1071:
1056:
30:
1445:
2562:
978:
877:
2663:
577:
970:
66:
1327:
1245:
986:
3409:
1509:
535:
923:, the capital city of Kalinga after it regained independence from Mauryan empire early in the 1st century BC during the reign of Kharavela. The history of the following centuries is complex. At times the north and south of Kalinga were separate states, at times united. Sometimes Kalinga was independent, sometimes it was tributary to a more powerful neighbour.
1185:
According to a 6th-century AD source, Kalinga was famous for its elephants, for which it found a market in Ceylon, along with precious stones, ivory, pepper, betel nuts and fine textiles. In return, Kalinga imported pearl and silver from Ceylon. Corn and rice were also exported. Traders imported
1386:
Buddhism flowered in Ceylon in the 4th and 5th centuries AD, and the influence of scholars from Ceylon spread through Burma, Siam and
Cambodia, establishing the beliefs and practices that continue in these countries today. Kalinga was also strongly affected by Ceylonese culture, in particular by the
754:
The coastline is unstable. The southwest monsoon carries sediment along the coast, at times forming bars and spits that protect the harbours, at other times eroding the protective breakwaters. The rivers carry silt, extending their deltas and filling the former harbours. For this reason, some of the
1231:
is thought to have belonged to
Kalingan traders. Place names and similarities in architecture also indicate close contacts across the gulf of Bengal. The Buddhagat, the sacred scripture of Burma, describes trade with the Buddhist merchants of Kalinga, leading to missionaries coming to propagate the
1181:
Manikapatna was a port on the banks of
Chilika that flourished from early historical times until the 19th century AD. Excavations have found many types of pottery from different parts of India, and coins from Ceylon and China. The more modern levels contain Chinese celadon and porcelain, and Arabic
1078:
Over
Indonesia, in July and August the winds blow from Australia in a northwesterly direction, shifting towards a northeasterly direction as they cross the equator. The pattern reverses during January and February. Early navigators would have exploited these seasonal winds, navigating by the stars,
1488:
received a gift from the
Brahmin (Ch. Polomen 婆羅門, Ma. Bolomen) envoy of a ruler whose Manchu name was Birakišora han of Utg’ali (Ch. Wutegali bilaqishila han 烏特噶里畢拉奇碩拉汗), who is described as a ruler in Eastern India. Hence referring to Birakisore Deva I of Khurda (1736–1793) who styled himself as
903:
culture starting around 900 BC. Tools found at this site indicate boat building, perhaps for coastal trade. Fish bones, fishing hooks, barbed spears and harpoons show that fishing was an important part of the economy. Some artefacts of the
Chalcolithic period are similar to artefacts found in
1255:
Emigrants from
Kalinga came to Cambodia in the 3rd century BC, fleeing from the emperor Ashoka. However, after Ashoka had converted to Buddhism and sent missionaries to Cambodia, they accepted the teachings and helped establish the religion in the region. The early monuments of the
1440:
in the south. His successors retained their hold over an extensive territory. During the rule of
Prataprudradeva, from 1497 AD to 1541 AD, the kingdom extended from the Hooghly and Midnapore districts of West Bengal to the Guntur district of Andhra Pradesh.
1452:
Arabian sailors began to intrude into the Bay of Bengal as early as the 8th century, and later
Portuguese, Dutch, English and French ships became dominant, reducing the sailors of Odisha to the coastal trade. In 1568, the Muslim ruler of Bengal,
957:(1012–1044), with whom they became allied by marriage. After regaining independence, Anantavarma Chodagangadeva (1078–1191) established control over a wide region from the Ganges to the Godavari, moving his capital from Kalinganagar to
1039:(400 BC to 100 BC) depict seagoing vessels carrying containing corn. The ships have a single mast with a square sail. The earliest depiction of ships in Odisha is in a sculptured frieze showing two ships, found near the
1153:
Trade with
Southeast Asia was established by the 1st century AD, and may have much earlier origins. Later findings include 12th-century Ceylonese coins and 14th-century Chinese coins. Similar coins from Kotchina in
726:
and Godavari provided access to the interior, where precious and semi-precious stones were found, and their deltas provided natural harbours. From these harbours, the people of the region traded by sea with
1395:, since it lay on the route followed by pilgrims from Ceylon visiting holy places in India. Pilgrims from Kalinga sailed to Ceylon to honour the sacred tooth and visit the monasteries. The Chinese pilgrim
1350:
in eastern India, the capital of Kalinga, and that his grandmother was the daughter of the king of Kalinga. The emperor Ashoka sent his son to Ceylon to establish Buddhism, and later sent his daughter
1047:, and now preserved in the Odisha State Museum. The first ship has standing elephants in the front part, two people seated in the center and two sailor with oars at the rear steering the ship.
1067:
blow from the southwest, from Ceylon towards Kalinga. From December to early March, the retreating monsoons blow in the reverse direction. Southeast Asia has similar seasonal wind patterns.
2694:
919:(269 BC to 232 BC). The site at Sisupalagarh, occupied from the 3rd century BC to the 4th century AD, has been identified with Tosali, the provincial capital of Ashoka, and with
1098:, and onward to Java or Bali, or headed northeast to Indochina or China. An alternative route was southward down the coast of India, perhaps stopping in Ceylon, then southeast to
1303:) and China. A former king of Odra (Odisha) named Subhakararisha, who had abdicated in order to become a monk, voyaged to China in 716 AD. and introduced
1268:
in Cambodia are in Sanskrit, others are in the Kalinga script. The design of the Angkor Wat temple shows influences from the Jagannath Puri temple of Odisha.
1436:(1435–1466 AD), the Odia kingdom established political supremacy over a vast territory outside the limits of geographical Odisha, ruling from the Ganges to
563:
1232:
faith, and then to political domination of parts of coastal Burma by Kalinga during the 4th to 7th centuries AD. Coins with Hindu symbols found in
915:
in 362 BC, regained independence during a civil war in Magadha around 320 BC, but around 261 BC was conquered by the Maurya emperor
3358:
3084:
1432:
Between the 11th and 16th centuries CE, the name Kalinga was gradually replaced by Odra Desa, Uddisa and eventually Odisha. During the rule of
219:
1931:
2565:
2016:
1207:
Burma went by the name of Kalingarat (Kalinga Rastra) in the 7th century BC, and there is evidence of very early settlement in the southern
97:
1901:
1493:
entering Tibet from China passed through his territory when visiting the Jagannath temple at Puri. With the defeat of the Marathas in the
961:. The power of Odisha waxed and waned over the following centuries, but it was not until 1568 that Odisha finally lost its independence.
934:, as the northern and eastern part of Odisha was then known, from the 8th to 10th centuries AD. These rulers paid tribute to Gaudeshwar
1182:
glazed pottery. An 18th-century Mosque has an inscription saying sailors and traders prayed there before setting out on their voyages.
3432:
3385:
241:
2684:
2506:
2479:
2446:
2419:
2392:
2356:
2326:
2272:
2245:
2218:
2109:
87:
1376:
as a dowry to Dantakumara on his marriage to the king's daughter. Dantakumara took the relic to Ceylon where it was enshrined in a
1082:
The ships of Kalinga were not able to make long sea voyages without stopping along the way for food and water. Ships outbound from
2551:
1369:
767:
There were two types of ports in Early Odisha. The categorisation was made on the basis of the location. They are the following:
1318:
in China, bringing rarities such as a live rhinoceros, a five-coloured parrot and some black boys and girls from East Africa.
638:
2721:
1497:
in 1803 and the resulting annexation of Odisha into the British Empire, ended whatever remained of the maritime trade links.
3235:
463:
1476:
and also with the rising dominance of European naval powers in Asia, although minor contacts continued under the reign of
556:
1606:
2633:
2615:
2606:
2597:
2589:
1079:
the color of the water, the presence of sea snakes, and observation of the flights of sea crows and other homing birds.
1070:
1055:
601:
483:
1872:
2882:
2739:
2689:
2679:
2210:
Indian Shipping – A History of the Sea-Borne Trade and Maritime Activity of the Indians from the Earliest Times (1912)
1307:. There is an account of the carriage by sea in 794 AD of a present by the King of Udra to the Emperor of China.
277:
92:
82:
1158:
point to a triangular trade between Odisha, Ceylon and Sumatra. Trading was not without risks. The kings of Kalinga,
2073:
3437:
2642:
2624:
1646:
629:
604:
in ancient times, started much before 800 BC according to early sources. The people of this region of eastern
2179:
1118:, was an important port in the 2nd century AD. Archaeological exploration has unearthed fragments of Chinese
2842:
172:
1150:, and other Roman coins have been found at other sites, giving further evidence of trade with the Roman Empire.
29:
2819:
2744:
1494:
1466:
678:, and are held for seven days in October-November at various coastal districts, most famous at Cuttack though.
549:
202:
192:
1706:"Early Maritime Activities of Orissa on the East Coast of India: Linkages in Trade and Cultural Developments"
1142:
inscription on one side, and a Roman head with a Roman inscription on the other. A Roman coin of the emperor
3285:
3270:
3250:
3217:
2809:
2749:
1522:
1480:
at Khurda such as noted from the Manchu language memorials and edicts depicting contacts under the reign of
935:
736:
659:
621:
498:
478:
444:
2561:
2979:
1194:
in the 13th century contains a giraffe, indicating trade with Africa, presumably carried on Arab vessels.
345:
2794:
1571:
1454:
1420:, son of king Gaparaja of Kalinga became ruler of Ceylon (1187–1196 AD). A prince of Kalinga named
1365:
1167:
1127:
1134:
pieces, showing that the port carried out significant international trade. An unusual medallion has a
3265:
3060:
2774:
2671:
2544:
1705:
1424:
invaded Ceylon with a fleet carrying 24,000 soldiers and ruled the island from 1214 to 1235 AD.
1311:
513:
493:
400:
73:
65:
2150:
1833:
1314:. Between 813 and 818, three missions were sent from the Javanese nation of Kalinga to the court of
3348:
3343:
3240:
3055:
2999:
2989:
2948:
2943:
2928:
2888:
2834:
2779:
2711:
2610:
1935:
1343:
927:
468:
435:
430:
395:
390:
370:
350:
281:
177:
167:
162:
157:
2529:
2295:
1020:
built many ships with local wood. The recovery of many woodworking adzes and other artefacts from
3045:
3040:
2938:
2933:
2923:
2872:
2867:
2789:
2769:
2716:
2023:
1999:
1802:
1772:
1040:
1008:
425:
375:
365:
360:
330:
258:
182:
145:
1461:
succeeded in conquering the land, ending its independence. Odisha was subsequently ceded to the
1444:
755:
ports named in ancient times are no longer in existence, or have greatly declined. For example,
1909:
3395:
3338:
3328:
3323:
3245:
3070:
3030:
3004:
2964:
2918:
2908:
2847:
2731:
2701:
2502:
2475:
2442:
2415:
2388:
2380:
2352:
2346:
2322:
2268:
2241:
2214:
2208:
2126:
2105:
1191:
1175:
1095:
871:
473:
420:
405:
335:
325:
300:
295:
268:
187:
152:
140:
135:
102:
2436:
2262:
2235:
2099:
2048:
3390:
3318:
3065:
3050:
2994:
2974:
2969:
2913:
2601:
2409:
1735:"Maritime heritage in and around Chilika Lake, Orissa: Geological evidences for its decline"
1485:
1315:
1304:
1111:
954:
811:
518:
410:
385:
380:
320:
310:
305:
263:
130:
1310:
Odisha imported silk from China, and a Chinese coin from the 8th century has been found at
977:
3368:
3305:
3295:
3225:
3035:
2984:
2814:
2799:
2764:
2754:
2646:
2537:
2318:
1473:
1356:
1115:
1091:
1087:
1074:
Identical places between Odisha and Indonesia mentioned at Odisha Maritime museum (Part-2)
1059:
Identical places between Odisha and Indonesia mentioned at Odisha Maritime museum (Part-1)
1036:
876:
771:
Pattana- These ports were situated on the sea coast where cargos were loaded and unloaded.
759:
was an important harbour, but later became unusable by deep water vessels due to silting.
711:
651:
453:
355:
340:
224:
116:
43:
17:
1090:, a one-month journey. From there, they continued to the southeast, then sailed down the
2662:
2289:
1280:(399–411 AD) who sailed in a merchant vessel from the port of Temralipti back to China.
3313:
3255:
3025:
2903:
2784:
1433:
1417:
1373:
1261:
931:
719:
699:
691:
576:
315:
290:
125:
989:
Terracotta seal depicting ship found in West Bengal, dated between 400 BCE and 100 BCE
969:
686:
Located on the eastern coast of India, the ancient state of Kalinga extended from the
3426:
3353:
3009:
2857:
2706:
2628:
2468:
Indian Mendicants in Ming and Qing China: A Preliminary Study by Matthew W. Mosca in
1958:
1640:
1458:
1421:
1187:
1186:
spices and sandalwood from the east, some if it destined for onward transport to the
950:
920:
880:
819:
799:
787:
748:
707:
663:
643:
633:
613:
609:
589:
415:
209:
107:
1988:"A Rare Early Medieval Sculptural Representation of a Ship from Ratnagiri in Odisha"
985:
3413:
3373:
3127:
2862:
2852:
2804:
2759:
2637:
1514:
1481:
1477:
1413:
1409:
1216:
1208:
1123:
1021:
947:
946:
For a period, the rulers of Utkal were forced to acknowledge the suzerainty of the
896:
888:
835:
756:
539:
253:
229:
2311:
1734:
1399:
describes these sea voyages from the port of Tamralipta and Chelitalo to Simhala.
702:
and surrounding areas. According to political scientist Sudama Misra, the Kalinga
2496:
2466:
1669:
1590:
3380:
3363:
3280:
3275:
3230:
3132:
2619:
2580:
1740:. Marine Archaeology Centre, National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa
1711:. Marine Archaeology Centre, National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa
1396:
1392:
1351:
1284:
1044:
939:
803:
747:. The maritime activity of Kalinga was so extensive that what is now called the
508:
503:
458:
236:
214:
1368:
of Ceylon (277 – 304 AD). It also talks of the king of Kalinga giving the
1326:
1264:
origin rather than from Kalinga. However, although some of the inscriptions at
1244:
774:
Dronimukha- These ports were situated near the confluence of the river and sea.
3333:
3172:
3157:
2462:
1614:
1504:
1404:
1288:
1265:
1248:
1147:
1083:
855:
851:
795:
723:
675:
625:
617:
3202:
3177:
3147:
3137:
2524:
1791:"Ports and Port Towns of Early Odisha: Text, Archaeology and Identification"
1761:"Ports and Port Towns of Early Odisha: Text, Archaeology and Identification"
1388:
1347:
1339:
1300:
892:
807:
740:
2022:. International Committee of the Third Workshop on Monsoons. Archived from
1548:
1416:
of Ceylon (1055–1110 AD) married the daughter of the king of Kalinga.
999:
Rules and regulations regarding construction of ships were recorded in the
3290:
3197:
3187:
3117:
3102:
3097:
1383:
1224:
1212:
1143:
1000:
900:
839:
823:
703:
671:
523:
2003:
1987:
1806:
1790:
1776:
1760:
3260:
3207:
3182:
3162:
3142:
3122:
3112:
2652:
1527:
1490:
1462:
1296:
1277:
1155:
1135:
1131:
1119:
1099:
1064:
1032:
1025:
958:
912:
905:
779:
667:
488:
3152:
3107:
2569:
1292:
1257:
1228:
1139:
943:
916:
908:, indicating possible contact with Indochina at a very early period.
859:
847:
843:
838:, Keylkan, Al-Lava and Nubin. After the 15th century, ports included
831:
815:
791:
728:
715:
695:
687:
248:
55:
981:
Sculptured frieze depicting two Boitas found near Brahmeswara Temple
3092:
2291:
Linguistic and oriental essays: Written from the year 1840 to 1903
1443:
1437:
1377:
1364:
talks of the friendship between king Guhasiva of Kalinga and king
1360:
says that she was accompanied by eight families from Kalinga. The
1331:
1325:
1243:
1171:
1069:
1054:
1017:
994:
984:
976:
968:
875:
744:
732:
605:
575:
3192:
3167:
1276:
The first record of trade with China is found in the account of
1233:
1220:
1163:
1159:
827:
783:
2533:
911:
Early historical sources record that Kalinga became subject to
895:
culture dating to as early as ca. 2300 BC, followed by a
1530:, ancient mariners from the Kalinga empire at eastern India
658:(Kalinga Sea), indicating the importance of Kalinga in the
2128:
Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand, Volume 5
1211:
portion. By the 2nd century AD, the Kalingans were ruling
2438:
The golden peaches of Samarkand: a study of Tʻang exotics
1408:, the king of Kalinga visited Ceylon during the reign of
1834:"ARCHAEOLOGY AND THE MARITIME HISTORY OF ANCIENT ORISSA"
662:. The old traditions are still celebrated in the annual
1086:
would have followed the Burmese coast, stopping at the
735:
in the east, and further afield with the states of the
2411:
Iconography of the Buddhist Sculpture of Orissa: Text
1342:). Some scholars say that the first king of Simhala,
794:). The important ports on the Kalinga coastline were
3304:
3216:
3083:
3018:
2957:
2896:
2881:
2833:
2730:
2670:
2588:
2310:
2180:"Kalinga and Burma – A Study in Ancient Relations"
2101:The archaeology of seafaring in ancient South Asia
2017:"The Global Monsoon System: Research and Forecast"
1166:had to periodically mount expeditions to put down
580:Silver filigree of a boita at Odisha Crafts Museum
2501:. A.P.H. Publishing Corporation. pp. 65–66.
2261:Nadimpalli Venkata Bala Subrahmanya Dutt (1993).
1227:. The remains of a ship excavated at Tante, near
2264:Yayoi people and ancient Indo-Japanese relations
1465:in 1751, and came under British rule during the
1287:(645 CE) tells of sea voyages from the ports of
2309:Freeman, Michael & Jacques, Claude (1999).
1553:The Journal of Territorial and Maritime Studies
714:districts. The navigable rivers, including the
2498:Battles of the Honorourable East India Company
2441:. University of California Press. p. 47.
2340:
2338:
778:Some of the ports mentioned by the geographer
2545:
1592:The Journal of Orissan History, Volumes 13-15
706:originally comprised the area covered by the
557:
8:
2374:
2372:
2370:
2368:
2151:"MARITIME RELATION OF KALINGA WITH SRILANKA"
2144:
2142:
2140:
2138:
1867:
1865:
1863:
1861:
1859:
1857:
1827:
1825:
1823:
1821:
1819:
1817:
1815:
1595:. Orissa History Congress. 1995. p. 54.
666:festival including its major celebration at
1489:Gajapati, the ruler of Utkala. Many of the
2893:
2552:
2538:
2530:
2104:. Cambridge University Press. p. 70.
1992:Proceedings of the Indian History Congress
1795:Proceedings of the Indian History Congress
1765:Proceedings of the Indian History Congress
1728:
1726:
1472:Maritime trade declined post the reign of
826:. Later in the 9th and 10th centuries CE,
564:
550:
36:
1832:Sushanta Ku. Patra & Benudhar Patra.
1699:
1697:
1695:
1693:
1691:
1689:
1687:
1685:
1683:
1681:
2470:INDIA-CHINA: INTERSECTING UNIVERSALITIES
1932:"History of Orissa: The Imperial Gangas"
1178:and throughout Maritime Southeast Asia.
28:
1549:"The Re-Emergence of the Bay of Bengal"
1539:
443:
276:
115:
72:
54:
33:Boita replica at Odisha Maritime museum
1338:Kalinga had strong ties with Simhala (
782:in the 2nd century AD were Nanigaina (
2125:Royal Society of New Zealand (1873).
1634:
1632:
1448:Odisha State Maritime Museum, Cuttack
1260:(of modern Cambodia) appear to be of
973:Model of a Boita at Konark ASI Museum
7:
2267:. Northern Book Centre. p. 45.
2240:. Abhinav Publications. p. 24.
751:was once called the Sea of Kalinga.
2414:. Abhinav Publications. p. 6.
2387:. Indus Publishing. p. 117ff.
1934:. Orissa Government. Archived from
1959:"Maritime Trade of Ancient Orissa"
1957:Nirakar Mahalik (September 2004).
1801:, Indian History Congress: 54–63,
1771:, Indian History Congress: 54–63,
1063:From June to September the summer
25:
2474:. Collège de France. p. 19.
2351:. Indus Publishing. p. 133.
1998:, Indian History Congress: 1029,
1642:Outline of the History of Kalinga
1573:Maritime Trade of Ancient Kalinga
1330:The Temple of the Tooth Relic in
899:(copper age) culture and then an
814:(Mansurkota), Dosarene, Sonapur,
654:, the Bay of Bengal was known as
3407:
2661:
2560:
2178:Benudhar Patra (November 2005).
1986:Nayak, Ajaya Kumar (2009–2010),
1559:(2), McFarland & Company: 52
1507:
533:
64:
3236:Dhalapathar Parda & Fabrics
2381:"Maritime Activities of Orissa"
2237:Thai art with Indian influences
1733:Sila Tripati & K. H. Vora.
1671:Janapada state in ancient India
1190:market. A boat depicted in the
464:Dhalapathar Parda & Fabrics
1880:ORISSA REFERENCE ANNUAL – 2005
1:
2345:Nihar Ranjan Patnaik (1997).
2213:. READ BOOKS. p. 145ff.
1908:. 21 May 2006. Archived from
1570:Mohanty, PC (November 2011),
484:Habaspuri Saree & Fabrics
2525:Odisha State Maritime Museum
2408:Thomas E. Donaldson (2001).
2294:. Trübner & co. p.
2288:Robert Needham Cust (1880).
2234:Promsak Jermsawatdi (1979).
2207:Radhakumud Mookerji (2006).
2098:Himanshu Prabha Ray (2003).
1674:. Bhāratīya Vidyā Prakāśana.
1028:was a boat-building center.
694:, including parts of modern
634:people with whom they traded
1579:, Orissa Review, p. 41
938:(810–850 AD), ruler of the
3454:
2825:Maritime history of Odisha
2435:Edward H. Schafer (1963).
2385:Economic history of Orissa
2348:Economic history of Orissa
1647:Asian Educational Services
1354:to organise the nuns. The
992:
869:
586:Maritime history of Odisha
18:Maritime history of Orissa
3433:Maritime history of India
3404:
2659:
2576:
2465:; Kumar, Sanchit (2020).
2049:"Southeast Asian Climate"
1873:"BRIEF HISTORY OF ORISSA"
1251:viewed from the northwest
1174:pirates operating in the
598:Oḍisāra Sāmudrika Itihāsa
593:
1789:Patra, Benudhar (2013),
1759:Patra, Benudhar (2013),
1547:Agarwala, Nitin (2020),
1495:Second Anglo-Maratha War
1467:Second Anglo-Maratha War
1412:(610–611 AD). King
594:ଓଡ଼ିଶାର ସାମୁଦ୍ରିକ ଇତିହାସ
42:This article is part of
3271:Kotpad Handloom fabrics
3251:Gopalpur Tussar Fabrics
2868:Deomali (Highest point)
2810:Orissa Tributary States
2750:Mahameghavahana dynasty
2722:Human Rights Commission
2495:Naravane, M.S. (2014).
2379:Bhagaban Panda (1997).
2317:. River Books. p.
2158:OHRJ, Vol. XLVII, No. 2
1841:OHRJ, Vol. XLVII, No. 2
1639:Majumdar, R.C. (1996).
1523:Indian maritime history
737:Maritime Southeast Asia
622:Maritime Southeast Asia
612:sailed up and down the
608:along the coast of the
499:Kotpad Handloom fabrics
479:Gopalpur Tussar Fabrics
1449:
1335:
1252:
1236:confirm this contact.
1075:
1060:
1031:Terracotta seals from
990:
982:
974:
884:
810:), Palur (Dantapura),
581:
34:
2795:Eastern Ganga dynasty
1902:"The Eastern Regions"
1668:Sudāmā Miśra (1973).
1455:Sulaiman Khan Karrani
1447:
1329:
1247:
1223:, around the gulf of
1192:Sun Temple of Konarak
1073:
1058:
988:
980:
972:
879:
579:
32:
3286:Pipili appliqué work
3266:Konark stone carving
2775:Shailodbhava dynasty
2690:Legislative Assembly
1283:The Chinese pilgrim
626:introducing elements
514:Pipili applique work
494:Konark stone carving
93:Legislative Assembly
3241:Ganjam Kewda Flower
2780:Bhauma-Kara dynasty
2611:Bande Utkala Janani
2074:"Indonesia Climate"
1912:on 28 November 2009
1882:. Orissa Government
1484:in China, when the
1295:) and Chelitalo to
1138:-style king with a
930:dynasty ruled over
731:in the south, with
616:, and travelled to
469:Ganjam Kewda Flower
2873:Abdul Kalam Island
2790:Somavamshi dynasty
2770:Pitrbhakta dynasty
2078:Photius Coutsoukis
2053:Blue Planet Biomes
1450:
1336:
1253:
1146:has been found at
1076:
1061:
1041:Brahmeswara Temple
1016:records that king
991:
983:
975:
885:
636:. The 6th century
582:
146:Odia Hindu wedding
35:
3438:History of Odisha
3420:
3419:
3246:Ganjam Kewda Rooh
3079:
3078:
1402:According to the
1198:Overseas contacts
1176:Strait of Malacca
1096:strait of Malacca
953:under their king
872:History of Odisha
790:) and Kannagara (
639:Manjusrimulakalpa
574:
573:
474:Ganjam Kewda Rooh
98:Political parties
16:(Redirected from
3445:
3414:India portal
3412:
3411:
3410:
2894:
2665:
2653:Mahanadi mahseer
2602:Emblem of Odisha
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1578:
1567:
1561:
1560:
1544:
1517:
1512:
1511:
1510:
1486:Qianlong Emperor
1305:Tantric Buddhism
1112:Rushikulya River
1110:Palur, near the
1094:and through the
1009:Yukti Kalpa Taru
955:Rajendra Chola I
830:sources mention
786:), Katikardama (
670:on the banks of
595:
566:
559:
552:
540:India portal
538:
537:
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519:Sambalpuri saree
198:Maritime history
68:
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3291:Odisha Rasagola
3226:Berhampur Patta
3212:
3075:
3014:
2953:
2887:
2885:
2877:
2843:Flora and Fauna
2829:
2815:Utkal Sammilani
2800:Gajapati Empire
2765:Mathara dynasty
2755:Murunda dynasty
2726:
2685:Chief ministers
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2029:on 8 April 2008
2026:
2019:
2015:
2014:
2010:
1985:
1984:
1980:
1970:
1968:
1961:
1956:
1955:
1951:
1941:
1939:
1938:on 21 July 2011
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1649:. p. 1, 19
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1474:Gajapati Empire
1430:
1357:Samantapasadika
1324:
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1242:
1205:
1200:
1116:Ganjam district
1108:
1092:Malay Peninsula
1088:Nicobar islands
1053:
1037:Chandraketugarh
997:
967:
887:Excavations at
874:
868:
765:
684:
652:Classical India
650:and in ancient
620:and throughout
570:
534:
532:
454:Berhampur Patta
280:
173:Flora and fauna
88:Chief Ministers
56:
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2820:Historic sites
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2785:Bhanja dynasty
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2519:External links
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2313:Ancient Angkor
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2131:. p. 136.
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1893:
1853:
1811:
1781:
1751:
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1704:Sila Tripati.
1677:
1660:
1628:
1611:Orissa Tourism
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1418:Nissanka Malla
1374:Gautama Buddha
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1004:Juktikalpataru
993:Main article:
966:
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870:Main article:
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700:Andhra Pradesh
692:Godavari River
683:
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660:maritime trade
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2980:Jagatsinghpur
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2858:Garhjat Hills
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2590:State symbols
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2187:Orissa Review
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1966:Orissa Review
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1487:
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1479:
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1470:
1469:(1803–1805).
1468:
1464:
1460:
1459:Mughal Empire
1457:and then the
1456:
1446:
1442:
1439:
1435:
1428:Later history
1427:
1425:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
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1398:
1394:
1391:teachings of
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1188:Mediterranean
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979:
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951:Chola dynasty
949:
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937:
933:
929:
924:
922:
921:Kalinganagara
918:
914:
909:
907:
902:
898:
894:
891:have shown a
890:
882:
881:Maurya Empire
878:
873:
866:Early history
865:
863:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
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829:
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821:
820:Kalingapatnam
817:
813:
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800:Khalkatapatna
797:
793:
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749:Bay of Bengal
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721:
717:
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709:
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697:
693:
689:
681:
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674:river called
673:
669:
665:
664:Boita Bandana
661:
657:
656:Kalinga Sagar
653:
649:
645:
644:Bay of Bengal
642:mentions the
641:
640:
635:
631:
630:their culture
627:
623:
619:
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611:
610:Bay of Bengal
607:
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346:Jagatsinghpur
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27:
19:
3128:Bhawanipatna
2863:Chilika Lake
2853:Utkal Plains
2824:
2805:Bhoi dynasty
2760:Nala dynasty
2579:
2497:
2490:
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2457:
2437:
2430:
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2384:
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2256:
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2209:
2202:
2190:. Retrieved
2186:
2173:
2161:. Retrieved
2157:
2127:
2120:
2100:
2093:
2081:. Retrieved
2077:
2068:
2056:. Retrieved
2052:
2043:
2031:. Retrieved
2024:the original
2011:
1995:
1991:
1981:
1969:. Retrieved
1965:
1952:
1940:. Retrieved
1936:the original
1926:
1914:. Retrieved
1910:the original
1905:
1896:
1884:. Retrieved
1879:
1844:. Retrieved
1840:
1798:
1794:
1784:
1768:
1764:
1754:
1742:. Retrieved
1713:. Retrieved
1670:
1663:
1651:. Retrieved
1641:
1619:. Retrieved
1615:the original
1610:
1607:"Bali Yatra"
1601:
1591:
1585:
1572:
1565:
1556:
1552:
1542:
1515:India portal
1482:Qing dynasty
1478:Bhoi dynasty
1471:
1451:
1431:
1414:Vijayabahu I
1410:Aggabodhi II
1403:
1401:
1382:
1361:
1355:
1346:, came from
1337:
1309:
1282:
1275:
1254:
1217:Arakan River
1206:
1184:
1180:
1152:
1109:
1081:
1077:
1062:
1030:
1022:Chilika Lake
1013:
1007:
1003:
998:
925:
910:
897:Chalcolithic
889:Golbai Sasan
886:
836:Kalinganagar
777:
766:
757:Chilika Lake
753:
685:
655:
647:
637:
614:Indian coast
600:), known as
597:
585:
583:
254:Odissi music
197:
40:
26:
3281:Pattachitra
3276:Odisha Ikat
3231:Bomkai sari
3218:GI products
3133:Bhubaneswar
2581:Bhubaneswar
2463:Cheng, Anne
2192:21 November
2163:17 November
2083:20 November
2058:20 November
2033:20 November
1971:17 November
1942:19 November
1916:19 November
1906:India Times
1886:18 November
1846:16 November
1744:17 November
1715:17 November
1621:16 November
1397:Hieun Tsang
1393:Buddhaghosa
1370:tooth relic
1352:Sanghamitra
1334:, Sri Lanka
1285:Hieun Tsang
1219:valley and
1045:Bhubaneswar
1024:shows that
1014:Madalapanji
940:Pala Empire
928:Bhauma-Kara
804:Manikapatna
509:Pattachitra
504:Odisha Ikat
459:Bomkai Sari
445:GI Products
3427:Categories
3369:Literature
3173:Kendrapara
3158:Jharsuguda
3061:Nabrangpur
3056:Malkangiri
3000:Mayurbhanj
2990:Kendrapara
2949:Sundergarh
2944:Subarnapur
2929:Jharsuguda
2702:High Court
2672:Governance
2647:Sacred fig
1535:References
1405:Chulavamsa
1362:Dathavamsa
1316:Hsien Tung
1289:Tamralipta
1266:Angkor Wat
1249:Angkor Wat
1148:Salihundam
1126:rouletted
1084:Tamralipta
1051:Sea routes
856:Chandabali
852:Harishapur
796:Tamralipta
724:Vamsadhara
676:Bali Jatra
648:Kalingodra
618:Indo China
436:Sundergarh
431:Subarnapur
401:Nabrangpur
396:Mayurbhanj
391:Malkangiri
371:Kendrapara
351:Jharsuguda
225:Literature
103:High Court
74:Governance
3349:Festivals
3344:Education
3203:Sambalpur
3178:Kendujhar
3148:Dhenkanal
3138:Berhampur
3046:Kandhamal
3041:Kalahandi
2939:Sambalpur
2934:Kendujhar
2924:Dhenkanal
2883:Districts
2835:Geography
2712:Elections
2680:Governors
2578:Capital:
1389:Theravada
1384:Hinayanic
1348:Simhapura
1340:Sri Lanka
1322:Sri Lanka
1301:Sri Lanka
893:Neolithic
883:in 265 BC
818:(Barua),
808:Chelitalo
741:Indochina
426:Sambalpur
376:Kendujhar
366:Kandhamal
361:Kalahandi
331:Dhenkanal
282:Divisions
278:Districts
178:Geography
168:Festivals
163:Elections
158:Education
83:Governors
3354:Language
3198:Rourkela
3188:Paradeep
3118:Baripada
3103:Balasore
3098:Balangir
3071:Rayagada
3031:Gajapati
3019:Southern
3005:Nayagarh
2965:Balasore
2919:Debagarh
2909:Balangir
2897:Northern
2889:division
2717:Politics
2004:44147748
1807:44158798
1777:44158798
1528:Sadhabas
1501:See also
1463:Marathas
1366:Mahasena
1299:(modern
1291:(modern
1240:Cambodia
1225:Martaban
1213:Kalaymyo
1144:Tiberius
1065:monsoons
1001:Sanskrit
936:Devapala
901:Iron Age
840:Balasore
824:Pithunda
812:Gopalpur
720:Mahanadi
704:janapada
682:Location
672:Mahanadi
524:Rasgulla
421:Rayagada
406:Nayagarh
336:Gajapati
326:Debagarh
301:Balasore
296:Balangir
259:Politics
210:Language
45:a series
3396:Tourism
3374:Grammar
3339:Economy
3329:Culture
3324:Cuisine
3261:Khandua
3208:Talcher
3183:Khordha
3163:Jeypore
3143:Cuttack
3123:Bhadrak
3113:Bargarh
3066:Nuapada
3051:Koraput
2995:Khordha
2975:Cuttack
2970:Bhadrak
2958:Central
2914:Bargarh
2848:Forests
2740:Kalinga
2732:History
1491:gosains
1297:Simhala
1278:Fa Hien
1156:Sumatra
1136:Kushana
1132:amphora
1128:pottery
1120:celadon
1114:in the
1100:Sumatra
1033:Bangarh
1026:Golabai
1012:). The
959:Cuttack
913:Magadha
906:Vietnam
792:Konarak
780:Ptolemy
690:to the
668:Cuttack
632:to the
602:Kalinga
489:Khandua
411:Nuapada
386:Koraput
381:Khordha
321:Cuttack
311:Bhadrak
306:Bargarh
269:Tourism
230:Grammar
188:History
153:Economy
141:Culture
136:Cuisine
3391:Sports
3386:Tribes
3381:People
3364:Script
3319:Cinema
3306:Topics
3153:Jajpur
3108:Barbil
3085:Cities
3036:Ganjam
2985:Jajpur
2745:Rulers
2707:Police
2651:Fish:
2638:Ashoka
2634:Flower
2620:Sambar
2616:Animal
2607:Anthem
2598:Emblem
2570:Odisha
2505:
2478:
2445:
2418:
2391:
2355:
2325:
2271:
2244:
2217:
2108:
2002:
1805:
1775:
1344:Vijaya
1312:Sirpur
1293:Tamluk
1262:Andhra
1258:Khmers
1229:Yangon
1215:, the
1140:Brahmi
1122:ware,
944:Bengal
917:Ashoka
860:Dhamra
848:Ganjam
844:Pipili
832:Ganjam
816:Baruva
788:Kataka
729:Ceylon
716:Ganges
712:Ganjam
696:Odisha
688:Ganges
356:Jajpur
341:Ganjam
264:Sports
242:Tribes
237:People
215:Script
203:Rulers
131:Cinema
117:Topics
108:Police
57:Odisha
3093:Angul
3026:Boudh
2904:Angul
2566:State
2183:(PDF)
2154:(PDF)
2027:(PDF)
2020:(PDF)
2000:JSTOR
1962:(PDF)
1876:(PDF)
1837:(PDF)
1803:JSTOR
1773:JSTOR
1738:(PDF)
1709:(PDF)
1653:1 May
1577:(PDF)
1438:Arcot
1422:Magha
1378:stupa
1332:Kandy
1272:China
1203:Burma
1172:Bugis
1168:Malay
1124:Roman
1106:Trade
1018:Bhoja
995:Boita
965:Ships
948:Tamil
932:Utkal
763:Ports
745:China
733:Burma
606:India
316:Boudh
291:Angul
3314:Arts
3193:Puri
3168:Joda
3010:Puri
2643:Tree
2625:Bird
2503:ISBN
2476:ISBN
2443:ISBN
2416:ISBN
2389:ISBN
2353:ISBN
2323:ISBN
2269:ISBN
2242:ISBN
2215:ISBN
2194:2010
2165:2010
2106:ISBN
2085:2010
2060:2010
2035:2010
1973:2010
1944:2010
1918:2010
1888:2010
1848:2010
1746:2010
1717:2010
1655:2021
1623:2010
1234:Pegu
1221:Pegu
1170:and
1164:Java
1162:and
1160:Siam
1130:and
1035:and
926:The
858:and
828:Arab
784:Puri
743:and
710:and
708:Puri
590:Odia
584:The
416:Puri
126:Arts
3359:Act
3334:Day
2568:of
2296:406
1372:of
1209:Mon
942:of
646:as
628:of
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2636::
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2367:^
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2137:^
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2051:.
1996:70
1994:,
1990:,
1964:.
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1946:.
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