232:, an ongoing collection of interviews with Mormons who believe they were unfairly disciplined by the church. After her husband's death in 2018, Anderson's bishop approached her about reinstatement, the first ecclesiastical leader in the twenty-four years since she was excommunicated to do so. The stake high council and regional council recommended to the First Presidency that she be reinstated, but on August 27, 2019, they received a denial without an explanation. Anderson continued to attend weekly church services and published in 2020 a collection of essays regarding inclusiveness and gender inequality in her book
116:. The reasons for his excommunication on September 15 are unclear. According to Margaret Toscano (whose husband was among the September Six and who would also later be excommunicated), Gileadi's "books interpreting Mormon scripture challenged the exclusive right of leaders to define doctrine," but Gileadi himself disputes that characterization. The church afterwards reversed its disciplinary action against him and expunged it from the church's records, which is now officially regarded as having never happened. Gileadi is currently an active member of the church.
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77:. Whitesides was the first of the group to experience church discipline and was disfellowshipped September 14, 1993. Though technically still a member, Whitesides claims that she "exploded" out of the church and her marriage in 1993, and she now considers herself a practitioner of Native American philosophies.
439:
While the LDS Church sometimes announces that a prominent member has been excommunicated, the default policy is to refuse to publicly discuss details about the reasons for any excommunication, even if details of the proceedings are made public by that person. Other than the summons sent to each of
155:
Toscano's wife, Margaret, faced her own disciplinary council for her doctrinal and feminist views and was excommunicated on
November 30, 2000. Some view her excommunication as constituting a "seventh" member of the September Six, as she was summoned in 1993, but ecclesiastical focus shifted to her
143:
He was excommunicated from the LDS Church on
September 19, 1993. The reasons for his excommunication, as reportedly given by church leaders, were apostasy and false teaching. According to Toscano, the actual reason was insubordination in refusing to curb his sharp criticism of Church leaders'
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436:, a lesser sanction that does not formally expel one from church membership. To date, three of the September Six have retained or regained church membership: Avraham Gileadi and Maxine Hanks, who were rebaptized, and Lynne Whitesides, who remains a disfellowshipped member.
151:
In 2007, Toscano wrote that he lost his faith "like losing your eyesight after an accident." He regrets that church leaders have disregarded his criticisms of what he considers the church's growing anti-intellectualism, homophobia, misogyny, and elitism.
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preference for legalism, ecclesiastical tyranny, white-washed Mormon history, and hierarchical authoritarianism, which privilege the image of the corporate church above its commitment to its members, to the teachings and the revelations of founder
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the six (specifying that their behavior was "contrary to the laws and order of the church"), the church is silent on why a member was disciplined. Such disciplinary proceedings are typically undertaken locally, initiated by leaders at the
276:'very sensitive and highly confidential' matters that were not related to Michael's historical writings." Anderson has suggested that the "allusion to Michael's sexual orientation, which Michael had not yet made public, was unmistakable."
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husband. Margaret's discipline was delayed until 2000. Margaret later wrote "The
Missing Rib: The Forgotten Place of Queens and Priestesses in the Establishment of Zion" as well as the tenth chapter of
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from 1991 to May 2009. She was excommunicated
September 23 for apostasy, allegedly because of her article "The LDS Intellectual Community and Church Leadership: A Contemporary Chronology" in
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or disfellowshipped by the church in
September 1993, allegedly for publishing scholarly work against or criticizing church doctrine or leadership. The term "September Six" was coined by
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in 1995 and
Margaret Merrill Toscano in 2000, both of whom had collaborated with several of the September Six and were also involved in disciplinary actions during 1993.
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Whitesides, Lynne
Kanavel, Toscano, Paul James, Hanks, Maxine, Quinn, D. Michael, and Anderson, Lavina Fielding. "Spiritual Paths after September 1993,"
295:, which argues that homosexuality was common among early Mormons and was not seen as a serious sin or transgression. He also authored the 1987 book,
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is a Hebrew scholar and literary analyst, who is considered theologically conservative. Following his 1981 Ph.D. in ancient studies from
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level, although at least one of the
September Six suggested his excommunication was orchestrated by higher-ranking church leaders.
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Anderson continued to attend LDS Church services as a non-member. She wrote on Mormon issues, including editing the multi-volume
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which was only available to ecclesiastical leaders, was in use. In 2020, the church publicly published a revised handbook,
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that officially abandoned the practice. He wrote chapter 17, "Mormon Women Have Had the
Priesthood Since 1843" in the book
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299:, which argues that early Mormon leaders were greatly influenced by folk magic and superstitious beliefs including
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1309:"The Case of the Mormon Historian: What happened when Michael Quinn challenged the history of the church he loved"
1192:"The Case of the Mormon Historian: What happened when Michael Quinn challenged the history of the church he loved"
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Paul
Toscano is a Salt Lake City attorney who co-authored, with Margaret Merrill Toscano, a controversial book,
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Procedures pertaining to the organization of these disciplinary councils are found in the church's scriptural
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Quinn afterwards published several critical studies of Mormon hierarchy, including his three-volume work of
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Despite his excommunication and critical writings, Quinn, who was after his excommunication
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Allred, Janice, 1997. "My Struggle for a More Loving, Tolerant, and Egalitarian Church",
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to answer charges of "conduct unbecoming a member of the Church and apostasy," including
96:
in 1988 and a study of its eschatological prophecies in 1991. Mormon scholars, including
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and subsequent discussion. The church's action was referred to by some as evidence of an
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The 2020 Handbook changes some language and procedures regarding church discipline.
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Maxine Hanks is a Mormon feminist theologian, who compiled and edited the anthology
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Whitesides, Lynne. "Spiritual Paths After September 1993." Sunstone Symposium, 2003
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1206:"LDS Church publishes new handbook with changes to discipline, transgender policy"
896:"The LDS Intellectual Community and Church Leadership: A Contemporary Chronology"
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as well as in its administrative handbook. During the time of the September Six,
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was a Mormon historian. Among other studies, he documented LDS Church-sanctioned
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The LDS intellectual community and church leadership: A contemporary chronology.
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172:(1992). She was excommunicated on September 19, along with fellow contributor
49:
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Tidying Up Loose Ends?: The November 2000 Excommunication of Margaret Toscano
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General Handbook: Serving in the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
177:
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Anderson, Lavina Fielding. "The Church and Its Scholars: Ten Years After."
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Anderson, Lavina Fielding. "Freedom of Conscience: A Personal Statement."
158:
Transforming the Faiths of our Fathers: Women who Changed American Religion
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People excommunicated by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
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356: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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Same-Sex Dynamics Among Nineteenth-Century Americans: A Mormon Example
193:
Sisters in Spirit: Mormon Women in Historical and Cultural Perspective
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Toscano, Paul (2008). ""The Sanctity of Dissent"". In Stephen Banks;
221:. She also wrote chapter 9, "The Grammar of Inequity" in the book
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1147:"Excommunicated Mormon to Tell How She Came Back to the Faith."
27:
Six people excommunicated or disfellowshipped by the LDS church
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http://mormon-alliance.org/casereports/volume2/part4/v2p4.htm
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Lavina Fielding Anderson. "DNA Mormon: D. Michael Quinn," in
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The September Six and the Struggle for the Soul of Mormonism
1051:"LDS Church Authority and New Plural Marriages, 1890-1904,"
882:
Excommunicated Mormon to tell how she came back to the faith
507:
Criticism of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
2487:
Eyewitness accounts associated with the Joseph Smith Papyri
1246:"Interview: Margaret Toscano | American Experience | PBS"
851:
Table of Contents: Transforming the faiths of our fathers
1346:
Salt Lake City: Signature Books, 1998, pp. 258–301.
1150:
Utah Local News - Salt Lake City News, Sports, Archive.
999:
Mercy without end : toward a more inclusive church
839:, 2001 Salt Lake Sunstone Symposium, Sunstone Magazine.
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Except for Whitesides, all of the September Six were
126:
Strangers in Paradox: Explorations in Mormon Theology
92:, he published a new interpretive translation of the
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The Lord's University: Freedom and Authority at BYU
731:"Women and Authority: Re-emerging Mormon Feminism"
191:was a Mormon feminist writer who edited the books
289:The Mormon Hierarchy: Wealth and Corporate Power.
234:Mercy Without End: Toward a More Inclusive Church
682:"What other judgment can I judge by but my own?"
263:Women and Authority: Re-emerging Mormon Feminism
223:Women and Authority: Re-emerging Mormon Feminism
170:Women and Authority: Re-emerging Mormon Feminism
1419:The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
36:the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
1349:"Six intellectuals disciplined for apostasy."
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1165:Tribune, Peggy Fletcher Stack The Salt Lake.
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265:(1992). He was excommunicated September 26.
2574:Historians of the Latter Day Saint movement
1167:"Where Mormonism's 'September Six' are now"
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56:posture on the part of church leadership.
997:Anderson, Lavina Fielding, 1944- (2020).
894:Fielding Anderson, Lavina (Spring 1993).
416:Learn how and when to remove this message
285:The Mormon Hierarchy: Extensions of Power
1783:Black temple and priesthood restrictions
854:. Catalog.lib.uchicago.edu. 2004-06-19.
297:Early Mormonism and the Magic World View
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1075:Mormon Mavericks: Essays on Dissenters
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542:Strengthening Church Members Committee
281:The Mormon Hierarchy: Origins of Power
1289:Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought
1279:Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought
1128:"Scholar Rebaptized Into LDS Church."
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903:Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought
814:. Signature Books. pp. 147–156.
786:Dissent and the Failure of Leadership
657:Review of Books on the Book of Mormon
219:Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought
148:, and to the gospel of Jesus Christ.
7:
602:"Mormons Penalize Dissident Members"
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477:The LDS Church later excommunicated
354:adding citations to reliable sources
2410:List of Book of Mormon translations
2380:Truth & Transparency Foundation
2284:Utah Property Management Associates
1852:spectrums of orthodoxy and practice
1307:Haglund, David (November 1, 2012).
1230:Case Reports of the Mormon Alliance
1190:Haglund, David (November 1, 2012).
975:Case Reports of the Mormon Alliance
230:Case Reports of the Mormon Alliance
128:(1990), and in 1992, he co-founded
1342:Waterman, Bryan and Kagel, Brian.
1155:, 26 July 2012. Web. 09 Nov. 2012.
1001:(First ed.). Salt Lake City.
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73:and is noted for speaking on the
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236:. She died on October 29, 2023.
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2230:Deseret News Publishing Company
1088:"Interview of D. Michael Quinn"
754:Redelfs, John W. (2003-08-09).
341:needs additional citations for
291:He also authored the 1996 book
2205:Deseret Management Corporation
176:. In February 2012, Hanks was
160:(2004), edited by Ann Braude.
69:Lynne Kanavel Whitesides is a
1:
2465:Relationship to U.S. politics
2052:Quorum of the Twelve Apostles
211:and served as editor for the
1272:Anderson, Lavina Fielding. "
588:, Richard Abanes, pp.417-419
702:"Avraham Gileadi Testimony"
571:Ostling, Richard and Joan.
180:as a member of the church.
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2240:Beneficial Financial Group
1368:Sara M. Patterson (2023).
243:
2564:1993 in the United States
2525:Latter Day Saint Movement
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2274:Perpetual Emigration Fund
2225:Temple Square Hospitality
2173:Church Educational System
1943:Latter-day Saints Channel
1674:For the Strength of Youth
756:"The September Six Today"
706:Judeo-Mormon Perspectives
214:Journal of Mormon History
132:. He later wrote the book
2492:Kirtland Egyptian papers
2415:Joseph Smith Translation
2279:Perpetual Education Fund
2235:Bonneville International
1614:Apostasy and restoration
268:Quinn was summoned to a
189:Lavina Fielding Anderson
184:Lavina Fielding Anderson
90:Brigham Young University
65:Lynne Kanavel Whitesides
18:Margaret Merrill Toscano
2348:Historical authenticity
1339:, December 2003, 13–31.
1324:(Subscription required)
1303:128 (July 2003), 13–19.
1145:Stack, Peggy Fletcher.
136:(1994) and its sequel,
134:The Sanctity of Dissent
2599:20th-century Mormonism
2579:Latter Day Saint terms
2569:Criticism of Mormonism
2365:Mormon Stories Podcast
2057:Quorums of the Seventy
1788:Curses of Cain and Ham
1555:Doctrine and Covenants
1520:Mormonism and violence
1058:18 (Spring 1985) 9-105
812:The Sacrament of Doubt
810:Toscano, Paul (2007).
651:Porter, Bruce (1992).
454:Doctrine and Covenants
138:The Sacrament of Doubt
38:(LDS Church) who were
2445:Mormon fundamentalism
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2112:Statistics by country
1926:Humanitarian services
1356:November 1993, 65–73.
1328:The Salt Lake Tribune
1317:Stack, Peggy Fletcher
1210:The Salt Lake Tribune
1171:The Salt Lake Tribune
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954:The Salt Lake Tribune
586:One Nation Under Gods
532:Mormonism and history
522:Kate Kelly (feminist)
479:Janice Merrill Allred
322:Church measures taken
45:The Salt Lake Tribune
2559:1993 in Christianity
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2210:Deseret Book Company
1894:Especially for Youth
1741:Baptism for the dead
1609:Apostolic succession
1580:Joseph Smith–History
1575:Joseph Smith–Matthew
1560:Pearl of Great Price
1495:LGBT Mormon timeline
1468:Good Neighbor policy
350:improve this article
270:disciplinary council
201:, an edition of the
48:and was used in the
34:were six members of
2482:Joseph Smith Papyri
1889:Cultural depictions
1686:Family Proclamation
1663:Family Home Evening
1372:. Signature Books.
575:. pp. 351–370.
130:The Mormon Alliance
2594:1993 controversies
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1448:Anthon Transcript
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71:Mormon feminist
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60:Six Individuals
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712:, 14 June 2012
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608:. 1993-09-19.
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259:1890 Manifesto
244:Main article:
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185:
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94:Book of Isaiah
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40:excommunicated
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1778:Black Mormons
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1600:and practices
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1565:Book of Moses
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1453:Brigham Young
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1285:
1283:26(1) , 7-64.
1282:
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1136:8 March 1996.
1135:
1134:Deseret News,
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986:on 2009-10-21
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527:Sonia Johnson
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370:
367: –
366:
362:
361:Find sources:
355:
351:
345:
344:
339:This section
337:
333:
328:
327:
321:
319:
317:
312:
310:
309:divining rods
306:
302:
301:stone looking
298:
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51:
47:
46:
41:
37:
33:
32:September Six
19:
2475:
2438:I'm a Mormon
2437:
2420:
2400:Bloggernacle
2374:
2247:FamilySearch
2136:Organization
2098:Demographics
1948:
1840:Masturbation
1773:Black people
1629:Adam and Eve
1536:Sacred texts
1478:Joseph Smith
1463:First Vision
1369:
1350:
1343:
1334:
1327:
1297:
1287:
1277:
1253:. Retrieved
1249:
1240:
1229:
1224:
1213:. Retrieved
1209:
1200:
1185:
1174:. Retrieved
1170:
1160:
1152:
1149:
1141:
1133:
1130:
1122:
1108:
1096:. Retrieved
1082:
1074:
1052:
1047:
998:
992:
984:the original
974:
968:
957:. Retrieved
953:
906:
902:
889:
881:
876:
865:. Retrieved
850:
844:
835:
830:
811:
805:
785:
774:
763:. Retrieved
759:
749:
738:. Retrieved
734:
724:
714:, retrieved
705:
685:
675:
664:. Retrieved
656:
646:
628:
617:. Retrieved
605:
585:
581:
572:
566:
555:
537:Ordain Women
476:
468:
461:
452:
450:
438:
427:
412:
406:October 2018
403:
393:
386:
379:
372:
360:
348:Please help
343:verification
340:
313:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
278:
267:
262:
249:
233:
229:
227:
222:
218:
212:
206:
196:
192:
187:
169:
167:
164:Maxine Hanks
157:
154:
150:
146:Joseph Smith
142:
137:
133:
125:
123:
120:Paul Toscano
114:Deseret Book
84:
68:
43:
31:
29:
2470:Senkyoshigo
2353:Linguistics
2077:Young Women
1981:Tabernacles
1976:Pioneer Day
1880:and worship
1724:Interracial
1709:Ministering
1692:Transgender
1668:Fast Sunday
1250:www.pbs.org
909:(1): 7–66.
517:John Dehlin
458:section 102
198:Lucy's Book
195:(1992) and
98:Hugh Nibley
2553:Categories
2333:Archeology
2291:AgReserves
2188:BYU-Hawaii
2166:Statistics
2021:Leadership
1810:Revelation
1763:Priesthood
1736:Ordinances
1649:Exaltation
1545:Holy Bible
1266:References
1255:2020-04-11
1215:2020-04-11
1176:2016-10-16
1098:11 October
1017:1141039722
959:2020-04-11
867:2015-04-14
765:2009-02-14
740:2012-08-19
716:2012-06-12
666:2014-06-18
619:2020-04-11
463:Handbook 1
376:newspapers
316:openly gay
178:rebaptized
2309:Criticism
2252:RootsTech
2183:BYU-Idaho
2127:Ex-Mormon
2082:Young Men
2030:President
2008:Sacrament
1820:Sexuality
1719:Celestial
1634:Evolution
1624:Cosmology
1025:cite book
931:259898595
614:0362-4331
110:Last Days
2513:Category
2476:Sunstone
2440:campaign
2421:Dialogue
2338:Genetics
2264:Finances
2151:District
1971:Pageants
1951:magazine
1916:Foodways
1899:Feminism
1729:Polygamy
1714:Marriage
1525:Utah War
1515:Pioneers
1352:Sunstone
1336:Sunstone
1311:. Slate.
1299:Sunstone
1194:. Slate.
923:45228619
783:(eds.).
485:See also
255:polygamy
225:(1992).
140:(2007).
2609:Sextets
2537:Outline
2391:Related
2087:Primary
1991:Temples
1961:Mormons
1949:Liahona
1878:Culture
1862:Suicide
1845:Soaking
1803:Slavery
1619:Calling
1598:Beliefs
1429:History
710:Blogger
639:YouTube
390:scholar
2358:Origin
1680:Gender
1376:
1232:2(4).
1015:
1005:
929:
921:
858:
818:
793:
612:
392:
385:
378:
371:
363:
307:, and
305:charms
287:, and
208:Ensign
2156:Stake
1966:Music
1931:Hymns
1904:Films
1483:death
927:S2CID
919:JSTOR
899:(PDF)
548:Notes
446:stake
397:JSTOR
383:books
50:media
2161:Ward
2146:Area
2040:List
1996:List
1936:Book
1909:List
1768:Race
1374:ISBN
1100:2011
1039:link
1035:link
1031:link
1013:OCLC
1003:ISBN
856:ISBN
816:ISBN
791:ISBN
610:ISSN
442:ward
369:news
104:and
30:The
2178:BYU
1092:PBS
911:doi
637:on
444:or
352:by
2555::
1326:,
1276:"
1248:.
1208:.
1169:.
1090:.
1064:^
1027:}}
1023:{{
1011:.
978:,
952:.
939:^
925:.
917:.
907:26
905:.
901:.
758:.
733:.
708:,
704:,
693:^
684:,
659:.
655:.
604:.
593:^
311:.
303:,
283:,
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1672:"
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1403:t
1396:v
1382:.
1354:,
1301:,
1291:,
1281:,
1258:.
1218:.
1179:.
1116:.
1102:.
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