
1080:
1068:
1056:
1041:
1029:
997:
957:
538:French resistance, capture and death
59:; 6 July 1886 – 16 June 1944) was a
2391:(3rd ed.). London: Routledge.
291:to deliver a series of lectures in
2563:My France: Politics, Culture, Myth
2194:10.1111/j.1468-229x.1967.tb01201.x
448:Declining relationship with Febvre
330:Plaque commemorating Bloch in the
149:. He was a founding member of the
63:. He was a founding member of the
14:
2090:Bloch, M. (1980). Fink C. (ed.).
56:[maʁkleɔpɔldbɛ̃ʒamɛ̃blɔk]
2544:10.1111/j.1478-0542.2007.00409.x
2372:. London: Taylor & Francis.
650:In the meantime, the allies had
589:Mouvements Unis de la Résistance
29:
2622:20th-century French historians
2387:Hughes-Warrington, M. (2015).
554:, the German Army crossed the
1:
2662:Jews in the French resistance
2389:Fifty Key Thinkers on History
2496:. New York, NY: SUNY Press.
2477:10.1016/0304-4181(85)90023-5
2242:10.1016/0304-4181(93)90017-7
566:Despite knowing a number of
2627:Deaths by firearm in France
2465:Journal of Medieval History
2429:. New York, NY: Continuum.
2230:Journal of Medieval History
2054:. Louvain: Brill. pp.
917:Mélanges d'Histoire Sociale
494:Mélanges d'Histoire Sociale
359:British Expeditionary Force
25:Marc Léopold Benjamin Bloch
2693:
913:Annales d'Histoire Sociale
319:
77:Universities of Strasbourg
2657:French Resistance members
2425:Levine, A. J. M. (2010).
2333:10.3406/ahess.1986.283334
417:Armistice of 22 June 1940
415:'s government signed the
353:in May–June 1940 and was
217:First Battle of the Marne
171:University of Montpellier
115:until November 1942 when
815:Saint-Rémy-lès-Chevreuse
438:ecclesiastical historian
336:University of Strasbourg
267:, and eventually to the
201:École Normale Supérieure
169:(1936 to 1939), and the
163:University of Strasbourg
157:and published widely on
132:executed by firing squad
122:. Bloch then joined the
83:(1936 to 1939), and the
71:and published widely on
2511:Sreedharan, E. (2004).
2094:Memoirs of War, 1914–15
846:Today this road is the
671:" before being shot. A
665:Saint-Didier-de-Formans
577:quotes a member of the
500:The Annalist historian
2582:Wieviorka, O. (2016).
2368:Hughes, H. S. (2002).
1365:Hughes-Warrington 2015
915:(1939–1942, 1945) and
713:Intellectual historian
647:
547:
464:
338:
21:
2584:The French Resistance
2492:Smith, R. J. (1982).
645:
609:Capture and execution
545:
460:The Historian's Craft
361:on the requisitioned
332:Marc Bloch University
329:
285:The Historian's Craft
19:
2632:French Army officers
2406:Kaye, H. J. (2001).
2314:Geremek, B. (1986).
2299:. London: Springer.
355:evacuated to England
165:(1920 to 1936), the
2515:. London: Longman.
2295:Freire, O. (2015).
2032:, pp. 162–163.
1765:, p. 170 n.60.
1722:, pp. 172–173.
1425:, pp. 253–254.
1379:, p. 251 n.92.
802:Boulevard St Michel
432:at Montpellier was
349:. He fought at the
193:Sorbonne University
186:classical historian
167:University of Paris
75:. He worked at the
2559:Weber, E. (1991).
2209:Dosse, F. (1994).
2136:Burke, P. (1990).
2073:Bloch, M. (1949).
2008:, p. 536 n.3.
1909:, p. 116 n.2.
879:Pierre Brossolette
648:
548:
339:
111:. Bloch worked in
98:. Involved in the
22:
2677:Writers from Lyon
2593:978-0-67473-122-6
2574:978-0-67459-576-7
2522:978-8-12502-657-0
2503:978-0-87395-541-6
2455:978-0-41520-237-4
2436:978-1-44113-963-4
2417:978-0-80774-019-4
2398:978-1-13448-253-5
2379:978-1-35147-820-5
2360:978-0-67470-826-6
2306:978-3-66244-662-1
2287:978-0-85745-717-2
2268:978-1-31794-335-8
2220:978-0-25206-373-2
2172:978-0-52129-724-0
2147:978-0-80471-837-0
2128:978-0-80144-665-8
2105:978-0-52137-980-9
2065:978-9-04742-004-0
891:Olivier Wieviorka
598:archival research
594:Cahiers Politique
560:French Resistance
524:Georges Friedmann
519:Bronisław Geremek
351:Battle of Dunkirk
124:French Resistance
100:Battle of Dunkirk
2684:
2597:
2578:
2566:
2555:
2526:
2507:
2488:
2459:
2440:
2421:
2402:
2383:
2364:
2345:
2335:
2310:
2291:
2272:
2253:
2224:
2205:
2176:
2151:
2132:
2120:
2109:
2097:
2086:
2069:
2053:
2033:
2027:
2021:
2015:
2009:
2003:
1997:
1991:
1982:
1976:
1970:
1964:
1958:
1952:
1946:
1940:
1934:
1928:
1922:
1916:
1910:
1904:
1898:
1892:
1886:
1880:
1874:
1868:
1862:
1856:
1845:
1839:
1833:
1827:
1821:
1815:
1806:
1800:
1791:
1785:
1766:
1760:
1754:
1748:
1723:
1717:
1711:
1705:
1694:
1688:
1682:
1676:
1667:
1661:
1655:
1649:
1640:
1634:
1623:
1617:
1604:
1598:
1592:
1586:
1580:
1574:
1568:
1562:
1551:
1545:
1534:
1528:
1519:
1513:
1507:
1501:
1492:
1486:
1477:
1471:
1462:
1456:
1450:
1444:
1438:
1432:
1426:
1420:
1411:
1405:
1399:
1393:
1380:
1374:
1368:
1362:
1356:
1350:
1344:
1338:
1329:
1323:
1317:
1311:
1305:
1299:
1293:
1287:
1278:
1272:
1263:
1257:
1248:
1242:
1233:
1227:
1218:
1212:
1201:
1195:
1186:
1180:
1155:
1149:
1130:
1124:
1113:
1107:
1096:
1090:
1084:
1078:
1072:
1066:
1060:
1054:
1045:
1039:
1033:
1027:
1016:
1010:
1001:
995:
986:
980:
961:
955:
934:
930:
924:
905:
899:
895:François Mauriac
873:Others included
871:
865:
857:
851:
844:
838:
831:
825:
790:
784:
780:
774:
767:
761:
754:
682:dilexi veritatem
652:invaded Normandy
637:bronchopneumonia
556:demarcation line
528:Émile Benveniste
476:editorial boards
470:
426:Clermont-Ferrand
271:headquarters in
225:modern historian
173:(1941 to 1944).
155:medieval history
147:French historian
87:(1941 to 1944).
79:(1920 to 1936),
69:medieval history
61:French historian
58:
53:
49:
48:
45:
44:
41:
38:
35:
2692:
2691:
2687:
2686:
2685:
2683:
2682:
2681:
2602:
2601:
2600:
2594:
2581:
2575:
2558:
2532:History Compass
2529:
2523:
2510:
2504:
2491:
2462:
2456:
2443:
2437:
2424:
2418:
2405:
2399:
2386:
2380:
2367:
2361:
2348:
2313:
2307:
2294:
2288:
2275:
2269:
2256:
2227:
2221:
2208:
2179:
2173:
2154:
2148:
2135:
2129:
2112:
2106:
2089:
2072:
2066:
2045:
2041:
2036:
2028:
2024:
2016:
2012:
2004:
2000:
1992:
1985:
1977:
1973:
1965:
1961:
1953:
1949:
1941:
1937:
1931:Sreedharan 2004
1929:
1925:
1917:
1913:
1905:
1901:
1893:
1889:
1881:
1877:
1869:
1865:
1857:
1848:
1840:
1836:
1828:
1824:
1816:
1809:
1801:
1794:
1786:
1769:
1761:
1757:
1749:
1726:
1718:
1714:
1706:
1697:
1689:
1685:
1677:
1670:
1662:
1658:
1654:, p. 1104.
1650:
1643:
1635:
1626:
1618:
1607:
1599:
1595:
1591:, p. 1105.
1587:
1583:
1579:, p. 1103.
1575:
1571:
1563:
1554:
1546:
1537:
1529:
1522:
1514:
1510:
1502:
1495:
1487:
1480:
1472:
1465:
1457:
1453:
1445:
1441:
1433:
1429:
1421:
1414:
1406:
1402:
1394:
1383:
1375:
1371:
1363:
1359:
1351:
1347:
1339:
1332:
1324:
1320:
1312:
1308:
1300:
1296:
1288:
1281:
1273:
1266:
1258:
1251:
1243:
1236:
1228:
1221:
1213:
1204:
1196:
1189:
1181:
1158:
1150:
1133:
1125:
1116:
1108:
1099:
1091:
1087:
1079:
1075:
1067:
1063:
1055:
1048:
1040:
1036:
1028:
1019:
1011:
1004:
996:
989:
981:
964:
956:
947:
943:
938:
937:
931:
927:
906:
902:
872:
868:
858:
854:
848:route nationale
845:
841:
832:
828:
821:Ligne de Sceaux
818:station on the
791:
787:
781:
777:
768:
764:
758:drôle de guerre
755:
751:
746:
734:Fernand Braudel
690:
611:
540:
502:André Burguière
480:racial policies
472:
466:
450:
434:Augustin Fliche
430:dean of faculty
413:Philippe Pétain
377:esprit de corps
324:
318:
249:motorised units
245:
243:Outbreak of war
213:First World War
182:Alsatian Jewish
159:Medieval France
140:
117:Germany invaded
73:Medieval France
51:
32:
28:
12:
11:
5:
2690:
2688:
2680:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2604:
2603:
2599:
2598:
2592:
2579:
2573:
2556:
2527:
2521:
2508:
2502:
2489:
2460:
2454:
2441:
2435:
2422:
2416:
2403:
2397:
2384:
2378:
2365:
2359:
2346:
2311:
2305:
2292:
2286:
2273:
2267:
2254:
2225:
2219:
2206:
2177:
2171:
2152:
2146:
2133:
2127:
2110:
2104:
2087:
2070:
2064:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2034:
2022:
2020:, p. 282.
2010:
1998:
1996:, p. 526.
1983:
1981:, p. 165.
1971:
1969:, p. 273.
1959:
1957:, p. 525.
1947:
1945:, p. 265.
1935:
1933:, p. 259.
1923:
1911:
1899:
1897:, p. 389.
1895:Wieviorka 2016
1887:
1885:, p. 103.
1883:Wieviorka 2016
1875:
1873:, p. 390.
1871:Wieviorka 2016
1863:
1846:
1844:, p. 258.
1834:
1832:, p. 174.
1822:
1820:, p. 282.
1807:
1803:Burguière 2009
1792:
1790:, p. 209.
1767:
1755:
1753:, p. 244.
1724:
1712:
1710:, p. 186.
1695:
1693:, p. 245.
1683:
1681:, p. 102.
1679:Wieviorka 2016
1668:
1666:, p. 268.
1656:
1641:
1637:Burguière 2009
1624:
1622:, p. 531.
1605:
1603:, p. 248.
1593:
1581:
1569:
1567:, p. 163.
1552:
1550:, p. 249.
1535:
1531:Burguière 2009
1520:
1518:, p. 530.
1508:
1504:Burguière 2009
1493:
1489:Burguière 2009
1478:
1463:
1451:
1439:
1437:, p. 254.
1427:
1412:
1410:, p. 127.
1400:
1398:, p. 276.
1381:
1369:
1357:
1345:
1330:
1328:, p. 281.
1318:
1316:, p. 189.
1306:
1304:, p. 187.
1294:
1292:, p. 184.
1279:
1264:
1262:, p. 256.
1249:
1234:
1219:
1217:, p. 207.
1202:
1198:Burguière 2009
1187:
1185:, p. 208.
1156:
1131:
1114:
1097:
1085:
1083:, p. 164.
1073:
1061:
1046:
1034:
1032:, p. 188.
1017:
1015:, p. 533.
1002:
987:
985:, p. 268.
962:
944:
942:
939:
936:
935:
925:
900:
883:Jean Cavaillès
875:Jacques Bingen
866:
862:Strange Defeat
852:
839:
835:Strange Defeat
826:
796:in the 1930s.
785:
775:
762:
748:
747:
745:
742:
689:
686:
669:Vive la France
633:Montluc prison
610:
607:
602:Georges Altman
575:François Dosse
569:francs-tireurs
539:
536:
456:Strange Defeat
451:
449:
446:
406:Strange Defeat
368:Royal Daffodil
322:Fall of France
320:Main article:
317:
316:Fall of France
314:
306:The New School
244:
241:
209:Dreyfus affair
151:Annales School
139:
136:
65:Annales School
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2689:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2609:
2607:
2595:
2589:
2585:
2580:
2576:
2570:
2565:
2564:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2528:
2524:
2518:
2514:
2509:
2505:
2499:
2495:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2461:
2457:
2451:
2447:
2442:
2438:
2432:
2428:
2423:
2419:
2413:
2409:
2404:
2400:
2394:
2390:
2385:
2381:
2375:
2371:
2366:
2362:
2356:
2352:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2326:: 1091–1105.
2325:
2321:
2317:
2312:
2308:
2302:
2298:
2293:
2289:
2283:
2279:
2274:
2270:
2264:
2260:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2226:
2222:
2216:
2212:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2178:
2174:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2159:
2153:
2149:
2143:
2139:
2134:
2130:
2124:
2119:
2118:
2111:
2107:
2101:
2096:
2095:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2071:
2067:
2061:
2057:
2052:
2051:
2044:
2043:
2038:
2031:
2026:
2023:
2019:
2014:
2011:
2007:
2006:Stirling 2007
2002:
1999:
1995:
1994:Stirling 2007
1990:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1975:
1972:
1968:
1963:
1960:
1956:
1955:Stirling 2007
1951:
1948:
1944:
1939:
1936:
1932:
1927:
1924:
1920:
1915:
1912:
1908:
1903:
1900:
1896:
1891:
1888:
1884:
1879:
1876:
1872:
1867:
1864:
1861:, p. xv.
1860:
1859:Gottlieb 1982
1855:
1853:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1838:
1835:
1831:
1826:
1823:
1819:
1814:
1812:
1808:
1805:, p. 39.
1804:
1799:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1784:
1782:
1780:
1778:
1776:
1774:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1759:
1756:
1752:
1747:
1745:
1743:
1741:
1739:
1737:
1735:
1733:
1731:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1716:
1713:
1709:
1704:
1702:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1687:
1684:
1680:
1675:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1660:
1657:
1653:
1648:
1646:
1642:
1639:, p. 47.
1638:
1633:
1631:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1620:Stirling 2007
1616:
1614:
1612:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1601:Birnbaum 2007
1597:
1594:
1590:
1585:
1582:
1578:
1573:
1570:
1566:
1561:
1559:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1544:
1542:
1540:
1536:
1533:, p. 45.
1532:
1527:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1516:Stirling 2007
1512:
1509:
1506:, p. 44.
1505:
1500:
1498:
1494:
1491:, p. 43.
1490:
1485:
1483:
1479:
1476:, p. 43.
1475:
1470:
1468:
1464:
1461:, p. 43.
1460:
1455:
1452:
1449:, p. 15.
1448:
1443:
1440:
1436:
1431:
1428:
1424:
1419:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1404:
1401:
1397:
1392:
1390:
1388:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1377:Birnbaum 2007
1373:
1370:
1367:, p. 15.
1366:
1361:
1358:
1355:, p. 42.
1354:
1349:
1346:
1343:, p. 39.
1342:
1337:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1322:
1319:
1315:
1310:
1307:
1303:
1298:
1295:
1291:
1286:
1284:
1280:
1277:, p. 97.
1276:
1271:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1256:
1254:
1250:
1247:, p. 23.
1246:
1241:
1239:
1235:
1232:, p. 42.
1231:
1226:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1211:
1209:
1207:
1203:
1200:, p. 48.
1199:
1194:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1179:
1177:
1175:
1173:
1171:
1169:
1167:
1165:
1163:
1161:
1157:
1154:, p. 44.
1153:
1148:
1146:
1144:
1142:
1140:
1138:
1136:
1132:
1129:, p. 50.
1128:
1123:
1121:
1119:
1115:
1112:, p. 49.
1111:
1106:
1104:
1102:
1098:
1095:, p. 48.
1094:
1089:
1086:
1082:
1077:
1074:
1071:, p. 44.
1070:
1065:
1062:
1059:, p. 43.
1058:
1053:
1051:
1047:
1044:, p. 41.
1043:
1038:
1035:
1031:
1026:
1024:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1013:Stirling 2007
1009:
1007:
1003:
1000:, p. 45.
999:
994:
992:
988:
984:
979:
977:
975:
973:
971:
969:
967:
963:
960:, p. 40.
959:
954:
952:
950:
946:
940:
929:
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
904:
901:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
870:
867:
863:
856:
853:
849:
843:
840:
836:
830:
827:
823:
822:
817:
816:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
789:
786:
779:
776:
772:
766:
763:
759:
756:Known as the
753:
750:
743:
741:
739:
735:
730:
726:
725:John H. Plumb
722:
717:
714:
710:
708:
704:
703:Franche-Comté
700:
696:
687:
685:
683:
677:
674:
673:coup de grâce
670:
666:
662:
658:
653:
644:
640:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
621:
617:by the Vichy
616:
608:
606:
603:
599:
595:
591:
590:
585:
580:
579:franc-tireurs
576:
571:
570:
564:
561:
557:
553:
544:
537:
535:
533:
529:
525:
520:
516:
511:
508:
503:
498:
496:
495:
490:
485:
481:
477:
471:
469:
463:
461:
457:
447:
445:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
422:
418:
414:
409:
407:
403:
399:
398:fifth columns
395:
391:
385:
383:
382:Joseph Joffre
379:
378:
372:
370:
369:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
337:
333:
328:
323:
315:
313:
311:
307:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
280:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
242:
240:
238:
237:
233:
229:
228:Lucien Febvre
226:
222:
218:
214:
211:. During the
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
189:Gustave Bloch
187:
183:
179:
174:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
137:
135:
133:
129:
125:
121:
118:
114:
110:
106:
101:
97:
93:
88:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
57:
47:
26:
18:
2583:
2562:
2535:
2531:
2512:
2493:
2468:
2464:
2445:
2426:
2407:
2388:
2369:
2350:
2323:
2319:
2296:
2277:
2258:
2233:
2229:
2210:
2185:
2181:
2157:
2137:
2116:
2093:
2074:
2049:
2039:Bibliography
2025:
2018:Epstein 1993
2013:
2001:
1974:
1967:Epstein 1993
1962:
1950:
1938:
1926:
1921:, p. 7.
1914:
1902:
1890:
1878:
1866:
1837:
1825:
1758:
1715:
1686:
1659:
1652:Geremek 1986
1596:
1589:Geremek 1986
1584:
1577:Geremek 1986
1572:
1511:
1454:
1442:
1430:
1403:
1396:Epstein 1993
1372:
1360:
1348:
1321:
1309:
1297:
1088:
1076:
1064:
1037:
928:
920:
916:
912:
908:
903:
898:themselves".
869:
861:
855:
842:
834:
829:
819:
813:
812:referred to
809:
797:
788:
778:
765:
757:
752:
711:
694:
691:
688:Later events
681:
678:
668:
649:
618:
612:
593:
587:
578:
568:
565:
549:
512:
499:
493:
488:
483:
473:
468:R. R. Davies
465:
459:
455:
453:
421:Vichy France
410:
405:
386:
375:
373:
367:
340:
284:
281:
257:Maginot Line
246:
234:
205:antisemitism
175:
141:
120:Vichy France
108:
92:World War II
89:
24:
23:
2617:1944 deaths
2612:1886 births
2538:: 525–538.
2471:: 181–192.
2236:: 273–283.
2188:: 265–282.
1943:Davies 1967
1818:Davies 1967
1763:Freire 2015
1459:Chirot 1984
1447:Levine 2010
1408:Hughes 2002
1353:Chirot 1984
1326:Davies 1967
983:Davies 1967
887:Jean Moulin
771:anglophobic
716:Peter Burke
191:—worked at
113:Montpellier
85:Montpellier
2606:Categories
2485:1010358128
2250:1010358128
1919:Burke 1990
1907:Burke 1990
1842:Weber 1991
1751:Weber 1991
1720:Bloch 1980
1691:Weber 1991
1664:Smith 1982
1548:Weber 1991
1474:Dosse 1994
1435:Weber 1991
1423:Weber 1991
1260:Weber 1991
1245:Bloch 1949
1152:Dosse 1994
941:References
923:from 1946.
806:Les Halles
760:in French.
738:Henry Loyn
707:liberation
552:Case Anton
297:neutrality
253:Phoney War
143:Marc Bloch
138:Background
96:Phoney War
20:Marc Bloch
2552:423737359
2342:610582925
2202:466923053
2083:845097475
2030:Loyn 1999
1979:Loyn 1999
1830:Loyn 1999
1788:Fink 1995
1708:Lyon 1985
1565:Loyn 1999
1341:Fink 1998
1314:Lyon 1985
1302:Lyon 1985
1290:Lyon 1985
1275:Kaye 2001
1230:Fink 1998
1215:Fink 1995
1183:Fink 1995
1127:Fink 1998
1110:Fink 1998
1093:Fink 1998
1081:Loyn 1999
1069:Fink 1998
1057:Fink 1998
1042:Fink 1998
1030:Lyon 1985
998:Fink 1998
958:Fink 1998
810:Chevreuse
794:Left Bank
729:martyrdom
629:denounced
357:with the
239:in 1929.
659:towards
584:materiel
419:forming
402:motorise
390:Waterloo
347:Fougères
269:1st Army
261:Molsheim
219:and the
199:and the
176:Born in
2182:History
798:Arpajon
701:in the
699:château
695:Annales
661:Trévoux
625:Gestapo
615:roundup
489:Annales
484:Annales
363:steamer
301:attaché
289:Belgium
277:British
273:Picardy
265:Saverne
232:journal
207:of the
109:Annales
90:During
52:French:
2590:
2571:
2550:
2519:
2500:
2483:
2452:
2433:
2414:
2395:
2376:
2357:
2340:
2303:
2284:
2265:
2248:
2217:
2200:
2169:
2144:
2125:
2102:
2081:
2062:
2058:–273.
783:films.
620:milice
507:Creuse
442:review
343:Rennes
197:lycées
180:to an
145:was a
2163:22–46
744:Notes
657:Saône
436:, an
394:Sedan
310:visas
293:Liège
221:Somme
81:Paris
2588:ISBN
2569:ISBN
2548:OCLC
2517:ISBN
2498:ISBN
2481:OCLC
2450:ISBN
2431:ISBN
2412:ISBN
2393:ISBN
2374:ISBN
2355:ISBN
2338:OCLC
2301:ISBN
2282:ISBN
2263:ISBN
2246:OCLC
2215:ISBN
2198:OCLC
2167:ISBN
2142:ISBN
2123:ISBN
2100:ISBN
2079:OCLC
2060:ISBN
885:and
850:433.
808:and
804:and
721:cult
526:and
515:will
392:and
178:Lyon
130:and
128:Lyon
105:Nazi
2540:doi
2473:doi
2328:doi
2238:doi
2190:doi
2056:224
732:by
366:MV
2608::
2546:.
2534:.
2479:.
2469:11
2467:.
2336:.
2324:41
2322:.
2318:.
2244:.
2234:19
2232:.
2196:.
2186:52
2184:.
2165:.
1986:^
1849:^
1810:^
1795:^
1770:^
1727:^
1698:^
1671:^
1644:^
1627:^
1608:^
1555:^
1538:^
1523:^
1496:^
1481:^
1466:^
1415:^
1384:^
1333:^
1282:^
1267:^
1252:^
1237:^
1222:^
1205:^
1190:^
1159:^
1134:^
1117:^
1100:^
1049:^
1020:^
1005:^
990:^
965:^
948:^
881:,
877:,
462:.
279:.
263:,
50:;
2596:.
2577:.
2554:.
2542::
2536:5
2525:.
2506:.
2487:.
2475::
2458:.
2439:.
2420:.
2401:.
2382:.
2363:.
2344:.
2330::
2309:.
2290:.
2271:.
2252:.
2240::
2223:.
2204:.
2192::
2175:.
2150:.
2131:.
2108:.
2085:.
2068:.
824:.
46:/
43:k
40:ɒ
37:l
34:b
31:/
27:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
