Trademark - Knowledge (XXG)

1052:

Trademark Office. The examining attorney checks for compliance with the rules of the Trademark Manual of Examination Procedure. This review includes procedural matters such as making sure the applicant's goods or services are identified properly. It also includes more substantive matters such as making sure the applicant's mark is not merely descriptive or likely to confuse with a pre-existing applied-for or registered mark. If the application runs afoul of any requirement, the examining attorney will issue an office action requiring the applicant to address certain issues or refusals before registration of the mark. If the examining attorney approves the application, it will be "published for opposition". During this 30-day period, third parties who may be affected by the registration of the trademark may step forward to file an

2137:, an amendment to the Lanham Act, which explicitly prohibited cybersquatting. It defines cybersquatting as "(occurring) when a person other than the trademark holder registers the domain name of a well-known trademark and then attempts to profit from this by either ransoming the domain name back to the trademark holder or using the domain name to divert business from the trademark holder to the domain name holder". The provision states that " person shall be liable in a civil action by the owner of the mark ... if, without regard to the goods or services of the person, that person (i) had a bad faith intent to profit from the mark ...; and registers, traffics in, or uses domain name ". 2106:, the court found initial interest confusion when users typed in Playboy's trademarks into a search engine, resulting in the display of search results alongside unlabeled banner ads, triggered by keywords that included Playboy's marks, that would take users to Playboy's competitors. Though users might ultimately realize upon clicking on the banner ads that they were not Playboy-affiliated, the court found that the competitor advertisers could have gained customers by appropriating Playboy's goodwill since users may be perfectly happy to browse the competitor's site instead of returning to the search results to find the Playboy sites. 1611:). The owner can always reserve the right to take legal action until a court decides that the third party had gained notoriety of which the owner "must" have been aware. It will be for the third party to prove their use of the mark is substantial as it is the onus of a company using a mark to check they are not infringing previously registered rights. In the US, owing to the overwhelming number of unregistered rights, trademark applicants are advised to perform searches not just of the trademark register but of local business directories and relevant trade press. Specialized search companies perform such tasks before application. 1441: 721: 890:, the Commonwealth Trademarks Register was introduced on 2 July 1906 and the Trade Marks Office opened in Melbourne, on which date more than 750 applications were lodged. A product for treatment for coughs colds and bronchitis, PEPS, 'a wonderful breathing medicine in soluble tablet form', was the first of these federal trademarks, registered by Charles Edward Fulford; a rounded rectangle designed for the top of a tin. The shape contained the word 'PEPs' along with a descriptive blurb that read 'for coughs, colds & bronchitis.' 1514:

very important. Marks consisting of a design are assigned "design search codes" by the USPTO for different elements of the design to enable the public and USPTO employees to search the database for similar design marks . In the United States obtaining a trademark search and subsequent registration will protect the mark owner from being required to potentially pay damages in a trademark infringement case, as it demonstrates the trademark administrative legal issuance staff along with the registrant performed thorough

1658:

following the 6th anniversary of the registration. During this period, a trademark owner may concurrently opt to file a Section 15, Declaration of Incontestability. A mark declared incontestable is immune from future challenge, except in instances where the mark becomes generic, the mark is abandoned, or if the registration was acquired fraudulently. Note, if the Section 8 Affidavit is filed during the 6-month grace period additional fees to file the Affidavit with the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office will apply.

1476: 150: 2364:, countries are empowered to grant this status to marks that the relevant authority considers are "well known". In addition to the standard grounds for trademark infringement (same/similar mark applied same/similar goods or services, and a likelihood of confusion), if the mark is deemed well known it is an infringement to apply the same or a similar mark to dissimilar goods/services where there is confusion, including where it takes unfair advantage of the well-known mark or causing detriment to it. 730: 2384:

but also SMEs may have a good chance of establishing enough goodwill with customers so that their marks may be recognized as well-known marks and acquire protection without registration. It is, nevertheless, advisable to seek registration, taking into account that many countries provide for extended protection of registered well-known marks against dilution (Art. 16.3 TRIPS), i.e., the reputation of the mark being weakened by the unauthorized use of that mark by others.

834: 43: 4328: 1237: 965: 2115:, however, the court clarified that a finding of initial interest confusion is contingent on financial profit from said confusion, such that, if a domain name confusingly similar to a registered trademark is used for a non-trademark related website, the site owner will not be found to have infringed where they do not seek to capitalize on the mark's goodwill for their own commercial enterprises. 1676: 1635:, but may instead be re-registered by any party which has re-established exclusive and active use, and must be associated or linked with the original mark owner. A mark is registered in conjunction with a description of a specific type of goods, and if the party uses the mark but in conjunction with a different type of goods, the mark may still be considered abandoned, as was the case in 1080:

or "colorfully similar" to existing registered products or services, and in certain cases, prevent the use of entirely dissimilar ones. The test is always whether a consumer of the goods or services will be confused as to the identity of the source or origin, not just the area of rights specified by the trademark. An example might be a very large multinational electronics brand such as

124: 108: 1340: 1305: 1272: 1204: 1169: 987:, brand, label, name, signature, word, letter, numerical, shape of goods, packaging, color or combination of colors, smell, sound, movement or any combination thereof which is capable of distinguishing goods and services of one business from those of others. It must be capable of graphical representation and must be applied to goods or services for which it is registered. 1408: 1373: 1958:' appearance of the bottle as a whole may be protectable. Titles and character names from books or movies may also be protectable as trademarks while the works from which they are drawn may qualify for copyright protection as a whole. Trademark protection does not apply to utilitarian features of a product such as the plastic interlocking studs on Lego bricks. 1808: 2285:, the Trademark Law Treaty "simplifies and harmonizes trademark application and registration procedures by member states. It facilitates renewals, the recordation of assignments, name and address changes, and powers of attorney". By the 2000s, it became apparent that the terms of the treaty were outdated in light of the intervening development of the 1969:

their rights without taking any particular action to maintain the patent or copyright. Additionally, patent holders and copyright owners may not necessarily need to actively police their rights. However, a failure to bring a timely infringement suit or action against a known infringer may give the defendant a defense of implied consent or

1582:

of increasing strength, as is the case in the United States. "Fanciful" refers to marks whose sole purpose is to function as trademarks. Marks that fall under the last three categories are deemed "inherently distinctive" and thus protectable ab initio. "Descriptive" marks must acquire distinctiveness through secondary meaning –

1965:, depending on the jurisdiction. Unlike patents and copyrights, which in theory are granted for one-off fixed terms, trademarks remain valid as long as the owner actively uses and defends them and maintains their registrations with the competent authorities. This often involves the payment of a periodic renewal fee. 1915:

rights in the trademark. It is still possible to make significant changes to the underlying goods or services during a sale without jeopardizing the trademark, but companies will often contract with the sellers to help transition the mark and goods or services to the new owners to ensure continuity of the trademark.

1068:. In short, once an application is reviewed by an examiner and found to be entitled to registration a registration certificate is issued subject to the mark being open to opposition. The overall length of the trademark registration process varies considerably between individual jurisdictions, from 2 to 24 months. 2281:. The treaty was established "with objectives to reduce the complexities in the multitude of registration procedures and to increase predictability of application outcomes" through "simplification and harmonization of certain features of these trademark registration procedures and formalities". According to the 1890:, by preventing the public from being misled as to the origin or quality of a product or service. By identifying the commercial source of products and services, trademarks facilitate the identification of products and services which meet the expectations of consumers as to the quality and other characteristics. 2122:, 235 F.3d 540 (10th Cor. 2000) (New Mexico), defendants had registered the domain name "Levitron.com" to sell goods bearing the trademark "Levitron" under an at-will license from the trademark owner. The 10th Circuit affirmed the rights of the trademark owner about the said domain name, despite arguments of 2019:

regarding who has made a product. Instead, dilution protection law aims to protect sufficiently strong trademarks from losing their singular association in the public mind with a particular product, perhaps imagined if the trademark were to be encountered independently of any product (e.g., just the word

2387:

Several trademark laws merely implement obligations under Article 16.3 of the TRIPS Agreement and protect well-known registered trademarks only under the following conditions: 1- that the goods and services for which the other mark is used or is seeking protection are not identical with or similar to

2207:

Although there are systems that facilitate the filing, registration, or enforcement of trademark rights in more than one jurisdiction on a regional or global basis, it is currently not possible to file and obtain a single trademark registration that will automatically apply around the world. Like any

2036:

which subsists in the business associated with the mark. However, this is not the case in the United States, where the courts have held that this would "be a fraud upon the public". In the U.S., trademark registration can therefore only be sold and assigned if accompanied by the sale of an underlying

1914:

By the same token, trademark holders must be cautious in the sale of their mark for similar reasons as apply to licensing. When assigning an interest in a trademark, if the associated product or service is not transferred with it, then this may be an "assignment-in-gross" and could lead to a loss of

1728:

The extent to which a trademark owner may prevent unauthorized use of trademarks that are the same as or similar to its trademark depends on various factors such as whether its trademark is registered, the similarity of the trademarks involved, the similarity of the products or services involved, and

1581:

A trademark may be eligible for registration, or registerable, if it performs the essential trademark function and has a distinctive character. Registerability can be understood as a continuum, where marks are categorized as "generic", "descriptive", "suggestive", "arbitrary", or "fanciful", by order

1529:

The USPTO internally captures more information about trademarks than they publicly disclose on their official search website, such as the complete contents of every logo trademark filing. In addition intelligence service agencies likely collect owner/applicant office and computer systems information,

824:

set up the first registration system based on the "intent-to-use" principle. The Act also established an application publishing procedure and expanded the rights of the trademark holder to include the barring of trademark use even in cases where confusion remained unlikely. This Act served as a model

686:

The essential function of a trademark is to exclusively identify the source or origin of products or services, so a trademark, properly called, indicates the source or serves as a badge of origin. In other words, trademarks serve to identify a particular entity as the source of goods or services. The

2344:

should be filed on the standard opposition form in any official language of the European Union, however, the substantive part of the opposition (e.g. the argumentations) can be submitted only in the language of the opposed application, that is one of the working languages of the EUIPO, e.g. English,

2254:

The primary advantage of the Madrid system is that it allows a trademark owner to obtain trademark protection in many jurisdictions by filing one application in one jurisdiction with one set of fees, and make any changes (e.g. changes of name or address), and renew registration across all applicable

2081:

This clash of the new technology with preexisting trademark rights resulted in several high-profile decisions as the courts of many countries tried to coherently address the issue (and not always successfully) within the framework of existing trademark law. As the website itself was not the product

2045:

Licensing means the trademark owner (the licensor) grants a permit to a third party (the licensee) to commercially use the trademark legally. It is a contract between the two, containing the scope of content and policy. The essential provisions to a trademark license identify the trademark owner and

1976:

Like patents and copyrights, trademarks can be bought, sold, and transferred from one company or another. Unlike patents and copyrights, trademarks may not remain intact through this process. Where trademarks have been acquired for marketing generic (non-distinctive) products, courts have refused to

1968:

As a trademark must be used to maintain rights about that mark, a trademark can be 'abandoned' or its registration can be canceled or revoked if the mark is not continuously used. By comparison, patents and copyrights cannot be 'abandoned' and a patent holder or copyright owner can generally enforce

1945:

law generally seeks to protect original literary, artistic, and other creative works. Continued active use and re-registration can make a trademark perpetual, whereas copyright usually lasts for the duration of the author's lifespan plus 70 years for works by individuals, and some limited time after

1648:

Unlike other forms of intellectual property (e.g., patents and copyrights) a registered trademark can, theoretically, last forever. So long as a trademark's use is continuous a trademark holder may keep the mark registered with the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office by filing Section 8 Affidavit(s) of

1513:

maintains a database of registered trademarks. The database is open to the public and is searchable via the Trademark Electronic Search System (TESS). As trademarks are governed by federal law, state law, and common law, a thorough search as to the availability of a mark and its image components is

1084:

where a non-electronic product such as a pair of sunglasses might be assumed by a consumer to have come from Sony Corporation of Japan despite being outside a class of goods to which Sony has rights, yet still protected by Sony's trademark; a similarly named psychotherapy office or line of hamburger

2175:

Terms that are not protectable by themselves, such as a generic term or a merely descriptive term that has not acquired secondary meaning, may become registerable when a Top-Level Domain Name (e.g. dot-COM) is appended to it. An example of such a domain name ineligible for trademark or service mark

2129:

Most courts particularly frowned on cybersquatting and found that it was itself a sufficiently commercial use (i.e., "trafficking" in trademarks) to reach into the area of trademark infringement. Most jurisdictions have since amended their trademark laws to address domain names specifically and to

1079:

upon the registered owner, including the right to exclusive use of the mark about the products or services for which it is registered. The law in most jurisdictions also allows the owner of a registered trademark to prevent unauthorized use of the mark about products or services which are identical

1037:

or through registration of the mark with the relevant trademarks office (or "trademarks registry") of a particular jurisdiction. In some jurisdictions, trademark rights can be established through either or both means. Certain jurisdictions generally do not recognize trademarks rights arising merely

2383:

Many countries protect unregistered well-known marks following their international obligations under the Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property and the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (the TRIPS Agreement). Consequently, not only big companies

2086:

was a concept applied instead. Initial interest confusion refers to customer confusion that creates an initial interest in a competitor's "product" (in the online context, another party's website). Even though initial interest confusion is dispelled by the time any actual sales occur, it allows a

1937:

law generally seeks to protect new and useful inventions, and registered designs law generally seeks to protect the look or appearance of a manufactured article. Trademarks, patents, and designs collectively form a subset of intellectual property known as industrial property because they are often

1060:

to determine both the validity of the grounds for the opposition as well as the ability of the applicant to register the mark at issue. Finally, provided that no third-party opposes the registration of the mark during the opposition period or the opposition is ultimately decided in the applicant's

1051:

In the United States, the registration process includes several steps. First, the trademark owner applies with the United States Patent and Trade Mark Office to register the trademark. About three months after it is filed, the application is reviewed by an examining attorney at the U.S. Patent and

783:

evidence of ownership of a trademark and registration of marks began on 1 January 1876. The 1875 Act defined a registrable trade mark as a device or mark, or name of an individual or firm printed in some particular and distinctive manner; or a written signature or copy of a written signature of an

2049:

Most jurisdictions provide for the use of trademarks to be licensed to third parties. The licensor must monitor the quality of the goods being produced by the licensee to avoid the risk of the trademark being deemed abandoned by the courts. A trademark license should therefore include appropriate

1953:

Although intellectual property laws such as these are theoretically distinct, more than one type may afford protection to the same article. For example, the particular design of a bottle may qualify for copyright protection as a non-utilitarian , or trademark protection based on its shape, or the

1819:

Fair use may be asserted on two grounds, either that the alleged infringer is using the mark to describe accurately an aspect of its products, or that the alleged infringer is using the mark to identify the mark owner. One of the most visible proofs that trademarks provide a limited right in the

1779:

For trademarks that are considered to be well known, infringing use may occur where the use occurs about products or services which are not the same as or similar to the products or services about which the owner's mark is registered. A growing area of law relating to the enforcement of trademark

2374:

As per the Trademark Rules 2017, India, an applicant needs to substantiate his claim that his trademark is having the "well-known" status. He needs to furnish the documents in support of evidence of his rights & claims, namely use of trademark, any application for trademark, and annual sales

2337:

One of the tasks of a EUTM owner is the monitoring of the later applications whether any of those is similar to his/her earlier trademark. Monitoring is not easy and usually requires professional expertise. To conduct a monitoring there is the so-called Trademark Watching service where it can be

1598:

Trademarks rights must be maintained through actual lawful use of the trademark. These rights will cease if a mark is not actively used for a period of time, normally five years in most jurisdictions. In the case of trademark registration, failure to actively use the mark in the lawful course of

2062:

has led to attempts by trademark holders to enforce their rights over domain names that are similar or identical to their existing trademarks, particularly by seeking control over the domain names at issue. As with dilution protection, enforcing trademark rights over domain name owners involves

2018:

when the use of similar or identical trademarks in other non-competing markets means that the trademark in and of itself will lose its capacity to signify a single source. In other words, unlike ordinary trademark law, dilution protection extends to trademark uses that do not confuse consumers

1864:

Where one party makes a threat to sue another for trademark infringement, but does not have a genuine basis or intention to carry out that threat, or does not carry out the threat at all within a certain period, the threat may itself become a basis for legal action. In this situation, the party

1771:

If a trademark has been registered, then it is much easier for the trademark owner to demonstrate its trademark rights and to enforce these rights through an infringement action. Unauthorized use of a registered trademark need not be intentional for infringement to occur, although damages in an

1661:

In addition to the requirements above, U.S. trademark registrations are also required to be renewed on or about every 10th anniversary of the registration of the trademark. The procedure for 10-year renewals is somewhat different from that for the 5th–6th year renewal. In brief, registrants are

1657:

Specifically, once registered with the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office the owner of a trademark is required to file a Section 8 Affidavit of Continuous Use to maintain the registration between the 5th and 6th year anniversaries of the registration of the mark or during the 6-month grace period

505:

changed the system, permitting registration based on "intent-to-use", creating an examination-based process, and creating an application publication system. The 1938 Act, which served as a model for similar legislation elsewhere, contained other novel concepts such as "associated trademarks", a

1088:

Once trademark rights are established in a particular jurisdiction, these rights are generally only enforceable in that jurisdiction, a quality which is sometimes known as "territoriality". However, there is a range of international trademark laws and systems which facilitate the protection of

2246:

The major international system for facilitating the registration of trademarks in multiple jurisdictions is commonly known as the "Madrid system ". Madrid provides a centrally administered system for securing trademark registrations in member jurisdictions by extending the protection of an

625:

The three symbols associated with trademarks represent the status of a mark and accordingly its level of protection. While ™ can be used with any common law usage of a mark, ® may only be used by the owner of a mark following registration with the relevant national authority, such as the

2323:(EUIPO, formerly Office for Harmonization in the Internal Market (Trade Marks and Designs)), leads to a registration which is effective throughout the EU as a whole. The EUTM system is therefore said to be unitary in character, in that a EUTM registration applies indivisibly across all 2167:

As with other trademarks, the domain name will not be subject to trademark registration unless the proposed mark is actually used to identify the registrant's goods or services to the public, rather than simply being the location on the Internet where the applicant's web site appears.

1602:

A trademark owner does not need to take enforcement action against all infringement if it can be shown that the owner perceived the infringement to be minor and inconsequential. This is designed to prevent owners from continually being tied up in litigation for fear of cancellation.

954:

steel company registered three seamless train wheel tires, which are put on top of each other, as its label in 1875, under the German Trade Mark Protection Law of 1874. The seamless train wheel tire did not break, unlike iron tires with seams, and was patented by Krupp in Prussia in

2152:) which attempt to streamline the process of resolving who should own a domain name (without dealing with other infringement issues such as damages). This is particularly desirable to trademark owners when the domain name registrant may be in another country or even anonymous. 1860:

Various jurisdictions have laws that are designed to prevent trademark owners from making wrongful threats of a trademark infringement action against other parties. These laws are intended to prevent large or powerful companies from intimidating or harassing smaller companies.

712:(1 to 34 cover goods, and 35 to 45 cover services). The idea behind this system is to specify and limit the extension of the intellectual property right by determining which goods or services are covered by the mark, and to unify classification systems around the world. 1106:), protection can be obtained in member states and intergovernmental organizations. International registrations can then be modified, renewed or expanded, centrally through WIPO (rather than through each separate IP Office). The Madrid System can only be used by a 1606:

An owner can at any time commence an action for infringement against a third party as long as it had not previously notified the third party of its discontent following third party use and then failed to take action within a reasonable period of time (called

669:

is also used informally to refer to any distinguishing attribute by which an individual is readily identified, such as the well-known characteristics of celebrities. When a trademark is used about services rather than products, it may sometimes be called a

1047:

rights for unregistered marks, where to gain protection the goods or services must first occupy a highly significant position in the marketplace — where this could be 40% or more market share for sales in the particular class of goods or services.

2155:

Registrants of domain names also sometimes wish to register the domain names themselves (e.g., "XYZ.COM") as trademarks for perceived advantages, such as an extra bulwark against their domain being hijacked, and to avail themselves of such remedies as

2388:

the goods for which the well-known mark acquired its reputation 2- that the use of the other mark would indicate a connection between these goods and the owner of the well-known mark, and 3 – that their interests are likely to be damaged by such use.

2037:

asset. Examples of assets whose sale would ordinarily support the assignment of a mark include the sale of the machinery used to produce the goods that bear the mark or the sale of the corporation (or subsidiary) that produces the trademarked goods.

560:. Most countries require formal trademark registration as a precondition for pursuing this type of action. The United States, Canada, and other countries also recognize common law trademark rights, which means action can be taken to protect any 1085:

buns or summer camps, however, would not be infringing on Sony Corporation's trademark because the service or products being offered are so vastly different from Sony Corporation's trademark claim of rights and range of manufactured goods.

913:

A design mark with an eagle and a ribbon and the words "Economical, Beautiful, and Durable" was the first registered trademark, filed by the Averill Chemical Paint Company on 30 August 1870 under the Trademark Act of 1870. However, in the

1599:

trade, or to enforce the registration in the event of infringement, may also expose the registration itself to become liable for an application for the removal from the register after a certain period of time on the grounds of "non-use".

2023:

spoken, or on a billboard). Under U.S. trademark law, dilution occurs either when unauthorized use of a mark "blurs" the "distinctive" nature of the mark or "tarnishes" it. Likelihood of confusion is not required. 15 U.S.C §§ 1125(c).

1827:

owns the trademark "Whisper Quiet" for its dishwashers, makers of other products may describe their goods as being "whisper quiet" so long as these products do not fall under the same category of goods the trademark is protected under.

724:

An estimated 13.9 million trademark applications were filed worldwide in 2021. This is represents an increase of 4% compared to 2020. This was the twelfth consecutive year of growth following the end of the global financial crisis in

3750:– "In the United States where we hold the First Amendment above reproach by any laws, there are many legitimate and legal uses of a trademark, and the right to engage in comparative advertising is among one of those legitimate uses." 1645:" through common use (such that the mark no longer performs the essential trademark function and the average consumer no longer considers that exclusive rights attach to it), the corresponding registration may also be ruled invalid. 1893:

Trademarks may also serve as an incentive for manufacturers, providers, or suppliers to consistently provide quality products or services to maintain their business reputation. Furthermore, if a trademark owner does not maintain

1101:

is a protocol to protect trademarks worldwide, in over 120 countries. The Madrid System has a centralized trademark registration system through a single application, in one language and with one set of fees (in one currency, the

2486:"Trade marks identify the goods and services of particular traders. Signs that are suitable for distinguishing products or services of a particular enterprise from that of other companies are eligible for trade mark protection" 1910:

UKHL 21; wherein it has been held that the mere fact that a bare license (the equivalent of the United States concept of a naked license) has been granted did not automatically mean that a trademark was liable to mislead.

1042:

proceedings may be limited. In cases of dispute, this disparity of rights is often referred to as "first to file" (i.e., register) as opposed to "first to use". Some countries, such as Germany, offer a limited number of

768:

The first modern trademark laws emerged in the late 19th century. In France, the first comprehensive trademark system in the world was passed into law in 1857 with the "Manufacture and Goods Mark Act". In Britain, the

1898:

and adequate supervision about the manufacture and provision of products or services supplied by a licensee, such "naked licensing" will eventually adversely affect the owner's rights in the trademark. For US law

1784:, which allows for the imputation of liability to one who has not acted directly to infringe a trademark but whose legal responsibility may arise under the doctrines of either contributory or vicarious liability. 2300:

further establishes a system under which member jurisdictions agree to standardize procedural aspects of the trademark registration process. It is not necessarily respective of rules within individual countries.

1098: 4357: 2224: 2092: 567:

As the purpose of the trademark is to identify a particular source of the product, rather than the product itself, it is widespread legal advice that trademark owners should always use their trademarks as

2231:

of applicable laws. For example, Article 15(1) of TRIPS defines "sign" which is used as or forms part of the definition of "trademark" in the trademark legislation of many jurisdictions around the world.

2429:

is used in many other countries around the world, including the European Union and Commonwealth and ex-Commonwealth jurisdictions (although Canada officially uses "trade-mark" pursuant to the

4342: 2361: 4462: 2662:"In addition to recalling 38,000 pairs of the offensive shoes, Nike has diverted another 30,000 pairs from Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Malaysia, Indonesia and Turkey to "less-sensitive" markets" 2196: 2118:

Also, courts have upheld the rights of trademark owners about the commercial use of domain names, even in cases where goods sold there legitimately bear the mark. In the landmark decision

705: 1064:

Outside of the United States, the registration process is substantially similar to that found in the U.S. save for one notable exception in many countries: registration occurs before the

701:

Trademark rights generally arise out of the use of, or to maintain exclusive rights over, that sign about certain products or services, assuming there are no other trademark objections.

1586:

have come to recognize the mark as a source indicator – to be protectable. "Generic" terms are used to refer to the product or service itself and cannot be used as trademarks. (See the

2199:(Intellectual Property Rights) Center for example has the message of "protection is our trademark" and is one example of an office that will enforce and protect the marks when needed. 1017:" is an informal term for a characteristic look for a performer or character of some sort. It is usually not legally trademark protected and the term is not used in the trademark law. 2327:. However, the CTM system did not replace the national trademark registration systems; the CTM system and the national systems continue to operate in parallel to each other (see also 3794: 2957:

Bently, Lionel, "The Making of Modern Trade Marks Law: The Construction of the Legal Concept of Trade Mark (1860-80)" in Lionel Bently, Jane C. Ginsburg & Jennifer Davis (eds),

2255:

jurisdictions through a single administrative process. Furthermore, the "coverage" of the international registration may be extended to additional member jurisdictions at any time.

921: 851:: Most significant companies were already using trademarks in the mid-nineteenth century and while Australia based its patent law on the British law system, the then province of 214: 1002:. A trademark that is popularly used to describe a product or service (rather than to distinguish the product or services from those of third parties) is sometimes known as a 4655: 572:

modifying a generic product name, and set off with capitalization or a distinctive typeface, as a guard against the trademark becoming the generic name of the product. Thus "

2070:, however, does not involve competition. Instead, an unlicensed user registers a domain name identical to a trademark and offers to sell the domain to the trademark owner. 1992:

used ownership of the trademarks relating to the character (which unlike copyrights, do not have a limited length) to control the production of media using its imagery and

1801: 1551:

Classification systems exist to help in searching for marks. One example is the "International Classification of the Figurative Elements of Marks", better known as the

1530:

and apply motoring techniques to their systems for forensics and security purposes. Initial trademark submissions are a way to gather early intelligence informations.

1038:

through use. If trademark owners do not hold registrations for their marks in such jurisdictions, the extent to which they will be able to enforce their rights through

53: 2784: 1618:, which is usually a period of either three or five years. The intention to use a trademark can be proven by a wide range of acts as shown in the "Woolly Bully" and 4163: 409: 3364: 1961:

Drawing these distinctions is necessary, but often challenging for the courts and lawyers, especially in jurisdictions where patents and copyrights pass into the

4531: 4372: 4149: 2141: 1567:

of a party, will not confuse consumers about the relationship between one party and another, and will not otherwise deceive consumers concerning the qualities.

2334:

Persons residing outside the EU must have a professional representative to the procedures before EUIPO, while representation is recommended for EU residents.

2050:

provisions dealing with quality control, whereby the licensee provides warranties as to the quality and the licensor has rights to inspection and monitoring.

1662:

required to file both a Section 8 Affidavit of Continuous Use as well as a Section 9 Application for Renewal every ten years to maintain their registration.

4059: 4645: 2943: 2320: 199: 2731: 2402: 2134: 2465:"A trade mark is a sign which can distinguish your goods and services from those of your competitors (you may refer to your trade mark as your "brand")" 493:

of England requiring all bakers to use a distinctive mark for the bread they sold. The first modern trademark laws emerged in the late 19th century. In

1518:

searches for conflicting marks, and therefore the mark owner had good foresight by having a priority registration, and thus is likely using their mark

4650: 4362: 2297: 2290: 2282: 2268: 1510: 4635: 4043: 2278: 2248: 2251:. This international registration is in turn based upon an application or registration obtained by a trademark applicant in its home jurisdiction. 4204: 3672: 2511: 2444:"A trademark is a word, phrase, symbol, and/or design that identifies and distinguishes the source of the goods of one party from those of others" 2277:

established procedures for member countries to recognizing trademarks registered in other member countries. It operates under the auspices of the

317: 4791: 1839:

model since they are only using "BMW" to identify the competitor. In a related sense, an auto mechanic can truthfully advertise that he services

576:

bricks" rather than "some Lego" or "Legos". The name of the producer itself is a "trade name" rather than a trademark and can be used as a noun.

2537: 2063:

protecting a trademark outside the obvious context of its consumer market, because domain names are global and not limited by goods or service.

2563: 1637: 4727: 4665: 3572: 3053: 2807: 2626: 2367:

A well-known trademark does not have to be registered in the jurisdiction to bring a trademark infringement action (equivalent to bringing a

2208:

national law, trademark laws apply only in their applicable country or jurisdiction, a quality which is sometimes known as "territoriality".

2074:—those registering common misspellings of trademarks as domain names—have also been targeted successfully in trademark infringement suits. " 275: 4712: 1010:

with that product or service to the extent that the trademark owner can no longer enforce its proprietary rights, the mark becomes generic.

4403: 2328: 332: 234: 3599: 4640: 4158: 773:

made it a criminal offense to imitate another's trade mark 'with intent to defraud or to enable another to defraud'. The passing of the

402: 4827: 3888: 3856: 2172:

is a prime example of a protected trademark for a domain name central to the public's identification of the company and its products.

3807: 3635: 3402: 2868: 2485: 1906:

639 F.3d 788 (7th Cor. 2011). This proposition has, however, been watered down by the judgment of the House of Lords in the case of

1715: 938:

wrestling a lion, registered in the United States on 27 May 1884 by the J.P. Tolman Company (now Samson Rope Technologies, Inc.), a

774: 87: 4277: 4257: 2078:", on the other hand, tend to be protected as free speech, and are therefore more difficult to attack as trademark infringement. 1057: 627: 564:

if it is in use. Still, common law trademarks offer to the holder, in general, less legal protection than registered trademarks.

364: 189: 3339: 3153: 1548:

Within the European Union, searches have to be conducted taking into account both EU trademarks as well as national trademarks.

312: 4660: 4546: 4167: 3923: 2100:

metatags of a website, resulting in that site appearing in the search results when a user searches on the trademarked term. In

1768:

has been trading under an unregistered trademark for many years, and a rival business starts using the same or a similar mark.

451: 777:

allowed formal registration of trademarks at the UK Patent Office for the first time. Registration was considered to comprise

1697: 395: 749:

are thought of as being the first users of trademarks. Other notable trademarks that have been used for a long time include

4177: 3731: 3466: 2353:

Well-known trademark status is commonly granted to famous international trade marks in less-developed legal jurisdictions.

4717: 4438: 4282: 3538: 2066:

This conflict is easily resolved when the domain name owner actually uses the domain to compete with the trademark owner.

1797: 4099: 3313: 3072: 4526: 4071: 3238: 2324: 2274: 2264: 658:

comprising marks which do not fall into these standard categories, such as those based on colour, smell, or sound (like

2885:"STELLA ARTOIS ANNO 1366 Trademark of ANHEUSER-BUSCH INBEV S.A. Serial Number: 77003422 :: Trademarkia Trademarks" 2315:

The EU Trade Mark (EUTM) system (formerly the Community Trademark system) is the trademark system which applies in the

795:

first attempted to establish a federal trademark regime in 1870. This statute purported to be an exercise of Congress'

517:) can be used to indicate trademarks; the latter is only for use by the owner of a trademark that has been registered. 4832: 4722: 4707: 4681: 4443: 4247: 4197: 3225: 675: 514: 113: 3121:"A Historical Perspective: The International Trademark Association and the United States Patent and Trademark Office" 1649:

Continuous Use as well as Section 9 Applications for renewal, as required, and paying the fees associated with them.

69: 4125: 1996:

the character for use in other works (such as adaptations). This practice is a precursor to the modern concept of a

529:

owner of a particular product or service. Trademarks can be used by others under licensing agreements; for example,

4837: 4786: 4556: 4272: 4028: 2083: 1989: 1793: 1693: 1614:

All jurisdictions with a mature trademark registration system provide a mechanism for removal in the event of such

770: 655: 542: 31: 1686: 720: 694:

Trademarks are used not only by businesses but also by noncommercial organizations and religions to protect their

4817: 4388: 4227: 2310: 1576: 1564: 934:

The oldest U.S. registered trademark still in use is trademark reg. no 11210, a depiction of the Biblical figure

219: 2149: 4453: 4433: 3098: 2161: 1928: 1761: 1538: 2096:

the court found initial interest confusion could occur when a competitor's trademarked terms were used in the

2425:

as a single word is predominantly used in the United States and Philippines only, while the two-word styling

4541: 4408: 3986: 3816: 887: 876: 224: 194: 184: 3022: 1552: 1229: 1056:

to stop the registration of the mark. If an opposition proceeding is filed it institutes a case before the

813:

of 1946 updated the law and has served, with several amendments, as the primary federal law on trademarks.

4781: 4768: 4753: 4485: 4423: 4398: 4393: 4267: 4190: 3747: 3728:

Secondary Trademark Infringement: A Short Treatise on Contributory and Vicarious Infringement in Trademark

2884: 2789: 2184: 1924: 1039: 792: 634:(IPO). The proper manner to display either symbol is immediately following the mark in superscript style. 598: 561: 557: 467: 459: 295: 4418: 4040: 3829: 3783: 2216:

The inherent limitations of the territorial application of trademark laws have been mitigated by various

1946:

creation for works by bodies corporate. This can lead to confusion in cases where a work passes into the

4428: 4302: 3213: 2341: 2217: 2176:

protection as a generic term, but which currently has a registered U.S. service mark, is "HEARSAY.COM".

2111: 1519: 1114:, which is a national, is domiciled or has a company in the territory of a member of the Madrid System. 1065: 1053: 1003: 925: 758: 447: 435: 141: 4154: 3669: 2515: 149: 3924:"The STIckler: inside the latest trademark protection gTLD discussion – Blog – World Trademark Review" 662:). Trademarks that are considered offensive are often rejected according to a nation's trademark law. 4584: 4516: 4470: 4413: 4367: 4262: 3812: 2228: 2179:

Among trademark practitioners there remains a great deal of debate around trademark protection under

1981: 1866: 1812: 1264: 995: 868: 817: 762: 631: 498: 490: 729: 4812: 4686: 4521: 4287: 2289:

as a means of conveying information about products and businesses, leading to the enactment of the

2123: 2102: 2033: 1933:

While trademark law seeks to protect indications of the commercial source of products or services,

1887: 1781: 1753: 999: 605: 458:

from a particular source and distinguishes it from others. A trademark owner can be an individual,

455: 285: 2990:

Monetary Damages under the Lanham Act: Eighth Circuit Holds Actual Confusion is Not a Prerequisite

757:, which claims use of its lion mark since 1383. The first trademark legislation was passed by the 4748: 4743: 4569: 4506: 4232: 3419: 3120: 2059: 2009: 1734: 1400: 991: 886:

and firms such as Tasmanian Jam and Preserved Fruit Co. had a trademark in 1878, when, after the

805:

later on in the decade. In 1881, Congress passed a new trademark act, this time according to its

695: 369: 2164:

against other domain holders with confusingly similar or intentionally misspelled domain names.

179: 159: 983:" are sometimes used interchangeably with "trademark". "Trademark", however, also includes any 4564: 4237: 3834: 3631: 3625: 3512: 3445: 3398: 3049: 2864: 2622: 1642: 872: 709: 2785:"Governments "should do more" to protect religious signs through trademark law, expert urges" 2612: 2227:(TRIPS). TRIPS establishes legal compatibility between member jurisdictions by requiring the 1835:

can run advertisements saying that a trade publication has rated an Audi model higher than a

1631:

of the mark, whereby any party may use the mark. An abandoned mark is not irrevocably in the

4691: 4574: 4347: 4003: 3390: 2837: 2763: 2661: 2618: 2187:

has been reporting on the at times fiery discussion between trademark owners and domainers.

2169: 1849: 1800:

defense protects many of the interests in free expression related to those protected by the

1523: 1072: 916: 833: 801: 796: 594: 589: 510: 439: 280: 129: 3958: 3384: 2933: 4822: 4763: 4758: 4589: 4579: 4352: 4312: 4047: 3676: 3577: 3431: 3041: 1997: 1993: 1895: 1076: 864: 852: 806: 688: 463: 290: 3830:"Law of the Jungle: Burroughs Descendants' Suit Says Adult Movie, Game Violate Trademark" 2700: 2489: 2443: 2338:

checked if someone tries to get registered marks that are similar to the existing marks.

2046:

the licensee, in addition to the policy and the goods or services agreed to be licensed.

754: 497:, the first comprehensive trademark system in the world was passed into law in 1857. The 2989: 2589: 1033:

rights about a trademark may be established through actual use of that trademark in the

968:

Approximate drawing of Burberry check pattern. The pattern is a registered trademark of

4511: 4307: 4292: 4252: 3944: 2316: 2067: 1620: 1107: 1014: 893: 821: 538: 530: 502: 337: 300: 229: 174: 65: 3726: 2752:"Protection of Religious Signs under Trademark Law: A Perspective of China's Practice" 2464: 928: 765:

in 1266, which required all bakers to use a distinctive mark for the bread they sold.

478:, or on the product itself. Trademarks used to identify services are sometimes called 4806: 4297: 3735: 3657: 2938: 2751: 2241: 2087:

trademark infringer to capitalize on the goodwill associated with the original mark.

2071: 1962: 1947: 1883: 1632: 1515: 1481: 1332: 907: 788: 750: 506:

consent to use the system, a defensive mark system, and a non-claiming right system.

359: 254: 4172: 1161: 904:

was the first trademark to be registered under the Trade Mark Registration Act 1875.

4475: 3688: 2914: 2538:"A Guide to Proper Trademark Use For Media, Internet, and Publishing Professionals" 2397: 1608: 1111: 897: 875:(in 1885) had enacted laws to protect trademarks well before Britain did. Thus the 837: 746: 671: 610: 546: 479: 385: 354: 349: 322: 244: 204: 3892: 3860: 1030: 840:'s logo became the first image to be registered as a trademark in the UK, in 1876. 3003: 2858: 2032:

In various jurisdictions, a trademark may be sold with or without the underlying

4480: 4242: 2368: 1955: 1820:

U.S. comes from the comparative advertising that is seen throughout U.S. media.

1675: 1103: 1034: 779: 738: 486: 344: 270: 239: 17: 3701: 3389:. World IP Indicators (WIPI). World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO). 3166: 2971: 2614:

Patent It Yourself: Your Step-by-Step Guide to Filing at the U.S. Patent Office

2090:

Several cases have wrestled with the concept of initial interest confusion. In

1627:

In the U.S., failure to use a trademark for this period of time will result in

964: 4536: 3188: 2145: 2075: 1840: 1749: 1745: 1534: 1468: 1044: 984: 856: 810: 3263: 2947:. Vol. 27 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 128–135. 931: (1879), the U.S. Supreme Court held the 1870 Act to be unconstitutional. 3905: 3288: 2675: 2371:

claim without having to show goodwill and having a lesser burden of proof).

2259:

Trademark Law Treaty of 1994, and the Singapore Trademark Law Treaty of 2006

1942: 1583: 1542: 848: 569: 534: 305: 169: 3314:"International trademarks: Is the Madrid System right for you? | Novagraaf" 4145: 3487: 1988:

as a trademark; even after the copyright to the Tarzan story expired, his

844:

The oldest registered trademark has various claimants, enumerated below:

123: 107: 4490: 2286: 1970: 1765: 1365: 1297: 1242: 1026: 969: 860: 381: 327: 164: 3702:"Everything You Need to Know About Trademark Law | The Polaris Law Firm" 3394: 1807: 2768: 1845: 1773: 1744:

If a trademark has not been registered, some jurisdictions (especially

1700: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1345: 1310: 1277: 1209: 1007: 947: 799:

powers. However, the Supreme Court struck down the 1870 statute in the

553: 475: 2140:

This international legal change has also led to the creation of ICANN

654:, image, or a combination of these elements. There is also a range of 4610: 2512:"U.S. Customs Today - February 2002 - an Untimely Christmas Delivery" 2220: 1985: 1934: 1824: 1433: 1174: 935: 659: 651: 647: 494: 443: 209: 2726: 733:

Offices in Asia accounted for 69.7% of all trademark filing in 2021.

4058:

Hong Kong Trade Marks Ordinance section dealing with infringement:

2842: 2829: 2727:"Trademarks and Keep the Faith: Trademarks, Religion, and Identity" 2564:"Branding 101: Proper Use of a Trademark – It's All In the Grammar" 621:(the letter "R" surrounded by a circle, for a registered trademark) 4605: 3573:"KitKat goes unprotected as European court rejects trademark case" 2932: 2225:

Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights

2180: 2144:(UDRP) and other dispute policies for specific countries (such as 2020: 1806: 1446: 1413: 1378: 976: 963: 951: 832: 742: 728: 719: 687:

use of a trademark in this way is known as trademark use. Certain

526: 471: 2093:

Brookfield Communications, Inc. v. West Coast Entertainment Corp.

1533:

Trademarks may also be searched on third-party databases such as

4615: 4182: 2097: 2082:

being purchased, there was no actual consumer confusion, and so

1832: 1776:

will generally be greater if there was an intention to deceive.

1757: 1081: 980: 939: 643: 617: 573: 541:. The unauthorized usage of trademarks by producing and trading 489:

act concerning trademarks was passed in 1266 under the reign of

4186: 1792:

Trademark is subject to various defenses, such as abandonment,

609:(which is the letters "SM" in superscript, for an unregistered 3156:, filed 7 April 1884, reg. 27 May 1884. Accessed 11 June 2013. 2195:

Trademark owners and applications enjoy many protections. The

1950:

but the character in question remains a registered trademark.

1836: 1669: 1196: 901: 36: 4164:

Trade Marks: The information brochure on trademark protection

3189:"Some Well-Known U.S. Trademarks Celebrate One Hundred Years" 52:

deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a

2183:'s proposed generic top-level domain name space expansion. 3627:

Trademark: Legal Care for Your Business & Product Name

3005:

Introduction to Intellectual Property: Theory and Practice

2223:, foremost amongst which is the World Trade Organization 1938:

created and used in an industrial or commercial context.

1908:

Scandecor Development AB v. Scandecor Marketing AB et al.

1764:. Passing off may provide a remedy in a scenario where a 1563:

In most systems, a trademark can be registered if it can

1099:

Madrid System for the International Registration of Marks

706:

International (Nice) Classification of Goods and Services

704:

Different goods and services have been classified by the

4114: 4112: 809:

powers. Congress revised the Trademark Act in 1905. The

584:

A trademark may be designated by the following symbols:

2433:, "trade mark" and "trademark" are also commonly used). 784:

individual or firm; or a distinctive label or ticket'.

61: 3795:

Directive harmonizing the term of copyright protection

3537:

Greene, Timothy Denny; Wilkerson, Jeff (Spring 2013).

1756:

which attaches to unregistered trademarks through the

3873:

Bosley Medical Institute, Inc v. Bosley Medical Group

2959:

Trade Marks and Brands: An Interdisciplinary Critique

597:", which is the letters "TM" in superscript, for an 3289:"WIPO | Madrid – The International Trademark System" 2651:

Restatement (Third) of Unfair Competition § 9 (1995)

2133:

In the US, the legal situation was clarified by the

4736: 4700: 4674: 4628: 4598: 4555: 4499: 4461: 4452: 4381: 4335: 4220: 2647: 2645: 1811:A product bearing "Linux" name, but not infringing 737:In trademark treatises it is usually reported that 3959:"Summary of the Trademark Law Treaty (TLT) (1994)" 2247:"international registration" obtained through the 2130:provide explicit remedies against cybersquatters. 1865:receiving such a threat may seek from the Court a 1061:favor, the mark will be registered in due course. 3383:World Intellectual Property Organization (2020). 3002:World Intellectual Property Organization (1997). 3987:The Internationalisation of Trademark Protection 3239:"How long does it take to register a trademark?" 3195:. U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. 15 June 2000 3017: 3015: 3989:" in Irene Calboli and Jane C. Ginsburg, eds., 3099:"The oldest registered trademarks in the world" 2319:, whereby registration of a trademark with the 1904:Eva's Bridal Ltd. v. Halanick Enterprises, Inc. 1641:If a court rules that a trademark has become " 1025:Some law considers a trademark to be a form of 753:, which claims use of its mark since 1366, and 642:A trademark is typically a name, word, phrase, 3630:(11th ed.). Berkeley: Nolo. p. 238. 3048:(20th anniversary ed.), Mimmo Cozzolino, 3026:, United Kingdom Intellectual Property Office. 2830:"Brand Names Before the Industrial Revolution" 1919:Comparison with patents, designs and copyright 1856:Wrongful or groundless threats of infringement 1823:An example of the first type is that although 4373:Uniform Domain-Name Dispute-Resolution Policy 4198: 4150:Intellectual Property Office (United Kingdom) 3991:International Aspects of Trademark Protection 3446:"World Intellectual Property Indicators 2019" 2808:"World Intellectual Property Indicators 2022" 2142:Uniform Domain-Name Dispute-Resolution Policy 1852:can identify herself as such on her website. 1788:Limits and defenses to claims of infringement 1748:countries) offer protection for the business 900:'s label incorporating its triangle logo for 403: 50:The examples and perspective in this article 8: 3875:, 403 F.3d 672, 680 (9th Cir. 2005)(quoting 3372:. ARISE+ ASEAN Intellectual Property Rights. 2973:The History and Development of Trademark Law 2909: 2907: 2905: 1815:, because it falls into a different category 3760:Volkswagenwerk Aktiengesellschaft v. Church 3455:. World Intellectual Property Organization. 3386:World Intellectual Property Indicators 2020 2321:European Union Intellectual Property Office 613:, a mark used to promote or brand services) 200:Integrated circuit layout design protection 4458: 4205: 4191: 4183: 4168:German Patent and Trade Mark Office (GPTO) 3600:"CCH Pinpoint | Australian Legal Research" 3119:Chasser, Anne H. (January–February 2003). 3114: 3112: 2732:IDEA: The Intellectual Property Law Review 2403:List of generic and genericized trademarks 2135:Anticybersquatting Consumer Protection Act 1796:, and fair use. In the United States, the 1116: 1089:trademarks in more than one jurisdiction. 410: 396: 137: 3023:Case details for trade mark UK00000000001 2926: 2924: 2841: 2767: 2298:Singapore Treaty on the Law of Trademarks 2291:Singapore Treaty on the Law of Trademarks 2283:United States Patent and Trademark Office 2269:Singapore Treaty on the Law of Trademarks 1882:Trademark law is designed to fulfill the 1716:Learn how and when to remove this message 698:and goodwill associated with their name. 88:Learn how and when to remove this message 3981: 3979: 2611:Pressman, David; Blau, David E. (2020). 2279:World Intellectual Property Organization 2249:World Intellectual Property Organization 1118:Top Madrid trademark applicants in 2023 601:, a mark used to promote or brand goods) 27:Trade identifier of products or services 3008:. Kluwer Law International. p. 23. 2414: 1265:Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH 990:Specialized types of trademark include 318:Limitations and exceptions to copyright 262: 140: 4317: 3427: 3417: 1869:; also known as a declaratory ruling. 1831:An example of the second type is that 1638:Lens.com, Inc. v. 1-800 Contacts, Inc. 3340:"Getting an international trade mark" 3066: 3064: 3036: 3034: 3032: 2931:Renton, A. W.; Craies, W. F. (1911). 2802: 2800: 2543:. International Trademark Association 1813:the trademark owned by Linus Torvalds 276:Artificial intelligence and copyright 7: 3762:, 411 F.2d 350, 352 (9th Cor. 1969). 2863:. John Wiley and Sons. p. 162. 1984:registered his fictitious character 1698:adding citations to reliable sources 552:The owner of a trademark may pursue 235:Supplementary protection certificate 4641:International Trademark Association 4159:International Trademark Association 3993:(Cambridge University Press, 2020). 3772:Playboy Enterprises, Inc. v. Welles 3748:Comparative Advertising: Mac vs. PC 3571:Farrell, Sean (16 September 2015). 3268:International Trademark Association 879:had registered its coat of arms in 825:for similar legislation elsewhere. 3879:388 F.3d 201, 204 (6th Cir. 2004)) 3539:"Understanding Trademark Strength" 3488:"USPTO: Search trademark database" 3338:Australia, I. P. (18 March 2016). 3071:Australia, I. P. (10 March 2016). 3044:; Rutherford, Graeme Fysh (2000), 2961:(Cambridge University Press, 2008) 1973:when the suit is finally brought. 466:. A trademark may be located on a 25: 3808:Kirkbi AG v. Ritvik Holdings Inc. 3097:Lech, Mikołaj (20 January 2018). 2680:LII / Legal Information Institute 2592:. Owen, Wickersham & Erickson 1729:whether the owner's trademark is 1565:distinguish the goods or services 1071:A registered trademark confers a 910:: there are at least two claims: 775:Trade Marks Registration Act 1875 4326: 3784:Section 21, Trade Marks Act 1994 3193:U.S. PTO Press Release no. 00-38 2562:Rheintgen, Kathy (24 May 2013). 1674: 1474: 1439: 1406: 1371: 1338: 1303: 1270: 1235: 1202: 1167: 1058:Trademark Trial and Appeal Board 628:U.S. Patent and Trademark Office 365:Outline of intellectual property 190:Indigenous intellectual property 148: 122: 106: 41: 4661:Deutsches Patent- und Markenamt 4547:Protected designation of origin 4041:Article 6 bis, Paris Convention 3877:DaimlerChrysler v. The Net Inc. 2828:Richardson, Gary (April 2008). 1794:limitations on geographic scope 1733:or, under U.S. law relating to 1685:needs additional citations for 1093:Top Madrid trademark applicants 4173:Trademark info on WIPO website 3774:, 279 F.3d 796 (9th Cor. 2002) 3546:Stanford Technology Law Review 3492:US Patent and Trademark Office 2379:Protection of well-known marks 1: 4692:Unregistered trademark symbol 4527:Electronic registration marks 3945:"How the Madrid System Works" 3228:Reichsmarkenschutzgesetz 1874 2329:European Union trade mark law 880: 691:attach to a registered mark. 438:consisting of a recognizable 2834:NBER Working Paper No. 13930 2325:European Union member states 2275:Trademark Law Treaty of 1994 2265:Trademark Law Treaty of 1994 2028:Sale, transfer and licensing 829:Oldest registered trademarks 4682:Registered trademark symbol 4004:"International IP treaties" 3467:"Madrid Yearly Review 2024" 2120:Creative Gifts, Inc. v. UFO 1197:Bayerische Motoren Werke AG 656:non-conventional trademarks 525:A trademark identifies the 515:registered trademark symbol 313:Idea–expression distinction 114:Registered trademark symbol 64:, discuss the issue on the 4854: 4273:Initial interest confusion 2308: 2262: 2239: 2084:initial interest confusion 2007: 1922: 1574: 1509:In the United States, the 771:Merchandise Marks Act 1862 543:counterfeit consumer goods 32:Trademark (disambiguation) 29: 4828:Intellectual property law 4777: 4324: 4178:Madrid Yearly Review 2024 3624:Fishman, Stephen (2016). 2889:trademark.trademarkia.com 2311:European Union trade mark 1577:Trademark distinctiveness 1006:. If such a mark becomes 533:purchased a license from 4072:"Indian Trademark Rules" 4046:10 February 2014 at the 3226:Gesetz über Markenschutz 2857:Packard, Ashley (2010). 2725:Simon, David A. (2009). 2590:"Proper Trademark Usage" 1929:Threshold of originality 761:under the reign of King 537:to be allowed to launch 4542:Geographical indication 3152:U.S. Trademark Reg no. 2992:, 77 Mo. L. Rev. (2012) 2944:Encyclopædia Britannica 2915:"History of Trademarks" 2568:Healthcare Law Insights 2212:Territorial application 975:Terms such as "mark", " 888:Federation of Australia 877:Bank of New South Wales 580:Designation and symbols 225:Plant genetic resources 195:Industrial design right 185:Geographical indication 4782:Category:Trademark law 4769:World Trademark Review 4754:Trademark infringement 4486:Unregistered trademark 4268:Functionality doctrine 3985:Susanna H. S. Leong, " 3738:(Revised, Sept. 2010). 3689:TMEP Sec. 1606 et seq. 3344:www.ipaustralia.gov.au 3216:. ThyssenKrupp-Website 3128:The Trademark Reporter 2790:World Trademark Review 2701:"What is a trademark?" 2185:World Trademark Review 1925:Functionality doctrine 1816: 1040:trademark infringement 972: 841: 734: 726: 674:, particularly in the 599:unregistered trademark 562:unregistered trademark 558:trademark infringement 296:Criticism of copyright 220:Plant breeders' rights 4517:Collective trademarks 4303:Reputation parasitism 4258:Coexistence agreement 4155:Trademark Fact Sheets 4029:Trademark Law Treaty. 3734:13 September 2012 at 3513:"Design Search Codes" 2375:turnover, and so on. 2218:intellectual property 2112:Lamparello v. Falwell 1810: 1571:Distinctive character 1553:Vienna Classification 1230:Euro Games Technology 1066:opposition proceeding 1054:opposition proceeding 1004:genericized trademark 996:collective trademarks 967: 855:(1863), and colonies 836: 759:Parliament of England 732: 723: 460:business organization 436:intellectual property 142:Intellectual property 4522:Defensive trademarks 4471:Registered trademark 4368:Community Trade Mark 4318:Well-known trademark 4263:Confusing similarity 3706:The Polaris Law Firm 3046:Symbols of Australia 1982:Edgar Rice Burroughs 1980:In 1923, the author 1867:declaratory judgment 1850:Playmate of the Year 1694:improve this article 1653:Incontestable status 1153:Madrid applications 1147:Madrid applications 1141:Madrid applications 1135:Madrid applications 1129:Madrid applications 1000:defensive trademarks 818:Trade Marks Act 1938 682:Fundamental concepts 632:Indian Patent Office 499:Trade Marks Act 1938 70:create a new article 62:improve this article 30:For other uses, see 4728:Washington Redskins 4687:Service mark symbol 4570:Hologram trademarks 4507:Certification marks 4288:Secondary liability 4278:Good faith doctrine 4126:"Famous trademarks" 3675:13 May 2010 at the 3604:pinpoint.cch.com.au 3395:10.34667/tind.42184 3366:The Madrid Protocol 3073:"Trade mark basics" 2988:Roger W. Dyer Jr., 2934:"Trade Marks" 2783:Lince, Tim (2018). 2750:Liu, Wenqi (2017). 2305:EU Trademark system 2124:promissory estoppel 2103:Playboy v. Netscape 1888:consumer protection 1782:secondary liability 1559:Ability to register 1119: 992:certification marks 509:The symbols ™ (the 286:Copyright abolition 4833:Product management 4749:Trademark examiner 4744:Trademark attorney 4039:Paris Convention: 3912:. 26 October 2019. 3805:See, for example, 3725:See Jane Coleman, 3691:, additional text. 3679:, additional text. 3670:USPTO Fee Schedule 3660:, additional text. 3077:ipaustralia.gov.au 2769:10.3390/rel8110246 2518:on 23 October 2011 2492:on 15 January 2013 2060:domain name system 2058:The advent of the 2010:Trademark dilution 1817: 1735:trademark dilution 1594:Maintaining rights 1401:Mizuno Corporation 1117: 973: 950:: 1875 – The 896:: 1876 – The 842: 735: 727: 630:(USPTO or PTO) or 450:that identifies a 378:Higher categories: 370:Outline of patents 4838:Intangible assets 4800: 4799: 4792:WP:MOS/Trademarks 4624: 4623: 4575:Motion trademarks 4565:Colour trademarks 4238:Generic trademark 4027:Full text of the 3835:Los Angeles Times 3658:TMEP Sec. 1604.04 3318:www.novagraaf.com 3055:978-0-646-40309-0 2860:Digital Media Law 2628:978-1-4133-2780-9 2617:(20th ed.). 2570:. Husch Blackwell 2349:Well-known status 2345:Spanish, German. 2203:International law 1726: 1725: 1718: 1588:KitKat v. Cadbury 1502: 1501: 873:Western Australia 710:Trademark Classes 420: 419: 98: 97: 90: 72:, as appropriate. 16:(Redirected from 4845: 4818:Brand management 4590:Sound trademarks 4585:Shape trademarks 4580:Scent trademarks 4557:Non-conventional 4459: 4363:Singapore Treaty 4348:Madrid Agreement 4343:Paris Convention 4330: 4329: 4207: 4200: 4193: 4184: 4133: 4132: 4130: 4122: 4116: 4107: 4106: 4104: 4096: 4090: 4089: 4087: 4085: 4076: 4068: 4062: 4056: 4050: 4037: 4031: 4025: 4019: 4018: 4016: 4014: 4000: 3994: 3983: 3974: 3973: 3971: 3969: 3955: 3949: 3948: 3941: 3935: 3934: 3932: 3930: 3920: 3914: 3913: 3902: 3896: 3886: 3880: 3870: 3864: 3854: 3848: 3847: 3845: 3843: 3826: 3820: 3803: 3797: 3792: 3786: 3781: 3775: 3769: 3763: 3757: 3751: 3745: 3739: 3723: 3717: 3716: 3714: 3712: 3698: 3692: 3686: 3680: 3667: 3661: 3655: 3649: 3648: 3646: 3644: 3621: 3615: 3614: 3612: 3610: 3596: 3590: 3589: 3587: 3585: 3568: 3562: 3561: 3559: 3557: 3543: 3534: 3528: 3527: 3525: 3523: 3509: 3503: 3502: 3500: 3498: 3484: 3478: 3477: 3471: 3463: 3457: 3456: 3450: 3442: 3436: 3435: 3429: 3425: 3423: 3415: 3413: 3411: 3380: 3374: 3373: 3371: 3361: 3355: 3354: 3352: 3350: 3335: 3329: 3328: 3326: 3324: 3310: 3304: 3303: 3301: 3299: 3285: 3279: 3278: 3276: 3274: 3260: 3254: 3253: 3251: 3249: 3235: 3229: 3223: 3217: 3214:First Krupp-Logo 3211: 3205: 3204: 3202: 3200: 3185: 3179: 3178: 3176: 3174: 3169:. Samson Rope Co 3163: 3157: 3150: 3144: 3143: 3141: 3139: 3125: 3116: 3107: 3106: 3094: 3088: 3087: 3085: 3083: 3068: 3059: 3058: 3042:Cozzolino, Mimmo 3038: 3027: 3025: 3019: 3010: 3009: 2999: 2993: 2986: 2980: 2979: 2978: 2968: 2962: 2955: 2949: 2948: 2936: 2928: 2919: 2918: 2911: 2900: 2899: 2897: 2895: 2881: 2875: 2874: 2854: 2848: 2847: 2845: 2825: 2819: 2818: 2812: 2804: 2795: 2794: 2780: 2774: 2773: 2771: 2747: 2741: 2740: 2722: 2716: 2715: 2713: 2711: 2697: 2691: 2690: 2688: 2686: 2672: 2666: 2665: 2658: 2652: 2649: 2640: 2639: 2637: 2635: 2608: 2602: 2601: 2599: 2597: 2586: 2580: 2579: 2577: 2575: 2559: 2553: 2552: 2550: 2548: 2542: 2534: 2528: 2527: 2525: 2523: 2514:. Archived from 2508: 2502: 2501: 2499: 2497: 2488:. Archived from 2482: 2476: 2475: 2473: 2471: 2461: 2455: 2454: 2452: 2450: 2440: 2434: 2419: 2362:Paris Convention 2356:Under Article 6 1721: 1714: 1710: 1707: 1701: 1678: 1670: 1666:Enforcing rights 1480: 1478: 1477: 1445: 1443: 1442: 1412: 1410: 1409: 1377: 1375: 1374: 1344: 1342: 1341: 1333:Berlin-Chemie AG 1309: 1307: 1306: 1276: 1274: 1273: 1241: 1239: 1238: 1208: 1206: 1205: 1173: 1171: 1170: 1120: 1082:Sony Corporation 1077:exclusive rights 942:-making company. 917:Trade-Mark Cases 885: 882: 802:Trade-Mark Cases 797:Copyright Clause 689:exclusive rights 595:trademark symbol 511:trademark symbol 412: 405: 398: 281:Brand protection 215:Peasants' rights 152: 138: 130:Trademark symbol 126: 110: 93: 86: 82: 79: 73: 45: 44: 37: 21: 18:Marca registrada 4853: 4852: 4848: 4847: 4846: 4844: 4843: 4842: 4803: 4802: 4801: 4796: 4773: 4764:Trademark troll 4759:Trademark share 4732: 4696: 4670: 4620: 4594: 4551: 4512:Chartered marks 4495: 4448: 4377: 4353:Madrid Protocol 4331: 4327: 4322: 4313:Parallel import 4228:Distinctiveness 4216: 4211: 4142: 4137: 4136: 4128: 4124: 4123: 4119: 4110: 4102: 4100:"Public Notice" 4098: 4097: 4093: 4083: 4081: 4074: 4070: 4069: 4065: 4057: 4053: 4048:Wayback Machine 4038: 4034: 4026: 4022: 4012: 4010: 4002: 4001: 3997: 3984: 3977: 3967: 3965: 3957: 3956: 3952: 3943: 3942: 3938: 3928: 3926: 3922: 3921: 3917: 3904: 3903: 3899: 3887: 3883: 3871: 3867: 3855: 3851: 3841: 3839: 3838:. 9 August 1996 3828: 3827: 3823: 3804: 3800: 3793: 3789: 3782: 3778: 3770: 3766: 3758: 3754: 3746: 3742: 3724: 3720: 3710: 3708: 3700: 3699: 3695: 3687: 3683: 3677:Wayback Machine 3668: 3664: 3656: 3652: 3642: 3640: 3638: 3623: 3622: 3618: 3608: 3606: 3598: 3597: 3593: 3583: 3581: 3578:TheGuardian.com 3570: 3569: 3565: 3555: 3553: 3541: 3536: 3535: 3531: 3521: 3519: 3511: 3510: 3506: 3496: 3494: 3486: 3485: 3481: 3469: 3465: 3464: 3460: 3448: 3444: 3443: 3439: 3426: 3416: 3409: 3407: 3405: 3382: 3381: 3377: 3369: 3363: 3362: 3358: 3348: 3346: 3337: 3336: 3332: 3322: 3320: 3312: 3311: 3307: 3297: 3295: 3287: 3286: 3282: 3272: 3270: 3264:"Madrid System" 3262: 3261: 3257: 3247: 3245: 3237: 3236: 3232: 3224: 3220: 3212: 3208: 3198: 3196: 3187: 3186: 3182: 3172: 3170: 3165: 3164: 3160: 3151: 3147: 3137: 3135: 3123: 3118: 3117: 3110: 3096: 3095: 3091: 3081: 3079: 3070: 3069: 3062: 3056: 3040: 3039: 3030: 3021: 3020: 3013: 3001: 3000: 2996: 2987: 2983: 2976: 2970: 2969: 2965: 2956: 2952: 2930: 2929: 2922: 2913: 2912: 2903: 2893: 2891: 2883: 2882: 2878: 2871: 2856: 2855: 2851: 2827: 2826: 2822: 2810: 2806: 2805: 2798: 2782: 2781: 2777: 2749: 2748: 2744: 2724: 2723: 2719: 2709: 2707: 2699: 2698: 2694: 2684: 2682: 2674: 2673: 2669: 2664:. 25 June 1997. 2660: 2659: 2655: 2650: 2643: 2633: 2631: 2629: 2610: 2609: 2605: 2595: 2593: 2588: 2587: 2583: 2573: 2571: 2561: 2560: 2556: 2546: 2544: 2540: 2536: 2535: 2531: 2521: 2519: 2510: 2509: 2505: 2495: 2493: 2484: 2483: 2479: 2469: 2467: 2463: 2462: 2458: 2448: 2446: 2442: 2441: 2437: 2421:The styling of 2420: 2416: 2411: 2394: 2381: 2351: 2313: 2307: 2271: 2263:Main articles: 2261: 2244: 2238: 2214: 2205: 2193: 2056: 2043: 2030: 2014:A trademark is 2012: 2006: 1998:media franchise 1941:By comparison, 1931: 1921: 1896:quality control 1880: 1875: 1858: 1843:, and a former 1802:First Amendment 1790: 1722: 1711: 1705: 1702: 1691: 1679: 1668: 1655: 1596: 1579: 1573: 1561: 1507: 1475: 1473: 1440: 1438: 1407: 1405: 1372: 1370: 1339: 1337: 1304: 1302: 1271: 1269: 1236: 1234: 1203: 1201: 1168: 1166: 1095: 1023: 962: 883: 865:New South Wales 853:South Australia 831: 807:Commerce Clause 718: 684: 640: 582: 523: 434:) is a type of 416: 380: 376: 291:Copyright troll 180:Farmers' rights 160:Authors' rights 136: 135: 134: 133: 132: 127: 118: 117: 116: 111: 94: 83: 77: 74: 59: 46: 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4851: 4849: 4841: 4840: 4835: 4830: 4825: 4820: 4815: 4805: 4804: 4798: 4797: 4795: 4794: 4789: 4784: 4778: 4775: 4774: 4772: 4771: 4766: 4761: 4756: 4751: 4746: 4740: 4738: 4734: 4733: 4731: 4730: 4725: 4720: 4715: 4713:Debian–Mozilla 4710: 4704: 4702: 4698: 4697: 4695: 4694: 4689: 4684: 4678: 4676: 4672: 4671: 4669: 4668: 4663: 4658: 4653: 4648: 4643: 4638: 4632: 4630: 4626: 4625: 4622: 4621: 4619: 4618: 4613: 4608: 4602: 4600: 4596: 4595: 4593: 4592: 4587: 4582: 4577: 4572: 4567: 4561: 4559: 4553: 4552: 4550: 4549: 4544: 4539: 4534: 4532:Font trademark 4529: 4524: 4519: 4514: 4509: 4503: 4501: 4497: 4496: 4494: 4493: 4488: 4483: 4478: 4473: 4467: 4465: 4456: 4450: 4449: 4447: 4446: 4441: 4439:United Kingdom 4436: 4431: 4426: 4421: 4416: 4411: 4406: 4404:European Union 4401: 4396: 4391: 4385: 4383: 4379: 4378: 4376: 4375: 4370: 4365: 4360: 4355: 4350: 4345: 4339: 4337: 4333: 4332: 4325: 4323: 4321: 4320: 4315: 4310: 4308:Cybersquatting 4305: 4300: 4295: 4293:Nominative use 4290: 4285: 4280: 4275: 4270: 4265: 4260: 4255: 4253:Priority right 4250: 4248:Concurrent use 4245: 4240: 4235: 4230: 4224: 4222: 4218: 4217: 4212: 4210: 4209: 4202: 4195: 4187: 4181: 4180: 4175: 4170: 4161: 4152: 4141: 4140:External links 4138: 4135: 4134: 4117: 4108: 4091: 4079:ipindia.nic.in 4063: 4051: 4032: 4020: 3995: 3975: 3950: 3936: 3915: 3897: 3889:15 U.S.C. 3881: 3865: 3857:15 U.S.C. 3849: 3821: 3798: 3787: 3776: 3764: 3752: 3740: 3718: 3693: 3681: 3662: 3650: 3636: 3616: 3591: 3563: 3529: 3504: 3479: 3458: 3437: 3428:|website= 3403: 3375: 3356: 3330: 3305: 3280: 3255: 3230: 3218: 3206: 3180: 3158: 3145: 3108: 3103:Trademark Blog 3089: 3060: 3054: 3028: 3011: 2994: 2981: 2963: 2950: 2939:Chisholm, Hugh 2920: 2901: 2876: 2869: 2849: 2843:10.3386/w13930 2820: 2796: 2775: 2742: 2717: 2692: 2667: 2653: 2641: 2627: 2621:. p. 22. 2603: 2581: 2554: 2529: 2503: 2477: 2456: 2435: 2431:Trade-mark Act 2413: 2412: 2410: 2407: 2406: 2405: 2400: 2393: 2390: 2380: 2377: 2350: 2347: 2317:European Union 2309:Main article: 2306: 2303: 2260: 2257: 2240:Main article: 2237: 2234: 2213: 2210: 2204: 2201: 2192: 2189: 2068:Cybersquatting 2055: 2052: 2042: 2039: 2029: 2026: 2008:Main article: 2005: 2002: 1977:enforce them. 1920: 1917: 1879: 1876: 1874: 1871: 1857: 1854: 1789: 1786: 1724: 1723: 1682: 1680: 1673: 1667: 1664: 1654: 1651: 1621:Aston v Harlee 1595: 1592: 1575:Main article: 1572: 1569: 1560: 1557: 1506: 1503: 1500: 1499: 1496: 1493: 1490: 1487: 1484: 1471: 1465: 1464: 1461: 1458: 1455: 1452: 1449: 1436: 1430: 1429: 1426: 1423: 1420: 1418: 1416: 1403: 1397: 1396: 1393: 1390: 1387: 1384: 1381: 1368: 1362: 1361: 1358: 1355: 1352: 1350: 1348: 1335: 1329: 1328: 1325: 1322: 1319: 1316: 1313: 1300: 1294: 1293: 1290: 1287: 1284: 1282: 1280: 1267: 1261: 1260: 1257: 1254: 1251: 1248: 1245: 1232: 1226: 1225: 1222: 1219: 1216: 1214: 1212: 1199: 1193: 1192: 1189: 1186: 1183: 1180: 1177: 1164: 1158: 1157: 1151: 1145: 1139: 1133: 1127: 1124: 1108:natural person 1094: 1091: 1022: 1019: 1015:trademark look 961: 958: 957: 956: 945: 944: 943: 932: 905: 894:United Kingdom 891: 830: 827: 822:United Kingdom 717: 714: 683: 680: 639: 636: 623: 622: 614: 602: 581: 578: 539:Lego Star Wars 531:the Lego Group 522: 519: 503:United Kingdom 426:(also written 418: 417: 415: 414: 407: 400: 392: 389: 388: 375: 374: 373: 372: 362: 357: 352: 347: 342: 341: 340: 338:Right to quote 335: 330: 325: 315: 310: 309: 308: 301:Bioprospecting 298: 293: 288: 283: 278: 273: 265: 264: 263:Related topics 260: 259: 258: 257: 252: 247: 242: 237: 232: 230:Related rights 227: 222: 217: 212: 207: 202: 197: 192: 187: 182: 177: 175:Database right 172: 167: 162: 154: 153: 145: 144: 128: 121: 120: 119: 112: 105: 104: 103: 102: 101: 96: 95: 56:of the subject 54:worldwide view 49: 47: 40: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4850: 4839: 4836: 4834: 4831: 4829: 4826: 4824: 4821: 4819: 4816: 4814: 4811: 4810: 4808: 4793: 4790: 4788: 4785: 4783: 4780: 4779: 4776: 4770: 4767: 4765: 4762: 4760: 4757: 4755: 4752: 4750: 4747: 4745: 4742: 4741: 4739: 4735: 4729: 4726: 4724: 4721: 4719: 4716: 4714: 4711: 4709: 4706: 4705: 4703: 4699: 4693: 4690: 4688: 4685: 4683: 4680: 4679: 4677: 4673: 4667: 4664: 4662: 4659: 4657: 4654: 4652: 4649: 4647: 4644: 4642: 4639: 4637: 4634: 4633: 4631: 4627: 4617: 4614: 4612: 4609: 4607: 4604: 4603: 4601: 4597: 4591: 4588: 4586: 4583: 4581: 4578: 4576: 4573: 4571: 4568: 4566: 4563: 4562: 4560: 4558: 4554: 4548: 4545: 4543: 4540: 4538: 4535: 4533: 4530: 4528: 4525: 4523: 4520: 4518: 4515: 4513: 4510: 4508: 4505: 4504: 4502: 4498: 4492: 4489: 4487: 4484: 4482: 4479: 4477: 4474: 4472: 4469: 4468: 4466: 4464: 4460: 4457: 4455: 4451: 4445: 4444:United States 4442: 4440: 4437: 4435: 4432: 4430: 4427: 4425: 4422: 4420: 4417: 4415: 4412: 4410: 4407: 4405: 4402: 4400: 4397: 4395: 4392: 4390: 4387: 4386: 4384: 4380: 4374: 4371: 4369: 4366: 4364: 4361: 4359: 4356: 4354: 4351: 4349: 4346: 4344: 4341: 4340: 4338: 4334: 4319: 4316: 4314: 4311: 4309: 4306: 4304: 4301: 4299: 4298:Disparagement 4296: 4294: 4291: 4289: 4286: 4284: 4281: 4279: 4276: 4274: 4271: 4269: 4266: 4264: 4261: 4259: 4256: 4254: 4251: 4249: 4246: 4244: 4241: 4239: 4236: 4234: 4231: 4229: 4226: 4225: 4223: 4219: 4215: 4214:Trademark law 4208: 4203: 4201: 4196: 4194: 4189: 4188: 4185: 4179: 4176: 4174: 4171: 4169: 4165: 4162: 4160: 4156: 4153: 4151: 4147: 4146:"Quick Facts" 4144: 4143: 4139: 4127: 4121: 4118: 4115: 4113: 4109: 4101: 4095: 4092: 4080: 4073: 4067: 4064: 4061: 4060:Cap 559, s.18 4055: 4052: 4049: 4045: 4042: 4036: 4033: 4030: 4024: 4021: 4009: 4008:www.uspto.gov 4005: 3999: 3996: 3992: 3988: 3982: 3980: 3976: 3964: 3960: 3954: 3951: 3946: 3940: 3937: 3925: 3919: 3916: 3911: 3907: 3901: 3898: 3894: 3890: 3885: 3882: 3878: 3874: 3869: 3866: 3862: 3858: 3853: 3850: 3837: 3836: 3831: 3825: 3822: 3818: 3817:Supreme Court 3814: 3810: 3809: 3802: 3799: 3796: 3791: 3788: 3785: 3780: 3777: 3773: 3768: 3765: 3761: 3756: 3753: 3749: 3744: 3741: 3737: 3736:archive.today 3733: 3730: 3729: 3722: 3719: 3707: 3703: 3697: 3694: 3690: 3685: 3682: 3678: 3674: 3671: 3666: 3663: 3659: 3654: 3651: 3639: 3637:9781413322941 3633: 3629: 3628: 3620: 3617: 3605: 3601: 3595: 3592: 3580: 3579: 3574: 3567: 3564: 3551: 3547: 3540: 3533: 3530: 3518: 3514: 3508: 3505: 3493: 3489: 3483: 3480: 3475: 3468: 3462: 3459: 3454: 3447: 3441: 3438: 3433: 3421: 3406: 3404:9789280532012 3400: 3396: 3392: 3388: 3387: 3379: 3376: 3368: 3367: 3360: 3357: 3345: 3341: 3334: 3331: 3319: 3315: 3309: 3306: 3294: 3290: 3284: 3281: 3269: 3265: 3259: 3256: 3244: 3240: 3234: 3231: 3227: 3222: 3219: 3215: 3210: 3207: 3194: 3190: 3184: 3181: 3168: 3162: 3159: 3155: 3149: 3146: 3133: 3129: 3122: 3115: 3113: 3109: 3104: 3100: 3093: 3090: 3078: 3074: 3067: 3065: 3061: 3057: 3051: 3047: 3043: 3037: 3035: 3033: 3029: 3024: 3018: 3016: 3012: 3007: 3006: 2998: 2995: 2991: 2985: 2982: 2975: 2974: 2967: 2964: 2960: 2954: 2951: 2946: 2945: 2940: 2935: 2927: 2925: 2921: 2916: 2910: 2908: 2906: 2902: 2890: 2886: 2880: 2877: 2872: 2870:9781444318203 2866: 2862: 2861: 2853: 2850: 2844: 2839: 2835: 2831: 2824: 2821: 2816: 2809: 2803: 2801: 2797: 2792: 2791: 2786: 2779: 2776: 2770: 2765: 2761: 2757: 2753: 2746: 2743: 2738: 2734: 2733: 2728: 2721: 2718: 2706: 2705:www.uspto.gov 2702: 2696: 2693: 2681: 2677: 2671: 2668: 2663: 2657: 2654: 2648: 2646: 2642: 2630: 2624: 2620: 2616: 2615: 2607: 2604: 2591: 2585: 2582: 2569: 2565: 2558: 2555: 2539: 2533: 2530: 2517: 2513: 2507: 2504: 2491: 2487: 2481: 2478: 2466: 2460: 2457: 2445: 2439: 2436: 2432: 2428: 2424: 2418: 2415: 2408: 2404: 2401: 2399: 2396: 2395: 2391: 2389: 2385: 2378: 2376: 2372: 2370: 2365: 2363: 2359: 2354: 2348: 2346: 2343: 2339: 2335: 2332: 2330: 2326: 2322: 2318: 2312: 2304: 2302: 2299: 2294: 2292: 2288: 2284: 2280: 2276: 2270: 2266: 2258: 2256: 2252: 2250: 2243: 2242:Madrid system 2236:Madrid system 2235: 2233: 2230: 2229:harmonization 2226: 2222: 2219: 2211: 2209: 2202: 2200: 2198: 2190: 2188: 2186: 2182: 2177: 2173: 2171: 2165: 2163: 2159: 2153: 2151: 2147: 2143: 2138: 2136: 2131: 2127: 2125: 2121: 2116: 2114: 2113: 2107: 2105: 2104: 2099: 2095: 2094: 2088: 2085: 2079: 2077: 2073: 2072:Typosquatters 2069: 2064: 2061: 2053: 2051: 2047: 2040: 2038: 2035: 2027: 2025: 2022: 2017: 2011: 2003: 2001: 1999: 1995: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1978: 1974: 1972: 1966: 1964: 1963:public domain 1959: 1957: 1951: 1949: 1948:public domain 1944: 1939: 1936: 1930: 1926: 1918: 1916: 1912: 1909: 1905: 1902: 1897: 1891: 1889: 1886:objective of 1885: 1884:public policy 1878:Public policy 1877: 1873:Other aspects 1872: 1870: 1868: 1862: 1855: 1853: 1851: 1848: 1847: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1829: 1826: 1821: 1814: 1809: 1805: 1803: 1799: 1795: 1787: 1785: 1783: 1777: 1775: 1772:infringement 1769: 1767: 1763: 1759: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1742: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1720: 1717: 1709: 1706:February 2008 1699: 1695: 1689: 1688: 1683:This section 1681: 1677: 1672: 1671: 1665: 1663: 1659: 1652: 1650: 1646: 1644: 1640: 1639: 1634: 1633:public domain 1630: 1625: 1623: 1622: 1617: 1612: 1610: 1604: 1600: 1593: 1591: 1589: 1585: 1578: 1570: 1568: 1566: 1558: 1556: 1554: 1549: 1546: 1544: 1540: 1536: 1531: 1527: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1516:due diligence 1512: 1504: 1497: 1494: 1491: 1488: 1485: 1483: 1482:United States 1472: 1470: 1467: 1466: 1462: 1459: 1456: 1453: 1450: 1448: 1437: 1435: 1432: 1431: 1427: 1424: 1421: 1419: 1417: 1415: 1404: 1402: 1399: 1398: 1394: 1391: 1388: 1385: 1382: 1380: 1369: 1367: 1364: 1363: 1359: 1356: 1353: 1351: 1349: 1347: 1336: 1334: 1331: 1330: 1326: 1323: 1320: 1317: 1314: 1312: 1301: 1299: 1296: 1295: 1291: 1288: 1285: 1283: 1281: 1279: 1268: 1266: 1263: 1262: 1258: 1255: 1252: 1249: 1246: 1244: 1233: 1231: 1228: 1227: 1223: 1220: 1217: 1215: 1213: 1211: 1200: 1198: 1195: 1194: 1190: 1187: 1184: 1181: 1178: 1176: 1165: 1163: 1160: 1159: 1156: 1152: 1150: 1146: 1144: 1140: 1138: 1134: 1132: 1128: 1125: 1122: 1121: 1115: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1100: 1092: 1090: 1086: 1083: 1078: 1074: 1069: 1067: 1062: 1059: 1055: 1049: 1046: 1041: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1020: 1018: 1016: 1011: 1009: 1005: 1001: 997: 993: 988: 986: 982: 978: 971: 970:Burberry Ltd. 966: 959: 953: 949: 946: 941: 937: 933: 930: 927: 923: 919: 918: 912: 911: 909: 908:United States 906: 903: 899: 895: 892: 889: 878: 874: 870: 866: 862: 858: 854: 850: 847: 846: 845: 839: 835: 828: 826: 823: 819: 814: 812: 808: 804: 803: 798: 794: 790: 789:United States 785: 782: 781: 776: 772: 766: 764: 760: 756: 752: 751:Stella Artois 748: 744: 740: 731: 722: 715: 713: 711: 707: 702: 699: 697: 692: 690: 681: 679: 677: 676:United States 673: 668: 663: 661: 657: 653: 649: 645: 637: 635: 633: 629: 620: 619: 615: 612: 608: 607: 603: 600: 596: 592: 591: 587: 586: 585: 579: 577: 575: 571: 565: 563: 559: 555: 550: 548: 544: 540: 536: 532: 528: 520: 518: 516: 513:) and ® (the 512: 507: 504: 500: 496: 492: 488: 483: 481: 480:service marks 477: 473: 469: 465: 461: 457: 453: 449: 445: 441: 437: 433: 429: 425: 413: 408: 406: 401: 399: 394: 393: 391: 390: 387: 383: 379: 371: 368: 367: 366: 363: 361: 360:Public domain 358: 356: 353: 351: 348: 346: 343: 339: 336: 334: 331: 329: 326: 324: 321: 320: 319: 316: 314: 311: 307: 304: 303: 302: 299: 297: 294: 292: 289: 287: 284: 282: 279: 277: 274: 272: 269: 268: 267: 266: 261: 256: 255:Utility model 253: 251: 248: 246: 243: 241: 238: 236: 233: 231: 228: 226: 223: 221: 218: 216: 213: 211: 208: 206: 203: 201: 198: 196: 193: 191: 188: 186: 183: 181: 178: 176: 173: 171: 168: 166: 163: 161: 158: 157: 156: 155: 151: 147: 146: 143: 139: 131: 125: 115: 109: 100: 92: 89: 81: 71: 67: 63: 57: 55: 48: 39: 38: 33: 19: 4500:Non-standard 4476:Service mark 4213: 4120: 4094: 4082:. Retrieved 4078: 4066: 4054: 4035: 4023: 4011:. Retrieved 4007: 3998: 3990: 3966:. Retrieved 3963:www.wipo.int 3962: 3953: 3939: 3927:. Retrieved 3918: 3909: 3906:"Trademarks" 3900: 3884: 3876: 3872: 3868: 3852: 3840:. Retrieved 3833: 3824: 3806: 3801: 3790: 3779: 3771: 3767: 3759: 3755: 3743: 3727: 3721: 3709:. Retrieved 3705: 3696: 3684: 3665: 3653: 3641:. Retrieved 3626: 3619: 3607:. Retrieved 3603: 3594: 3582:. Retrieved 3576: 3566: 3554:. Retrieved 3552:(3): 548–552 3549: 3545: 3532: 3520:. Retrieved 3516: 3507: 3495:. Retrieved 3491: 3482: 3473: 3461: 3452: 3440: 3408:. Retrieved 3385: 3378: 3365: 3359: 3349:15 September 3347:. Retrieved 3343: 3333: 3323:15 September 3321:. Retrieved 3317: 3308: 3298:15 September 3296:. Retrieved 3293:www.wipo.int 3292: 3283: 3273:15 September 3271:. Retrieved 3267: 3258: 3246:. Retrieved 3242: 3233: 3221: 3209: 3197:. Retrieved 3192: 3183: 3171:. Retrieved 3161: 3148: 3136:. Retrieved 3131: 3127: 3102: 3092: 3080:. Retrieved 3076: 3045: 3004: 2997: 2984: 2972: 2966: 2958: 2953: 2942: 2892:. Retrieved 2888: 2879: 2859: 2852: 2833: 2823: 2814: 2788: 2778: 2759: 2755: 2745: 2736: 2730: 2720: 2708:. Retrieved 2704: 2695: 2683:. Retrieved 2679: 2670: 2656: 2632:. Retrieved 2613: 2606: 2594:. Retrieved 2584: 2572:. Retrieved 2567: 2557: 2545:. Retrieved 2532: 2520:. Retrieved 2516:the original 2506: 2494:. Retrieved 2490:the original 2480: 2468:. Retrieved 2459: 2447:. Retrieved 2438: 2430: 2426: 2422: 2417: 2398:Article 6ter 2386: 2382: 2373: 2366: 2357: 2355: 2352: 2340: 2336: 2333: 2314: 2295: 2272: 2253: 2245: 2215: 2206: 2194: 2178: 2174: 2166: 2157: 2154: 2139: 2132: 2128: 2119: 2117: 2110: 2108: 2101: 2091: 2089: 2080: 2065: 2057: 2054:Domain names 2048: 2044: 2031: 2015: 2013: 1979: 1975: 1967: 1960: 1952: 1940: 1932: 1913: 1907: 1903: 1900: 1892: 1881: 1863: 1859: 1844: 1830: 1822: 1818: 1791: 1778: 1770: 1743: 1738: 1730: 1727: 1712: 1703: 1692:Please help 1687:verification 1684: 1660: 1656: 1647: 1636: 1628: 1626: 1619: 1615: 1613: 1609:acquiescence 1605: 1601: 1597: 1587: 1580: 1562: 1550: 1547: 1532: 1528: 1508: 1154: 1148: 1142: 1136: 1130: 1112:legal entity 1096: 1087: 1070: 1063: 1050: 1024: 1021:Registration 1012: 989: 974: 915: 898:Bass Brewery 843: 838:Bass Brewery 815: 800: 786: 778: 767: 747:Roman Empire 736: 703: 700: 693: 685: 672:service mark 666: 664: 641: 624: 616: 611:service mark 604: 588: 583: 566: 554:legal action 551: 547:brand piracy 545:is known as 524: 508: 484: 464:legal entity 431: 427: 423: 421: 386:Property law 377: 355:Pirate Party 350:Patent troll 333:Paraphrasing 323:Fair dealing 249: 245:Trade secret 205:Moral rights 99: 84: 78:January 2024 75: 51: 4718:Stolichnaya 4537:Ghost marks 4481:Trade dress 4434:Philippines 4243:Passing off 4084:31 December 3893:§ 1125 3861:§ 1125 3842:26 December 3813:2005 SCC 65 3243:tramatm.com 3134:(1): 31, 34 2894:15 December 2762:(11): 246. 2676:"trademark" 2522:27 December 2496:22 December 2470:22 December 2449:13 December 2369:passing off 2342:Oppositions 2162:passing off 2076:Gripe sites 1956:trade dress 1841:Volkswagens 1762:passing off 1629:abandonment 1104:Swiss franc 1035:marketplace 1031:Proprietary 960:Terminology 884: 1850 871:(1876) and 780:prima facie 739:blacksmiths 487:legislative 345:Orphan work 271:Abandonware 240:Trade dress 4813:Trademarks 4807:Categories 3609:25 October 3248:1 November 3082:14 January 2596:5 February 2574:5 February 2547:5 February 2427:trade mark 2409:References 2146:Nominet UK 1923:See also: 1780:rights is 1750:reputation 1746:Common Law 1731:well known 1535:LexisNexis 1524:good faith 1123:Applicant 1045:common law 1008:synonymous 857:Queensland 811:Lanham Act 570:adjectives 485:The first 448:expression 432:trade-mark 428:trade mark 4787:Case laws 4723:Ugg boots 4708:Budweiser 4409:Hong Kong 4389:Australia 3895:(d)(1)(A) 3643:2 October 3430:ignored ( 3420:cite book 3410:26 August 3167:"History" 2756:Religions 2739:(2): 233. 2423:trademark 2158:confusion 2041:Licensing 1943:copyright 1584:consumers 1543:CompuMark 849:Australia 763:Henry III 755:Löwenbräu 741:who made 667:trademark 665:The term 535:Lucasfilm 491:Henry III 462:, or any 424:trademark 306:Biopiracy 250:Trademark 170:Copyright 66:talk page 4701:Disputes 4491:Wordmark 4463:Standard 4336:Treaties 4283:Fair use 4233:Dilution 4221:Concepts 4044:Archived 3819:(Canada) 3732:Archived 3673:Archived 3474:wipo.int 2710:24 April 2685:24 April 2392:See also 2287:internet 2221:treaties 2191:Security 2034:goodwill 2004:Dilution 1971:estoppel 1901:see, ex. 1798:fair use 1766:business 1754:goodwill 1366:Shiseido 1298:Novartis 1243:Bulgaria 1155:in 2023 1149:in 2022 1143:in 2021 1137:in 2020 1131:in 2019 1027:property 869:Victoria 863:(1864), 861:Tasmania 793:Congress 708:into 45 696:identity 556:against 382:Property 328:Fair use 165:Copyleft 60:You may 4737:Related 4675:Symbols 4599:Related 4419:Ireland 4382:Country 4166:by the 4157:by the 4148:by the 4131:. 2017. 4013:18 June 3968:18 June 3811:, 3711:29 July 3522:17 July 3497:10 July 3199:11 June 3173:11 June 3138:11 June 2941:(ed.). 2817:. 2022. 2360:of the 2016:diluted 1994:license 1990:company 1846:Playboy 1774:lawsuit 1643:generic 1624:cases. 1616:non-use 1590:case.) 1346:Germany 1311:Germany 1278:Germany 1210:Germany 1162:L'Oreal 1126:Origin 979:" and " 948:Germany 867:(1895) 820:in the 787:In the 745:in the 716:History 660:jingles 501:of the 476:voucher 468:package 456:service 452:product 4823:Brands 4629:Bodies 4611:Emblem 4394:Canada 3929:3 July 3891: 3859: 3634: 3584:3 July 3556:27 May 3401: 3052: 2867: 2634:27 May 2625: 2170:Amazon 1986:Tarzan 1935:patent 1825:Maytag 1739:famous 1541:, and 1539:Dialog 1505:Search 1479: 1444: 1434:Huawei 1411: 1376: 1343: 1308: 1275: 1240: 1207: 1175:France 1172: 1073:bundle 985:device 936:Samson 743:swords 652:design 648:symbol 638:Styles 593:(the " 495:France 444:design 210:Patent 4656:ICANN 4651:USPTO 4646:EUIPO 4606:Brand 4454:Types 4424:Japan 4414:India 4399:China 4358:TRIPS 4129:(PDF) 4103:(PDF) 4075:(PDF) 3910:USPTO 3542:(PDF) 3517:USPTO 3470:(PDF) 3449:(PDF) 3370:(PDF) 3154:11210 3124:(PDF) 2977:(PDF) 2937:. In 2811:(PDF) 2541:(PDF) 2181:ICANN 2021:Pepsi 1511:USPTO 1469:Apple 1447:China 1414:Japan 1379:Japan 1110:or a 977:brand 955:1853. 952:Krupp 924: 725:2009. 527:brand 521:Usage 472:label 446:, or 68:, or 4666:CIPO 4636:WIPO 4616:Logo 4429:Oman 4086:2018 4015:2024 3970:2024 3931:2016 3844:2012 3713:2018 3645:2020 3632:ISBN 3611:2020 3586:2016 3558:2022 3524:2021 3499:2021 3453:WIPO 3432:help 3412:2021 3399:ISBN 3351:2021 3325:2021 3300:2021 3275:2021 3250:2021 3201:2013 3175:2013 3140:2013 3084:2020 3050:ISBN 2896:2019 2865:ISBN 2815:WIPO 2712:2024 2687:2024 2636:2022 2623:ISBN 2619:Nolo 2598:2023 2576:2023 2549:2023 2524:2012 2498:2012 2472:2012 2451:2011 2296:The 2273:The 2267:and 2098:HTML 1927:and 1833:Audi 1758:tort 1486:104 1457:106 1454:197 1451:164 1395:103 1386:130 1360:107 1327:110 1324:131 1318:233 1315:129 1292:110 1259:118 1256:120 1224:124 1191:199 1188:170 1185:187 1182:115 1179:193 1097:The 998:and 981:logo 940:rope 926:U.S. 859:and 816:The 644:logo 574:LEGO 474:, a 470:, a 440:sign 384:and 3863:(c) 3391:doi 2838:doi 2764:doi 2358:bis 2331:). 2197:IPR 2160:or 2150:DRS 2148:'s 2109:In 1837:BMW 1760:of 1752:or 1696:by 1522:in 1498:74 1495:47 1492:92 1489:80 1463:78 1460:80 1428:79 1425:51 1422:21 1392:98 1389:93 1383:70 1321:94 1289:54 1286:60 1253:93 1250:84 1247:48 1221:39 1218:56 1075:of 1013:A " 922:100 902:ale 454:or 430:or 4809:: 4111:^ 4077:. 4006:. 3978:^ 3961:. 3908:. 3832:. 3815:, 3704:. 3602:. 3575:. 3550:16 3548:. 3544:. 3515:. 3490:. 3472:. 3451:. 3424:: 3422:}} 3418:{{ 3397:. 3342:. 3316:. 3291:. 3266:. 3241:. 3191:. 3132:93 3130:. 3126:. 3111:^ 3101:. 3075:. 3063:^ 3031:^ 3014:^ 2923:^ 2904:^ 2887:. 2836:. 2832:. 2813:. 2799:^ 2787:. 2758:. 2754:. 2737:49 2735:. 2729:. 2703:. 2678:. 2644:^ 2566:. 2293:. 2126:. 2000:. 1804:. 1741:. 1737:, 1555:. 1545:. 1537:, 1526:. 1520:IP 1357:3 1354:1 1029:. 994:, 929:82 920:, 881:c. 791:, 678:. 650:, 646:, 549:. 482:. 442:, 422:A 4206:e 4199:t 4192:v 4105:. 4088:. 4017:. 3972:. 3947:. 3933:. 3846:. 3715:. 3647:. 3613:. 3588:. 3560:. 3526:. 3501:. 3476:. 3434:) 3414:. 3393:: 3353:. 3327:. 3302:. 3277:. 3252:. 3203:. 3177:. 3142:. 3105:. 3086:. 2917:. 2898:. 2873:. 2846:. 2840:: 2793:. 2772:. 2766:: 2760:8 2714:. 2689:. 2638:. 2600:. 2578:. 2551:. 2526:. 2500:. 2474:. 2453:. 1954:' 1719:) 1713:( 1708:) 1704:( 1690:. 618:® 606:℠ 590:™ 411:e 404:t 397:v 91:) 85:( 80:) 76:( 58:. 34:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index