931:' in Athens, much to the horror of the rest of the aristocracy. Cleisthenes's reasons for suggesting such a radical course of action, which would remove much of his own family's power, are unclear; perhaps he perceived that days of aristocratic rule were coming to an end anyway; certainly he wished to prevent Athens becoming a puppet of Sparta by whatever means necessary. However, as a result of this proposal, Cleisthenes and his family were exiled from Athens, in addition to other dissenting elements, by Isagoras. Having been promised democracy however, the Athenian people seized the moment and revolted, expelling Cleomenes and Isagoras. Cleisthenes was thus restored to Athens (507 BC), and at breakneck speed began to establish democratic government. The establishment of democracy revolutionised Athens, which henceforth became one of the leading cities in Greece. The new-found freedom and self-governance of the Athenians meant that they were thereafter exceptionally hostile to the return of the tyranny of Hippias, or any form of outside subjugation; by Sparta, Persia or anyone else.
939:', a traditional token of submission, which the Athenian ambassadors acquiesced to. However, they were severely censured for this when they returned to Athens. At some point later Cleomenes instigated a plot to restore Hippias to the rule of Athens. This failed and Hippias again fled to Sardis and tried to persuade the Persians to subjugate Athens. The Athenians dispatched ambassadors to Artaphernes to dissuade him from taking action, but Artaphernes merely instructed the Athenians to take Hippias back as tyrant. Needless to say, the Athenians balked at this, and resolved instead to be openly at war with Persia. Having thus become the enemy of Persia, Athens was already in a position to support the Ionian cities when they began their revolt. The fact that the Ionian democracies were inspired by the example of Athens no doubt further persuaded the Athenians to support the Ionian Revolt; especially since the cities of Ionia were (supposedly) originally Athenian colonies.
1018:, was assembled, consisting of a fleet and a land army. Whilst the ultimate aim was to punish Athens and Eretria, the expedition also aimed to subdue as many of the Greek cities as possible. Departing from Cilicia, Mardonius sent the army to march to the Hellespont, whilst he travelled with the fleet. He sailed round the coast of Asia Minor to Ionia, where he spent a short time abolishing the tyrannies that ruled the cities of Ionia. Ironically, since the establishment of democracies had been a key factor in the Ionian Revolt, he replaced the tyrannies with democracies. Mardonius' establishment of democracy here can be seen as a bid to pacify Ionia, allowing his flank to be protected as he advanced towards the Hellespont and then onto Athens and Eretria.
131:
1093:. Now faced with two Spartan kings, the Aeginetans capitulated, and handed over hostages to the Athenians as a guarantee of their good behaviour. However, in Sparta news emerged of the bribes Cleomenes had given at Delphi, and he was expelled from the city. He then sought to rally the northern Peloponnesus to his cause, at which the Spartans relented, and invited him back to the city. By 491 BC though, Cleomenes was widely considered insane and was sentenced to prison where he was found dead the following day. Cleomenes was succeeded by his half-brother
1537:
996:
788:
658:
1493:
was to remain in the city. The
Eretrians made no attempt to stop the Persians landing, or advancing, and thus allowed themselves to be besieged. For six days the Persians attacked the walls, with losses on both sides; however, on the seventh day two reputable Eretrians opened the gates and betrayed the city to the Persians. The city was razed, and temples and shrines were looted and burned. Furthermore, according to Darius's commands, the Persians enslaved all the remaining townspeople.
864:
1617:), but used in the right circumstances, it was now shown to be a potentially devastating weapon. The Persians seem to have more-or-less disregarded the military lessons of Marathon. The composition of infantry for the second invasion seems to have been the same as during the first, despite the availability of hoplites and other heavy infantry in Persian-ruled lands. Having won battles against hoplites previously, the Persians may simply have regarded Marathon as an aberration.
1060:, a local Thracian tribe, launched a night raid against the Persian camp, killing many of the Persians, and wounding Mardonius. Despite his injury, Mardonius made sure that the Brygians were defeated and subjugated, before leading his army back to the Hellespont; the remnants of the navy also retreated to Asia. Although this campaign ended ingloriously, the land approaches to Greece had been secured, and the Greeks had no doubt been made aware of Darius's intentions for them.
1508:
943:
252:
242:
232:
222:
152:
50:
811:. However, it was also the result of the longer-term interaction between the Greeks and Persians. In 500 BC the Persian Empire was still relatively young and highly expansionist, but prone to revolts amongst its subject peoples. Moreover, the Persian king Darius was a usurper, and had spent considerable time extinguishing revolts against his rule. Even before the Ionian Revolt, Darius had begun to expand the Empire into Europe, subjugating
1549:
marched as quickly as possible back to Athens. The
Athenians arrived in time to prevent the Persians from securing a landing, and seeing that the opportunity was lost, the Persians turned about and returned to Asia. On the next day, the Spartan army arrived, having covered the 220 kilometers (140 mi) in only three days. The Spartans toured the battlefield at Marathon, and agreed that the Athenians had won a great victory.
1568:
1430:
1134:
1073:", a traditional token of submission. The vast majority of cities did as asked, fearing the wrath of Darius. In Athens, however, the ambassadors were put on trial and then executed; in Sparta, they were simply thrown down a well. This firmly and finally drew the battle-lines for the coming conflict; Sparta and Athens, despite their recent enmity, would together fight the Persians.
1384:, Medes, Cissians, and Saka; most of these probably fought as lightly armed missile cavalry. The fleet must have had at least some proportion of transport ships, since the cavalry was carried by ship; whilst Herodotus claims the cavalry was carried in the triremes, this is improbable. Lazenby estimates 30–40 transport ships would be required to carry 1,000 cavalry.
707:) around 440–430 BC, trying to trace the origins of the Greco-Persian Wars, which would still have been relatively recent history (the wars finally ending in 450 BC). Herodotus's approach was entirely novel, and at least in Western society, he does seem to have invented 'history' as we know it. As the British author
1533:, a sacrosanct period of peace, and was informed that the Spartan army could not march to war until the full moon rose; Athens could not expect reinforcement for at least ten days. They decided to hold out at Marathon for the time being, and they were reinforced by a contingent of hoplites from Plataea.
1576:
but remained having a broad scope of autonomy. Darius was still fully intent on conquering Greece, to secure the western part of his empire. Moreover, Athens remained unpunished for its role in the Ionian Revolt, and both Athens and Sparta were unpunished for their treatment of the
Persian ambassadors.
1575:
The defeat at
Marathon ended for the time being the Persian invasion of Greece. However, Thrace and the Cycladic islands had been resubjugated into the Persian empire, and Macedon reduced to a subordinate kingdom part of the empire; since the late 6th century BC they had been vassals of the Persians,
1335:
Modern historians generally dismiss these numbers as exaggerations. One approach to estimate the number of troops is to calculate the number of marines carried by 600 triremes. Herodotus tells us that each trireme in the second invasion of Greece carried 30 extra marines, in addition to a probable 14
1596:
For the
Persians, the two expeditions to Greece had been largely successful; new territories had been added to their empire and Eretria had been punished. It was only a minor setback that the invasion had met defeat at Marathon; that defeat barely dented the enormous resources of the Persian empire.
934:
Cleomenes, unsurprisingly, was not pleased with events, and marched on Athens with the
Spartan army. Cleomenes's attempts to restore Isagoras to Athens ended in a debacle, but fearing the worst, the Athenians had by this point already sent an embassy to Artaphernes in Sardis, to request aid from the
634:
This defeat prevented the successful conclusion of the campaign, and the task force returned to Asia. Nevertheless, the expedition had fulfilled most of its aims, punishing Naxos and
Eretria, and bringing much of the Aegean under Persian rule, as well as the full inclusion of Macedon. The unfinished
1600:
The victory at
Marathon was a defining moment for the young Athenian democracy, showing what might be achieved through unity and self-belief; indeed, the battle effectively marks the start of a 'golden age' for Athens. This was also applicable to Greece as a whole; "their victory endowed the Greeks
1583:
subjects revolted, indefinitely postponing any Greek expedition. Darius then died whilst preparing to march on Egypt, and the throne of Persia passed to his son Xerxes I. Xerxes crushed the
Egyptian revolt, and very quickly restarted the preparations for the invasion of Greece. This expedition
1492:
The task force then sailed around Euboea to the first major target, Eretria. According to
Herodotus, the Eretrians were divided amongst themselves as to the best course of action; whether to flee to the highlands, or undergo a siege, or to submit to the Persians. In the event, the majority decision
1369:
They fought a long time at Marathon. In the center of the line the foreigners prevailed, where the Persians and Sacae were arrayed. The foreigners prevailed there and broke through in pursuit inland, but on each wing the Athenians and Plataeans prevailed. In victory they let the routed foreigners
1339:
The Persian infantry used in the invasion was probably a heterogeneous group drawn from across the empire. However, according to Herodotus, there was at least a general conformity in the type of armour and style of fighting. The troops were, generally speaking, armed with a bow, 'short spear' and
978:
to Asia Minor. Whilst there, the Greek army surprised and outmaneuvered Artaphernes, marching to Sardis and there burning the lower city. However, this was as much as the Greeks achieved, and they were then pursued back to the coast by Persian horsemen, losing many men in the process. Despite the
962:
The city of Eretria also sent assistance to the Ionians for reasons that are not completely clear. Possibly commercial reasons were a factor; Eretria was a mercantile city, whose trade was threatened by Persian dominance of the Aegean. Herodotus suggests that the Eretrians supported the revolt in
827:
to become a client kingdom to Persia; though the latter retaining an amount of autonomy up to 492 BC. Attempts at further expansion into the politically fractious world of Ancient Greece may have been inevitable. However, the Ionian Revolt had directly threatened the integrity of the Persian
1612:
Militarily, a major lesson for the Greeks was the potential of the hoplite phalanx. This style had developed during internecine warfare amongst the Greeks; since each city-state fought in the same way, the advantages and disadvantages of the hoplite phalanx had not been obvious. Marathon was the
1548:
In the immediate aftermath of the battle, Herodotus says that the Persian fleet sailed around Cape Sunium to attack Athens directly, although some modern historians place this attempt just before the battle. Either way, the Athenians evidently realised that their city was still under threat, and
1544:
Stalemate ensued for five days, before the Athenians (for reasons that are not completely clear) decided to attack the Persians. Despite the numerical advantage of the Persians, the hoplites proved devastatingly effective, routing the Persians wings before turning in on the centre of the Persian
735:
Europe, though he remained well read. However, since the 19th century his reputation has been dramatically rehabilitated by archaeological finds which have repeatedly confirmed his version of events. The prevailing modern view is that Herodotus generally did a remarkable job in his
711:
has it: "For the first time, a chronicler set himself to trace the origins of a conflict not to a past so remote so as to be utterly fabulous, nor to the whims and wishes of some god, nor to a people's claim to manifest destiny, but rather explanations he could verify personally."
1457:"Holy men, why have you fled away, and so misjudged my intent? It is my own desire, and the king's command to me, to do no harm to the land where the two gods were born, neither to the land itself nor to its inhabitants. So return now to your homes and dwell on your island."
1296:
in 480 BC. Among modern historians, some have accepted this number of ships as reasonable; it has been suggested either that the number 600 represents the combined number of triremes and transport ships, or that there were horse transports in addition to 600 triremes.
635:
business from this campaign led Darius to prepare for a much larger invasion of Greece, to firmly subjugate it, and to punish Athens and Sparta. However, internal strife within the empire delayed this expedition, and Darius then died of old age. It was thus left to his son
1080:
had submitted to the Persian ambassadors, and the Athenians, troubled by the possibility of Persia using Aegina as a naval base, asked Sparta to intervene. Cleomenes travelled to Aegina to confront the Aeginetans personally, but they appealed to Cleomenes's fellow king
1360:
and the Saka; Herodotus specifically mentions the presence of Persians and Saka at Marathon. The style of fighting used by the Persians was probably to stand off from an enemy, using their bows (or equivalent) to wear down the enemy before closing in to deliver the
1518:
The Persian fleet next headed south down the coast of Attica, landing at the bay of Marathon, roughly forty kilometres (25 mi) from Athens, on the advice of Hippias, son of the former tyrant of Athens, Peisistratus. The Athenians, joined by a small force from
1287:
According to Herodotus, the fleet sent by Darius consisted of 600 triremes. There is no indication in the historical sources of how many transport ships accompanied them, if any. Herodotus claimed that 3,000 transport ships accompanied 1,207 triremes during
1021:
Thence the fleet continued on to the Hellespont, and when all was ready, shipped the land forces across to Europe. The army then marched through Thrace, re-subjugating it, since these lands had already been added to the Persian Empire in 512 BC, during
591:
to become a fully subordinate client kingdom part of Persia, after being a vassal to Persia as early as the late 6th century BC, probably in 512 BC. However, further progress was prevented when Mardonius' fleet was wrecked in a storm off the coast of
1068:
Perhaps reasoning that the expedition of the previous year may have made his plans for Greece obvious, and weakened the resolve of the Greek cities, Darius turned to diplomacy in 491 BC. He sent ambassadors to all the Greek city states, asking for
1370:
flee, and brought the wings together to fight those who had broken through the center. The Athenians prevailed, then followed the fleeing Persians and struck them down. When they reached the sea they demanded fire and laid hold of the Persian ships.
987:, which had not been part of the Persian dominions before. The completion of the pacification of Ionia allowed the Persians to begin planning their next moves; to extinguish the threat to the empire from Greece, and to punish Athens and Eretria.
983:(494 BC) all but ended the Ionian Revolt, and by 493 BC, the last hold-outs were vanquished by the Persian fleet. The revolt was used as an opportunity by Darius to extend the empire's border to the islands of the East Aegean and the
1597:
Yet, for the Greeks, it was an enormously significant victory. It was the first time that Greeks had beaten the Persians, and showed them that the Persians were not invincible, and that resistance, rather than subjugation, was possible.
1420:
that the Persians had mounted there a decade earlier. Many of the inhabitants fled to the mountains; according to Herodotus, those that the Persians caught were enslaved. The Persians then burnt the city and temples of the Naxians.
1452:, whereupon the Delians also fled from their homes. Having demonstrated Persian power at Naxos, Datis now intended to show clemency to the other islands, if they submitted to him. He sent a herald to the Delians, proclaiming:
1613:
first time a phalanx faced more lightly armed troops, and revealed how devastating the hoplites could be in battle. The phalanx formation was still vulnerable to cavalry (the cause of much caution by the Greek forces at the
619:, annexing each into the Persian empire. Reaching Greece, the expedition landed at Eretria, which it besieged, and after a brief time, captured. Eretria was razed and its citizens enslaved. Finally, the task force headed to
476:
828:
empire, and the states of mainland Greece remained a potential menace to its future stability. Darius thus resolved to subjugate and pacify Greece and the Aegean, and to punish those involved in the Ionian Revolt.
1545:
line; the remnants of the Persian army left the battle and fled to their ships. Herodotus records that 6,400 Persian bodies were counted on the battlefield; the Athenians lost just 192 men and the Plataeans 11.
740:, but that some of his specific details (particularly troop numbers and dates) should be viewed with skepticism. Nevertheless, there are still some historians who believe Herodotus made up much of his story.
851:
cities, ripe for rebellion, followed suit, ejecting their Persian-appointed tyrants, and declaring themselves democracies. Aristagoras then appealed to the states of Mainland Greece for support, but only
1336:
standard marines. Thus, 600 triremes could easily have carried 18,000–26,000 infantry. Numbers proposed for the Persian infantry are in the range 18,000–100,000. However, the consensus is around 25,000.
1711:
1466:
on Delos, to show his respect for one of the gods of the island. The fleet then proceeded to island-hop across the rest of Aegean on its way to Eretria, taking hostages and troops from each island.
979:
fact their actions were ultimately fruitless, the Eretrians and in particular the Athenians had earned Darius's lasting enmity, and he vowed to punish both cities. The Persian naval victory at the
1105:
Taking advantage of the chaos in Sparta, which effectively left Athens isolated, Darius decided to launch an amphibious expedition to finally punish Athens and Eretria. An army was assembled in
731:" (barbarian-lover), for not being pro-Greek enough, which suggests that Herodotus might actually have done a reasonable job of being even-handed. A negative view of Herodotus was passed on to
596:. The following year, having demonstrated his intentions, Darius sent ambassadors to all parts of Greece, demanding their submission. He received it from almost all of them, except Athens and
469:
2729:
399:
600:, both of whom executed the ambassadors. With Athens still defiant, and Sparta now effectively at war with him, Darius ordered a further military campaign for the following year.
462:
4401:
1053:. However, they were caught in a violent storm, which drove them against the coastline of Athos, wrecking (according to Herodotus) 300 ships, with the loss of 20,000 men.
757:. This account is fairly consistent with Herodotus's. The Greco-Persian wars are also described in less detail by a number of other ancient historians including Plutarch,
927:
family, who considered themselves the natural heirs to the rule of Athens. In a daring response, Cleisthenes proposed to the Athenian people that he would establish a '
847:. In the aftermath, Artaphernes decided to remove Aristagoras from power, but before he could do so, Aristagoras abdicated, and declared Miletus a democracy. The other
4038:
4015:
4371:
1300:
Herodotus does not estimate the size of the Persian army, only saying that they formed a "great and well-furnished army". Among other ancient sources, the poet
576:
against Persian rule, thus incurring the wrath of Darius. Darius also saw the opportunity to extend his empire into Europe, and to secure its western frontier.
3648:
2948:
392:
2998:
2934:
2909:
2869:
2831:
2847:
2818:
2802:
2441:
3620:
2373:
The Achaemenid Empire in South Asia and Recent Excavations in Akra in Northwest Pakistan Peter Magee, Cameron Petrie, Robert Knox, Farid Khan, Ken Thomas
2349:
2336:
2323:
2292:
2265:
2240:
2220:
2190:
2177:
2137:
2124:
2111:
1478:. The citizens of Karystos refused to give hostages to the Persians, so they were besieged, and their land ravaged, until they submitted to the Persians.
1340:
sword, carried a wicker shield, and wore at most a leather jerkin. The one exception to this may have been the ethnic Persian troops, who may have worn a
915:, and promised control of Athens to the Persians if they were to help restore him. In the meantime, Cleomenes helped install a pro-Spartan tyranny under
4123:
385:
3858:
3838:
4391:
4386:
4381:
3802:
2735:
1023:
816:
4376:
3575:
3525:
3457:
3426:
1416:, before turning west into the Aegean Sea. The fleet sailed next to Naxos, in order to punish the Naxians for their resistance to the failed
3167:
2973:
2716:
1874:
3011:
2882:
2621:
1970:
1861:
2523:
2454:
2046:
2033:
1997:
1776:
3614:
1527:(or Philippides) was sent to Sparta to request that the Spartan army march to Athens' aid. Pheidippides arrived during the festival of
4165:
4008:
3565:
1523:, marched to Marathon, and succeeded in blocking the two exits from the plain of Marathon. At the same time, Athens' greatest runner,
4322:
4290:
627:, en route for Athens. There, it was met by a smaller Athenian army, which nevertheless proceeded to win a remarkable victory at the
4143:
3598:
3504:
3478:
3405:
3391:
3377:
3359:
3338:
1674:
1646:
1585:
1562:
1293:
640:
433:
1815:
879:
The involvement of Athens in the Ionian Revolt arose from a complex set of circumstances, beginning with the establishment of the
3641:
3179:
1380:
Estimates for the cavalry are usually in the 1,000–3,000 range. The Persian cavalry was usually provided by the ethnic Persians,
1118:
608:
255:
1579:
Darius therefore began raising a huge new army with which he meant to completely subjugate Greece; however, in 486 BC, his
1230:
4416:
4396:
4295:
3330:
1194:
1085:, who supported their stance. Cleomenes responded by having Demaratus declared illegitimate, with the help of the priests at
1015:
580:
235:
4268:
1664:
4118:
4001:
903:, the family had ruled for 36 out of the previous 50 years and fully intended to continue Hippias's rule. Hippias fled to
2374:
4426:
4411:
4283:
4263:
4065:
4251:
3913:
3883:
3784:
4366:
4180:
3807:
3634:
3289:
1262:
1027:
4203:
3868:
112:
Persia conquers Macedon and the Cycladic Islands, re-subjugates Thrace, and establishes supremacy over the Aegean Sea
1605:'s famous opinion was that "the Battle of Marathon, even as an event in British history, is more important than the
130:
4361:
4043:
3433:
1536:
1000:
868:
796:
723:), and therefore evidently felt that Herodotus's history was accurate enough not to need re-writing or correcting.
288:
4278:
4218:
4208:
3515:
2952:
1279:
Identical depictions were made on the tombs of other Achaemenid emperors, the best preserved frieze being that of
995:
4421:
4327:
4198:
3726:
443:
3843:
4098:
3201:
2414:
4223:
4170:
3688:
1601:
with a faith in their destiny that was to endure for three centuries, during which western culture was born".
787:
657:
1352:
were renowned axemen. The 'elite' contingents of the Persian infantry seem to have been the ethnic Persians,
4305:
4213:
3736:
3322:
2429:
1417:
715:
Some subsequent ancient historians, despite following in his footsteps, criticised Herodotus, starting with
175:
4246:
3918:
3777:
4310:
4300:
3961:
3943:
3266:
2401:
1313:
4258:
3545:). Πόλεμος και ιστορία (War and History magazine), no. 26, January 2000, Communications Editions, Athens.
753:, also provides an account of the Greco-Persian wars, partially derived from the earlier Greek historian
4055:
4050:
3965:
3957:
3907:
3899:
3657:
3271:
3190:
900:
749:
703:
170:
1689:
Krentz, Peter, The Battle of Marathon (Yale Library of Military History), Yale Univ Press, (2010) p. 98
1041:, resulting in the Thasians submitting to the Persians. The fleet then rounded the coastline as far as
4228:
3903:
3895:
3830:
3683:
3212:
1238:
708:
863:
3731:
3673:
3444:(in Russian). Vol. 8: Гимры-Двигатели судовые. Типография Т-ва И. Д. Сытина. pp. 468–469.
3223:
1507:
3517:
Macedonian Legacies: Studies in Ancient Macedonian History and Culture in Honor of Eugene N. Borza
3419:
4133:
4108:
3817:
3716:
1606:
1558:
1511:
1502:
1329:
1304:, a near-contemporary, says the campaign force numbered 200,000, while a later writer, the Roman
1289:
1234:
1222:
1030:, the Persians forced it to become a fully subordinate part of the Persian Empire; they had been
880:
808:
778:
628:
550:
546:
520:
438:
409:
41:
3550:
2471:
942:
188:
4317:
4273:
4150:
4090:
3928:
3751:
3741:
3594:
3571:
3521:
3500:
3474:
3453:
3422:
3401:
3387:
3373:
3355:
3334:
3277:
1670:
1642:
1614:
1301:
1226:
1170:
1057:
1042:
853:
820:
758:
674:
537:
251:
241:
231:
221:
155:
151:
4406:
4339:
4155:
4113:
3983:
3953:
3938:
3863:
3792:
3708:
3693:
3415:
3185:
1727:
1602:
1487:
1138:
1014:
In the spring of 492 BC an expeditionary force, to be commanded by Darius's son-in-law
892:
744:
727:
criticised Herodotus in his essay "On The Malignity of Herodotus", describing Herodotus as "
662:
624:
557:
515:
271:
225:
205:
192:
179:
134:
49:
4238:
4190:
4103:
4060:
3891:
3772:
3283:
3229:
1305:
1266:
1246:
1242:
1070:
936:
720:
1145:, with a mention of each ethnicity in individual labels. The ethnicities are, in order:
17:
1819:
1076:
However, Sparta was then thrown into disarray by internal machinations. The citizens of
4160:
3873:
3761:
3756:
3665:
3587:
3349:
3248:
1635:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
980:
832:
766:
719:. Nevertheless, Thucydides chose to begin his history where Herodotus left off (at the
678:
553:
in 490 BC. The invasion, consisting of two distinct campaigns, was ordered by the
541:
2386:
4355:
4128:
3971:
3721:
3698:
3678:
3493:
1580:
1202:
1166:
955:
804:
782:
690:
689:. Herodotus, who has been called the 'Father of History', was born in 484 BC in
573:
423:
1034:
of the Persians since the late 6th century BC, but retained their general autonomy.
4175:
4030:
3933:
3923:
3766:
1524:
1413:
1345:
924:
554:
454:
1567:
1429:
1133:
3534:Ιστορία του Ελληνικού Έθνους (History of the Greek nation volume Β), Athens 1971.
3450:
Biographical Dictionary of Literary Influences: The Nineteenth Century, 1800–1914
2755:Ιστορία του Ελληνικού Έθνους (History of the Greek nation volume Β), Athens 1971.
1932:
1930:
1928:
1348:. Some contingents would have been armed somewhat differently; for instance, the
3948:
3878:
3853:
3848:
3797:
1190:
1122:
1090:
1050:
920:
912:
884:
872:
844:
836:
732:
666:
593:
1392:
Once assembled, the Persian force sailed from Cilicia firstly to the island of
4075:
3825:
3746:
3174:
1186:
1094:
1046:
951:
716:
694:
615:, which it captured and burned. It then island-hopped between the rest of the
201:
3163:
1357:
1182:
1082:
984:
928:
762:
686:
652:
549:, began in 492 BC, and ended with the decisive Athenian victory at the
356:
328:
276:
1113:, where a fleet had been gathered. Command of the expedition was given to
3436:; Schwartz, Alexey von; Apushkin, Vladimir; Schoultz, Gustav von (1912).
3243:
3218:
1475:
1434:
1309:
1280:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1178:
916:
724:
636:
616:
299:
83:
3495:
Thucydides – History of the Peloponnesian War (translated by Rex Warner)
3993:
3437:
3301:
1529:
1520:
1442:
1381:
1341:
1218:
1198:
1162:
1110:
1031:
975:
968:
964:
857:
840:
824:
792:
754:
670:
588:
565:
338:
139:
79:
3621:
Article in Greek about Salamis, includes Marathon and Xerxes' campaign
935:
Persian Empire. Artaphernes requested that the Athenians give him an '
603:
The second Persian campaign, in 490 BC, was under the command of
3626:
3196:
1463:
1401:
1393:
1325:
1174:
1086:
1077:
1038:
1008:
947:
908:
904:
896:
888:
812:
620:
597:
584:
561:
377:
91:
87:
75:
1137:
The various soldiers of the army of Darius I are illustrated on the
831:
The Ionian revolt had begun with an unsuccessful expedition against
803:
The first Persian invasion of Greece had its immediate roots in the
3485:
Herodotus and His "Sources": Citation, Invention, and Narrative Art
1571:
Greek hoplite and Persian warrior depicted fighting. 5th century BC
697:(then under Persian overlordship). He wrote his 'Enquiries' (Greek—
4080:
4070:
3207:
1566:
1535:
1506:
1449:
1438:
1428:
1397:
1353:
1321:
1274:
1270:
1114:
994:
941:
862:
848:
786:
685:
The main source for the Greco-Persian Wars is the Greek historian
656:
612:
604:
569:
343:
245:
3589:
Persian Fire: The First World Empire and the Battle for the West
3351:
Persian Fire: The First World Empire and the Battle for the West
3307:
2570:
1637:
Persian Fire: The First World Empire and the Battle for the West
1474:
The Persians finally arrived off the southern tip of Euboea, at
1349:
1317:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1158:
1106:
1004:
665:
hunting in a chariot, reading "I am Darius, the Great King", in
3997:
3630:
946:
The Athenians led a campaign against the Achaemenid capital of
458:
381:
1462:
Datis then burned 300 talents of frankincense on the altar of
883:
in the late 6th century BC. In 510 BC, with the aid of
3615:
The Persian Wars at History of Iran on Iran Chamber Society
761:, and are alluded by other authors, such as the playwright
3412:
The Lindian Chronicle and the Greek Creation of their Past
3384:
Marathon:The Crucial Battle That Created Western Democracy
1412:
The fleet then moved north along the Ionian coast towards
3487:. Translated by J.G. Howie. Leeds: Francis Cairns, 1989.
1666:
From Cyrus to Alexander: A History of the Persian Empire
1089:(whom he bribed); Demaratus was replaced by his cousin
3539:Η Μάχη του Μαραθώνα, το λυκαυγές της κλασσικής Ελλάδος
769:, also supports some of Herodotus's specific claims.
3543:
The battle of Marathon, the dawn of classical Greece
1588:
thereby began, under the command of Xerxes himself.
974:
The Athenians and Eretrians sent a task force of 25
4237:
4189:
4089:
4029:
3816:
3707:
3664:
1775:Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War, e.g.
1441:is the small island directly to the bottom-left of
3586:
3492:
1936:
1698:
1634:
1056:Then, whilst the army was camped in Macedon, the
871:and its inscription (ΔΑΡΕΙΟΣ, top right) on the "
560:primarily in order to punish the city-states of
54:Key sites during the Persian invasions of Greece
4039:Medo-Babylonian conquest of the Assyrian Empire
1367:
1308:estimates 200,000 infantry and 10,000 cavalry.
34:
2465:
2463:
2416:Les inscriptions de la perse achemenide (1997)
2402:List of ethnicities with corresponding drawing
1816:"Herodotus: Father of History, Father of Lies"
4009:
3642:
1316:both independently give 300,000, as does the
1049:, before attempting to round the headland of
835:, a joint venture between the Persian satrap
470:
393:
8:
611:. The expedition headed first to the island
1007:. Siliceous glazed bricks, c. 510 BC,
923:, the leader of the traditionally powerful
568:. These cities had supported the cities of
4402:Wars involving Macedonia (ancient kingdom)
4016:
4002:
3994:
3649:
3635:
3627:
3564:Roisman, Joseph; Worthington, Ian (2011).
1919:
1584:was finally ready by 480 BC, and the
1396:. A Lindian Temple Chronicle records that
579:The first campaign in 492 BC, led by
477:
463:
455:
400:
386:
378:
31:
27:492–490 BC phase of the Greco-Persian Wars
3420:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199241910.001.0001
3121:
3119:
3033:
3031:
3029:
2993:
2991:
2929:
2927:
2864:
2862:
2860:
2858:
2856:
2842:
2840:
2489:
2487:
1787:
1785:
1448:Moving on, the Persian fleet approached
1132:
967:had given Eretria in a past war against
3464:A Military History of the Western World
3142:
3140:
2895:
2893:
2891:
2813:
2811:
2797:
2795:
2785:
2783:
2781:
2779:
2693:
2691:
2650:
2648:
2360:
2358:
2309:
2307:
2305:
2303:
2301:
2278:
2276:
2274:
2260:
2258:
2235:
2233:
2231:
2229:
2215:
2213:
2211:
2209:
2207:
2094:
2092:
2090:
2071:
2069:
2067:
2057:
2055:
2016:
2014:
2012:
2010:
2008:
2006:
1983:
1981:
1979:
1956:
1954:
1838:
1836:
1625:
1101:490 BC: Datis and Artaphernes' campaign
1024:Darius's campaign against the Scythians
899:ruler of Athens. With Hippias's father
765:. Archaeological evidence, such as the
747:, writing in the 1st century BC in his
4056:Medo-Persian conflict (Persian Revolt)
3514:Howe, Timothy; Reames, Jeanne (2008).
3491:Finley, Moses (1972). "Introduction".
3471:The Ancient Greeks: A Critical History
2681:
2679:
2677:
2675:
2673:
2671:
2669:
2509:
2507:
2505:
2503:
2501:
2499:
2106:
2104:
2028:
2026:
1897:
1895:
1885:
1883:
1754:
1752:
1750:
1748:
3448:Powell J., Blakeley D.W., Powell, T.
2773:Lind. Chron. D 1–59 in Higbie (2003).
2388:NAQŠ-E ROSTAM – Encyclopaedia Iranica
372:Unknown losses during entire campaign
7:
4372:Wars involving the Achaemenid Empire
3859:Pyrrhus' invasion of the Peloponnese
3452:. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2001.
3282:Epitome of the Philippic History of
1540:The Greek wings envelop the Persians
2731:Perseus Under Philologic: Hdt.6.113
891:, the Athenian people had expelled
3839:Antigonid–Nabataean confrontations
3440:[The Greco-Persian Wars].
2949:"Dr. J's Illustrated Persian Wars"
25:
3473:. Harvard University Press, 1983
3414:. Oxford University Press, 2003.
3400:. Oxford University Press, 1999.
3370:The Defence of Greece 490–479 BC.
1586:second Persian invasion of Greece
1563:Second Persian invasion of Greece
1003:, a frieze in Darius's palace at
641:second Persian invasion of Greece
3567:A Companion to Ancient Macedonia
3180:History of the Peloponnesian War
1037:Meanwhile, the fleet crossed to
791:Achaemenid king killing a Greek
250:
240:
230:
220:
150:
129:
48:
35:First Persian invasion of Greece
3372:Aris & Phillips Ltd., 1993
3234:Lives of the Eminent Commanders
963:order to repay the support the
817:expanding past the Danube river
348:Unknown losses for other states
3331:University of California Press
2419:(in French). pp. 221–222.
1937:Roisman & Worthington 2011
1699:Roisman & Worthington 2011
1:
4392:Wars involving ancient Cyprus
4387:Wars involving ancient Athens
4382:Wars involving ancient Greece
2947:Siegel, Janice (2005-08-02).
510:
4377:Wars involving ancient Egypt
4066:Battle of the Persian Border
3466:. Funk & Wagnalls, 1954.
1939:, pp. 135–138, 342–345.
1729:Darius' seal: photo - Livius
1669:. Eisenbrauns. p. 158.
919:in Athens, in opposition to
907:to the court of the Persian
807:, the earliest phase of the
643:, beginning in 480 BC.
4156:Revolt of Cyrus the Younger
3808:Wars of Alexander the Great
3617:(archived 24 November 2010)
3442:Sytin Military Encyclopedia
999:Persian warriors, possibly
991:492 BC: Mardonius' campaign
954:in 498 BC, during the
500:
4443:
3623:(archived 20 October 2007)
3294:Bibliotheca or Myriobiblon
3262:On the Malice of Herodotus
1556:
1500:
1485:
797:Metropolitan Museum of Art
776:
650:
505:
4336:
4199:Parni conquest of Parthia
3980:
3727:Wars of the Delian League
1742:Cicero, On the Laws I, 5.
1129:Size of the Persian force
496:
444:Wars of the Delian League
419:
317:
264:
161:
120:
58:
47:
39:
18:Mardonius's campaign
4252:Against Byzantine Empire
4124:Conquest of Indus Valley
4114:Revolts against Darius I
4071:Siege of Pasargadae Hill
3752:Second Peloponnesian War
3438:"ГРЕКО-ПЕРСИДСКИЯ ВОЙНЫ"
3386:. Souvenir Press, 2004.
3278:Marcus Junianus Justinus
1404:, but was unsuccessful.
860:offered to send troops.
4109:First conquest of Egypt
3737:First Peloponnesian War
3570:. John Wiley and Sons.
1663:Briant, Pierre (2002).
1433:Satellite image of the
1100:
990:
743:The Sicilian historian
487:First Persian invasion
434:Second Persian invasion
144:Other Greek city states
4099:Conquest of Asia Minor
3944:Seleucid Dynastic Wars
3869:Seleucid–Parthian Wars
3803:Expansion of Macedonia
3537:Kampouris, M. (2000).
3432:Velichko, Konstantin;
3327:The Greco-Persian Wars
1920:Howe & Reames 2008
1572:
1541:
1515:
1460:
1445:
1378:
1365:with spear and sword.
1284:
1011:
959:
876:
800:
682:
429:First Persian invasion
162:Commanders and leaders
4417:Amphibious operations
4397:Wars involving Sparta
4171:Great Satraps' Revolt
4051:Battle of the Eclipse
3585:Holland, Tom (2006).
3348:Holland, Tom (2006).
3272:Description of Greece
3134:Holland, pp. 344–352.
3125:Holland, pp. 194–197.
3064:Holland, pp. 240–244.
3055:Holland, pp. 208–211.
3046:Holland, pp. 206–208.
3037:Holland, pp. 202–203.
2985:Holland, pp. 191–194.
2899:Holland, pp. 187–190.
2789:Holland, pp. 183–186.
2697:Holland, pp. 195–197.
2364:Holland, pp. 181–183.
2313:Holland, pp. 179–181.
2282:Holland, pp. 178–179.
2201:Holland, pp. 177–178.
2084:Holland, pp. 136–138.
2061:Holland, pp. 131–132.
2020:Holland, pp. 157–161.
1987:Holland, pp. 154–157.
1862:Bibliotheca Historica
1633:Holland, Tom (2006).
1570:
1539:
1510:
1454:
1432:
1400:besieged the city of
1136:
998:
945:
866:
790:
750:Bibliotheca Historica
660:
362:6,400 Persians killed
318:Casualties and losses
292:10,000 light infantry
171:Miltiades the Younger
4323:Civil war of 628–632
4291:Civil war of 589–591
4176:Abdashtart I' revolt
4076:Battle of Pasargadae
4024:Ancient Iranian wars
3844:Seleucid–Mauryan war
3684:Second Messenian War
3398:100 Decisive Battles
2075:Holland, pp. 133–136
1960:Holland, pp. 171–178
1328:assert 500,000; and
1121:, son of the satrap
795:. Circa 500–475 BC.
334:192 Athenians killed
296:1,000-3,000 cavalry
4427:Invasions of Europe
4412:Invasions of Greece
4284:Annexation of Yemen
4264:Against Arab tribes
4134:Invasions of Greece
3732:Third Messenian War
3689:Lydian–Milesian War
3674:First Messenian War
2921:Lazenby, pp. 59–62.
2706:Holland, pp. 17–18.
2685:Lazenby, pp. 23–29.
1901:Holland, pp. 58–62.
1889:Holland, pp. 47–55.
1851:Fehling, pp. 1–277.
1822:on January 27, 2008
1251:Saka beyond the sea
1109:, and marched into
439:Greek counterattack
352:Invasion of Athens:
336:11 Plataeans killed
324:Invasion of Athens:
4367:Greco-Persian Wars
4328:Fall of the Empire
4229:Fall of the Empire
4181:Fall of the Empire
3919:Roman–Seleucid War
3778:Theban–Spartan War
3717:Greco-Persian Wars
3658:Ancient Greek wars
3551:"The Persian Wars"
3549:Stecchini, Livio.
3100:Fuller, pp. 11–32.
2573:dictionary, entry
2472:"The Persian Wars"
2470:Stecchini, Livio.
1873:Note to Herodotus
1860:Diodorus Siculus,
1607:Battle of Hastings
1573:
1559:Greco-Persian Wars
1542:
1516:
1512:Battle of Marathon
1503:Battle of Marathon
1497:Battle of Marathon
1446:
1285:
1012:
960:
881:Athenian Democracy
877:
809:Greco-Persian Wars
801:
779:Greco-Persian Wars
683:
629:Battle of Marathon
551:Battle of Marathon
547:Greco-Persian Wars
411:Greco-Persian Wars
370:4,000-5,000 killed
42:Greco-Persian Wars
4362:490s BC conflicts
4347:
4346:
4318:Battle of Dhi Qar
4166:Cadusian campaign
4151:Peloponnesian War
4119:Scythian campaign
4091:Achaemenid Empire
3991:
3990:
3929:War against Nabis
3742:Second Sacred War
3577:978-1-44-435163-7
3527:978-1-930-05356-4
3458:978-0-313-30422-4
3427:978-0-199-24191-0
2633:Kampouris (2000).
2561:Pausanias IV, 22.
2535:Cornelius Nepos,
1615:Battle of Plataea
1375:Herodotus VI.113.
1064:491 BC: Diplomacy
759:Ctesias of Cnidus
529:
528:
452:
451:
376:
375:
307:
156:Achaemenid Empire
116:
115:
16:(Redirected from
4434:
4422:Darius the Great
4340:Military history
4269:Hephthalite Wars
4081:Fall of Ecbatana
4018:
4011:
4004:
3995:
3984:Military history
3954:Mithridatic Wars
3939:Maccabean Revolt
3887:
3864:Chremonidean War
3793:Third Sacred War
3788:
3694:First Sacred War
3651:
3644:
3637:
3628:
3604:
3592:
3581:
3560:
3558:
3557:
3531:
3520:. Regina Books.
3510:
3498:
3445:
3434:Novitsky, Vasily
3365:
3344:
3186:Diodorus Siculus
3147:
3144:
3135:
3132:
3126:
3123:
3114:
3107:
3101:
3098:
3092:
3091:Holland, p. 138.
3089:
3083:
3082:Holland, p. 201.
3080:
3074:
3073:Holland, p. 200.
3071:
3065:
3062:
3056:
3053:
3047:
3044:
3038:
3035:
3024:
3023:Holland, p. 177.
3021:
3015:
3008:
3002:
2995:
2986:
2983:
2977:
2970:
2964:
2963:
2961:
2960:
2951:. Archived from
2944:
2938:
2931:
2922:
2919:
2913:
2906:
2900:
2897:
2886:
2879:
2873:
2866:
2851:
2844:
2835:
2828:
2822:
2815:
2806:
2799:
2790:
2787:
2774:
2771:
2765:
2764:Lazenby, p. 232.
2762:
2756:
2753:
2747:
2746:
2744:
2743:
2734:. Archived from
2726:
2720:
2713:
2707:
2704:
2698:
2695:
2686:
2683:
2664:
2661:
2655:
2654:Holland, p. 390.
2652:
2643:
2642:Davis, pp. 9–13.
2640:
2634:
2631:
2625:
2618:
2612:
2609:
2603:
2596:
2590:
2583:
2577:
2568:
2562:
2559:
2553:
2546:
2540:
2533:
2527:
2520:
2514:
2511:
2494:
2491:
2482:
2481:
2479:
2478:
2467:
2458:
2451:
2445:
2438:
2432:
2427:
2421:
2420:
2410:
2404:
2399:
2393:
2392:
2383:
2377:
2371:
2365:
2362:
2353:
2346:
2340:
2333:
2327:
2320:
2314:
2311:
2296:
2289:
2283:
2280:
2269:
2262:
2253:
2252:Holland, p. 153.
2250:
2244:
2237:
2224:
2217:
2202:
2199:
2193:
2187:
2181:
2174:
2168:
2167:Holland, p. 176.
2165:
2159:
2158:Holland, p. 168.
2156:
2150:
2149:Holland, p. 160.
2147:
2141:
2134:
2128:
2121:
2115:
2108:
2099:
2098:Holland, p. 142.
2096:
2085:
2082:
2076:
2073:
2062:
2059:
2050:
2043:
2037:
2030:
2021:
2018:
2001:
1994:
1988:
1985:
1974:
1967:
1961:
1958:
1949:
1946:
1940:
1934:
1923:
1917:
1911:
1910:Holland, p. 203.
1908:
1902:
1899:
1890:
1887:
1878:
1871:
1865:
1858:
1852:
1849:
1843:
1842:Holland, p. 377.
1840:
1831:
1830:
1828:
1827:
1818:. Archived from
1811:
1805:
1798:
1792:
1789:
1780:
1773:
1767:
1756:
1743:
1740:
1734:
1733:
1724:
1718:
1717:
1708:
1702:
1696:
1690:
1687:
1681:
1680:
1660:
1654:
1652:
1640:
1630:
1603:John Stuart Mill
1488:Siege of Eretria
1482:Siege of Eretria
1376:
1139:tomb of Darius I
1026:. Upon reaching
869:Darius the Great
745:Diodorus Siculus
663:Darius the Great
617:Cycladic Islands
583:, re-subjugated
558:Darius the Great
491:
479:
472:
465:
456:
414:
412:
402:
395:
388:
379:
367:Other estimates:
306:(non-combatants)
305:
254:
244:
234:
224:
210:
197:
184:
154:
133:
60:
59:
52:
32:
21:
4442:
4441:
4437:
4436:
4435:
4433:
4432:
4431:
4352:
4351:
4348:
4343:
4332:
4274:Armenian revolt
4239:Sasanian Empire
4233:
4191:Parthian Empire
4185:
4104:Fall of Babylon
4085:
4061:Battle of Hyrba
4044:Fall of Nineveh
4025:
4022:
3992:
3987:
3976:
3892:Macedonian Wars
3885:
3812:
3786:
3773:Theban hegemony
3703:
3660:
3655:
3611:
3601:
3584:
3578:
3563:
3555:
3553:
3548:
3528:
3513:
3507:
3490:
3462:Fuller, J.F.C.
3431:
3362:
3347:
3341:
3321:
3318:
3284:Pompeius Trogus
3230:Cornelius Nepos
3202:Funeral Oration
3160:
3158:Ancient sources
3155:
3150:
3146:Lazenby, p. 28.
3145:
3138:
3133:
3129:
3124:
3117:
3108:
3104:
3099:
3095:
3090:
3086:
3081:
3077:
3072:
3068:
3063:
3059:
3054:
3050:
3045:
3041:
3036:
3027:
3022:
3018:
3009:
3005:
2996:
2989:
2984:
2980:
2971:
2967:
2958:
2956:
2946:
2945:
2941:
2932:
2925:
2920:
2916:
2907:
2903:
2898:
2889:
2880:
2876:
2867:
2854:
2845:
2838:
2829:
2825:
2816:
2809:
2800:
2793:
2788:
2777:
2772:
2768:
2763:
2759:
2754:
2750:
2741:
2739:
2728:
2727:
2723:
2714:
2710:
2705:
2701:
2696:
2689:
2684:
2667:
2662:
2658:
2653:
2646:
2641:
2637:
2632:
2628:
2619:
2615:
2611:Justinus II, 9.
2610:
2606:
2600:Funeral Oration
2597:
2593:
2584:
2580:
2569:
2565:
2560:
2556:
2547:
2543:
2534:
2530:
2521:
2517:
2513:Lazenby, p. 46.
2512:
2497:
2492:
2485:
2476:
2474:
2469:
2468:
2461:
2452:
2448:
2439:
2435:
2430:DNe inscription
2428:
2424:
2413:Lecoq, Pierre.
2412:
2411:
2407:
2400:
2396:
2385:
2384:
2380:
2372:
2368:
2363:
2356:
2347:
2343:
2334:
2330:
2321:
2317:
2312:
2299:
2290:
2286:
2281:
2272:
2263:
2256:
2251:
2247:
2238:
2227:
2218:
2205:
2200:
2196:
2188:
2184:
2175:
2171:
2166:
2162:
2157:
2153:
2148:
2144:
2135:
2131:
2122:
2118:
2109:
2102:
2097:
2088:
2083:
2079:
2074:
2065:
2060:
2053:
2044:
2040:
2031:
2024:
2019:
2004:
1995:
1991:
1986:
1977:
1968:
1964:
1959:
1952:
1947:
1943:
1935:
1926:
1918:
1914:
1909:
1905:
1900:
1893:
1888:
1881:
1872:
1868:
1859:
1855:
1850:
1846:
1841:
1834:
1825:
1823:
1813:
1812:
1808:
1799:
1795:
1790:
1783:
1774:
1770:
1757:
1746:
1741:
1737:
1726:
1725:
1721:
1713:The Darius Seal
1710:
1709:
1705:
1697:
1693:
1688:
1684:
1677:
1662:
1661:
1657:
1649:
1632:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1594:
1565:
1557:Main articles:
1555:
1505:
1499:
1490:
1484:
1472:
1427:
1410:
1390:
1377:
1374:
1306:Cornelius Nepos
1278:
1131:
1103:
1071:earth and water
1066:
993:
937:earth and water
785:
777:Main articles:
775:
721:siege of Sestos
704:(The) Histories
655:
649:
532:
531:
530:
525:
492:
488:
485:
483:
453:
448:
415:
410:
408:
406:
371:
369:
365:
363:
361:
354:
347:
342:
337:
335:
333:
326:
312:
308:
304:
303:100,000 oarsmen
302:
297:
295:
293:
291:
283:
279:
274:
260:
214:
206:
193:
180:
147:
108:
94:
53:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4440:
4438:
4430:
4429:
4424:
4419:
4414:
4409:
4404:
4399:
4394:
4389:
4384:
4379:
4374:
4369:
4364:
4354:
4353:
4345:
4344:
4337:
4334:
4333:
4331:
4330:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4314:
4313:
4308:
4303:
4293:
4288:
4287:
4286:
4276:
4271:
4266:
4261:
4256:
4255:
4254:
4243:
4241:
4235:
4234:
4232:
4231:
4226:
4221:
4216:
4211:
4206:
4201:
4195:
4193:
4187:
4186:
4184:
4183:
4178:
4173:
4168:
4163:
4161:Corinthian War
4158:
4153:
4148:
4147:
4146:
4141:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4095:
4093:
4087:
4086:
4084:
4083:
4078:
4073:
4068:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4047:
4046:
4035:
4033:
4027:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4020:
4013:
4006:
3998:
3989:
3988:
3981:
3978:
3977:
3975:
3974:
3969:
3951:
3946:
3941:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3889:
3881:
3876:
3874:Cleomenean War
3871:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3851:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3828:
3822:
3820:
3814:
3813:
3811:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3782:
3781:
3780:
3769:
3764:
3762:Corinthian War
3759:
3757:Phyle Campaign
3754:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3713:
3711:
3705:
3704:
3702:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3670:
3668:
3662:
3661:
3656:
3654:
3653:
3646:
3639:
3631:
3625:
3624:
3618:
3610:
3609:External links
3607:
3606:
3605:
3599:
3582:
3576:
3561:
3546:
3535:
3532:
3526:
3511:
3505:
3488:
3481:
3467:
3460:
3446:
3429:
3408:
3394:
3380:
3366:
3360:
3345:
3339:
3317:
3316:Modern sources
3314:
3313:
3312:
3304:
3287:
3275:
3264:
3249:Parallel Lives
3241:
3227:
3216:
3205:
3194:
3183:
3172:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3148:
3136:
3127:
3115:
3102:
3093:
3084:
3075:
3066:
3057:
3048:
3039:
3025:
3016:
3003:
2987:
2978:
2965:
2939:
2923:
2914:
2901:
2887:
2874:
2852:
2836:
2823:
2807:
2791:
2775:
2766:
2757:
2748:
2721:
2708:
2699:
2687:
2665:
2663:Lloyd, p. 164.
2656:
2644:
2635:
2626:
2613:
2604:
2591:
2578:
2563:
2554:
2541:
2528:
2515:
2495:
2483:
2459:
2446:
2433:
2422:
2405:
2394:
2378:
2366:
2354:
2341:
2328:
2315:
2297:
2284:
2270:
2254:
2245:
2225:
2203:
2194:
2182:
2169:
2160:
2151:
2142:
2129:
2116:
2100:
2086:
2077:
2063:
2051:
2038:
2022:
2002:
1989:
1975:
1962:
1950:
1941:
1924:
1922:, p. 239.
1912:
1903:
1891:
1879:
1866:
1853:
1844:
1832:
1806:
1793:
1791:Finley, p. 15.
1781:
1768:
1744:
1735:
1719:
1703:
1701:, p. 343.
1691:
1682:
1675:
1655:
1647:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1593:
1590:
1554:
1551:
1501:Main article:
1498:
1495:
1486:Main article:
1483:
1480:
1471:
1468:
1426:
1423:
1409:
1406:
1389:
1386:
1372:
1209:(haumavarga),
1143:Naqsh-e Rostam
1130:
1127:
1102:
1099:
1065:
1062:
992:
989:
981:Battle of Lade
823:, and forcing
774:
771:
767:Serpent Column
679:British Museum
651:Main article:
648:
645:
527:
526:
524:
523:
518:
513:
508:
503:
497:
494:
493:
484:
482:
481:
474:
467:
459:
450:
449:
447:
446:
441:
436:
431:
426:
420:
417:
416:
407:
405:
404:
397:
390:
382:
374:
373:
349:
320:
319:
315:
314:
294:5,000 archers
285:
267:
266:
262:
261:
259:
258:
248:
238:
228:
217:
215:
213:
212:
199:
186:
173:
167:
164:
163:
159:
158:
148:
146:
145:
142:
137:
126:
123:
122:
118:
117:
114:
113:
110:
104:
103:
100:
96:
95:
74:
72:
68:
67:
64:
56:
55:
45:
44:
37:
36:
30:
29:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4439:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4415:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4359:
4357:
4350:
4342:
4341:
4335:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4312:
4309:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4299:
4298:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4289:
4285:
4282:
4281:
4280:
4279:Aksumite Wars
4277:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4253:
4250:
4249:
4248:
4245:
4244:
4242:
4240:
4236:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4214:Scythian Wars
4212:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4204:Seleucid Wars
4202:
4200:
4197:
4196:
4194:
4192:
4188:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4136:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4129:Ionian Revolt
4127:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4096:
4094:
4092:
4088:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4045:
4042:
4041:
4040:
4037:
4036:
4034:
4032:
4028:
4019:
4014:
4012:
4007:
4005:
4000:
3999:
3996:
3986:
3985:
3979:
3973:
3972:War of Actium
3970:
3967:
3963:
3959:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3909:
3905:
3901:
3897:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3834:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3823:
3821:
3819:
3815:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3783:
3779:
3776:
3775:
3774:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3722:Aeginetan War
3720:
3718:
3715:
3714:
3712:
3710:
3706:
3700:
3699:Sicilian Wars
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3679:Lelantine War
3677:
3675:
3672:
3671:
3669:
3667:
3663:
3659:
3652:
3647:
3645:
3640:
3638:
3633:
3632:
3629:
3622:
3619:
3616:
3613:
3612:
3608:
3602:
3600:0-385-51311-9
3596:
3593:. Doubleday.
3591:
3590:
3583:
3579:
3573:
3569:
3568:
3562:
3552:
3547:
3544:
3540:
3536:
3533:
3529:
3523:
3519:
3518:
3512:
3508:
3506:0-14-044039-9
3502:
3497:
3496:
3489:
3486:
3482:
3480:
3479:0-674-03314-0
3476:
3472:
3468:
3465:
3461:
3459:
3455:
3451:
3447:
3443:
3439:
3435:
3430:
3428:
3424:
3421:
3417:
3413:
3409:
3407:
3406:1-57607-075-1
3403:
3399:
3396:Davis, Paul.
3395:
3393:
3392:0-285-63688-X
3389:
3385:
3382:Lloyd, Alan.
3381:
3379:
3378:0-85668-591-7
3375:
3371:
3368:Lazenby, JF.
3367:
3363:
3361:0-385-51311-9
3357:
3353:
3352:
3346:
3342:
3340:0-520-20313-5
3336:
3332:
3328:
3324:
3320:
3319:
3315:
3310:
3309:
3305:
3303:
3299:
3296:: Epitome of
3295:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3285:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3273:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3251:
3250:
3245:
3242:
3239:
3235:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3225:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3214:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3203:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3192:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3181:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3170:
3169:The Histories
3165:
3162:
3161:
3157:
3152:
3143:
3141:
3137:
3131:
3128:
3122:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3106:
3103:
3097:
3094:
3088:
3085:
3079:
3076:
3070:
3067:
3061:
3058:
3052:
3049:
3043:
3040:
3034:
3032:
3030:
3026:
3020:
3017:
3013:
3007:
3004:
3000:
2994:
2992:
2988:
2982:
2979:
2975:
2969:
2966:
2955:on 2006-12-05
2954:
2950:
2943:
2940:
2936:
2930:
2928:
2924:
2918:
2915:
2911:
2905:
2902:
2896:
2894:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2878:
2875:
2871:
2865:
2863:
2861:
2859:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2843:
2841:
2837:
2833:
2827:
2824:
2820:
2814:
2812:
2808:
2804:
2798:
2796:
2792:
2786:
2784:
2782:
2780:
2776:
2770:
2767:
2761:
2758:
2752:
2749:
2738:on 2018-12-24
2737:
2733:
2732:
2725:
2722:
2718:
2712:
2709:
2703:
2700:
2694:
2692:
2688:
2682:
2680:
2678:
2676:
2674:
2672:
2670:
2666:
2660:
2657:
2651:
2649:
2645:
2639:
2636:
2630:
2627:
2623:
2617:
2614:
2608:
2605:
2601:
2595:
2592:
2588:
2582:
2579:
2576:
2572:
2567:
2564:
2558:
2555:
2551:
2545:
2542:
2538:
2532:
2529:
2525:
2519:
2516:
2510:
2508:
2506:
2504:
2502:
2500:
2496:
2493:Green, p. 90.
2490:
2488:
2484:
2473:
2466:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2450:
2447:
2443:
2437:
2434:
2431:
2426:
2423:
2418:
2417:
2409:
2406:
2403:
2398:
2395:
2390:
2389:
2382:
2379:
2376:
2370:
2367:
2361:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2345:
2342:
2338:
2332:
2329:
2325:
2319:
2316:
2310:
2308:
2306:
2304:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2288:
2285:
2279:
2277:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2261:
2259:
2255:
2249:
2246:
2242:
2236:
2234:
2232:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2216:
2214:
2212:
2210:
2208:
2204:
2198:
2195:
2192:
2186:
2183:
2179:
2173:
2170:
2164:
2161:
2155:
2152:
2146:
2143:
2139:
2133:
2130:
2126:
2120:
2117:
2113:
2107:
2105:
2101:
2095:
2093:
2091:
2087:
2081:
2078:
2072:
2070:
2068:
2064:
2058:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2042:
2039:
2035:
2029:
2027:
2023:
2017:
2015:
2013:
2011:
2009:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1993:
1990:
1984:
1982:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1966:
1963:
1957:
1955:
1951:
1948:Fine, p. 276.
1945:
1942:
1938:
1933:
1931:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1916:
1913:
1907:
1904:
1898:
1896:
1892:
1886:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1870:
1867:
1863:
1857:
1854:
1848:
1845:
1839:
1837:
1833:
1821:
1817:
1814:David Pipes.
1810:
1807:
1803:
1797:
1794:
1788:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1772:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1758:Holland, pp.
1755:
1753:
1751:
1749:
1745:
1739:
1736:
1731:
1730:
1723:
1720:
1715:
1714:
1707:
1704:
1700:
1695:
1692:
1686:
1683:
1678:
1676:9781575061207
1672:
1668:
1667:
1659:
1656:
1650:
1648:0-385-51311-9
1644:
1641:. Doubleday.
1639:
1638:
1629:
1626:
1620:
1618:
1616:
1610:
1608:
1604:
1598:
1591:
1589:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1569:
1564:
1560:
1552:
1550:
1546:
1538:
1534:
1532:
1531:
1526:
1522:
1513:
1509:
1504:
1496:
1494:
1489:
1481:
1479:
1477:
1469:
1467:
1465:
1459:
1458:
1453:
1451:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1431:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1415:
1407:
1405:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1387:
1385:
1383:
1371:
1366:
1364:
1363:coup de grace
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1337:
1333:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1298:
1295:
1291:
1282:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1135:
1128:
1126:
1124:
1120:
1117:the Mede and
1116:
1112:
1108:
1098:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1079:
1074:
1072:
1063:
1061:
1059:
1054:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1035:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1019:
1017:
1010:
1006:
1002:
997:
988:
986:
982:
977:
972:
970:
966:
957:
956:Ionian revolt
953:
949:
944:
940:
938:
932:
930:
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
874:
870:
865:
861:
859:
855:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
829:
826:
822:
819:, conquering
818:
814:
810:
806:
805:Ionian Revolt
798:
794:
789:
784:
783:Ionian Revolt
780:
772:
770:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
751:
746:
741:
739:
734:
730:
729:Philobarbaros
726:
722:
718:
713:
710:
706:
705:
700:
696:
692:
691:Halicarnassus
688:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
661:Seal of King
659:
654:
646:
644:
642:
638:
632:
630:
626:
623:, landing at
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
601:
599:
595:
590:
586:
582:
577:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
556:
552:
548:
545:, during the
544:
543:
539:
522:
519:
517:
514:
512:
509:
507:
504:
502:
499:
498:
495:
490:
480:
475:
473:
468:
466:
461:
460:
457:
445:
442:
440:
437:
435:
432:
430:
427:
425:
424:Ionian Revolt
422:
421:
418:
413:
403:
398:
396:
391:
389:
384:
383:
380:
368:
360:
358:
353:
350:
345:
340:
332:
330:
325:
322:
321:
316:
313:26,000-28,000
311:
301:
290:
286:
282:
278:
273:
269:
268:
263:
257:
253:
249:
247:
243:
239:
237:
233:
229:
227:
223:
219:
218:
216:
211:
209:
203:
200:
198:
196:
190:
187:
185:
183:
177:
174:
172:
169:
168:
166:
165:
160:
157:
153:
149:
143:
141:
138:
136:
132:
128:
127:
125:
124:
119:
111:
106:
105:
101:
98:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
70:
69:
65:
62:
61:
57:
51:
46:
43:
38:
33:
19:
4349:
4338:
4296:Göktürk Wars
4219:Armenian War
4209:Bactrian War
4138:
4031:Median state
3982:
3934:Galatian War
3924:Aetolian War
3886:(220–217 BC)
3832:
3831:Wars of the
3787:(357–355 BC)
3771:Wars of the
3767:Boeotian War
3588:
3566:
3554:. Retrieved
3542:
3538:
3516:
3494:
3484:
3483:Fehling, D.
3470:
3463:
3449:
3441:
3411:
3397:
3383:
3369:
3350:
3326:
3323:Green, Peter
3306:
3297:
3293:
3281:
3270:
3261:
3258:Themistocles
3257:
3253:
3247:
3237:
3233:
3222:
3211:
3200:
3189:
3178:
3168:
3153:Bibliography
3130:
3110:
3105:
3096:
3087:
3078:
3069:
3060:
3051:
3042:
3019:
3006:
2981:
2968:
2957:. Retrieved
2953:the original
2942:
2917:
2904:
2877:
2826:
2769:
2760:
2751:
2740:. Retrieved
2736:the original
2730:
2724:
2711:
2702:
2659:
2638:
2629:
2616:
2607:
2599:
2594:
2586:
2581:
2574:
2566:
2557:
2549:
2544:
2536:
2531:
2518:
2475:. Retrieved
2449:
2436:
2425:
2415:
2408:
2397:
2387:
2381:
2369:
2344:
2331:
2318:
2287:
2248:
2197:
2185:
2172:
2163:
2154:
2145:
2132:
2119:
2080:
2041:
1992:
1965:
1944:
1915:
1906:
1869:
1856:
1847:
1824:. Retrieved
1820:the original
1809:
1801:
1800:Holland, p.
1796:
1771:
1763:
1759:
1738:
1728:
1722:
1712:
1706:
1694:
1685:
1665:
1658:
1636:
1628:
1611:
1599:
1595:
1592:Significance
1578:
1574:
1547:
1543:
1528:
1525:Pheidippides
1517:
1491:
1473:
1461:
1456:
1455:
1447:
1425:The Cyclades
1411:
1391:
1379:
1368:
1362:
1346:scale armour
1338:
1334:
1320:dictionary;
1299:
1286:
1104:
1075:
1067:
1055:
1036:
1020:
1013:
973:
961:
933:
925:Alcmaeonidae
901:Peisistratus
878:
830:
802:
748:
742:
737:
728:
714:
702:
698:
684:
639:to lead the
633:
602:
578:
574:their revolt
555:Persian king
540:invasion of
535:
533:
486:
428:
366:
364:7 ships sunk
355:
351:
327:
323:
309:
284:9,000-10,000
280:
270:8,000-9,000
207:
194:
181:
121:Belligerents
102:Inconclusive
40:Part of the
3949:Achaean War
3884:Social War
3879:Lyttian War
3854:Syrian Wars
3849:Pyrrhic War
3818:Hellenistic
3798:Foreign War
3785:Social War
3499:. Penguin.
3469:Fine, JVA.
3410:Higbie, C.
2375:pp. 713–714
2032:Herodotus
1653:Pp. 175-177
1239:Cappadocian
1191:Sattagydian
1123:Artaphernes
1119:Artaphernes
1091:Leotychides
1051:Mount Athos
921:Cleisthenes
913:Artaphernes
885:Cleomenes I
873:Darius Vase
867:Drawing of
845:Aristagoras
837:Artaphernes
733:Renaissance
709:Tom Holland
667:Old Persian
609:Artaphernes
594:Mount Athos
587:and forced
256:Artaphernes
176:Callimachus
107:Territorial
4356:Categories
4259:Kushan War
4247:Roman Wars
4224:Roman Wars
3914:Cretan War
3826:Lamian War
3747:Samian War
3556:2007-10-17
3354:. Abacus.
3175:Thucydides
3010:Herodotus
2997:Herodotus
2972:Herodotus
2959:2007-10-17
2933:Herodotus
2908:Herodotus
2881:Herodotus
2868:Herodotus
2846:Herodotus
2830:Herodotus
2817:Herodotus
2801:Herodotus
2742:2018-12-24
2715:Herodotus
2620:Herodotus
2548:Plutarch,
2522:Herodotus
2477:2007-10-17
2453:Herodotus
2440:Herodotus
2348:Herodotus
2335:Herodotus
2322:Herodotus
2291:Herodotus
2264:Herodotus
2239:Herodotus
2219:Herodotus
2189:Herodotus
2176:Herodotus
2136:Herodotus
2123:Herodotus
2110:Herodotus
2045:Herodotus
1996:Herodotus
1969:Herodotus
1826:2008-01-18
1621:References
1418:expedition
1263:Macedonian
1219:Babylonian
1215:tigraxauda
1187:Arachosian
1179:Choresmian
1095:Leonidas I
1047:Chalcidice
952:Asia Minor
887:, King of
773:Background
717:Thucydides
701:; English—
695:Asia Minor
675:Babylonian
202:Cynaegirus
66:492–490 BC
3709:Classical
3267:Pausanias
3254:Aristides
3238:Miltiades
3213:Menexenus
3164:Herodotus
2587:Menexenus
2537:Miltiades
1553:Aftermath
1382:Bactrians
1332:600,000.
1314:Pausanias
1302:Simonides
1195:Gandharan
1183:Zarangian
1083:Demaratus
1016:Mardonius
1001:Immortals
985:Propontis
965:Milesians
929:democracy
763:Aeschylus
687:Herodotus
653:Herodotus
581:Mardonius
489:of Greece
357:Herodotus
329:Herodotus
289:Immortals
277:Plataeans
272:Athenians
236:Mardonius
189:Stesilaos
3833:Diadochi
3325:(1996).
3244:Plutarch
3224:Anabasis
3219:Xenophon
2622:VII, 184
2598:Lysias,
1581:Egyptian
1476:Karystos
1470:Karystos
1435:Cyclades
1373:—
1358:Cissians
1310:Plutarch
1294:invasion
1281:Xerxes I
1259:Thracian
1255:Skudrian
1235:Armenian
1231:Egyptian
1223:Assyrian
1171:Bactrian
1163:Parthian
1058:Brygians
1043:Acanthus
976:triremes
917:Isagoras
839:and the
738:Historia
725:Plutarch
699:Historia
637:Xerxes I
625:Marathon
521:Marathon
511:Karystos
341:enslaved
300:triremes
265:Strength
226:Darius I
84:Cyclades
71:Location
4407:490s BC
3956: (
3894: (
3666:Archaic
3311:lexicon
3302:Ctesias
3298:Persica
3290:Photius
3191:Library
3113:, 2001.
3109:Powell
3012:VI, 120
2999:VI, 116
2974:VI, 115
2935:VI, 117
2910:VI, 105
2883:VI, 102
2870:VI, 101
2848:VI, 100
2717:VI, 113
2589:, 240A.
2585:Plato,
2575:Hippias
2552:, 305B.
2550:Moralia
2455:VII, 97
1530:Carneia
1521:Plataea
1443:Mykonos
1354:Medians
1342:corslet
1199:Hindush
1175:Sogdian
1159:Elamite
1151:Persian
1111:Cilicia
1032:vassals
1028:Macedon
969:Chalcis
893:Hippias
858:Eretria
843:tyrant
841:Miletus
825:Macedon
821:Paeonia
793:hoplite
755:Ephorus
671:Elamite
647:Sources
589:Macedon
572:during
566:Eretria
538:Persian
516:Eretria
339:Eretria
287:10,000
208:†
195:†
182:†
140:Eretria
109:changes
80:Macedon
3962:Second
3908:Fourth
3900:Second
3597:
3574:
3524:
3503:
3477:
3456:
3425:
3404:
3390:
3376:
3358:
3337:
3197:Lysias
3111:et al.
2832:VI, 99
2819:VI, 97
2803:VI, 96
2442:VI, 95
2350:VI, 74
2337:VI, 73
2324:VI, 49
2266:VI, 45
2241:VI, 44
2221:VI, 43
2191:VI, 33
2178:VI, 31
1971:V, 105
1875:IX, 81
1673:
1645:
1464:Apollo
1402:Lindos
1394:Rhodes
1388:Lindos
1330:Justin
1326:Lysias
1290:Xerxes
1275:Carian
1271:Nubian
1267:Libyan
1247:Ionian
1243:Lydian
1203:Indian
1155:Median
1087:Delphi
1078:Aegina
1039:Thasos
1009:Louvre
948:Sardis
909:satrap
905:Sardis
897:tyrant
895:, the
889:Sparta
854:Athens
849:Ionian
813:Thrace
621:Attica
598:Sparta
585:Thrace
562:Athens
542:Greece
536:first
501:Lindos
346:looted
310:Total:
281:Total:
275:1,000
204:
191:
178:
135:Athens
99:Result
92:Attica
88:Euboea
76:Thrace
3966:Third
3958:First
3904:Third
3896:First
3208:Plato
2602:, 21.
2524:VI 95
2293:VI 48
2138:V, 99
2125:V, 98
2112:V, 96
2047:V, 96
2034:V, 65
1998:V, 97
1777:I, 22
1450:Delos
1439:Delos
1414:Samos
1408:Naxos
1398:Datis
1322:Plato
1167:Arian
1147:Makan
1115:Datis
833:Naxos
613:Naxos
605:Datis
570:Ionia
506:Naxos
344:Naxos
246:Datis
3595:ISBN
3572:ISBN
3522:ISBN
3501:ISBN
3475:ISBN
3454:ISBN
3423:ISBN
3402:ISBN
3388:ISBN
3374:ISBN
3356:ISBN
3335:ISBN
3308:Suda
2571:Suda
2539:, 4.
1802:xxiv
1764:xvii
1671:ISBN
1643:ISBN
1561:and
1350:Saka
1324:and
1318:Suda
1312:and
1227:Arab
1211:Saka
1207:Saka
1107:Susa
1005:Susa
856:and
781:and
673:and
607:and
564:and
534:The
298:600
63:Date
4311:3rd
4306:2nd
4301:1st
4144:2nd
4139:1st
3416:doi
3300:by
3260:),
1760:xvi
1609:".
1344:of
1292:'s
1261:),
1217:),
1205:),
1141:at
1045:in
950:in
4358::
3964:,
3960:,
3906:,
3902:,
3898:,
3333:.
3329:.
3292:,
3280:,
3269:,
3256:,
3246:,
3232:,
3221:,
3210:,
3199:,
3188:,
3177:,
3166:,
3139:^
3118:^
3028:^
2990:^
2926:^
2890:^
2855:^
2839:^
2810:^
2794:^
2778:^
2690:^
2668:^
2647:^
2498:^
2486:^
2462:^
2357:^
2300:^
2273:^
2257:^
2228:^
2206:^
2103:^
2089:^
2066:^
2054:^
2025:^
2005:^
1978:^
1953:^
1927:^
1894:^
1882:^
1835:^
1784:^
1747:^
1437:.
1356:,
1273:,
1269:,
1265:,
1253:,
1249:,
1245:,
1241:,
1237:,
1233:,
1229:,
1225:,
1221:,
1197:,
1193:,
1189:,
1185:,
1181:,
1177:,
1173:,
1169:,
1165:,
1161:,
1157:,
1153:,
1149:,
1125:.
1097:.
971:.
911:,
815:,
693:,
677:.
669:,
631:.
90:,
86:,
82:,
78:,
4017:e
4010:t
4003:v
3968:)
3910:)
3650:e
3643:t
3636:v
3603:.
3580:.
3559:.
3541:(
3530:.
3509:.
3418::
3364:.
3343:.
3252:(
3240:)
3236:(
3014:.
3001:.
2976:.
2962:.
2937:.
2912:.
2885:.
2872:.
2850:.
2834:.
2821:.
2805:.
2745:.
2719:.
2624:.
2526:.
2480:.
2457:.
2444:.
2391:.
2352:.
2339:.
2326:.
2295:.
2268:.
2243:.
2223:.
2180:.
2140:.
2127:.
2114:.
2049:.
2036:.
2000:.
1973:.
1877:.
1864:.
1829:.
1804:.
1779:.
1766:.
1762:–
1732:.
1716:.
1679:.
1651:.
1514:.
1283:.
1277:.
1257:(
1213:(
1201:(
1069:"
958:.
875:"
799:.
681:.
478:e
471:t
464:v
401:e
394:t
387:v
359::
331::
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
