97:
519:
28:
85:
206:
918:; cadres from this unit were used in creating the new Imperial Guard regiment at Burgos. Dumay and Hennet could not find evidence whether the marriage was formally contracted, and suggested that this was due to the loss of Paris records in 1870; but it is not clear if the marriage predated Burgos, in which case it would have obviously not appeared in Paris records.
346:. There she learnt horsemanship and formation maneuvers, and the use of firearms and the sword. She also adopted the severe powdered queue hairstyle of a professional soldier, although she stood out due to her short stature, under five French feet in her riding-boots (around 5 feet 4 inches or 160 cm). The regiment was soon assigned to the
365:. Army records show that she herself joined the 8th Hussars as a trooper on 21 December 1797, under the surname of Sangène; she remained with them even when Commarmot transferred to another regiment, but in November 1798, she transferred back to the 15th Dragoons. She was thus a soldier in the Hussars during the
514:
by 1812: Hennet suggested (perhaps on scanty evidence) that this marriage predated and precipitated her decision to join the Burgos garrison, which he dates to 1812, and that rather than being captured by the
Spanish partisans, she volunteered to join Dovalle, who had been seized while on guard duty.
432:
for his wife, who, like her, enjoyed both riding and shooting – a more conducive household than Saint-Cloud. The basic outline is confirmed by the appearance of her stipend at St-Cloud in
Napoleon's accounts in 1804, and by the eyewitness memoirs of Marbot, which vouch for her role with Augereau, and
736:
around 1790, that might explain the statement of
Delagny that she had joined up aged fourteen, but alternatively a six-year absence from the area, which on her own account she had left aged nine, would fit better with the later birth-date around 1779 implied by Delagny, where she is directly said to
372:
The memoirs give no hint of the marriage with
Commarmot, discharge from the 15th Dragoons, or transfer to the Hussars; she says that she missed Napoleon's iconic victories of 1796–97 due to serving on garrison duty around Milan, although she does mention her service in Switzerland. Nonetheless, the
587:
eventually dictated her memoirs, which were first published in 1842: the main omissions and elaborations, identified by Dumay and Hennet in the early twentieth centuries, have been noted above; the memoir may also be wildly incorrect about her uncle, who she claims to have "lost at the time of the
507:
A second marriage again passes unmentioned in her memoirs, this time to
Charles Dovalle, a former cavalryman in the 9th Dragoons who had become the sergeant of the grenadier company at Burgos in 1810, and it also seems that Marie-Thérèse came to be relegated to the non-combat rôle of
420:. The memoirs claim that she was accorded many of the privileges of an officer, and she found herself an object of curiosity in fashionable society, culminating in a dinner invitation with Napoleon, now First Consul of the Republic. For ten days, she became an attendant to
588:
Italian campaign". Hennet believed that these inaccuracies were largely creations of the memoirs' editor. A second, shorter edition of her memoir, apparently based on independent archival research and interviews, appeared in 1861,
581:. In July 1818, she married her old friend Clément Joseph Melchior Sutter, the Swiss drummer-boy whom she believed dead after 10 August 1792, now a senior non-commissioned officer in a prestigious cavalry unit of the royal guard.
1169:
456:
led to a second period of convalescence. In the early twentieth century, the French researcher Léon Hennet argued that this campaign was largely fabricated by the memoirs' editor, citing records that place
526:
When
Napoleon abdicated in 1814, Marie-Thérèse was released and returned to France. There seems to be little documentation from this period, but, according to her memoirs, she reported to General
275:, the daughter of François Figueur, a miller and merchant, and Claudine Viard, from a family of minor nobility; orphaned at nine years of age, she was entrusted to a maternal uncle, Jean Viard, a
1164:
778:, p. 347, shows that this element of the narrative is substantially correct, although in fact her reapplication to the 15th Dragoons was followed by nearly a year on the regiment's muster.
377:
fighting in Italy. Captured briefly (according to the memoir, seized by
Austrian hussars and allowed to escape by French royalists), she was subsequently wounded by four sabre cuts at the
691:, and also states that Marie-Thérèse was just fourteen at this time, implying a date of birth in 1779; if correct, this means that her age was exaggerated in the pension records of 1800 (
357:
At this point, although she does not mention it in her memoirs, she appears to have left the dragoons and returned home; on 27 June 1796, she married Henri
Commarmot, a cavalryman in the
373:
records confirm the next section of her narrative: she rejoined the garrison element of the 15th
Dragoons when the main body of the regiment was in Egypt, and was reassigned to the
310:. Captured by the forces of the Republican government, she was encouraged to change sides, and on 9 July 1793, the nineteen-year-old girl enlisted as a cavalry trooper in the
433:
summarize her previous biography up to her departure from Saint-Cloud. In 1805, she was also proposed (albeit unsuccessfully) for the
Napoleonic army's gallantry medal, the
246:
473:
468:
The account in the memoirs claims that Marie-Thérèse sought to return to active duty from 1809, borne out by the tone of letters of recommendation from Generals
531:
816:, pp. 727–28 nn. 15-16, pension and salary together would have approximately equalled the annual wages of an Imperial Guard trooper, or an ordinary subaltern's
381:
on 4 November 1799, having had another horse shot from under her, and was captured a second time. Eventually, she managed to scramble back to the French lines.
1077:
The Sandler Collection: an annotated bibliography of books relating to the military history of the French Revolution and Empire in the library of John Sandler
910:
Dumay, in "Extrait des procès-verbaux", pp. lviii-lx; Hennet "Femmes Soldats", p. 348; Dovalle had retired from the 9th Dragoons by 1809, when he served in a
1174:
440:
After a falling-out with the Marshal, Figueur returned to active duty; the memoirs claim that she fought with her regiment in the great victories of
1204:
388:
against Swiss partisans in the snow of the Alps. In 1800, after exploring a return to the 15th Dragoons, she was granted an annual pension of 200
642:
Occasionally, commentators have questioned the overall authenticity of her biography, but documents relating to her career were deposited in the
1189:
1184:
639:, but its success also provoked a new edition of her memoirs, and led to favourable comparisons between Marie-Thérèse and Cathérine Hübscher.
635:. The popularity of the play and subsequent adaptations (a novel, an opera, and a large number of screen versions) somewhat obscured the real
648:
in 1906, and the twentieth century saw a series of document-based historical studies which clarified the details of her biography. A novel,
1179:
17:
994:
249:
before the twentieth century, she did not disguise her gender when she enlisted, serving for twenty-two years under her own name in the
1137:
177:
737:
be fourteen in 1793. In the marriage certificate as quoted by Dumay, her year of birth is given as 1773, not 1774 or any later year.
469:
351:
1199:
669:
Les campagnes de Mademoiselle Thérèse Figueur, aujourd'hui madame veuve Sutter, ex-dragon aux 15e et 9e régiments, de 1793 à 1815
820:; at St-Cloud, most expenses were presumably met out of the First Consul's budget, which would have increased disposable income.
1194:
812:
Dumay, in "Extrait des procès-verbaux du séances", p. lix, Hennet, "Femmes Soldats", p. 348: based on the figures in Elting,
366:
374:
1006:
291:
1111:, 4th Series, vol. 11 (1910), pp. xxxii-xxxiv, lviii-lx; Léon Hennet, "Femmes Soldats dans les armees de la révolution",
574:
527:
385:
347:
428:, so she returned to her regiment in the Paris garrison until 1805, when Marshal Augereau recruited her as a uniformed
481:
632:
618:
545:
had her final face-to-face meeting with him; she did not join the regiment when it marched to war, and the defeat at
421:
623:
362:
1115:
40 (1919), pp. 341-353 at pp. 347–48; Philippe Lefrancois, "La vraie Madame Sans-Gêne, dragon et blanchisseuse",
578:
425:
335:
250:
238:
137:
687:, Aumond, Paris 1861, p. 23, indicates that her capture and defection occurred in Marseilles, not Avignon as in
644:
728:, 4th Series, vol. 11 (1910), pp. xxxii-xxxiv; a contemporary diarist cited by Dumay stated that she had spent
628:
311:
122:
1093:
1065:
1063:
979:, p. 232. Genealogical websites claim that he lived until 1839, having married in 1801, risen to the rank of
911:
733:
358:
339:
295:
319:
602:
392:
and an honourable discharge from the army, aided by personal recommendations from the renowned Generals
90:
412:
After recuperating until 1802, she decided to re-enlist, rejoining the 9th Dragoons, now garrisoned in
518:
1159:
1154:
915:
445:
152:
384:
The memoir claims that effects of her sabring at Savigliano were exacerbated by subsequent mountain
286:; her uncle was a firm, if discreet, royalist, and she feared her best friend, a drummer-boy in the
102:
27:
889:
Dumay, in "Extrait des procès-verbaux du séances", pp. lviii-lx, Hennet, "Femmes Soldats", p. 348.
477:
700:
546:
303:
1002:
570:
493:
1133:
860:
283:
276:
985:(regimental staff-captain), and continued in the army under Napoleon, eventually earning the
610:
434:
417:
378:
299:
695:, p. 241). Adding to the confusion, Baron Marbot says that the incident occurred at Lyons:
205:
857:
Amazons to fighter pilots : a biographical dictionary of military women / Vol. 1, A-Q
501:
485:
393:
242:
216:
On 16 January 1774 Marie Thérèse Figueur, called Madame Sans-Gêne, was born in this house.
162:
142:
255:
449:
307:
157:
537:, formerly Napoleon's personal escort. During Napoleon's brief return to power in the
400:. Her stipend was around twice a soldier's basic pay, approximating to that of a NCO.
228:, 17 January 1774 – Paris, hospice des Petits Ménages, 4 January 1861), known by the
1148:
724:
Summary of a lecture by Monsieur Dumay, in "Extrait des procès-verbaux du séances",
510:
441:
230:
147:
488:
in the Spanish campaign. At Burgos, however, she fell into the hands of the Spanish
591:
554:
538:
461:
in Paris until the very end of 1805, and dating her sick-leave to an incident near
429:
1105:
Thérèse Figueur, dite Madame Sans-Gêne, dragon aux 15e et 93 régiments (1793-1815)
594:
had granted her an additional pension, and she eventually retired to a hospice in
981:
397:
350:
for the campaign of 1793–94, where she saved the life of the grievously-wounded
287:
1107:(1904), with subsequent additions in "Extrait des procès-verbaux du séances",
864:
489:
573:
restaurant in partnership with renowned balloonist and pioneer parachutist
354:, had two horses shot from under her, and refused a promotion to corporal.
306:
uprising in 1793, in a unit of volunteer artillery led by her uncle, now a
817:
599:
323:
963:
Fabrice Fanet & Jean-Christophe Romer, with Thierry Widemann, ed.,
791:. Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London 1989, p. 582, and notes, pp. 727-8.
343:
732:
years in the dragoons on her return home; if she had enrolled in the
453:
268:
225:
210:
58:
1109:
Mémoires de l'Académie des Sciences, Arts et Belles-Lettres de Dijon
726:
Mémoires de l'Académie des Sciences, Arts et Belles-Lettres de Dijon
237:(literally "unconstrained"), was a French soldier who fought in the
1079:. Ken Trotman Ltd., London 1996, calls the memoir "highly suspect".
517:
413:
389:
272:
204:
424:, but she found it hard to adapt to the informal idleness of the
746:
Léon Hennet, "Femmes Soldats dans les armees de la révolution",
595:
553:. Unable to secure assignment in a combat unit during the final
462:
561:
and a stretcher-bearer, in what proved to be her final battle.
480:
was pleased to recruit her into a new infantry regiment of the
609:. In the nineteenth century, she enjoyed enough celebrity for
282:
By her own account, she was not initially a supporter of the
267:
According to her memoirs, Marie-Thérèse Figueur was born in
1020:; on p. 8 he even cites her Ministry of War dossier number.
1170:
French military personnel of the French Revolutionary Wars
322:, where she was wounded for the first time, and first met
112:
1793–1800; 1803–1805; 1809/10–1814; 1815
774:, pp. 112-113, 246; the service record cited by Hennet,
841:
Léonce Grasilier, "Les Femmes et La Légion d'Honneur",
1005:& M. Perrotte. Rondonneau, Paris 1805, p. 445). ]
999:
Annuaire de la Légion d'Honneur, pour l'an XIII (1805)
1044:
Essai de biographie Lilloise contemporaine 1800-1869
541:, the regiment returned to their former duties, and
549:prevented her receiving an imperial bounty of 1500
191:
183:
173:
130:
116:
108:
78:
64:
45:
37:
845:, series 4, vol. 31 (1917), pp. 243–253 at p. 245.
314:under Colonel Pinon. Quickly earning the nickname
361:, then forming part of the Dijon garrison in the
1165:French military personnel of the Napoleonic Wars
967:. Le Cherche-Midi, DL, Paris 2008, pp. 470-473.
901:, pp. 160-216, and for the letters, pp. 250–51.
789:Swords Around a Throne: Napoleon's Grande Armée
859:. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. p. 170.
474:Marie-François Auguste de Caffarelli du Falga
8:
671:. Dauvin & Fontaine, Paris 1842. pp. 1–6
530:, who found her a place in his prestigious
989:; if so, he is presumably the Jean Viard,
787:For basic pay figures see John R. Elting,
22:
855:Pennington, Reina; Higham, Robin (2003).
965:Les militaires qui ont changés la France
652:by Colette Piat, was published in 1986.
32:Thérèse Figueur, in her dragoons uniform
660:
569:After Waterloo, Marie-Thérèse opened a
318:, she saw her first real battle at the
302:. She joined the counter-revolutionary
1088:See the article "Therese Figueur", in
703:(Longman's, London, 1892), pp. 127–128
452:, and that an accident on the road to
330:A Dragoon of the Republic (1793–1800)
263:Upbringing and enlistment (1774–1793)
7:
914:infantry unit mobilized against the
627:—but he repurposed the nickname for
605:, the first woman to be awarded the
326:, then a young artillery commander.
199:1818: Clément Joseph Melchior Sutter
16:For other uses of her nickname, see
683:, pp. 14–44; note that J. Delagny,
74:Paris, hospice des Petits Ménages
14:
750:40 (1919), pp. 341-353 at p. 347.
18:Madame Sans-Gêne (disambiguation)
1175:French female military personnel
187:Plaque erected in 1907 at Talmay
95:
83:
26:
1205:19th-century French memoirists
697:The Memoirs of Baron de Marbot
685:La Femme-dragon, dit Sans-Gêne
470:François Jean Baptiste Quesnel
334:After the siege, her unit was
1:
1190:Women in 19th-century warfare
1185:Women in 18th-century warfare
1062:, 100-101 (1895), pp. 14-23.
997:who was so honoured in 1805 (
484:, who formed the garrison at
476:, apparently dating to 1811;
290:, had been killed during the
1046:. Leleu, Lille 1869, p. 104.
577:(née Labrosse) the widow of
528:Charles Lefebvre-Desnouettes
348:Army of the Eastern Pyrenees
338:in the amalgamation of the
1221:
1113:La Nouvelle Revue Francais
830:Memoirs of Baron de Marbot
748:La Nouvelle Revue Francais
667:Saint-Germain Leduc, ed.,
557:, she served instead as a
522:Cover of Figueur's memoirs
209:Plaque erected in 1907 at
15:
617:as the title of his 1893
292:overthrow of the monarchy
279:in an infantry regiment.
251:French Revolutionary Army
239:French Revolutionary Wars
178:Médaille de Sainte-Hélène
138:French Revolutionary Wars
25:
1200:French women memoirists
1119:98 (1958), pp. 233–236.
1090:Armée, marine, colonies
1031:Armée, marine, colonies
598:, apparently alongside
555:skirmishes around Paris
367:invasion of Switzerland
1195:Women in war in France
1029:"Therese Figueur", in
814:Swords Around a Throne
579:André-Jacques Garnerin
543:Mademoiselle Sans-Gêne
523:
426:Château de Saint-Cloud
218:
1180:People from Côte-d'Or
1132:, Albin Michel, 1986
619:Théâtre du Vaudeville
565:Later life and legacy
521:
340:15th Dragoon Regiment
312:Légion des Allobroges
222:Marie-Thérèse Figueur
208:
195:1796: Henri Commarmot
123:Légion des Allobroges
109:Years of service
91:French First Republic
1117:Miroir de l'histoire
1058:11 (1894), p. 26-8;
916:Walcheren Expedition
197:1810:Charles Dovalle
153:Battle of Austerlitz
1060:The Calcutta Review
603:Virginie Ghesquiere
500:and was taken as a
418:gentleman volunteer
103:First French Empire
1092:2 (1906), p. 493.
1075:Victor Sutcliffe,
995:37th Line Infantry
701:Arthur John Butler
629:Cathérine Hübscher
585:Le petit Sans-Gêne
534:chasseurs à cheval
524:
465:in February 1806.
316:le petit Sans-Gêne
219:
1130:Thérèse Sans-Gêne
1042:Hippolyte Verly,
1033:2 (1906), p. 493.
954:, pp. 233-4, 239.
843:La Nouvelle Revue
650:Thérèse Sans-Gêne
363:Army of the Rhine
284:French Revolution
203:
202:
1212:
1140:
1126:
1120:
1101:
1095:
1086:
1080:
1073:
1067:
1053:
1047:
1040:
1034:
1027:
1021:
1014:
1008:
987:Légion d'honneur
974:
968:
961:
955:
949:
943:
937:
931:
925:
919:
908:
902:
896:
890:
887:
881:
875:
869:
868:
852:
846:
839:
833:
827:
821:
810:
804:
798:
792:
785:
779:
769:
763:
757:
751:
744:
738:
722:
716:
710:
704:
678:
672:
665:
645:Musée de l'Armée
633:Marshal Lefebvre
624:Madame Sans Gêne
611:Victorien Sardou
607:Légion d'honneur
435:Légion d'honneur
379:Battle of Genola
300:Tuileries Palace
101:
99:
98:
89:
87:
86:
71:
68:January 16, 1861
56:January 17, 1774
55:
53:
30:
23:
1220:
1219:
1215:
1214:
1213:
1211:
1210:
1209:
1145:
1144:
1143:
1127:
1123:
1103:Gabriel Dumay,
1102:
1098:
1087:
1083:
1074:
1070:
1054:
1050:
1041:
1037:
1028:
1024:
1018:La Femme-dragon
1015:
1011:
1003:Joseph Lavallée
975:
971:
962:
958:
950:
946:
938:
934:
926:
922:
909:
905:
897:
893:
888:
884:
876:
872:
854:
853:
849:
840:
836:
828:
824:
811:
807:
799:
795:
786:
782:
770:
766:
758:
754:
745:
741:
723:
719:
711:
707:
679:
675:
666:
662:
658:
575:Jeanne Garnerin
567:
502:prisoner of war
410:
404:Soldier in the
332:
320:siege of Toulon
277:sous-lieutenant
265:
247:female soldiers
243:Napoleonic Wars
214:
198:
196:
169:
163:Siege of Burgos
143:Napoleonic Wars
125:
121:
96:
94:
93:
84:
82:
73:
69:
57:
51:
49:
33:
21:
12:
11:
5:
1218:
1216:
1208:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1177:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1147:
1146:
1142:
1141:
1138:978-2226022486
1128:Colette Piat,
1121:
1096:
1081:
1068:
1056:The New Review
1048:
1035:
1022:
1009:
991:adjudant-major
982:adjudant-major
969:
956:
944:
942:, pp. 229-232.
932:
930:, pp. 217–228.
920:
912:National Guard
903:
891:
882:
880:, pp. 148–160.
870:
847:
834:
822:
805:
803:, pp. 113–148.
793:
780:
776:Femmes Soldats
764:
752:
739:
734:National Guard
717:
705:
673:
659:
657:
654:
631:, the wife of
613:to borrow her
566:
563:
482:Imperial Guard
478:General Soulès
409:
402:
352:General Noguès
331:
328:
296:National Guard
264:
261:
245:. Unlike some
201:
200:
193:
189:
188:
185:
181:
180:
175:
171:
170:
168:
167:
166:
165:
160:
158:Battle of Jena
155:
150:
140:
134:
132:
128:
127:
118:
114:
113:
110:
106:
105:
80:
76:
75:
72:(aged 86)
66:
62:
61:
47:
43:
42:
39:
35:
34:
31:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1217:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1152:
1150:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1125:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1100:
1097:
1094:
1091:
1085:
1082:
1078:
1072:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1057:
1052:
1049:
1045:
1039:
1036:
1032:
1026:
1023:
1019:
1013:
1010:
1007:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
983:
978:
977:Les campagnes
973:
970:
966:
960:
957:
953:
952:Les campagnes
948:
945:
941:
940:Les campagnes
936:
933:
929:
928:Les campagnes
924:
921:
917:
913:
907:
904:
900:
899:Les campagnes
895:
892:
886:
883:
879:
878:Les campagnes
874:
871:
866:
862:
858:
851:
848:
844:
838:
835:
832:, pp. 127–28.
831:
826:
823:
819:
815:
809:
806:
802:
801:Les campagnes
797:
794:
790:
784:
781:
777:
773:
772:Les campagnes
768:
765:
762:, pp. 84–109.
761:
760:Les campagnes
756:
753:
749:
743:
740:
735:
731:
727:
721:
718:
714:
713:Les campagnes
709:
706:
702:
698:
694:
693:Les campagnes
690:
689:Les campagnes
686:
682:
681:Les campagnes
677:
674:
670:
664:
661:
655:
653:
651:
647:
646:
640:
638:
634:
630:
626:
625:
620:
616:
615:nom de guerre
612:
608:
604:
601:
597:
593:
589:
586:
582:
580:
576:
572:
564:
562:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
535:
529:
520:
516:
513:
512:
505:
503:
499:
497:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
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41:Mme Sans-Gêne
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70:(1861-01-16)
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408:(1802–1815)
386:campaigning
359:8th Hussars
342:, based at
336:reorganized
294:, when the
288:Swiss Guard
120:8th Hussars
38:Nickname(s)
1149:Categories
656:References
559:cantinière
511:cantinière
490:guerrillas
446:Austerlitz
304:Federalist
79:Allegiance
52:1774-01-17
1016:Delagny,
865:773504359
699:, trans.
637:Sans-Gêne
459:Sans-Gêne
422:Josephine
235:Sans-Gêne
192:Spouse(s)
184:Memorials
818:half-pay
600:Sergeant
547:Waterloo
394:Augereau
324:Napoleon
253:and the
993:of the
416:, as a
344:Castres
308:captain
271:, near
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454:Berlin
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174:Awards
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65:Died
46:Born
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