575:, three eights went to Venice, and the remaining three eights to the other Crusaders. The Cyclades were not mentioned as such, contrary to the Sporades or the Ionian Islands. Only Andros and Tinos were mentioned: the former was given to Venice and the latter to the Emperor. Historians have tried to identify the others Cycladic islands in the text but nothing is really convincing. Paul Hetherington suggest two simple explanations for the absence of the Cyclades, even the bigger ones such as Naxos, in the text. The treaty was drafted using the Byzantine taxes of 1203 and they were no longer collected on most of the islands. Venice might also have done it deliberately as the Republic was the only one with a real geographic knowledge of the Aegean. Thus, the Republic kept aside essential stopping points on its trade routes.
546:
2007:
808:
654:
579:
245:
430:
841:, he writes about the Greek resistance to the Latins. Reading that text, we can infer that the island he was living on, Kea, was not conquered at the time he wrote (1212). He suggests in the same poem a failed attempt of conquest of the Cyclades in 1205, but there is no mention of Marco Sanudo. It might then be necessary to suggest a later date for the conquest of the Cyclades by the Venetians.
945:
281:(978–979). The last Candiani (11th century) may have tried to take power in the Republic and keep it hereditarily in their family. Thus discredited, the name disappeared, and afterwards, only the Sanudo family exists. Note: Candiano derives from Candia, as Crete was called in Venetian, so, "Candiano" means "the Cretan", as "Napolitano" means "the Neapolitan".
695:, threatening the Venetian power. The Republic armed a fleet to oust them. Marco Sanudo took part to the expedition in Crete because the Genoans there were a threat to his island. Enrico Pescatore, working for Genoa, with a fleet comprising eight galleys had set foot in Crete in 1206. The Venetian fleet captured four Genoan galleys in
208:, in which he copied Andrea Dandolo's account and introduced the idea of the Venetian Republic giving to its citizens the official right to conquer lands in the Orient, as long as they would never be transmitted to a non-Venetian. This rule, asserted in the 15th century, is thus extended to the start of the 13th century by Biondo.
800:
insecurity caused by the pirates in the Aegean at the time and only the
Venetian fleet was strong enough to fight them. Locals did not care that the new lords were private persons and not captains in the service of Venice. Better them than the insecurity. Also, Sanudo did not alienate the Greek ruling class: the
920:) are known for that time: half were in Greek hands. It seems there was enough unclaimed lands and lands taken from the ancient Byzantine public domain for Sanudo to give to his new "Franks" vassals without confiscating Greek properties. At the same time, in Crete, Venice confiscated the properties of the Greek
927:
The "Frankish" feudal system was simply added to the ancient
Byzantine administrative one kept by the new lords: the ancient Byzantine administrative organisation was used for the new feudal taxes and corvées and the Byzantine agricultural techniques were used on the new fiefs. Byzantine law was also
625:
610:
and Marco Sanudo was among them. The main objective of the mission was to avoid that
Boniface sold Crete to the Republic of Genoa, as he had announced. On the 12th of August 1204, the Treaty of Adrianople between Boniface and Venice was signed. The Republic got the island of Crete and guaranteed to
972:
Sanudo changed the face of the island itself by moving the capital (the actual Naxos-town or Chora) from the interior to the seaside, where it used to be during the
Antiquity. Its harbor was even better than Potamides. He built at least one pier. Some sources even say he link the mainland with the
935:
Quickly, the two communities became more and more close. The "noblemen", Italians as well as Greeks, were speaking
Italian, called by all the Greeks "Frank" and the lower classes spoke a blending of the two languages, an "italohellenic". Thus, they were able to understand each other on some level.
632:
The
Republic of Venice was afraid that its rival, the Republic of Genoa, would take advantage of the troubled situation in the Eastern Mediterranean to gain ground. Venice could barely buy Crete just before Genoa. Even then, the Ligurian republic threatened its rival with war if it did not abandon
992:
Non-Greeks were very few in Sanudo's duchy, around 10% of the population of the "capital island" Naxos, i.e. around 300 people. On the other islands, the proportion was less: not higher than 5%. So, "Latin" and "Greek" ruling classes rapidly mingled. Moreover, the "Latins" were almost exclusively
644:
was essential. Sanudo's fleet landed on the South-West of the island, near
Potamides. The local population did not oppose them. The main objective was the Byzantine fortress of Apalyrou, approximately three kilometers inland. It was guarded by Greek and Genoan troops. According to some sources,
711:
The authorization given by
Venetian and Imperial authorities gave ideas to other adventurers. A new expedition, still privately financed, set sail in 1206-1207. That year, Marco Sanudo controlled all Cyclades with his companions or relatives. His cousin Marino Dandolo (another nephew of Enrico
326:
Marco Sanudo's date of birth is not known for certain. It is often calculated by deducing his probable age at his probable death. According to the Père
Saulger, he would have been 67 in 1220. He might therefore have been born around 1153. He is first mentioned in the medieval chronicles aboard
888:
Thus, the feudal system was applied to the Aegean islands. Except for the Ghisi who might have been direct vassals of the
Emperor, all the Italians in the Cyclades were Marco Sanudo's vassals, himself vassal of the Emperor. Sanudo rewarded his soldiers and sailors who conquered the islands by
799:
The conquest seems to have been relatively easy. There are no accounts of battles or fighting. It seems that all the conquerors had to do was to show up in the principal harbour of an island and announce they were taking charge. Historians suggest some explanations. The first is linked to the
956:
Sanudo ruled directly over Naxos and Milos and appointed governors on all the other islands. According to Father Saulger, Sanudo created all the institutions of the Duchy, but according to B. J. Slot, there is no real proof of that fact. Marco Sanudo might have been helped by a council
553:
In July 1203, the Crusaders took Constantinople and put Alexios IV Angelos on the throne, as promised. But, the fire in August brought him down. Hostility between the Crusaders and the inhabitants of Constantinople was also growing. Fighting between the Crusaders and the troops of
977:, his fortress. It comprised the palace, the exterior walls, a keep, a gothic chapel (since destroyed), the houses of the Latin families and the Catholic cathedral. Greeks built their houses between the harbor and the fortress, in the Bourgou and Neochorio suburbs.
885:). By that homage, Sanudo chose to become the vassal of the Emperor to avoid ending up as a mere governor of the islands in the name of Venice. Thus, he made sure his conquests became his own properties, in exchange of the usual feudal obligations: aid and counsel.
611:
Boniface the possession of the Kingdom of Thessalonica. Some medieval chronicles -after the one by Enrico Dandolo (1360–1362)- say that this Treaty of Adrianople explicitly gave Marco Sanudo lands on Crete. But the original text, preserved, says no such thing.
528:
crushed the very pirates the Republic had created to cripple Venetian (and Byzantine) trade. The Genoan district in Constantinople became larger in 1201. The Pisan influence grew also in Thessaloniki. Venice could not let these go unaddressed. When
928:
used for the local Greek population being for the marriages or the properties. It was the same for the religious organisation: even if the Catholic hierarchy was in power, an Orthodox hierarchy still existed (albeit without a bishop but with a
350:
and Constantinople, but with no other details. But, his name is not among those of the officers commanding galleys. It is probable he was aboard a galley commanded by one of his brothers (Bernardo or Lunardo) or by his uncle Enrico Dandolo.
400:. But quickly, the central government was no longer capable to control these small and scattered lands. At the beginning of the 13th century, it had given up the very idea altogether. It appears the Cyclades might then have been ruled from
699:, then patrolled the Cretan seas, boarding all ships. But no attempt was made to land on and recapture the island. At the end of the campaign, the Venetian fleet went back home and Sanudo sailed to Constantinople to get the new Emperor's (
849:
Marco Sanudo was the initiator of the two main political lines of all the rulers of the Duchy of Archipelago throughout its existence: independence from the Republic of Venice and good relations with the Greek population of his islands.
256:
where Marco Sanudo's ancestors held charges. The family came to the Venetian islands at the beginning of the 9th century after their city was destroyed. The family may have for a time been called Candiano and under that name given
820:
Guillaume Saint-Guillain, in an article published in 2006, after working on the many medieval chronicles and showing they are unreliable, uses documents produced by the contemporaries of Marco Sanudo. Thus, the
1824:
Guillaume Saint-Guillain, «Les Conquérants de l'Archipel. L'Empire latin de Constantinople, Venise et les premiers seigneurs des Cyclades.», in Gherardo Ortali, Giorgio Ravegnani et Peter Schreiner (dir.),
215:
in the 16th century. He combined different older chronicles to create a coherent story based on the accounts of the two Dandolos. His version is the one used by all later writers and historians, such as
637:'s and the Latin Emperor's blessings, armed with his own money eight galleys that had been entrusted to him in order to fight the Genoans. All the sailors were Venetians and came on their own accord.
837:
in which he refused to take charge of the vacant bishop seat of Paros-Naxos. It seems improbable that he would have fled the Latins in Athens to go into Latin-conquered lands on Naxos. In his poem
602:
and Crete. But Macedonia had not been conquered, when the Latin imperial army began the conquest, Boniface rebelled, considering the Emperor was trying to take his share from him. So, he besieged
973:
islet on which the temple is built. Some say that the chapel of Myrtidiotissa on a small islet in the middle of the harbor was built on the medieval pier. On the old acropolis, Sanudo built his
537:
to help him become Emperor, they could not refuse. A new Emperor, owing his throne to the crusaders and Venice, was what the city needed to regain its commercial power in the Byzantine Empire.
633:
the big island. The war was inevitable and started. At the beginning of 1205, the news reached Constantinople that a Genoan fleet had just arrived in the Aegean. Marco Sanudo, with his uncle
676:
In July 1205, Sanudo left for Venice, carrying the news of the death of the Doge, and also to get the confirmation of his conquest. There, he took part to the election of the new Doge,
103:
All biographies of Marco Sanudo were written in the centuries after the facts they tell. Most of them are Venetian chronicles dating from the 14th and 15th centuries. In the first one,
748:
went to Leonardo Foscolo. Pietro Guistianini and Domenico Michieli each received a quarter of Serifos and a quarter of Kea. Marco Sanudo took a dozen of the bigger islands: Naxos,
561:
Finally, on the 13th of April 1204, the Crusaders, or as they became called "Latins" or "Franks", again took Constantinople and divided the conquered Byzantine Empire. The treaty
598:, given to Boniface, by Venice. Boniface de Montferrat was to close to the Genoans for the Venetians. Thus, he was not elected Latin Emperor and was given, as compensation, the
924:
and in doing so alienated them for the following centuries during which the Republic had to face numerous rebellions. Marco Sanudo never had any trouble with "his" locals.
1573:
It's the date generally used by all sources, although there are no real proof the homage took place then. 1207, 1209 and 1212 have also been suggested (J.K. Fotheringham,
804:. He let them keep their properties, their privileges and their religion. Thus, nothing was to be feared from a local population controlled by the local ruling class.
284:
Four generations after Pietro IV, a Marco Sanudo is recorded (second half of the 11th century) as a "councilor" and "captain". He might also have been ambassador to
196:. But the text is not reliable; most of it is either invented or contradicted by official documents. Also, it is the first text to state that Marco Sanudo and Doge
2110:
315:
Bernardo Sanudo, as a young man, was among the electors of Doge Enrico Dandolo in 1192. Lunardo was one of the officers commanding the Venetian fleet attacking
645:
Sanudo burned his own vessels to motivate his soldiers. The siege lasted for five weeks. The capture of the fortress gave Sanudo control of the whole island.
673:
and the Council of the Venetians assured him there would be no problem. But, one condition was made: Naxos could only go to a Venetian after Sanudo's death.
1171:
Mihail-Dimitri Sturdza, Dictionnaire Historique et Généalogique des Grandes Familles de Grèce, d'Albanie et de Constantinople, Paris: Sturdza, 1983, p. 549
969:(in Greek), commander in chief of the troops, a treasurer, a chancellor and a judicial administration. The Duchy also had its own currency: the ducat.
2115:
1931:
188:
A chronicle in Venetian dated 1360-1362 and attributed to an Enrico Dandolo gives a short biography of Marco Sanudo, starting with his struggle in
1517:, p. 182, using archives says that the Ghisi came to the Aegean only half a century later. Thus they could not have taken part to this expedition.
877:. It is probable that it was this Duchy that created the word "archipelago" from the Venetian, a deformation of the Greek name of the Aegean Sea
961:) inspired by the Venetian institution. Greeks and Latins were members of that council. Sanudo might have instituted the political fonction of
909:. When the news that yeomen could become knights in Greece reached other lands, a new wave of adventurers arrived from Italy, France or Spain.
834:
421:
At that time, inhabitants left villages by the sea to create new ones in the mountains, such as the villages on the Traghea plateau on Naxos.
2135:
2130:
453:, the first stages of the silk road. Trade routes of both cities were almost identical. Venetian boats ran alongside the East coast of the
220:
in 1915. Guillaume Saint-Guillain, in a 2004 article, suggests another interpretation, based on his recent works on official documents.
591:
563:
129:) around 1350. This text is the first to relate the conquest of the Aegean islands and has been the foundation of all later accounts:
57:
2125:
1862:
1834:
1816:
1802:
485:
to Constantinople, or via Crete, Alexandria and Syria to Egypt. The Genoan ships ran alongside the West coast of Italy, crossed the
1096:
The Sanudo family, Dukes of the Greek Archipelago and Kings of Candia, Founders of Venice, Vol 1., History Institute of Rome, Italy
993:
male and Catholic families were not willing to marry their daughters so far away. So, the Latin male lords found wives in Greece.
567:
was probably drafted during the autumn of 1204 by a commission of 24 people (12 Venetians, 12 non-Venetians). One fourth went to
336:
545:
1844:
211:
The most commonly used chronicle, because it gives a lot of geographical and chronological details, is the one written by
1924:
1038:
792:(where the Castelli and the Gozzadini were his vassals). Some chronicles suggest that he might have already conquered
666:
568:
1996:
369:
607:
332:
323:(Commander of a portion of the Venetian fleet) for Enrico Dandolo during the conquest of Constantinople in 1204.
2120:
1940:
662:
217:
68:
23:
1917:
1891:
1077:
1034:
599:
108:
736:). The Pisani shared Kea with the Ghisi and with the Michieli and the Guistiniani. Jaccopo Barozzi (from
684:. In fact, this right was given to all Venetian citizens for all the Byzantine lands not included in the
2100:
2006:
1069:(1983) by Mihail-Dimitri Sturdza rejected the theory based on the silence of Byzantine primary sources.
1067:"Dictionnaire historique et Généalogique des grandes familles de Grèce, d'Albanie et de Constantinople"
2105:
2069:
1058:
822:
661:
Marco Sanudo had to have his conquest certified by the Latin Empire's authorities. But, the Emperor
2054:
2044:
1062:
517:
316:
308:(the "Constantinopolitan"). He had a son, Pietro, of whom we only know that he married a sister of
270:
63:
Between 1205 and 1207, or a little after 1213-1214, he gathered a fleet and captured the island of
1855:
Archipelagus Turbatus. Les Cyclades entre colonisation latine et occupation ottomane. c.1500–1718.
807:
653:
520:
resented Venetian control of the Byzantine trade. He tried to give more room to Genoa, as well as
2059:
2024:
1991:
530:
438:
418:". But even he was not able to collect the taxes, mainly because of Genoese and Turkish pirates.
373:
274:
266:
49:
1045:. In a very short time, the whole political landscape of Frankish Greece was radically altered.
965:, who was supposed to replace him when he was away (which he was repeatedly). There also were a
680:. He was then authorized to take, as private property, all Cycladic islands not included in the
288:
where he might have negotiated the Byzantine Emperor's recognition of Venice's domination over
2079:
2049:
2039:
1977:
1858:
1830:
1812:
1798:
1783:
1030:
866:
826:
700:
490:
486:
442:
262:
227:, another widely used account, was written in the second half of the 17th century by a French
88:
28:"Duca del Mare Egeo e Re di Candia", Barone delle Isole di Nasso, Pario, Milo, Marine ed Andri
2029:
1972:
1042:
1022:
905:, living from the income of their lands. They became a new social elite alongside the Greek
555:
521:
513:
193:
92:
77:(now the main port). During his reign, he blended the Byzantine and Venetian organizations.
22:(c. 1153 – between 1220 and 1230, most probably 1227) was the creator and first Duke of the
932:). And, when a Catholic priest was not available, the mass was said by an Orthodox priest.
703:) confirmation for this conquest and for his new project of conquering the other Cyclades.
2064:
1987:
1967:
859:
433:
Genoese and Venetian trade routes with the places where Marco Sanudo's presence is proven.
328:
278:
212:
606:. Enrico Dandolo sent a mission to reason with Boniface. The head of the ambassadors was
1909:
327:
Venetian galleys circa 1176-1177 when 30 galleys from Venice, under the command of Doge
2074:
2034:
1026:
641:
634:
578:
534:
502:
446:
410:
343:
309:
285:
258:
244:
197:
150:
134:
122:
119:
64:
45:
41:
31:
2094:
1982:
1962:
1901:
1857:, Publications de l'Institut historique-archéologique néerlandais de Stamboul, 1982.
1073:
512:
The competition grew in the 12th century. Venice had secured privileges from Emperor
201:
162:
38:
509:
to Egypt and Syria. Thus, the cities were competing to control the stopping places.
30:, duchy granted by the Republic of Venice to him and all his descendants. After the
1053:
According to William Miller, Marco I married an unnamed Laskaraina, a woman of the
897:
in exchange of the usual feudal obligations: aid and counsel. They became known as
863:
830:
765:
725:
677:
572:
525:
482:
454:
429:
158:
85:
73:
912:
Marco Sanudo recognised the rights and deeds to their properties of all the Greek
669:
and Marco Sanudo's uncle Enrico Dandolo also died in June. In Constantinople, the
342:
Thus, the first certain fact known about Marco Sanudo is that he took part in the
133:
Sailing separately, Marco Sanudo and those following him conquered the islands of
984:, where a new town was built for the Latin families on the seaside: Apanokastro.
1286:
Anna Avramea, « Land and Sea Communications. 4th-15th centuries », in
785:
470:
405:
296:
circa 1084-1085. He might then have built numerous friendships and relations in
1809:
The Greek Islands: Guide to the Byzantine and Medieval Buildings and their Art
944:
696:
670:
603:
586:
In conquered Constantinople, Marco Sanudo became judge at the consular court (
494:
301:
1526:
Jean Longnon, p. 91, P. Hetherington, p.xix. et J.K. Fotheringham, p. 56-59.
1065:. He based this theory on his own interpretation of Italian chronicles. The
753:
741:
590:) and then took part to the negotiations between the Republic of Venice and
365:
312:. Pietro and Zabarella had at least three sons: Marco, Bernardo et Lunardo.
146:
462:
319:
in 1196. Lunardo, or according to other Venetian chronicles, Bernardo, was
1206:
J.K. Fotheringham considers he died in 1229 and G. Saint-Guillain in 1227.
497:, up the Aegean and Cyclades with stops in Chios to Constantinople or via
1875:
1054:
890:
793:
733:
716:. Other relatives, the brothers Andrea and Geremia Ghisi became Lords of
415:
385:
289:
181:
177:
870:
789:
777:
773:
769:
761:
737:
729:
721:
628:
Map of Naxos, with the locations of places concerned by the operations.
506:
293:
253:
169:
111:, a member of the Sanudo family, writes about Marco Sanudo only this:
833:
wrote at the end of 1208 or at the beginning of 1209 a letter to the
713:
478:
474:
401:
397:
393:
297:
228:
173:
154:
81:
1841:
A History of the Crusades: Volume II — The Later Crusades, 1189–1311
1768:
The Latins in the Levant. A History of Frankish Greece (1204–1566)
981:
943:
806:
781:
757:
749:
745:
717:
692:
652:
623:
595:
577:
544:
498:
466:
458:
450:
428:
389:
347:
243:
189:
165:
142:
138:
53:
95:. But for Venice, he took part in the Cretan expedition of 1211.
894:
624:
1913:
1080:
is considered a descendant but his exact lineage is not known.
691:
Meanwhile, the Genoans had set foot on and fortified Crete and
1829:, Istituto Veneto di Scienze, Lettere ed Arti, Venise, 2006.
437:
After the 11th century, Italian merchant cities, mainly the
339:. But the historic existence of this battle is not certain.
1795:
The Island Princes of Greece: The Dukes of the Archipelago
811:
Repartition of the Aegean islands amongst the conquerors.
91:
around 1210 or 1216. For his lord, he fought against the
271:
Pietro III Candiano Canuto (white hair) or Sanuto (wise)
346:. He was noted for his courage during the captures of
1827:
Quarta Crociata. Venezia - Bisanzio - Impero Latino.
477:
and up the Aegean and Cyclades with stops in Naxos,
2014:
1947:
1876:
Ancestry of Sultana Nur-Banu (Cecilia Venier-Baffo)
1843:. Robert Lee Wolff and Harry W. Hazard, editors.
1037:collapsed, and a short while before the death of
524:(to avoid giving Genoa all the power). Thus, the
360:The Cyclades at the beginning of the 13th century
48:(1204). He was part of the negotiations when the
829:, who had taken refuge from the Latin troops on
445:, developed their trade with the Orient, mostly
225:Histoire nouvelle des anciens Ducs de l'Archipel
1925:
1057:family. Miller identified her as a sister of
71:. He built a new capital city on the island,
8:
493:to Corfu, round the Peloponnese stopping at
1705:
1703:
1642:
1640:
1418:
1416:
1333:
1331:
1257:
1255:
34:his lineage became named Sanudo de Candia.
1932:
1918:
1910:
1880:
1788:Marco Sanudo, conqueror of the Archipelago
657:Enrico Dandolo's tomb in the Hagia Sophia.
640:In order to achieve this goal, control of
16:First Duke of the Duchy of the Archipelago
1556:
1554:
1325:P. Hetherington, op. cit., p. xvii-xviii.
384:) was created. It included the Cyclades,
252:The Sanudo family may have originated in
1072:In any case, Marco I had one known son:
368:, the Byzantine Empire was organized in
331:clashed against 75 galleys commanded by
1667:
1665:
1149:Guillaume Saint-Guillain, p. 127 et 178
1089:
1380:, p. 35. et Guillaume Saint-Guillain,
1245:, p. xiv et xvi et Charles A. Frazee,
835:Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople
231:from Naxos monastery, Father Saulger.
2111:Republic of Venice military personnel
1941:Dukes of Naxos and of the Archipelago
1839:Setton, Kenneth M. (general editor),
1797:, Adolf M. Hakkert, Amsterdam, 1988.
1140:Guillaume Saint-Guillain, p. 160-164.
7:
1021:Marco died in 1227, two years after
549:Enrico Dandolo preaching the Crusade
425:Competition between Venice and Genoa
404:by a former Byzantine civil servant
592:Boniface I, Marquess of Montferrat
564:Partitio terrarum imperii Romaniae
125:wrote a history of Venice (called
14:
2116:Christians of the Fourth Crusade
2005:
1790:, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1915.
1105:Guillaume Saint-Guillain, p. 130
1007:War against the Empire of Nicaea
594:that ended with the purchase of
67:, laying the foundations of the
1686:Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium.
1684:Article « Naxos » in
854:Feudalism in the Aegean islands
845:Relations with Greek population
337:Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor
1997:Niccolò II (III) dalle Carceri
1288:Economic History of Byzantium.
948:Ruins of Sanudo's keep in the
869:who bestowed him the title of
858:In 1210, Marco Sanudo pledged
414:" and "Lord of Rhodes and the
206:De Origine et gestis Venetorum
44:, he was a participant in the
1:
1845:University of Wisconsin Press
1755:The Island Princes of Greece.
1733:The Island Princes of Greece.
1711:The Island Princes of Greece.
1648:The Island Princes of Greece.
1623:The Island Princes of Greece.
1610:The Island Princes of Greece.
1489:The Island Princes of Greece.
1463:The Island Princes of Greece.
1424:The Island Princes of Greece.
1339:The Island Princes of Greece.
1263:The Island Princes of Greece.
1247:The Island Princes of Greece.
997:At the service of two masters
707:Conquest of the other islands
378:tò thĂ©ma toĂ» AiyaĂou Pelágous
2136:13th-century Venetian people
2131:12th-century Venetian people
1599:P. Hetherington, p.xviii-xix
1535:J.K. Fotheringham, p. 62-65.
873:of the Byzantine Empire and
1039:Geoffrey I of Villehardouin
667:Battle of Adrianople (1205)
569:Baldwin VI Count of Hainaut
2152:
1744:J.K. Fotheringham, p.70-72
1544:Guillaume Saint-Guillain,
1513:Guillaume Saint-Guillain,
1275:Guide Bleu. ĂŽles grecques.
1127:Guillaume Saint-Guillain,
1114:Guillaume Saint-Guillain,
2003:
1898:
1889:
1883:
1722:J.K. Fotheringham, p. 80.
1697:J.K. Fotheringham, p. 79.
1659:J.K. Fotheringham, p. 73.
1634:J.K. Fotheringham, p. 72.
988:Catholicism and Orthodoxy
608:Geoffroi de Villehardouin
372:. In the 10th century, a
333:Otto I, Count of Burgundy
115:he conquered the islands.
2126:Dukes of the Archipelago
1992:Niccolò (II) Spezzabanda
1033:, three years after the
712:Dandolo) became Lord of
355:Conquest of the Cyclades
304:. He was then nicknamed
69:Duchy of the Archipelago
24:Duchy of the Archipelago
1892:Duke of the Archipelago
1078:Marino Sanuto the Elder
1035:Kingdom of Thessalonica
940:Government of the Duchy
875:Duke of the Archipelago
649:Political confirmations
600:Kingdom of Thessalonica
380:) ruled by an admiral (
374:theme of the Aegean Sea
200:were related. In 1454,
1012:Marriages and children
1002:Crete in 1211 and 1212
953:
916:. On Naxos, 56 fiefs (
812:
658:
629:
583:
582:Boniface de Montferrat
550:
434:
249:
186:
117:
109:Marino Sanudo Torsello
58:Boniface of Montferrat
1786:and L.R.F. Williams,
1673:Archipelagus Turbatus
1588:Archipelagus Turbatus
1562:Archipelagus Turbatus
1049:Marriage and children
947:
891:conferring knighthood
810:
656:
627:
615:Creation of the Duchy
581:
548:
432:
247:
131:
113:
52:bought the island of
1059:Constantine Laskaris
823:archbishop of Athens
816:Alternate hypothesis
665:had died during the
1807:Paul Hetherington,
1793:Charles A. Frazee,
1753:Charles A. Frazee,
1731:Charles A. Frazee,
1709:Charles A. Frazee,
1688:, Oxford U.P, 1991.
1646:Charles A. Frazee,
1621:Charles A. Frazee,
1608:Charles A. Frazee,
1500:J.K. Fotheringham,
1487:Charles A. Frazee,
1474:J.K. Fotheringham,
1461:Charles A. Frazee,
1448:J.K. Fotheringham,
1435:J.K. Fotheringham,
1422:Charles A. Frazee,
1406:J.K. Fotheringham,
1393:J.K. Fotheringham,
1376:J.K. Fotheringham,
1363:J.K. Fotheringham,
1350:J.K. Fotheringham,
1337:Charles A. Frazee,
1312:J.K. Fotheringham,
1299:J.K. Fotheringham,
1261:Charles A. Frazee,
1228:J.K. Fotheringham,
1215:J.K. Fotheringham,
1193:J.K. Fotheringham,
1180:J.K. Fotheringham,
1158:J.K. Fotheringham,
1063:Theodore I Laskaris
1017:Death and successor
980:He did the same on
518:Alexios III Angelos
37:Maternal nephew of
1847:: Milwaukee, 1969.
954:
813:
659:
630:
588:giudice del commun
584:
551:
541:The Fourth Crusade
469:, then around the
439:Republic of Venice
435:
321:Capitan delle Navi
306:Costantinopolitani
275:Pietro IV Candiano
267:Pietro II Candiano
250:
248:Pietro I Candiano.
218:J. K. Fotheringham
105:Istoria di Romania
50:Republic of Venice
2088:
2087:
1908:
1907:
1899:Succeeded by
1811:, Londres, 2001.
1784:J.K. Fotheringham
1241:P. Hetherington,
879:"Aigaion Pelagos"
827:Michael Choniates
701:Henry of Flanders
686:Partitio Terrarum
682:Partitio Terrarum
620:Conquest of Naxos
491:Strait of Otranto
487:Strait of Messina
443:Republic of Genoa
263:Pietro I Candiano
89:Henry of Flanders
2143:
2018:
2009:
1951:
1934:
1927:
1920:
1911:
1884:Preceded by
1881:
1852:
1823:
1771:
1766:William Miller,
1764:
1758:
1751:
1745:
1742:
1736:
1729:
1723:
1720:
1714:
1707:
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1411:
1404:
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1348:
1342:
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1326:
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1317:
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1304:
1297:
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1284:
1278:
1272:
1266:
1259:
1250:
1239:
1233:
1226:
1220:
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1207:
1204:
1198:
1191:
1185:
1178:
1172:
1169:
1163:
1156:
1150:
1147:
1141:
1138:
1132:
1125:
1119:
1112:
1106:
1103:
1097:
1094:
1043:Prince of Achaea
1023:Otto de la Roche
967:megas kapetanios
724:, with fiefs on
556:Alexios V Doukas
516:. His successor
514:Isaac II Angelos
240:Family and youth
194:Enrico Pescatore
127:Chronica extensa
93:Empire of Nicaea
2151:
2150:
2146:
2145:
2144:
2142:
2141:
2140:
2121:House of Sanudo
2091:
2090:
2089:
2084:
2016:
2015:Crispo dynasty
2010:
2001:
1949:
1948:Sanudo dynasty
1943:
1938:
1904:
1895:
1887:
1872:
1850:
1821:
1780:
1775:
1774:
1765:
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1473:
1469:
1460:
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1447:
1443:
1434:
1430:
1421:
1414:
1405:
1401:
1392:
1388:
1375:
1371:
1362:
1358:
1349:
1345:
1336:
1329:
1324:
1320:
1311:
1307:
1298:
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1285:
1281:
1273:
1269:
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1240:
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1214:
1210:
1205:
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1192:
1188:
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1157:
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1139:
1135:
1126:
1122:
1113:
1109:
1104:
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1095:
1091:
1086:
1051:
1029:, departed for
1019:
1014:
1009:
1004:
999:
990:
942:
883:Αιγαιον πελαγος
856:
847:
818:
709:
651:
622:
617:
543:
531:Alexios Angelos
427:
362:
357:
329:Sebastian Ziani
300:and around the
279:Vitale Candiano
242:
237:
213:Daniele Barbaro
101:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2149:
2147:
2139:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2093:
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2067:
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2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
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2019:
2012:
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1994:
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1965:
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1870:External links
1868:
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1027:duke of Athens
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1000:
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989:
986:
941:
938:
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814:
796:at that time.
708:
705:
650:
647:
635:Enrico Dandolo
621:
618:
616:
613:
542:
539:
457:with stops in
447:Constantinople
426:
423:
361:
358:
356:
353:
344:Fourth Crusade
310:Enrico Dandolo
286:Constantinople
277:(959–976) and
241:
238:
236:
233:
204:published his
198:Enrico Dandolo
151:Marino Dandolo
123:Andrea Dandolo
100:
97:
46:Fourth Crusade
42:Enrico Dandolo
32:Fourth Crusade
26:, in Italian:
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2070:Francesco III
2068:
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1863:90-6258-051-3
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1835:88-88143-74-2
1832:
1828:
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1817:1-899163-68-9
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1551:
1548:, p. 204-214.
1547:
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1108:
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1093:
1090:
1083:
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1079:
1075:
1074:Angelo Sanudo
1070:
1068:
1064:
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1056:
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1028:
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868:
865:
864:Latin Emperor
861:
853:
851:
844:
842:
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836:
832:
828:
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815:
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803:
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783:
779:
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771:
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735:
732:(also in the
731:
727:
723:
719:
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706:
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702:
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674:
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636:
626:
619:
614:
612:
609:
605:
601:
597:
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589:
580:
576:
574:
573:Latin Emperor
570:
566:
565:
559:
557:
547:
540:
538:
536:
532:
527:
526:Genoan marine
523:
519:
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408:self-styled "
407:
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379:
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367:
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313:
311:
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303:
299:
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291:
287:
282:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
261:to the City:
260:
255:
246:
239:
234:
232:
230:
226:
221:
219:
214:
209:
207:
203:
202:Flavio Biondo
199:
195:
191:
185:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
164:
163:Geremia Ghisi
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
130:
128:
124:
121:
116:
112:
110:
106:
98:
96:
94:
90:
87:
86:Latin Emperor
83:
78:
76:
75:
70:
66:
61:
59:
55:
51:
47:
43:
40:
39:Venetian doge
35:
33:
29:
25:
21:
2101:1150s births
2065:Giovanni III
2055:Francesco II
2050:Guglielmo II
2045:Gian Giacomo
1957:
1890:
1886:new creation
1854:
1840:
1826:
1808:
1794:
1787:
1767:
1762:
1754:
1749:
1740:
1732:
1727:
1718:
1710:
1693:
1685:
1680:
1672:
1671:B. J. Slot,
1655:
1647:
1630:
1622:
1617:
1609:
1604:
1595:
1587:
1586:B. J. Slot,
1582:
1577:, p. 60-61).
1574:
1569:
1561:
1560:B. J. Slot,
1545:
1540:
1531:
1522:
1514:
1509:
1501:
1496:
1488:
1483:
1475:
1470:
1462:
1457:
1449:
1444:
1436:
1431:
1423:
1407:
1402:
1394:
1389:
1381:
1377:
1372:
1364:
1359:
1351:
1346:
1338:
1321:
1313:
1308:
1300:
1295:
1287:
1282:
1274:
1270:
1262:
1246:
1242:
1237:
1229:
1224:
1219:, pp. 14–15.
1216:
1211:
1202:
1194:
1189:
1184:, pp. 12–13.
1181:
1176:
1167:
1159:
1154:
1145:
1136:
1131:, p. 149-152
1128:
1123:
1118:, p. 140-142
1115:
1110:
1101:
1092:
1071:
1066:
1052:
1025:, the first
1020:
991:
979:
974:
971:
966:
962:
958:
955:
949:
934:
929:
926:
921:
917:
913:
911:
906:
902:
898:
887:
882:
878:
874:
857:
848:
838:
819:
801:
798:
710:
690:
685:
681:
678:Pietro Ziani
675:
660:
639:
631:
587:
585:
562:
560:
552:
511:
483:Thessaloniki
455:Adriatic Sea
436:
420:
409:
381:
377:
363:
341:
325:
320:
314:
305:
283:
251:
224:
222:
210:
205:
187:
132:
126:
118:
114:
104:
102:
79:
72:
62:
36:
27:
20:Marco Sanudo
19:
18:
2106:1227 deaths
2075:Giovanni IV
2060:Giacomo III
2035:Giovanni II
2025:Francesco I
2017:(1383–1566)
1973:Guglielmo I
1950:(1207–1383)
1851:(in French)
1822:(in French)
1735:, p. 20-21.
1625:, p. 16-17.
1504:, p. 51-55.
1478:, p. 48-49.
1465:, p. 13-14.
1452:, p. 46-47.
1439:, p. 42-44.
1367:, p. 32-33.
1354:, p. 24-31.
1316:, p. 20-21.
1303:, p. 17-20.
930:protopappas
786:Folegandros
558:broke out.
471:Peloponnese
406:Leo Gabalas
382:dhrungarios
273:(942–959),
269:(932–939),
2095:Categories
2080:Giacomo IV
2040:Giacomo II
1983:Giovanni I
1896:1207–1227
1162:, p. 1-12.
1084:References
959:universitĂ
697:Spinalonga
604:Adrianople
571:, elected
533:asked the
495:Monemvasia
463:Dyrrachium
302:Aegean Sea
153:conquered
80:He became
2030:Giacomo I
1978:Niccolò I
1853:J. Slot,
1564:., p. 36.
1397:, p. 39 .
1277:, p. 298.
1249:, p. 6-9.
952:of Naxos.
922:archontés
914:archontés
907:archontés
903:feudatori
802:archontes
754:Antiparos
742:Santorini
535:crusaders
489:then the
366:Heraclius
335:, son of
235:Biography
147:Santorini
1988:Fiorenza
1968:Marco II
1757:, p. 43.
1713:, p. 18.
1650:, p. 17.
1612:, p. 16.
1590:, p. 35.
1575:op. cit.
1546:op. cit.
1515:op. cit.
1502:op. cit.
1491:, p. 14.
1476:op. cit.
1450:op. cit.
1437:op. cit.
1426:, p. 13.
1410:, p. 41.
1408:op. cit.
1395:op. cit.
1384:, p. 150
1382:op. cit.
1378:op. cit.
1365:op. cit.
1352:op. cit.
1341:, p. 12.
1314:op. cit.
1301:op. cit.
1290:, p. 87.
1265:, p. 15.
1243:op. cit.
1232:, p. 15.
1230:op. cit.
1217:op. cit.
1197:, p. 13.
1195:op. cit.
1182:op. cit.
1160:op. cit.
1129:op. cit.
1116:op. cit.
1055:Laskaris
734:Sporades
416:Cyclades
386:Sporades
290:Dalmatia
192:against
182:Skiathos
178:Skopelos
157:. Also,
1958:Marco I
1778:Sources
963:vicario
899:feudati
862:to the
790:Kythnos
778:Sikinos
774:Siphnos
770:Amorgos
762:Kimolos
740:) took
738:Bologna
730:Serifos
722:Mykonos
671:podestĂ
663:Baldwin
507:Amorgos
294:Croatia
265:(887),
254:Eraclea
170:Mykonos
99:Sources
84:of the
1963:Angelo
1902:Angelo
1861:
1833:
1815:
1801:
1770:(1908)
1031:France
975:kastro
950:kastro
860:homage
839:Théanô
794:Smyrna
714:Andros
479:Euboea
475:Koroni
411:Caesar
402:Rhodes
398:Lemnos
394:Lesbos
370:themes
364:After
317:Abydos
298:Greece
229:Jesuit
174:Skyros
159:Andrea
155:Andros
149:, and
82:vassal
74:Kastro
1990:with
982:Milos
918:τόποι
895:fiefs
867:Henry
782:Syros
758:Milos
750:Paros
746:Anafi
718:Tinos
693:Corfu
642:Naxos
596:Crete
503:Naxos
499:Milos
473:with
467:Corfu
451:Egypt
390:Chios
259:doges
190:Crete
166:Tinos
143:Milos
139:Paros
135:Naxos
65:Naxos
56:from
54:Crete
1859:ISBN
1831:ISBN
1813:ISBN
1799:ISBN
1061:and
893:and
871:Peer
788:and
728:and
720:and
522:Pisa
505:and
481:and
465:and
459:Zara
449:and
441:and
396:and
348:Zara
292:and
223:The
180:and
161:and
145:and
120:Doge
901:or
831:Kea
766:Ios
726:Kea
2097::
1702:^
1664:^
1639:^
1553:^
1415:^
1330:^
1254:^
1076:.
1041:,
825:,
784:,
780:,
776:,
772:,
768:,
764:,
760:,
756:,
752:,
744:.
688:.
501:,
461:,
392:,
388:,
176:,
172:,
168:,
141:,
137:,
107:,
60:.
1933:e
1926:t
1919:v
1865:.
1675:.
957:(
881:(
376:(
184:.
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