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in the production of vaccine because the other methods were deemed less acceptable; one involved growing the vaccine in typhus-infected lice, which the SS did not wish to introduce into the camp, and another involved culturing the vaccine in chicken eggs, and chicken and eggs were both likely to be stolen for food. Officially, two varieties of vaccine were produced in the camp - one meant for SS combat units, and another, of dubious quality, for the camp's inmates. Ciepielowski and his colleagues subverted this by producing a completely ineffective vaccine (made of water with small amounts of blood and formalin) to send to the front, while producing a high-quality, effective vaccine for other prisoners. This was accomplished largely through the intervention of the biologist and physician
103:, head of the Waffen-SS's Hygiene Institute, had plans to produce a vaccine, but these plans were delayed by the bombing of his headquarters. Mrugowsky instead decided that the vaccine would be produced at Buchenwald, which was judged to be at lower risk of Allied bombing. One of the camp's SS officers, the surgeon
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Compared to his conditions of confinement, Ciepielowski found himself in relative luxury. Prisoners in the hygiene unit had individual beds with clean linens, and were given additional rations of sugar, fat, and bread. They also ate the meat from the rabbits used in the laboratory. Rabbits were used
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On one occasion, a
Romanian researcher, suspicious after being unable to replicate the vaccine by the method utilized in the camp, submitted a paper demonstrating that the method was fraudulent. The paper made its way to Ding-Schuler, and put Ciepielowski and the other prison-researchers at risk of
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and
Buchenwald) wrote an article ("Le typhus experimental au camp de Buchenwald") on the typhus experiments in Buchenwald that was published in May 1946. He was later approached by representatives of a large pharmaceutical firm who were stymied by their inability to produce a viable typhus vaccine
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Ciepielowski spent the final days before the liberation of
Buchenwald in hiding, with the Gestapo hunting the camp for him. He was liberated by American soldiers, and spent the next several years working as a medical inspector for the Red Cross, as well as the International Tracing Service of the
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For the first part of
Ciepielowski's time at Buchenwald, he was set to hard labor. During this part of his imprisonment, he suffered a broken shoulder and serious injuries to his hand as a result of an amateur surgery, and as a result of his privations he wasted away to a weight of 46 kg.
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as his medical clerk) to be published under the name of the SS officer. Ciepielowski and the other researchers regarded Ding-Schuler (who had received his degree through party loyalty, rather than scholarship) to be a fool, easily manipulated due to his lack of medical knowledge.
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their lives. Ciepielowski successfully convinced Ding-Schuler that the
Romanian doctor had erred, and authored a paper to that effect, to be published under Ding-Schuler's own name. It would be one of a half-dozen papers Ciepielowski wrote (with fellow inmate
115:, who had been sent to Buchenwald from Auschwitz; Fleck almost immediately recognized the flaws in the prisoners' methods, but was convinced to assist them in secretly creating a real, potent vaccine, while manufacturing the fake vaccine for the SS.
141:. In one irony, the defendants in the Doctors' trial were immunized against typhus by their American captors, only to later learn that the vaccine they received was the fake one produced at Buchenwald (a fact unknown to the Americans at the time).
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production unit. Ciepielowski's actions resulted in useful vaccines being distributed to camp inmates, while inactive and useless "vaccines" were sent to Nazi soldiers. After the war he emigrated to the United States.
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student organization. Specializing in infectious diseases, after graduation, he worked at various places including Kraków's
Department of Microbiology and Serology and a social insurance company.
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107:, needing researchers to staff his vaccine laboratory, pulled Ciepielowski to assist. Ciepielowski would work in the camp hygiene department from July 1943 to April 1945.
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Allied High
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Ciepielowski married a fellow Polish survivor in West
Germany, and in 1951 they immigrated to the United States. He worked at the
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289:"Microbiology and Philosophy of Science, Lwow and the German Holocaust: Stations of a Life – Ludwik Fleck, 1896–1961"
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in New York, where he eventually rose to the post of deputy director. He died in 1973 and was buried in
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in April 1941 and convicted based on vague accusations of anti-German activities. He was imprisoned at
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The
Fantastic Laboratory of Dr. Weigl: How Two Brave Scientists Battled Typhus and Sabotaged the Nazis
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Silence, Scapegoats, Self-reflection: The Shadow of Nazi
Medical Crimes on Medicine and Bioethics
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The Theory and Practice of Hell: The German Concentration Camps and the System Behind Them
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After his release from Buchenwald, Ciepielowski (along with fellow prisoner-doctor
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Ciepielowski, who already considered himself a socialist at university, joined the
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Baluk-Ulewiczowa, T., trans. Medical Review – Auschwitz. 17 January 2020.
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Sabotage at the Buchenwald SS Hygiene Institute. Dr Marian Ciepielowski.
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Ciepielowski was born on 30 August 1907 to a Polish Catholic family in
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using the fraudulent methods published under Ding-Schuler's name.
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By late 1942, German forces were taking significant losses from
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Roeloke, Volker; Topp, Sascha; Lepicard, Etienne, eds. (2015).
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Polish defense against the Nazi invasion in September 1939
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291:, in Cohen, Robert S.; Schnelle, Thomas (eds.),
293:Cognition and Fact: Materials on Ludwik Fleck
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238:"How a Jewish Doctor Duped the Nazis"
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20:Marian Ciepielowski
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243:Politico
77:Gestapo
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