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that had animosity towards the
Orthodox Greeks of Syria and Palestine and the central government in Constantinople, they would not have obeyed (as they did) his orders to make war or peace with the new Muslim Arab conquerors. The same argument is made against being Muslim Arab renegades. They would
244:
Whether their name was due to their existence outside of legitimate political authority or their residence in the mountains is not known. They were joined later by various escaped slaves and peasants during their insurgency and were said to have claimed territory from "the Holy City" to the "Black
233:
not exhibit such fierce loyalty to an
Orthodox Greek emperor. Linguistic evidence also supports this theory. The name Mardaites is found in use in areas of the Byzantine empire at least until the 10th century. It was synonym to
1140:
965:
1314:
544:
1319:
882:
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299:, in upper Syria. Their numbers were swelled by thousands of runaway slaves, making them an ethnically diverse group. In light of this, it is claimed that they forced
1027:
241:). Finally, indicative of their ancestry and locality is that after the peace treaty was signed between the Byzantines and the Arabs, they remained in the land.
361:
for several centuries. Others however remained behind and continued raiding Muslim-held territories until their chief stronghold fell to
Umayyad prince-general
287:
as their agenda varied. According to Greek and Syriac historians, their territory stretched from the Amanus to the "holy city", the latter often identified as
563:
508:
318:
sent the
Mardaites again to raid Syria in 688/9; this time they were joined by native peasants and slaves and were able to advance as far as Lebanon.
220:
The argument that the
Mardaites were Greek, is supported on two facts. Firstly, their loyalty to the Greek emperors in Constantinople: If they were
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529:
517:
1228:
875:
715:
365:
in 708. Maslama then resettled them throughout Syria, and although he allowed them to retain their faith, he conscripted them into his army.
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as part of his measures to restore population and manpower to areas depleted by earlier conflicts. There they were conscripted as rowers and
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966:"The settlement of the Mardaites and their military-administrative position in the themata of the West: A chronology"
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The
Umayyads were compelled to sign another treaty by which they paid the Byzantines half the tribute of
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181:. Little is known about their ethnicity, but it has been speculated that they might have been
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1141:"Corruption and Mistranslation: The Common Syriac Source on the Origin of the Mardaites"
217:, which could mean a giant, a supernatural being like Jinn, a high mountain or a rebel.
1095:
1091:
906:
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311:
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968:. Institute for Byzantine Studies of the SASA, Belgrade – via researchgate.net.
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809:
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337:; in return, Justinian relocated around 12,000 Mardaites to the southern coast of
267:
Map showing the areas that the
Mardaites were forcibly resettled in after 685 A.D.
275:, the Mardaites gained a semi-independent status around the Nur Mountains within
296:
113:
842:
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Sāsānid
Soldiers in Early Muslim Society: The Origins of ʿAyyārān and Futuwwa
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Lebanese
Christian Nationalism: The Rise and Fall of an Ethnic Resistance.
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or possibly even from the
Arabian peninsula. Their other Arabic name,
1004:
The Ethnic Ancestry of the Orthodox Christians of Syria and Palestine
662:
322:
194:
186:
158:
109:
52:
41:
Main areas under Mardaite control in the Levant, c. 7th century A.D.
283:, but their loyalty was intermittent and they often sided with the
690:
423:
262:
193:, yet other sources claim them to have been Greeks native to the
407:
382:
that, up to his time (10th century), these people were called "
1053:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. p. 1297.
1266:
The Chronicle Of Theophanes Confessor, Trans. By Cyril Mango
983:. Bollettino della Società Geografica Italiana. p. 224.
345:
in the Southern Peloponnese, being under Byzantine control,
1169:, New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, pp.
189:, located south of the Caspian Sea in classical times) or
1315:
Military units and formations of the Byzantine Empire
1281:
Boulder and London: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1995.
1161:Ostrogorsky, George; Hussey (trans.), Joan (1957),
99:
87:
66:
46:
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1254:Encyclopedia of the Hellenic World - Asia Minor
201:, suggests that some were natives of the town
185:(see, for a purely linguistic hypothesis, the
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19:"Marada" redirects here. For other uses, see
8:
1223:. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz. p. 98.
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950:. India: Macmillan and Co Ltd. p. 246.
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295:, also called Hagioupolis, the capital of
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47:Regions with significant populations
1006:. United States. pp. 253–265.
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1050:The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium
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1195:Byzantium and Its Army, 284–1081
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273:Muslim conquest of the Levant
1310:Medieval history of Lebanon
979:Chinigò, Francesco (1900).
726:Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate
245:Mountain" (Nur Mountains).
213:in Arabic is the plural of
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1261:The Confessor, Theophanes
1250:"Mardaites in Asia Minor"
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696:Monastery of Saint Maron
558:Mariamite Maronite Order
374:Abu al-Faraj al-Isfahani
363:Maslama ibn Abd al-Malik
307:, to pay tribute to the
1271:Oxford University Press
1217:Zakeri, Mohsen (1995).
859:Christianity portal
830:Free Patriotic Movement
553:Lebanese Maronite Order
521:Bechara Boutros al-Rahi
21:Marada (disambiguation)
848:Catholicism portal
815:National Liberal Party
765:South Lebanon conflict
539:Antonin Maronite Order
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259:8th century in Lebanon
255:7th century in Lebanon
564:Maronite Order of the
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100:Related ethnic groups
16:Early Christian group
800:Lebanese nationalism
591:Israel and Palestine
1269:. Oxford, England:
738:1958 Lebanon crisis
733:Our Lady of Lebanon
566:Blessed Virgin Mary
545:Congregation of the
31:
1045:Kazhdan, Alexander
947:Lebanon in History
760:Lebanese Civil War
341:, and the area of
335:Caucasus Mountains
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72:Unknown; possibly
1230:978-3-447-03652-8
1000:Karolidis, Pavlos
912:Staurakios Platys
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795:Lebanese politics
711:County of Tripoli
611:Lebanese diaspora
501:particular church
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1144:. Retrieved
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392:) in Sanaa,
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281:Amanian Gate
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199:al-Jarājimah
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167:Miaphysitism
163:al-Jarājimah
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94:Christianity
26:Ethnic group
1096:Schacht, J.
1092:Pellat, Ch.
576:Communities
442:al-jarājima
389:بنو الأحرار
297:Cyrrhestica
230:Miaphysites
209:; the word
139:al-Jarajima
114:South Slavs
1289:Categories
1105:Volume II:
928:References
701:John Maron
668:Portuguese
647:Vernacular
413:al-asāwira
398:al-aḥāmira
396:in Yemen,
372:of Yemen,
351:Cephalonia
301:Muawiyah I
277:al-ʿAwāṣim
271:After the
1123:495469475
1088:Lewis, B.
1022:cite book
981:I mirditi
706:Mardaites
620:Languages
518:Patriarch
497:sui iuris
438:al-Jazira
347:Nicopolis
289:Jerusalem
222:Maronites
191:Armenians
175:Orthodoxy
135:Μαρδαΐται
127:Mardaites
118:Albanians
106:Maronites
67:Languages
30:Mardaites
1263:(1997).
1146:April 6,
1098:(eds.).
1082:(1965).
1002:(2024).
944:(1957).
896:See also
462:a series
460:Part of
447:الجراجمة
433:الخضارمة
419:الأساورة
403:الأحامرة
394:al-abnāʾ
339:Anatolia
329:and the
235:apelates
183:Persians
88:Religion
80:, or an
78:Armenian
57:Anatolia
922:Akritai
748:Lebanon
682:History
673:Spanish
658:English
634:Aramaic
596:Lebanon
485:of the
357:in the
355:marines
343:Laconia
333:in the
327:Armenia
293:Cyrrhus
249:History
239:akrites
207:Cilicia
177:in the
61:Balkans
1227:
1201:
1177:
1171:116–18
1121:
1094:&
1057:
1010:
753:Bkerké
663:Arabic
653:French
639:Syriac
586:Cyprus
464:on the
440:, and
323:Cyprus
211:marada
203:Jurjum
195:Levant
187:Amardi
159:ALA-LC
151:Arabic
147:ܡܪ̈ܕܝܐ
143:Syriac
110:Greeks
74:Syriac
59:, the
53:Levant
1086:. In
691:Maron
606:Egypt
601:Syria
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424:Basra
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370:abna'
215:mared
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1225:ISBN
1199:ISBN
1175:ISBN
1148:2013
1119:OCLC
1055:ISBN
1028:link
1008:ISBN
408:Kufa
257:and
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228:or
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