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then allowed to look at the artwork and try to create another form from the scribble. The client is encouraged to move the page around until an image is found. Once an image is seen in the scribble drawing, or painting, they are asked to color it in. At this point if the client wants to talk about the artwork while creating, they are encouraged to do so. This technique can also be done with the eyes closed. Closing the eyes encourages the creator to become less inhibited to force a form from the free flowing lines. Another way of using this technique is to use the nondominant hand. This forces the creator to use another part of the brain hopefully releasing the unconscious mind to form the symbolic imagery needed to gain access to more insight of the self. Scribble drawing was developed by her sister
516:: Studies of the "Free" Art Expression of Behavior Problem Children and Adolescents as Means of Diagnosis and Therapy (Copyright 1950 and 1973 by Margaret Naumburg). Foreword to the first edition by Nolan D. C. Lewis, M.D. New York: Teachers College Press, Columbia University. Library of Congress Catalogue Card Number 73-78074
320:.The dynamic oriented approach was her main contribution to the art therapy community. This approach promotes " the release of spontaneous imagery" from the client through the symbols drawn and free association of the artworks. Naumburg viewed Art Therapy as a distinctive form of psychotherapy. She was also sympathetic to
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Up to the present time, education has missed the real significance of the child's behavior by treating surface actions as isolated conditions. Having failed to recognize the true sources of behavior, it has been unable effectively to correct and guide the impulses of human growth.... The new advances
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encouraging clients to discover what their picture means to them. It was important to
Naumburg to avoid interpreting or commenting on the client's artwork so the client would not change their mind about what was created and to avoid being wrong. Naumburg used art as the means for clients to visually
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in 1915 in New York City. It began with two teachers and ten students focusing on letting children develop their own interests and ideas. Naumburg believed children would not only learn knowledge, but learn how to use knowledge to their advantage. She believed understanding yourself was so important
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of choice was scribble drawing. Naumburg used large sheets of paper and allowed the patient to move their chosen material, paint or chalk pastel, around the page until satisfied but asked that the material not be lifted from the page from start to finish. After the drawing is created the drawer is
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Margaret
Naumburg is attributed as introducing art as a therapeutic modality in the 1940s.< Between 1941–47 Naumburg worked at NY State Psychiatric Institute with adults and children and later published a series of case studies where she used art for
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Cane, K. D., Frank, T., Kniazzeh, C. R., Robinson, M. C., Rubin, J. A., & Ulman, E. (1983). Roots of art therapy: Margaret
Naumburg (1890–1983) and Florence Cane (1882–1952), a family portrait. American Journal of Art Therapy, 22, 111–123.
339:. Building off the work of Freud and Jung, Naumburg explored the inner personal meaning of symbols. Naumburg insisted the only valid interpretation of anyone's art came from the creator. She was skeptical about simple or rigid approaches to
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and therapy in the institution. However she was not alone in this endeavor. She was unique in using it as a primary agent rather than an auxiliary tool. She called her approach
Dynamically Oriented Art Therapy based primarily on
433:(ATA) recognized her pinnacle achievements with art as therapy with the highest honor by giving her the first Honorary Life Membership award. She was awarded the honor in 1971. She taught art therapy at undergraduate level at
351:. Naumburg wrote "when art teachings are routine it discourages efforts at spontaneous and creative expression forcing pupils" (Naumburg, 1973, p. 137) to recreate what they already know is good.
437:. She successfully lobbied for the creation of a graduate level program at the university that began in 1969. Naumburg taught into her eighties. She died in 1983 at the age of 92.
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project their conflicts, and when it was too difficult for the client to relax, she would provide them with art lessons or specific directive projects instead.
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in 1916, with whom she had a son, Thomas, in 1922. They divorced in 1924. She started writing shortly after and published her first book in 1928.
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thoughts and feelings come from the unconscious. Often thoughts and feelings are reached through expression in
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Milite, G.A. (2011) "Naumburg, Margaret (1890–1983)". Encyclopedia of
Psychology. FindArticles.com.
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Studies of the "Free" Expression of
Behavior Problem Children as a Means of Diagnosis and Therapy
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in psychology, however, provide a key to the real understanding of what makes a child tick.
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that she encouraged her staff at the school to undergo psychoanalysis.
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Dynamically
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Home is where the art is: An art therapy approach to family therapy
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791:. Springfield, Ill.: Charles C Thomas. pp. 19, 20, 21, 141.
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The modern history of art therapy in the United States. Biography
449:. (1928). New York: Harcourt, Brace. Digitized October 29, 2007.
413:. Whether trained or untrained individuals have the capacity to
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Many notable individuals taught at the Walden School including
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Dynamically Oriented Art Therapy: Its Principles and Practices
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their inner conflicts into visual form. In this approach, the
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Dynamically Oriented Art Therapy: Its Principles and Practice
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and Oxford. While in Italy she studied child education with
733:. Jewish Women A Comprehensive Historical Encyclopedia
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The child and the world: Dialogues in modern education
363:. She used this technique believing it helped release
216:(May 14, 1890 – February 26, 1983) was an American
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760:Introduction to art therapy: Sources and resources
129:to provide training and graduate level courses in
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583:Approaches to art therapy: Theory and technique
473:Schizophrenic Art: Its Meaning in Psychotherapy
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613:Junge, Maxine B (2010). "Margaret Naumburg".
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