459:, including the role of cytoplasmic ribonucleoprotein in protein synthesis. Using radiolabeled amino acid glycine, she was able to measure how protein metabolism changed under feeding and fasting conditions in mice. This allowed her to monitor the activity of the cytoplasm as the radiolabeled glycine was taken up into the cell nucleus.
352:
During her final years at Albert
Einstein College, per Daly's efforts to increase minority enrollment in professional and graduate schools, she helped run the Martin Luther King -Robert F. Kennedy program to help prepare black students for admission. In 1971 she was promoted to associate professor.
510:
She was especially interested in how hypertension affects the circulatory system. She showed that high cholesterol intake in diet led to clogged arteries, and that hypertension accelerated this effect. She studied the effects of diet on hypertension, and found that both cholesterol and sugar were
579:
On
February 26, 2016, the founding principal of the new elementary school P.S.360Q, Mr. R. Emmanuel-Cooke, announced that the school would be named "The Dr. Marie M. Daly Academy of Excellence" in honor of the Queens resident. Additionally Einstein College also created an annual memorial lecture
567:
with the intention of becoming a chemist, but had been unable to complete his education due to a lack of funds. Daly would thus complete her father's ambition by majoring in chemistry. Years later, she started a Queens
College scholarship fund in his honor to assist minority students majoring in
378:
Daly retired in 1986 from the Albert
Einstein College of Medicine, and in 1988 established a scholarship for African American chemistry and physics majors at Queens College in memory of her father. In 1999, she was recognized by the National Technical Association as one of the top 50 women in
392:
Daly was particularly interested in nuclear proteins. She developed methods for the fractionation of nuclear material and the determination of its composition. It was essential to separate cellular material into all of its components, without destroying or losing any of them.
580:
called The Marie M. Daly
Memorial Celebration that is sponsored by the division of Biomedical Sciences and the Einstein Minority Scientist Association. Every year guest speakers are invited to give a lecture highlighting diversity and contribution of minorities to science.
31:
329:
and its constituents. This was the start of a seven-year research program at the
Rockefeller Institute of Medicine, where Daly examined how proteins are constructed in the body. At the time, the structure and function of DNA were not yet understood.
515:, she suggested that smooth muscle hypertrophy due to aging might have a causative role in hypertension and atherosclerosis. Daly was also an early investigator into the effects of cigarette smoke on the lungs and on hypertension.
478:
for this work in 1962, Watson cited one of Daly's papers on "The role of ribonucleoprotein in protein synthesis" as contributing to his work. After 1953, the cell nucleus research field was flooded with funding opportunities.
527:
by muscle cells, an important research topic in the energy recycling systems of muscle. Her "Uptake of
Creatine by Cultured Cells" (1980) described the conditions under which muscle tissues best absorbed creatine.
552:. She often visited her maternal grandparents in Washington, where she read about scientists and their achievements in her grandfather's extensive library. She was especially impressed by
2856:
1507:
3080:
372:
357:
1812:
1187:
337:
in 1955. In collaboration with
Quentin B. Deming, she studied arterial metabolism. She continued this work as an assistant professor of biochemistry and of medicine at the
356:
In 1975, Daly was one of 30 minority women scientists to attend a conference examining the challenges facing minority women in STEM fields. The conference was held by the
3100:
3105:
3040:
1172:
Journal of
Clinical Investigation (Papers Presented / Proceedings of the Fifty-Fourth Annual Meeting of the American Society for Clinical Investigation, April 30, 1962
217:
and the first
African-American woman in the United States to earn a Ph.D. in chemistry. Daly made important contributions in four areas of research: the chemistry of
3070:
3115:
3095:
250:
487:
Daly and her colleagues did some of the earliest work relating diet to the health of the cardiac and circulatory systems. They investigated the impact of
3055:
3030:
2693:
Deming, Q.B.; Brun, L.M.; Kaplan, R.; Daly, M.M.; Bloom, J.; Schechter, M. (1961). "Hypertension, Recent Advances". In Brest, A.N.; Moyer, J.H. (eds.).
571:
Daly married and took the name Marie Maynard Daly Clark. Her husband died before her and they did not have any children. She died on October 28, 2003.
3090:
3025:
2810:
Park, Sung Suh; Kikkawa, Yutaka; Goldring, Irene P.; Daly, Marie M.; Zelefsky, Melvin; Shim, Chang; Spierer, Morris; Morita, Toyohiko (June 1, 1977).
2065:
The Double Bind: The Price of Being a Minority Woman in Science. Report of a Conference of Minority Women Scientists, Arlie House, Warrenton, Virginia
3110:
3045:
3085:
267:
in chemistry in 1942. Upon graduation, she was named a Queens College Scholar, an honor that is awarded to the top 2.5% of the graduating class.
2090:
400:, proteins found in cell nuclei, and was able to show the amino acid composition of various histone fractions. Her studies of histones with
249:, a laboratory high school for girls run by Hunter College faculty, where she was also encouraged to pursue chemistry. She then enrolled in
3075:
3065:
3060:
3050:
375:
and of the American Cancer Society. Daly was designated as a career scientist by the Health Research Council of the City of New York.
338:
157:
2812:"An Animal Model of Cigarette Smoking in Beagle Dogs Correlative Evaluation of Effects on Pulmonary Function, Defense, and Morphology"
1726:
1463:"An Animal Model of Cigarette Smoking in Beagle Dogs Correlative Evaluation of Effects on Pulmonary Function, Defense, and Morphology"
536:
There is limited information about her personal life and motivation for science. Daly's father, Ivan C. Daly, had immigrated from the
3035:
2768:
2213:
2176:
2014:
1876:
1659:
503:, and the first to identify a relationship between cholesterol and clogged arteries, an important discovery in understanding how
285:
in chemistry, which she completed in 1943. She became a chemistry tutor at Queens College and enrolled in the doctoral program at
1820:
2985:
1893:
1016:"Synthesis of Protein in the Pancreas. III. Uptake of Glycine-N by the Trypsinogen and Chymotrypsinogen of Mouse Pancreas"
2909:
1593:
368:
2570:
1261:
Wolinsky, Harvey; Daly, Marie M. (November 1970). "A Method for the Isolation of Intima-Media Samples from Arteries".
270:
Labor shortages and the need for scientists to support the war effort enabled Daly to garner fellowships to study at
2644:
Deming, QB; Mosbach, EH; Bevans, M; Daly, MM; Abell, LL; Martin, E; Brun, LM; Halpern, E; Kaplan, R (1 April 1958).
2784:
346:
246:
1687:
1164:
2137:
1975:
314:
322:
146:
1519:
2850:
1501:
290:
190:
1757:
428:
Daly developed methods for separating out the nuclei of tissues and measuring the base composition of
281:
Daly worked as a laboratory assistant at Queens College while studying at New York University for her
3020:
3015:
456:
345:, where she and Deming moved in 1960. From 1958 to 1963, she also served as an investigator for the
264:
1787:
537:
334:
286:
275:
271:
214:
151:
100:
95:
2811:
2543:
1462:
2037:
1370:
1286:
903:
564:
342:
1114:
1065:
282:
2710:"Cholesterol Concentration and Cholesterol Synthesis in Aortas of Rats with Renal Hypertension"
1613:
1188:"Cholesterol Concentration and Cholesterol Synthesis in Aortas of Rats With Renal Hypertension"
1015:
966:
776:
681:
632:
2887:
2831:
2764:
2758:
2739:
2675:
2619:
2524:
2475:
2446:"Synthesis of protein in the pancreas. II. The role of ribonucleoprotein in protein synthesis"
2423:
2374:
2322:
2270:
2209:
2172:
2166:
2010:
1872:
1868:
1861:
1732:
1722:
1655:
1575:
1539:
1482:
1445:
1409:
1362:
1324:
1278:
1249:
1220:
1147:
1098:
1048:
999:
949:
895:
856:
827:"Synthesis of protein in the pancreas. II. The role of ribonucleoprotein in protein synthesis"
809:
760:
714:
665:
616:
306:
222:
141:
2203:
1649:
436:
in desoxypentose nucleic acids. She concluded, among other things, that "no bases other than
2960:
2879:
2823:
2729:
2721:
2665:
2657:
2611:
2514:
2506:
2465:
2457:
2413:
2405:
2364:
2356:
2312:
2304:
2260:
2252:
1567:
1531:
1474:
1437:
1399:
1352:
1314:
1270:
1210:
1202:
1137:
1129:
1088:
1080:
1038:
1030:
989:
981:
939:
931:
885:
846:
838:
799:
791:
750:
742:
704:
696:
655:
647:
606:
541:
254:
185:
1115:"The Respiration and Cytochrome Oxidase Activity of Rat Aorta in Experimental Hypertension"
500:
463:
417:
413:
364:(1976) which made recommendations for recruiting and retaining minority women scientists.
259:
293:, for a Ph.D. thesis titled, "A Study of the Products Formed By the Action of Pancreatic
2670:
2646:"Blood pressure, cholesterol content of serum and tissues and atherogenesis in the rat"
2645:
2519:
2494:
2470:
2445:
2418:
2393:
2369:
2344:
2317:
2292:
2265:
2240:
2115:
1929:
1142:
1093:
1066:"Blood Pressure, Cholesterol Content of Serum and Tissues and Atherogenesis in the Rat"
1043:
994:
944:
919:
804:
755:
730:
709:
660:
549:
310:
90:
51:
2734:
2709:
1388:"Arterial Lysosomes and Connective Tissue in Primate Atherosclerosis and Hypertension"
1319:
1302:
1215:
851:
826:
611:
594:
3009:
2883:
2615:
1901:
1571:
1535:
553:
545:
504:
467:
401:
318:
2870:
Daly, Marie M.; Seifter, Sam (August 1980). "Uptake of creatine by cultured cells".
2596:
2138:"[Unsung Sheroes] Dr. Marie Maynard Daly, a Trailblazer in Medical Research"
1441:
1374:
1290:
907:
309:, from 1947 to 1948 while simultaneously conducting research under the direction of
1461:; Zelefsky, Melvin; Shim, Chang; Spierer, Morris; Morita, Toyohiko (June 1, 1977).
496:
326:
230:
128:
2910:"Marie Maynard Daly was a trailblazing biochemist, but her full story may be lost"
2063:
30:
2004:
174:
A Study of the Products Formed by the Action of Pancreatic Amylase on Corn Starch
173:
2827:
1478:
1064:; Abell, L.L.; Martin, E.; Brun, L.M.; Halpern, E.; Kaplan, R. (April 1, 1958).
488:
475:
433:
226:
1274:
563:
Daly's interest in science was also influenced by her father, who had attended
2495:"Some observations on protein metabolism in chromosomes of non-dividing cells"
1551:
1515:
1458:
1421:
1383:
1336:
1298:
1233:
1183:
1160:
1110:
1061:
1011:
967:"Some Observations on Protein Metabolism in Chromosomes of Non-Dividing Cells"
962:
915:
869:
822:
772:
726:
677:
628:
590:
206:
1736:
1341:"Effects of Hypertension on the Lipid Composition of Rat Aortic Intima-Media"
1238:"The Effect of Experimental Hypertension on Cholesterol Synthesis in the Rat"
1404:
1387:
1357:
1340:
2743:
2679:
2528:
2479:
2427:
2378:
2326:
2274:
1556:"Guanidinoacetate methyltransferase activity in tissues and cultured cells"
1555:
1425:
1237:
1224:
1151:
1102:
1052:
1003:
953:
899:
860:
813:
764:
718:
669:
620:
2961:"Marie M. Daly, first African-American woman to earn a Ph.D. in chemistry"
2661:
2623:
1579:
1543:
1449:
1413:
1366:
1328:
1282:
1253:
1133:
1084:
2891:
2835:
2510:
2461:
2409:
2360:
2308:
2256:
1486:
1034:
985:
935:
842:
795:
746:
700:
651:
524:
449:
409:
397:
234:
218:
2708:
Daly, M. M.; Deming, Q. B.; Raeff, V. M.; Brun, L. M. (1 October 1963).
1426:"Effects of age and hypertension on utilization of glucose by rat aorta"
2062:
Malcom, Shirley Mahaley; Quick Hall, Paula; Brown, Janet Welsh (1976).
445:
441:
437:
429:
294:
2725:
1813:"Dr. Marie Maynard Daly: The First African-American PhD. in Chemistry"
1206:
1976:"Marie Maynard Daly (1921–2003), America's First Black Woman Chemist"
1648:
Kessler, James; Kidd, J.S.; Kidd, Renee; Morin, Katherine A. (1996).
405:
167:
2394:"Purine and Pyrimidine Contents of Some Desoxypentose Nucleic Acids"
890:
873:
633:"Purine and Pyrimidine Contents of Some Desoxypentose Nucleic Acids"
540:, found work as a postal clerk and eventually married Helen Page of
205:(April 16, 1921 – October 28, 2003) was an American
512:
492:
210:
2934:
1263:
Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine
333:
Daly began working in the College of Physicians and Surgeons at
1867:(1. publ. ed.). Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. p.
362:
The Double Bind: The Price of Being a Minority Woman in Science
1859:
Grinstein, Louise S.; Rose, R. K.; Rafailovich, M. H. (1993).
560:, a work which influenced her decision to become a scientist.
471:
297:
on Corn Starch" and received her Ph.D. in chemistry in 1947.
1863:
Women in chemistry and physics: a biobibliographic sourcebook
1651:
Distinguished African-American Scientists of the 20th Century
595:"Chromatography of Purines and Pyrimidines on Starch Columns"
2345:"The amino acid composition and some properties of histones"
682:"The Amino Acid Composition and Some Properties of Histones"
495:, and other nutrients. She was the first to establish that
1386:; Kasak, Lisa E.; Coltoff-Schiller, Bernice (April 1975).
1163:; Deming, Quentin B.; Brun, Lili; Raeff, Victoria (1962).
257:, New York. She lived at home to save money and graduated
2935:"PS 360Q PTA The Dr. Marie M. Daly Academy of Excellence"
1165:"Effect of Hypertension on Cholesterol Synthesis in Rats"
420:. Daly's work on histones is now considered fundamental.
1186:; Deming, Q.B.; Raeff, V.M.; Brun, L.M. (October 1963).
1898:
The Faces of Science: African-Americans in the Sciences
1854:
1852:
1850:
1848:
1846:
1844:
1842:
1840:
1838:
317:
grant to support her postdoctoral research, she joined
2695:
The Second Hahnemann Symposium on Hypertensive Disease
2493:
Allfrey, VG; Daly, MM; Mirsky, AE (20 January 1955).
2444:
Allfrey, V; Daly, MM; Mirsky, AE (20 November 1953).
1457:
Park, Sung Suh; Kikkawa, Yutaka; Goldring, Irene P.;
2293:"Uptake of glycine-N15 by components of cell nuclei"
2171:. New York: Academic Press. pp. 196, 230, 257.
874:"The Uptake of N-Labelled Glycine by Liver Proteins"
416:. Histones have since been shown to be important in
2291:Daly, MM; Allfrey, VG; Mirsky, AE (November 1952).
1303:"Biosynthesis of squalene and sterols by rat aorta"
1014:; Allfrey, V.G.; Mirsky, A.E. (November 20, 1955).
373:
American Association for the Advancement of Science
367:Daly was a member of the board of governors of the
358:
American Association for the Advancement of Science
184:
166:
134:
124:
109:
83:
75:
59:
37:
21:
2763:. New York and London: Plenum Press. p. 295.
1860:
777:"Uptake of Glycine-N by Components of Cell Nuclei"
360:. This resulted in the publication of the report,
278:for her master's and Ph.D. degrees, respectively.
209:. She was the first African-American to receive a
2903:
2901:
2855:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 (
2697:. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger. pp. 160–.
2116:"Ivan C. and Helen H. Daly Scholarship Endowment"
2091:"#IAmNYAS Historical Edition: Marie Maynard Daly"
2006:African Americans in science, math, and invention
1506:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 (
2009:. New York: Facts on File, Inc. pp. 55–56.
305:Daly worked as a physical science instructor at
775:; Allfrey, V.G.; Mirsky, A.E. (November 1952).
523:In the 1970s Daly began studying the uptake of
2343:Daly, MM; Mirsky, AE; Ris, H (20 March 1951).
2168:The Cell: Biochemistry, Physiology, Morphology
2071:. Warrenton, Virginia: Arlie House. p. 63
1998:
1996:
631:; Allfrey, V.G.; Mirsky, A.E. (May 20, 1950).
8:
1786:Collins, Sibrina Nichelle (August 7, 2017).
680:; Mirsky, A.E.; Ris, Hans (March 20, 1951).
3081:Albert Einstein College of Medicine faculty
2286:
2284:
2234:
2232:
1969:
1967:
1965:
1963:
1961:
1959:
1957:
1955:
1953:
1951:
1752:
1750:
1748:
1746:
1242:Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Medicine
1113:; Gupride, E. Gambetta (February 1, 1959).
878:Journal of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry
2439:
2437:
2160:
2158:
1924:
1922:
1920:
1918:
1236:; Raeff, V.M.; Brun, L.M. (October 1965).
29:
18:
2733:
2669:
2518:
2469:
2417:
2368:
2316:
2264:
2208:. Academic Press. pp. 13–15, 76–77.
2197:
2195:
2165:Brachet, Jean; Mirsky, Alfred E. (1959).
1781:
1779:
1682:
1680:
1678:
1643:
1641:
1639:
1637:
1635:
1403:
1356:
1318:
1214:
1141:
1092:
1060:Deming, Q.B.; Mosbach, E.H.; Bevans, M.;
1042:
993:
943:
889:
850:
803:
754:
708:
659:
610:
3101:20th-century African-American scientists
2986:"Marie M. Daly PhD Memorial Celebration"
2239:Daly, MM; Mirsky, AE (20 January 1955).
3106:21st-century African-American academics
3041:20th-century African-American academics
2872:Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics
1654:. Phoenix, AZ: Oryx Press. p. 57.
1614:"Clark, Marie Maynard Daly (1921–2003)"
1605:
1560:Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics
1524:Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics
1382:Wolinsky, Harvey; Goldfischer, Sidney;
511:related to hypertension. Investigating
371:for two years. She was a fellow of the
3071:20th-century American women scientists
2848:
2816:American Review of Respiratory Disease
2338:
2336:
1520:"Uptake of creatine by cultured cells"
1499:
1467:American Review of Respiratory Disease
731:"Formation of Protein in the Pancreas"
452:were present in appreciable amounts."
2003:Spangenburg, Ray; Moser, Kit (2003).
1721:. New York: Oxford University Press.
379:Science, Engineering and Technology.
154:'s College of Physicians and Surgeons
7:
2650:The Journal of Experimental Medicine
1974:DeBakcsy, Dale (February 28, 2018).
1712:
1710:
1708:
1688:"Marie M. Daly PhD Memorial Lecture"
1073:The Journal of Experimental Medicine
825:; Mirsky, A.E. (November 20, 1953).
3116:21st-century African-American women
3096:20th-century African-American women
2241:"Histones with high lysine content"
2205:Histones and other nuclear proteins
1692:Albert Einstein College of Medicine
965:; Mirsky, A.E. (January 20, 1955).
920:"Histones With High Lysine Content"
408:-rich histones, in contrast to the
339:Albert Einstein College of Medicine
158:Albert Einstein College of Medicine
2908:Scudellari, Megan (2 March 2022).
2597:"Hypertension and Atherosclerosis"
2038:"Black History Month - Marie Daly"
548:, and Daly was born and raised in
14:
3056:Hunter College High School alumni
3031:African-American women scientists
2714:Journal of Clinical Investigation
2571:"You Should Know: Dr. Marie Daly"
2499:The Journal of General Physiology
2450:The Journal of General Physiology
2398:The Journal of General Physiology
2349:The Journal of General Physiology
2297:The Journal of General Physiology
2245:The Journal of General Physiology
2136:Irwin, Demetria (March 7, 2016).
1819:. January 5, 2018. Archived from
1195:Journal of Clinical Investigation
689:The Journal of General Physiology
3091:Scientists from New York (state)
3026:African-American women academics
2785:"Marie Maynard Daly, biochemist"
2604:The American Journal of Medicine
2095:The New York Academy of Sciences
1894:"Marie Maynard Daly: Biochemist"
1719:African American women mists 911
1122:Journal of Experimental Medicine
729:; Mirsky, A.E. (November 1952).
253:, a small, fairly new school in
3111:21st-century American academics
3046:20th-century American academics
2760:Lipids, Lipoproteins, and Drugs
1442:10.1152/ajplegacy.1976.230.1.30
918:; Mirsky, A.E. (January 1955).
599:Journal of Biological Chemistry
3086:20th-century American chemists
2544:"James Watson – Nobel Lecture"
1518:; Seifter, Sam (August 1980).
1430:American Journal of Physiology
289:, where she was supervised by
1:
2595:Freis, Edward D. (May 1969).
1936:. A&E Television Networks
1320:10.1016/S0022-2275(20)39518-3
1023:Journal of General Physiology
974:Journal of General Physiology
924:Journal of General Physiology
868:Mirsky, A.E.; Allfrey, V.G.;
831:Journal of General Physiology
784:Journal of General Physiology
735:Journal of General Physiology
640:Journal of General Physiology
612:10.1016/S0021-9258(19)51291-1
263:from Queens College with her
2884:10.1016/0003-9861(80)90182-4
2616:10.1016/0002-9343(69)90024-2
1788:"Unsung: Marie Maynard Daly"
1717:Brown, Jeannette E. (2012).
1594:Timeline of women in science
1572:10.1016/0003-9861(85)90661-7
1536:10.1016/0003-9861(80)90182-4
593:; Mirsky, A.E. (June 1949).
483:Cholesterol and hypertension
412:-rich histones described by
369:New York Academy of Sciences
225:, the relationships between
3076:Columbia University faculty
2828:10.1164/arrd.1977.115.6.971
2569:Lee, D. N. (July 6, 2014).
2392:Daly, M. M. (20 May 1950).
1892:Brown, Mitchell C. (1996).
1479:10.1164/arrd.1977.115.6.971
470:described the structure of
237:'s uptake by muscle cells.
3132:
3066:People from Corona, Queens
3061:Columbia University alumni
3051:American women biochemists
2757:Kritchevky, David (1975).
1817:On the Shoulders of Giants
1275:10.3181/00379727-135-35052
1232:Adel, H.N.; Deming, Q.B.;
424:Proteins and nucleic acids
347:American Heart Association
247:Hunter College High School
1762:Science History Institute
1307:Journal of Lipid Research
313:. After being awarded an
196:
117:
28:
3036:American women academics
2042:The Researcher's Gateway
79:Marie Maynard Daly Clark
2830:(inactive 2024-09-12).
2202:Brusch, Harris (1965).
1481:(inactive 2024-09-12).
1405:10.1161/01.res.36.4.553
1358:10.1161/01.res.31.3.410
315:American Cancer Society
568:chemistry or physics.
404:provided evidence for
2789:The Valentina Project
2662:10.1084/jem.107.4.581
1980:Women You Should Know
1758:"Marie Maynard Daily"
1134:10.1084/jem.109.2.187
1085:10.1084/jem.107.4.581
584:Selected bibliography
323:Rockefeller Institute
291:Mary Letitia Caldwell
191:Mary Letitia Caldwell
147:Rockefeller Institute
54:, New York City, U.S.
2511:10.1085/jgp.38.3.415
2462:10.1085/jgp.37.2.157
2410:10.1085/jgp.33.5.497
2361:10.1085/jgp.34.4.439
2309:10.1085/jgp.36.2.173
2257:10.1085/jgp.38.3.405
1554:(February 1, 1985).
1392:Circulation Research
1345:Circulation Research
1035:10.1085/jgp.39.2.207
986:10.1085/jgp.38.3.415
936:10.1085/jgp.38.3.405
843:10.1085/jgp.37.2.157
796:10.1085/jgp.36.2.173
747:10.1085/jgp.36.2.243
701:10.1085/jgp.34.4.439
652:10.1085/jgp.33.5.497
325:, which studied the
2990:www.einsteinmed.edu
2575:Scientific American
558:The Microbe Hunters
538:British West Indies
499:was a precursor to
335:Columbia University
287:Columbia University
276:Columbia University
272:New York University
215:Columbia University
152:Columbia University
101:Columbia University
96:New York University
70:New York City, U.S.
16:American biochemist
1823:on 7 November 2018
1339:(September 1972).
872:(September 1954).
565:Cornell University
343:Yeshiva University
203:Marie Maynard Daly
23:Marie Maynard Daly
2726:10.1172/JCI104845
2720:(10): 1606–1612.
1207:10.1172/JCI104845
1201:(10): 1606–1612.
457:protein synthesis
455:She investigated
307:Howard University
265:bachelor's degree
223:protein synthesis
200:
199:
142:Howard University
119:Scientific career
3123:
3000:
2999:
2997:
2996:
2982:
2976:
2975:
2973:
2971:
2956:
2950:
2949:
2947:
2945:
2931:
2925:
2924:
2922:
2920:
2905:
2896:
2895:
2867:
2861:
2860:
2854:
2846:
2844:
2842:
2807:
2801:
2800:
2798:
2796:
2781:
2775:
2774:
2754:
2748:
2747:
2737:
2705:
2699:
2698:
2690:
2684:
2683:
2673:
2641:
2635:
2634:
2632:
2630:
2601:
2592:
2586:
2585:
2583:
2581:
2566:
2560:
2559:
2557:
2555:
2539:
2533:
2532:
2522:
2490:
2484:
2483:
2473:
2441:
2432:
2431:
2421:
2389:
2383:
2382:
2372:
2340:
2331:
2330:
2320:
2288:
2279:
2278:
2268:
2236:
2227:
2226:
2224:
2222:
2199:
2190:
2189:
2187:
2185:
2162:
2153:
2152:
2150:
2148:
2133:
2127:
2126:
2124:
2122:
2112:
2106:
2105:
2103:
2101:
2087:
2081:
2080:
2078:
2076:
2070:
2059:
2053:
2052:
2050:
2049:
2034:
2028:
2027:
2025:
2023:
2000:
1991:
1990:
1988:
1986:
1971:
1946:
1945:
1943:
1941:
1926:
1913:
1912:
1910:
1909:
1900:. Archived from
1889:
1883:
1882:
1866:
1856:
1833:
1832:
1830:
1828:
1809:
1803:
1802:
1800:
1798:
1783:
1774:
1773:
1771:
1769:
1754:
1741:
1740:
1714:
1703:
1702:
1700:
1698:
1684:
1673:
1672:
1670:
1668:
1645:
1630:
1629:
1627:
1625:
1610:
1583:
1547:
1511:
1505:
1497:
1495:
1493:
1453:
1424:(January 1976).
1417:
1407:
1378:
1360:
1332:
1322:
1294:
1257:
1228:
1218:
1192:
1179:
1169:
1155:
1145:
1119:
1106:
1096:
1070:
1056:
1046:
1020:
1007:
997:
971:
957:
947:
911:
893:
864:
854:
817:
807:
781:
768:
758:
722:
712:
686:
673:
663:
637:
624:
614:
542:Washington, D.C.
474:. Accepting the
321:'s group at the
319:Alfred E. Mirsky
186:Doctoral advisor
180:
76:Other names
66:
63:October 28, 2003
47:
45:
33:
19:
3131:
3130:
3126:
3125:
3124:
3122:
3121:
3120:
3006:
3005:
3004:
3003:
2994:
2992:
2984:
2983:
2979:
2969:
2967:
2958:
2957:
2953:
2943:
2941:
2933:
2932:
2928:
2918:
2916:
2907:
2906:
2899:
2869:
2868:
2864:
2847:
2840:
2838:
2809:
2808:
2804:
2794:
2792:
2783:
2782:
2778:
2771:
2756:
2755:
2751:
2707:
2706:
2702:
2692:
2691:
2687:
2643:
2642:
2638:
2628:
2626:
2599:
2594:
2593:
2589:
2579:
2577:
2568:
2567:
2563:
2553:
2551:
2542:Watson, James.
2541:
2540:
2536:
2492:
2491:
2487:
2443:
2442:
2435:
2391:
2390:
2386:
2342:
2341:
2334:
2290:
2289:
2282:
2238:
2237:
2230:
2220:
2218:
2216:
2201:
2200:
2193:
2183:
2181:
2179:
2164:
2163:
2156:
2146:
2144:
2135:
2134:
2130:
2120:
2118:
2114:
2113:
2109:
2099:
2097:
2089:
2088:
2084:
2074:
2072:
2068:
2061:
2060:
2056:
2047:
2045:
2036:
2035:
2031:
2021:
2019:
2017:
2002:
2001:
1994:
1984:
1982:
1973:
1972:
1949:
1939:
1937:
1930:"Marie M. Daly"
1928:
1927:
1916:
1907:
1905:
1891:
1890:
1886:
1879:
1858:
1857:
1836:
1826:
1824:
1811:
1810:
1806:
1796:
1794:
1785:
1784:
1777:
1767:
1765:
1756:
1755:
1744:
1729:
1716:
1715:
1706:
1696:
1694:
1686:
1685:
1676:
1666:
1664:
1662:
1647:
1646:
1633:
1623:
1621:
1612:
1611:
1607:
1602:
1590:
1550:
1514:
1498:
1491:
1489:
1456:
1420:
1381:
1335:
1297:
1260:
1231:
1190:
1182:
1167:
1158:
1117:
1109:
1068:
1059:
1018:
1010:
969:
961:Allfrey, V.G.;
960:
914:
891:10.1177/2.5.376
867:
820:
779:
771:
725:
684:
676:
635:
627:
589:
586:
577:
534:
521:
501:atherosclerosis
485:
426:
418:gene expression
414:Albrecht Kossel
390:
385:
303:
283:master's degree
260:magna cum laude
243:
178:
162:
105:
84:Alma mater
71:
68:
64:
55:
49:
43:
41:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3129:
3127:
3119:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3008:
3007:
3002:
3001:
2977:
2959:Bossing, Jan.
2951:
2926:
2897:
2878:(1): 317–324.
2862:
2802:
2776:
2769:
2749:
2700:
2685:
2636:
2610:(5): 735–740.
2587:
2561:
2548:NobelPrize.org
2534:
2485:
2433:
2404:(5): 497–510.
2384:
2332:
2280:
2228:
2214:
2191:
2177:
2154:
2128:
2107:
2082:
2054:
2029:
2015:
1992:
1947:
1914:
1884:
1877:
1834:
1804:
1775:
1742:
1728:978-0199742882
1727:
1704:
1674:
1660:
1631:
1620:. 7 March 2007
1604:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1597:
1596:
1589:
1586:
1585:
1584:
1566:(2): 576–584.
1552:Daly, Marie M.
1548:
1530:(1): 317–324.
1516:Daly, Marie M.
1512:
1473:(6): 971–979.
1459:Daly, Marie M.
1454:
1418:
1398:(4): 553–561.
1384:Daly, Marie M.
1379:
1351:(3): 410–416.
1337:Daly, Marie M.
1333:
1313:(3): 367–375.
1295:
1269:(2): 364–368.
1258:
1248:(4): 571–581.
1229:
1180:
1161:Daly, Marie M.
1159:Adel, Harold;
1156:
1128:(2): 187–195.
1111:Daly, Marie M.
1107:
1079:(4): 581–598.
1057:
1029:(2): 207–210.
1008:
980:(3): 415–424.
958:
930:(3): 405–413.
912:
884:(5): 376–377.
865:
837:(2): 157–175.
818:
790:(2): 173–179.
773:Daly, Marie M.
769:
741:(2): 243–254.
727:Daly, Marie M.
723:
695:(4): 439–450.
674:
646:(5): 497–510.
625:
605:(2): 981–982.
591:Daly, Marie M.
585:
582:
576:
573:
550:Corona, Queens
544:They lived in
533:
530:
520:
517:
484:
481:
425:
422:
389:
386:
384:
381:
311:Herman Branson
302:
299:
251:Queens College
245:Daly attended
242:
239:
198:
197:
194:
193:
188:
182:
181:
170:
164:
163:
161:
160:
155:
149:
144:
138:
136:
132:
131:
126:
122:
121:
115:
114:
111:
107:
106:
104:
103:
98:
93:
91:Queens College
87:
85:
81:
80:
77:
73:
72:
69:
67:(aged 82)
61:
57:
56:
52:Corona, Queens
50:
48:April 16, 1921
39:
35:
34:
26:
25:
22:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3128:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3013:
3011:
2991:
2987:
2981:
2978:
2966:
2965:Amazing Women
2962:
2955:
2952:
2940:
2936:
2930:
2927:
2915:
2911:
2904:
2902:
2898:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2866:
2863:
2858:
2852:
2837:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2806:
2803:
2790:
2786:
2780:
2777:
2772:
2770:9781468432589
2766:
2762:
2761:
2753:
2750:
2745:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2704:
2701:
2696:
2689:
2686:
2681:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2656:(4): 581–98.
2655:
2651:
2647:
2640:
2637:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2598:
2591:
2588:
2576:
2572:
2565:
2562:
2550:. Nobel Media
2549:
2545:
2538:
2535:
2530:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2505:(3): 415–24.
2504:
2500:
2496:
2489:
2486:
2481:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2456:(2): 157–75.
2455:
2451:
2447:
2440:
2438:
2434:
2429:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2388:
2385:
2380:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2355:(4): 439–50.
2354:
2350:
2346:
2339:
2337:
2333:
2328:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2287:
2285:
2281:
2276:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2251:(3): 405–13.
2250:
2246:
2242:
2235:
2233:
2229:
2217:
2215:9780123955937
2211:
2207:
2206:
2198:
2196:
2192:
2180:
2178:9781483216546
2174:
2170:
2169:
2161:
2159:
2155:
2143:
2139:
2132:
2129:
2117:
2111:
2108:
2096:
2092:
2086:
2083:
2067:
2066:
2058:
2055:
2043:
2039:
2033:
2030:
2018:
2016:9781438107745
2012:
2008:
2007:
1999:
1997:
1993:
1981:
1977:
1970:
1968:
1966:
1964:
1962:
1960:
1958:
1956:
1954:
1952:
1948:
1935:
1931:
1925:
1923:
1921:
1919:
1915:
1904:on 2006-10-23
1903:
1899:
1895:
1888:
1885:
1880:
1878:9780313273827
1874:
1870:
1865:
1864:
1855:
1853:
1851:
1849:
1847:
1845:
1843:
1841:
1839:
1835:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1808:
1805:
1793:
1789:
1782:
1780:
1776:
1763:
1759:
1753:
1751:
1749:
1747:
1743:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1724:
1720:
1713:
1711:
1709:
1705:
1693:
1689:
1683:
1681:
1679:
1675:
1663:
1661:9780897749558
1657:
1653:
1652:
1644:
1642:
1640:
1638:
1636:
1632:
1619:
1618:BlackPast.org
1615:
1609:
1606:
1599:
1595:
1592:
1591:
1587:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1503:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1166:
1162:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1095:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1067:
1063:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1045:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
996:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
968:
964:
959:
955:
951:
946:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
897:
892:
887:
883:
879:
875:
871:
866:
862:
858:
853:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
821:Allfrey, V.;
819:
815:
811:
806:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
757:
752:
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
711:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
662:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
613:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
587:
583:
581:
574:
572:
569:
566:
561:
559:
555:
554:Paul de Kruif
551:
547:
546:New York City
543:
539:
532:Personal life
531:
529:
526:
518:
516:
514:
508:
506:
505:heart attacks
502:
498:
494:
490:
482:
480:
477:
473:
469:
465:
460:
458:
453:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
423:
421:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
394:
387:
382:
380:
376:
374:
370:
365:
363:
359:
354:
350:
348:
344:
340:
336:
331:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
300:
298:
296:
292:
288:
284:
279:
277:
273:
268:
266:
262:
261:
256:
252:
248:
240:
238:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
195:
192:
189:
187:
183:
176:
175:
171:
169:
165:
159:
156:
153:
150:
148:
145:
143:
140:
139:
137:
133:
130:
127:
123:
120:
116:
113:Vincent Clark
112:
108:
102:
99:
97:
94:
92:
89:
88:
86:
82:
78:
74:
62:
58:
53:
40:
36:
32:
27:
20:
2993:. Retrieved
2989:
2980:
2968:. Retrieved
2964:
2954:
2942:. Retrieved
2938:
2929:
2917:. Retrieved
2914:Science News
2913:
2875:
2871:
2865:
2851:cite journal
2839:. Retrieved
2822:(6): 971–9.
2819:
2815:
2805:
2793:. Retrieved
2791:. April 2014
2788:
2779:
2759:
2752:
2717:
2713:
2703:
2694:
2688:
2653:
2649:
2639:
2627:. Retrieved
2607:
2603:
2590:
2578:. Retrieved
2574:
2564:
2552:. Retrieved
2547:
2537:
2502:
2498:
2488:
2453:
2449:
2401:
2397:
2387:
2352:
2348:
2303:(2): 173–9.
2300:
2296:
2248:
2244:
2219:. Retrieved
2204:
2182:. Retrieved
2167:
2145:. Retrieved
2141:
2131:
2119:. Retrieved
2110:
2100:February 11,
2098:. Retrieved
2094:
2085:
2073:. Retrieved
2064:
2057:
2046:. Retrieved
2044:. 2019-03-07
2041:
2032:
2020:. Retrieved
2005:
1983:. Retrieved
1979:
1938:. Retrieved
1933:
1906:. Retrieved
1902:the original
1897:
1887:
1862:
1825:. Retrieved
1821:the original
1816:
1807:
1795:. Retrieved
1791:
1766:. Retrieved
1761:
1718:
1695:. Retrieved
1691:
1665:. Retrieved
1650:
1622:. Retrieved
1617:
1608:
1563:
1559:
1527:
1523:
1502:cite journal
1490:. Retrieved
1470:
1466:
1436:(1): 30–33.
1433:
1429:
1395:
1391:
1348:
1344:
1310:
1306:
1301:(May 1971).
1266:
1262:
1245:
1241:
1198:
1194:
1175:
1171:
1125:
1121:
1076:
1072:
1026:
1022:
977:
973:
927:
923:
881:
877:
834:
830:
787:
783:
738:
734:
692:
688:
643:
639:
602:
598:
578:
570:
562:
557:
535:
522:
509:
497:hypertension
486:
461:
454:
427:
396:She studied
395:
391:
377:
366:
361:
355:
351:
332:
327:cell nucleus
304:
280:
269:
258:
244:
231:hypertension
202:
201:
172:
135:Institutions
129:Biochemistry
118:
65:(2003-10-28)
3021:2003 deaths
3016:1921 births
2121:7 September
1764:. June 2016
678:Daly, Marie
489:cholesterol
476:Nobel Prize
434:pyrimidines
227:cholesterol
3010:Categories
2995:2022-04-23
2841:8 November
2629:8 November
2580:8 November
2554:7 November
2221:8 November
2184:8 November
2075:7 November
2048:2022-04-23
2022:8 November
1985:8 November
1908:2018-03-21
1797:7 November
1697:7 November
1624:7 November
1600:References
1492:8 November
1422:Daly, M.M.
1299:Daly, M.M.
1234:Daly, M.M.
1184:Daly, M.M.
1178:(6): 1340.
1062:Daly, M.M.
1012:Daly, M.M.
963:Daly, M.M.
916:Daly, M.M.
870:Daly, M.M.
823:Daly, M.M.
629:Daly, M.M.
207:biochemist
44:1921-04-16
1934:Biography
1737:761692608
462:In 1953,
241:Education
2944:21 March
2795:21 March
2744:14074354
2680:13513919
2529:13221781
2480:13109153
2428:15422104
2379:14824510
2327:13011275
2275:13221780
2147:21 March
1940:21 March
1827:21 March
1768:20 March
1667:21 March
1588:See also
1375:12008214
1291:46610507
1225:14074354
1152:13620848
1103:13513919
1053:13271721
1004:13221781
954:13221780
908:40223958
900:13192326
861:13109153
814:13011275
765:13011280
719:14824510
670:15422104
621:18150028
525:creatine
519:Creatine
450:cytosine
410:arginine
398:histones
388:Histones
383:Research
255:Flushing
235:creatine
219:histones
2970:May 31,
2939:PTBoard
2919:3 March
2671:2136835
2624:4892339
2520:2147482
2471:2147435
2419:2147206
2370:2147226
2318:2147362
2266:2147486
1580:3970526
1544:7406503
1450:1251907
1414:1116247
1367:5057020
1329:5579265
1283:4921030
1254:5843085
1143:2136939
1094:2136835
1044:2147525
995:2147482
945:2147486
805:2147362
756:2147369
710:2147226
661:2147206
507:occur.
446:thymine
442:guanine
438:adenine
430:purines
295:Amylase
2892:740603
2890:
2836:262108
2834:
2767:
2742:
2735:289439
2732:
2678:
2668:
2622:
2527:
2517:
2478:
2468:
2426:
2416:
2377:
2367:
2325:
2315:
2273:
2263:
2212:
2175:
2013:
1875:
1792:UnDark
1735:
1725:
1658:
1578:
1542:
1487:262108
1485:
1448:
1412:
1373:
1365:
1327:
1289:
1281:
1252:
1223:
1216:289439
1213:
1150:
1140:
1101:
1091:
1051:
1041:
1002:
992:
952:
942:
906:
898:
859:
852:214743
849:
812:
802:
763:
753:
717:
707:
668:
658:
619:
575:Legacy
464:Watson
448:, and
406:lysine
402:Mirsky
301:Career
233:, and
179:(1947)
177:
168:Thesis
125:Fields
110:Spouse
2600:(PDF)
2142:Ebony
2069:(PDF)
1371:S2CID
1287:S2CID
1191:(PDF)
1168:(PDF)
1118:(PDF)
1069:(PDF)
1019:(PDF)
970:(PDF)
904:S2CID
780:(PDF)
685:(PDF)
636:(PDF)
513:aging
493:sugar
468:Crick
213:from
211:Ph.D.
2972:2016
2946:2018
2921:2022
2888:PMID
2857:link
2843:2018
2832:PMID
2797:2018
2765:ISBN
2740:PMID
2676:PMID
2631:2018
2620:PMID
2582:2018
2556:2018
2525:PMID
2476:PMID
2424:PMID
2375:PMID
2323:PMID
2271:PMID
2223:2018
2210:ISBN
2186:2018
2173:ISBN
2149:2018
2123:2020
2102:2021
2077:2018
2024:2018
2011:ISBN
1987:2018
1942:2018
1873:ISBN
1829:2018
1799:2018
1770:2018
1733:OCLC
1723:ISBN
1699:2018
1669:2018
1656:ISBN
1626:2018
1576:PMID
1540:PMID
1508:link
1494:2018
1483:PMID
1446:PMID
1410:PMID
1363:PMID
1325:PMID
1279:PMID
1250:PMID
1221:PMID
1148:PMID
1099:PMID
1049:PMID
1000:PMID
950:PMID
896:PMID
857:PMID
810:PMID
761:PMID
715:PMID
666:PMID
617:PMID
466:and
432:and
274:and
229:and
60:Died
38:Born
2880:doi
2876:203
2824:doi
2820:115
2730:PMC
2722:doi
2666:PMC
2658:doi
2654:107
2612:doi
2515:PMC
2507:doi
2466:PMC
2458:doi
2414:PMC
2406:doi
2365:PMC
2357:doi
2313:PMC
2305:doi
2261:PMC
2253:doi
1869:149
1568:doi
1564:236
1532:doi
1528:203
1475:doi
1471:115
1438:doi
1434:230
1400:doi
1353:doi
1315:doi
1271:doi
1267:135
1211:PMC
1203:doi
1138:PMC
1130:doi
1126:109
1089:PMC
1081:doi
1077:107
1039:PMC
1031:doi
990:PMC
982:doi
940:PMC
932:doi
886:doi
847:PMC
839:doi
800:PMC
792:doi
751:PMC
743:doi
705:PMC
697:doi
656:PMC
648:doi
607:doi
603:179
556:'s
472:DNA
341:at
3012::
2988:.
2963:.
2937:.
2912:.
2900:^
2886:.
2874:.
2853:}}
2849:{{
2818:.
2814:.
2787:.
2738:.
2728:.
2718:42
2716:.
2712:.
2674:.
2664:.
2652:.
2648:.
2618:.
2608:46
2606:.
2602:.
2573:.
2546:.
2523:.
2513:.
2503:38
2501:.
2497:.
2474:.
2464:.
2454:37
2452:.
2448:.
2436:^
2422:.
2412:.
2402:33
2400:.
2396:.
2373:.
2363:.
2353:34
2351:.
2347:.
2335:^
2321:.
2311:.
2301:36
2299:.
2295:.
2283:^
2269:.
2259:.
2249:38
2247:.
2243:.
2231:^
2194:^
2157:^
2140:.
2093:.
2040:.
1995:^
1978:.
1950:^
1932:.
1917:^
1896:.
1871:.
1837:^
1815:.
1790:.
1778:^
1760:.
1745:^
1731:.
1707:^
1690:.
1677:^
1634:^
1616:.
1574:.
1562:.
1558:.
1538:.
1526:.
1522:.
1504:}}
1500:{{
1469:.
1465:.
1444:.
1432:.
1428:.
1408:.
1396:36
1394:.
1390:.
1369:.
1361:.
1349:31
1347:.
1343:.
1323:.
1311:12
1309:.
1305:.
1285:.
1277:.
1265:.
1246:66
1244:.
1240:.
1219:.
1209:.
1199:42
1197:.
1193:.
1176:41
1174:.
1170:.
1146:.
1136:.
1124:.
1120:.
1097:.
1087:.
1075:.
1071:.
1047:.
1037:.
1027:39
1025:.
1021:.
998:.
988:.
978:38
976:.
972:.
948:.
938:.
928:38
926:.
922:.
902:.
894:.
880:.
876:.
855:.
845:.
835:37
833:.
829:.
808:.
798:.
788:36
786:.
782:.
759:.
749:.
739:36
737:.
733:.
713:.
703:.
693:34
691:.
687:.
664:.
654:.
644:33
642:.
638:.
615:.
601:.
597:.
491:,
444:,
440:,
349:.
221:,
2998:.
2974:.
2948:.
2923:.
2894:.
2882::
2859:)
2845:.
2826::
2799:.
2773:.
2746:.
2724::
2682:.
2660::
2633:.
2614::
2584:.
2558:.
2531:.
2509::
2482:.
2460::
2430:.
2408::
2381:.
2359::
2329:.
2307::
2277:.
2255::
2225:.
2188:.
2151:.
2125:.
2104:.
2079:.
2051:.
2026:.
1989:.
1944:.
1911:.
1881:.
1831:.
1801:.
1772:.
1739:.
1701:.
1671:.
1628:.
1582:.
1570::
1546:.
1534::
1510:)
1496:.
1477::
1452:.
1440::
1416:.
1402::
1377:.
1355::
1331:.
1317::
1293:.
1273::
1256:.
1227:.
1205::
1154:.
1132::
1105:.
1083::
1055:.
1033::
1006:.
984::
956:.
934::
910:.
888::
882:2
863:.
841::
816:.
794::
767:.
745::
721:.
699::
672:.
650::
623:.
609::
46:)
42:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
