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1075:. Carriage of bulk goods also gradually lost ground to freight railways as train capacity and speeds continued to climb. Even underpowered early rail networks could usually reach places only an outrageously expensive canal might be built, and once Iron T-rails and higher powered locomotives became possible, the far cheaper to build railways were unfettered and independent upon water sources, whilst mostly unplagued by the seasonal problems (restricted by icing) of temperate latitude canals which suffered ice and
1873:, the focus of leisure time activity has shifted from having officer and crew bars, to simply having lounge-style areas where officers or crew can sit to watch movies. With many companies now providing TVs and DVD players in cabins, and enforcing strict smoking policies, it is not surprising that the bar is now a much quieter place on most ships. In some instances games consoles are provided for the officers and crew. The officers enjoy a much higher standard of living on board ocean-going vessels.
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1885:. Officers however, come from all over the world and it is not uncommon to mix the nationality of the officers on board ships. Officers are often the recipients of university degrees and have completed vast amounts of training in order to reach their rank. Officers benefit e.g. by having larger, more comfortable cabins and table service for their meals.
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1702:. All three positions are typically filled by unlicensed personnel. The chief steward directs, instructs, and assigns personnel performing such functions as preparing and serving meals; cleaning and maintaining officers' quarters and steward department areas; and receiving, issuing, and inventorying stores. On large
1829:
Ocean voyages are steeped in routine. Maritime tradition dictates that each day be divided into six four-hour periods. Three groups of watch keepers from the engine and deck departments work four hours on then have eight hours off watch keeping. However, there are many overtime jobs to be done daily.
1800:
are also merchant marine officers and are licensed by the Coast Guard. Formerly, there was also a radio department, headed by a chief radio officer and supported by a number of radio officers. Since the introduction of GMDSS (Satellite communications) and the subsequent exemptions from carrying radio
488:, merchant marine, or merchant fleet) consists of the ships operated by civilian crews to transport passengers or cargo from one place to another. Merchant shipping also includes water transport over the river and canal systems connecting inland destinations, large and small. For example, during the
1817:
have seen over 10,000 lost vessels since the 1800s, yet men and women still go to sea. For some, the attraction is a life unencumbered with the restraints of life ashore. Seagoing adventure and a chance to see the world also appeal to many seafarers. Whatever the calling, those who live and work at
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and managed by
Assistant Pursers. Although they enjoy the benefits of having officer rank, they generally progress through the ranks to become pursers. Under the pursers are the department heads – such as chief cook, head waiter, head barman etc. They are responsible for the administration of their
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will have a regular run and operate to a schedule. The scheduled operation requires that such ships are better equipped to deal with causes of potential delay such as bad weather. They are generally higher powered than tramp ships with better seakeeping qualities, thus they are significantly more
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Such restrictions on shore leave, coupled with reduced time in port, translate into longer periods at sea. Mariners report that extended periods at sea living and working with shipmates, who for the most part are strangers, takes getting used to. At the same time, there is an opportunity to meet
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to withstand rough seas and adverse conditions encountered in the open ocean, having large capacities for fuel, food and other consumables on long voyages. These were the main stay of most passenger transport companies, however, due to the growth of air travel, the passenger ships saw a steady
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has no fixed run but will go wherever a suitable cargo takes it. Thus a ship and crew may be chartered from the ship owner to fetch a cargo of grain from Canada to Latvia, the ship may then be required to carry a cargo of coal from
Britain to Melanesia. Bulk carriers and some cruise ships are
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Contracts average at the 4 month mark for officers, with generous leave. Most ocean-going vessels now operate an unmanned engine room system allowing engineers to work days only. The engine room is computer controlled by night, although the duty engineer will make inspections during unmanned
1821:
Findings by the
Seafarer's International Research Center indicate a leading cause of mariners leaving the industry is "almost invariably because they want to be with their families." U.S. merchant ships typically do not allow family members to accompany seafarers on voyages. Industry experts
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or food staples (rice, grain, etc.) and similar cargo. They can be recognized by the large box-like hatches on their deck, designed to slide outboard for loading. A bulk carrier could be either dry or wet. Most lakes are too small to accommodate bulk ships, but a large fleet of
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needs (container-ships linked to rail by cranes); another bulk handling capabilities (such as conveyors, elevators, tanks, pumps) for loading and unloading bulk cargoes like grain, coal, or fuels. Others may be outfitted as passenger terminals or for mixed mode operations.
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often move particularly large, heavy, or bulky goods that other ships cannot handle well. Such off-size goods include ship hulls, premade construction materials, other seagoing vessels, power plant components, cast steel objects, and a variety of very large or heavy goods.
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officers if the vessel is so equipped, this department has fallen away, although many ships do still carry specialist radio officers, particularly passenger vessels. Many radio officers became 'electro-technical officers', and transferred into the engine department.
1859:, and other activities. And in some cases, especially tankers, it is possible for a mariner to be accompanied by members of his family. However, a mariner's off-duty time is largely a solitary affair, pursuing hobbies, reading, writing letters, and sleeping.
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The chief steward also plans menus and compiles supply, overtime, and cost control records. They may requisition or purchase stores and equipment. They may bake bread, rolls, cakes, pies, and pastries. A chief steward's duties may overlap with those of the
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increasingly recognize isolation, stress, and fatigue as occupational hazards. Advocacy groups such as
International Labour Organization, a United Nations agency, and the Nautical Institute are seeking improved international standards for mariners.
1590:, as well as in dealing with the ship's boats and other nautical tasks- especially with cargo loading/discharging gear and safety systems, though the specific cargo discharge function remains the responsibility of deck officers and deck workers. On
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The quick turnaround of many modern ships, spending only a few hours in port, limits a seafarer's free-time ashore. Moreover, some foreign seamen entering U.S. ports from a watch list of 25 countries face restrictions on shore leave due to
1838:, and other duties provide opportunities for overtime work. Service aboard ships typically extends for months at a time, followed by protracted shore leave. However, some seamen secure jobs on ships they like and stay aboard for years.
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Crews are generally poorly paid, poorly qualified and have to complete contracts of approximately 9 months before returning home on leave. They often come from countries where the average industrial wage is still very low, such as the
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is a passenger ship designed to transport people from one seaport to another along regular long-distance maritime routes according to a schedule. Ocean liners may also carry cargo or mail, and may sometimes be used for other purposes.
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to facilitate the carriage of different cargoes on the same voyage. The crew will be highly competent in the securing of break bulk cargoes and the ship will be equipped with various lashings and other equipment for sea fastening.
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This cycle repeats endlessly, 24 hours a day while the ship is at sea. Members of the steward department typically are day workers who put in at least eight-hour shifts. Operations at sea, including repairs, safeguarding against
536:, Alabama. Professional mariners are known as merchant seamen, merchant sailors, and merchant mariners, or simply seamen, sailors, or mariners. The terms "seaman" or "sailor" may also refer to a member of a country's martial
1573:
A ship's engine department consists of the members of a ship's crew that operate and maintain the propulsion and other systems on board the vessel. Engine staff also deal with the "Hotel" facilities on board, notably the
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A deck cadet is a person who is carrying out mandatory sea time to achieve their officer of the watch certificate. Their time on board is spent learning the operations and tasks of everyday life on a merchant vessel.
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notes a trend of U.S. shipping terminal operators restricting seamen from traveling from the ship to the terminal gate. Furthermore, in cases where transit is allowed, special "security fees" are at times assessed.
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operation. Engineers work in a hot, humid, noisy atmosphere. Communication in the engine room is therefore by hand signals and lip-reading, and good teamwork often stands in place of any communication at all.
1970:: docks, bollards, pilings, cranes, bulk cargo handling equipment, and so on – equipment and organization supporting the role of the facilities. From pier to pier these may differ, one dock handling
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Walker TR, Adebambo O, Del Aguila Feijoo MC, Elhaimer E, Hossain T, Edwards SJ, Morrison CE, Romo J, Sharma N, Taylor S, Zomorodi S (2019). "Environmental
Effects of Marine Transportation".
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revolutionized maritime transport starting in the 1970s. "General cargo" includes goods packaged in boxes, cases, pallets, and barrels. When a cargo is carried in more than one mode, it is
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people from other ethnic and cultural backgrounds. Recreational opportunities have improved aboard some U.S. ships, which may feature gyms and day rooms for watching movies, swapping
937:. RORO (or ro/ro) vessels have built-in ramps which allow the cargo to be efficiently "rolled on" and "rolled off" the vessel when in port. While smaller ferries that operate across
396:. Still, water transport is highly cost effective with regular schedulable cargoes, such as trans-oceanic shipping of consumer products – and especially for heavy loads or
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purposes. While extensive inland shipping is less critical today, the major waterways of the world including many canals are still very important and are integral parts of
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decline. Cruise ships later filled the void and are primarily used by people who still have a love of the sea and offer more amenities than the older passenger ships.
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have improved communication and efficiency aboard sea-faring ships. This technology has contributed to crew welfare, although both equipment and fees are expensive.
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transport more economical, ship operators sometimes reduce cruising speed, thereby increasing transit time, to reduce fuel consumption, a strategy referred to as "
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and heavy cargoes. To provide maximum trading flexibility they are usually geared (supplied with cranes), and modern examples are fitted for the carriage of
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1211:) passengers and sometimes their vehicles. Ferries are also used to transport freight (in lorries and sometimes unpowered freight containers) and even
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Mariners spend much of their life beyond the reach of land. They sometimes face dangerous conditions at sea or on lakes – the fishing port of
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expensive to build. Liners are typically built for passenger and container operation though past common uses also included mail and general cargo.
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industry, with millions of passengers each year as of 2006. The industry's rapid growth has seen nine or more newly built ships catering to a
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1866:, life has changed immensely in the last 20 years. Most large vessels include a gym and often a swimming pool for use by the crew. Since the
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cars. Most ferries operate on regular, frequent return services. A foot-passenger ferry with many stops is sometimes called a waterbus or
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and other short distances still often have built-in ramps, the term RORO is generally reserved for larger ocean-going vessels, including
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were equal to 2.2% of the global human-made emissions in 2012 and expects them to rise 50 to 250 percent by 2050 if no action is taken.
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canal would've needed a large water source requiring very expensive works to supply; canals without water are just a muddy ditch.
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in the carriage of people, light freight, and high value items due to the higher speed, falling costs, and route flexibility of
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used for pleasure voyages, where the voyage itself and the ship's amenities are considered an essential part of the experience.
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1601:, however, a cargo engineer works with the deck department during cargo operations, as well as being a watchkeeping engineer.
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730:. Informally known as "box boats," they carry the majority of the world's dry cargo. Most container ships are propelled by
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damages with dreary regularity. When floods did affect railways, restoration of services was usually comparatively rapid.
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systems of many waterside cities and islands, allowing direct transit between points at a capital cost much lower than
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or ground, but significantly slower for longer distances. Maritime transport accounts for roughly 80% of international
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region are generally serviced by older tonnage displaced by new ships introduced into the high growth areas. On the
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concerns. However, shore leave restrictions while in U.S. ports impact
American seamen as well. For example, the
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to a US one will typically take 10–12 days depending on water currents and other factors. In order to make
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This map of shipping routes illustrates the relative density of commercial shipping in the world's oceans.
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876:(usually called reefers) are cargo ships typically used to transport perishable commodities which require
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and have crews of between 10 and 30 people. They generally have a large accommodation block at the
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has a seaside memorial listing over 10,000 fishermen who lost their lives to the sea, and the
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are cargo ships that carry their entire load in truck-sized containers, in a technique called
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officers. The official classifications for unlicensed members of the deck department are
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between locations on the same island or continent. They are often small and of shallow
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Ioannis
Theotokas, Aimilia Papachristou, Alexandros Koukoravas and Damian Stanchev, "
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Filipino
Crosscurrents: Oceanographies of Seafaring, Masculinities, and Globalization
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transport of heavy goods. Most barges are not self-propelled and need to be moved by
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https://unctad.org/topic/transport-and-trade-logistics/review-of-maritime-transport
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Maritime transport can be realized over any distance by boat, ship, sailboat or
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and water systems. They deal with bulk fuel transfers, and require training in
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1170:(sometimes also called a dredge) is a ship used to excavate in shallow seas or
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Most modern merchant ships can be placed in one of a few categories, such as:
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and other food. The tanker sector comprises one third of the world tonnage.
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in the world was 30,936. In 2010, it was 38,988, an increase of 26%, across
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had its first impacts where cheap water transport by canal, navigations, or
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555:. As of December 2018, a quarter of all merchant mariners were born in the
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Landauro, Inti (January 8, 2013), "Meet the World's
Largest Cargo Ships",
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by all types of watercraft on natural waterways supported cost-effective
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An able seaman stands iceberg lookout on the bow of the freighter USNS
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30:"Water transport" redirects here. For the transportation of water, see
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37:"Ship transport" redirects here. For the transportation of ships, see
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2238:"Why 10 million Filipinos endure hardship abroad as overseas workers"
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Two books unmask the colossal shipping industry behind global trade.
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815:) is used to transport a variety of goods, from bulk commodities to
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clientele added every year since 2001, as well as others servicing
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1231:. Many of the ferries operating in Northern European waters are
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are used for maritime transport. Types can be distinguished by
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For a port to efficiently send and receive cargo, it requires
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524:. Ores, coal, and grains can travel along the rivers of the
1862:
On modern ocean-going vessels, typically registered with a
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and disposing of them at a different location, such as for
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A ship's complement can be divided into four categories:
1943:
World
Association for Waterborne Transport Infrastructure
1848:
International Organization of Masters, Mates & Pilots
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craft still use wind power, while some smaller craft use
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A ship may also be categorized as to how it is operated.
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United Nations Council on Trade and Development (UNCTAD)
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United Nations Council on Trade and Development (UNCTAD)
2542:. United States Maritime Administration. Archived from
1990:
all host watercraft, and consist of components such as
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for telecommunications, electricity, and such. A large
547:, the total number of merchant ships of at least 1,000
2590:. New York and Geneva: United Nations. Archived from
2513:, International Maritime Organization, archived from
2481:, International Maritime Organization, archived from
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are cargo ships for the transport of fluids, such as
2261:"Unsung Filipino seafarers power the global economy"
853:
Ocean liners are usually strongly built with a high
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1033:pushing or towing them. Barges on canals (towed by
2535:Office of Data and Economic Analysis (July 2006).
2215:"The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency"
1041:) established the conditions supporting the early
588:examples of ships built to operate in this manner.
3623:Floating production storage and offloading (FPSO)
2684:History of merchant shipping and ancient commerce
1706:, the Catering Department is headed by the Chief
2652:MarineTraffic: Global Ship Tracking Intelligence
2375:. International Labour Organization. 23 Feb 2006
827:. Generally they will have large open holds and
476:2005 registration of merchant ships (1,000
1903:The environmental impact of shipping includes
1723:, and other Steward's Department crewmembers.
1174:areas with the purpose of gathering up bottom
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2704:
1760:Staff officer positions on a ship, including
1756:Seafarer's professions and ranks § Other
287:
8:
484:A nation's shipping fleet (variously called
2063:List of merchant marine capacity by country
1645:(0–3) Greaser (unlicensed qualified rating)
1111:, and one or more spools that feed off the
642:, are propelled by large pusher-prop fans.
3907:
3893:
3885:
3444:
3430:
3422:
2711:
2697:
2689:
1818:sea invariably confront social isolation.
1604:A common engine crew for a ship includes:
1331:
1294:
1285:, disabled ships, or other equipment like
1240:
1187:
1157:
1120:
1087:
1000:
950:
909:
864:
837:
798:
747:
710:
664:
647:
294:
280:
54:
27:Transport of people or goods via waterways
3874:List of merchant navy capacity by country
726:. They form a common means of commercial
508:in Canada and the United States with the
2659:"The Monstrosity of Maritime Capitalism"
1514:A common deck crew for a ship includes:
1424:
921:are ships designed to transport wheeled
43:
2616:Wijnolst, Niko; Wergeland, Tor (2009).
2434:World Seas: An Environmental Evaluation
2150:
779:clientele. Smaller markets such as the
337:by sea has been widely used throughout
162:
69:
62:
2611:. New York and Geneva: United Nations.
1635:(0–2) Fifth engineer / junior engineer
500:'s rivers and harbors. Similarly, the
1207:, but also other forms, carrying (or
372:or along rivers. Shipping may be for
349:. Transport by water is cheaper than
7:
4182:
2078:Lloyd's War Medal for Bravery at Sea
1103:designed and used to lay underwater
392:such as various types of perishable
4212:
4145:Ballast Water Management Convention
4025:Countries by container port traffic
2236:Almendral, Aurora (December 2018).
2128:UNCTAD review of maritime transport
1917:International Maritime Organization
1660:. Other possible positions include
1199:are a form of transport, usually a
1049:but later after they made possible
995:Secondary maritime transport types
2636:Review of Maritime Transport 2020.
2605:Review of Maritime Transport, 2006
2587:Review of Maritime Transport, 2005
2442:10.1016/B978-0-12-805052-1.00030-9
2307:Philadelphia and Columbia Railroad
1648:(1–5) Entry-level rating (such as
25:
3869:International Chamber of Shipping
3717:Anchor handling tug supply vessel
2285:. University of Minnesota Press.
1656:Many American ships also carry a
1340:Semi-submersible heavy-lift ships
651:Primary maritime transport types
368:, over oceans and lakes, through
4211:
4201:
4191:
4181:
4172:
4171:
4159:
3511:
3406:
3405:
2789:
2566:. Wayne State University Press.
2537:"World Merchant Fleet 2001–2005"
2164:. Psychology Press. p. 10.
2048:Glossary of nautical terms (M-Z)
2043:Glossary of nautical terms (A-L)
2016:
1899:Environmental impact of shipping
1435:Seafarer's professions and ranks
1388:
1257:used to manoeuvre, primarily by
504:connects the port cities on the
480: (GT) and over) per country
263:
2244:. United States. Archived from
2158:Stopford, Martin (1997-01-01).
1487:include but not limited to the
1273:, over the open sea or through
767:has become a major part of the
2657:Chua, Charmaine (4 May 2021).
2186:"Rank Order - Merchant marine"
1730:, a chief steward must have a
1475:during a re-supply mission to
1303:Open hatch general cargo ships
1219:. Ferries form a part of the
51:carrying up to 6500 containers
1:
1951:Container port facilities in
1728:United States Merchant Marine
1642:(unlicensed qualified rating)
972:liquefied petroleum gas (LPG)
943:pure car/truck carrier (PCTC)
4020:Busiest by cruise passengers
2369:"Maritime Labour Convention"
1355:A cargo ship sailing from a
1281:. They are also used to tow
728:intermodal freight transport
516:connect the Great Lakes and
2751:Fishery Protection Squadron
2038:European Union shipping law
1732:Merchant Mariner's Document
1625:/ second assistant engineer
976:liquefied natural gas (LNG)
628:internal combustion engines
512:shipping routes, while the
4274:
2562:Thompson, Mark L. (1994).
1940:
1934:
1896:
1786:Marine Physician Assistant
1753:
1675:
1671:
1632:/ third assistant engineer
1618:/ first assistant engineer
1566:
1460:
1432:
1374:
1306:are designed to transport
1148:, and sometimes set up as
638:, some craft, such as the
596:
449:
36:
29:
4153:
4114:Terminal Operating System
4109:Port operations simulator
3509:
3401:
2808:Traditional fishing boats
2787:
2507:Second IMO GHG Study 2014
2058:List of maritime colleges
1811:Gloucester, Massachusetts
1794:United States Coast Guard
1736:United States Coast Guard
1483:Officer positions in the
1479:, Antarctica; circa 1981.
994:
811:ship (sometimes called a
787:, ports are connected by
650:
201:Green transport hierarchy
2736:Commercial fishing boats
2620:. Amsterdam: IOS Press.
2475:Third IMO GHG Study 2014
2401:. The Nautical Institute
1905:greenhouse gas emissions
1449:The steward's department
1351:Typical in-transit times
80:Armored fighting vehicle
4010:Busiest container ports
3696:Roll-on/roll-off (RORO)
3595:Roll-on/roll-off (RORO)
2354:The Wall Street Journal
2279:Kale Bantigue Fajardo.
1766:Senior Assistant Purser
1762:Junior Assistant Purser
1690:would be composed of a
1129:Coastal trading vessels
1045:in both Europe and the
880:transportation, mostly
618:, size or cargo type.
514:various Illinois canals
254:Transportation planning
3737:Platform supply vessel
3550:Coastal trading vessel
3385:Builders and designers
2309:; was built because a
2073:List of ship companies
1963:
1836:underway replenishment
1480:
1430:
918:Roll-on/roll-off ships
878:temperature-controlled
543:According to the 2005
481:
186:Cycling infrastructure
176:Bicycle transportation
115:Personal rapid transit
52:
3722:Diving support vessel
2395:"Aims and Objectives"
1950:
1935:Further information:
1919:(IMO) estimates that
1754:Further information:
1676:Further information:
1567:Further information:
1470:
1461:Further information:
1446:The engine department
1433:Further information:
1428:
1421:Professional mariners
1043:Industrial Revolution
738:, directly above the
630:to drive one or more
597:Further information:
593:Ships and watercraft
502:Saint Lawrence Seaway
475:
460:Sea transport systems
450:Further information:
418:Industrial Revolution
239:Sustainable transport
196:Free public transport
47:
4166:Transport portal
4005:World's busiest port
3727:Emergency tow vessel
2549:on February 21, 2007
2436:. pp. 505–530.
2248:on December 11, 2018
1972:intermodal transport
1893:Environmental impact
1684:steward's department
1678:Steward's department
1672:Steward's department
705:for over a century.
693:has been plying the
315:waterborne transport
313:) or more generally
270:Transport portal
32:Water transportation
4207:Wiktionary "Harbor"
3854:Nautical operations
3798:Floating restaurant
3580:Lighter aboard ship
2618:Shipping innovation
2242:National Geographic
2053:List of cargo types
1957:Bayonne, New Jersey
1864:flag of convenience
1742:, conventions, and
1717:Steward's Assistant
1700:Steward's Assistant
1652:, utilityman, etc.)
1443:The deck department
1017:, built mainly for
1013:is a flat-bottomed
699:St. Lawrence Seaway
549:gross register tons
386:worldwide economies
125:Powered exoskeleton
58:Part of a series on
4238:Maritime transport
4089:Port state control
4079:Maritime transport
4015:Busiest by tonnage
3808:Merchant submarine
3483:Maritime transport
2564:Queen of the Lakes
2267:. 16 February 2019
2161:Maritime Economics
2083:The Marine Society
1964:
1834:, securing cargo,
1650:wiper (occupation)
1481:
1431:
1400:. You can help by
1261:or pushing, other
1047:American Northeast
873:Refrigerated ships
813:general cargo ship
680:used to transport
545:CIA World Factbook
482:
307:Maritime transport
120:pipeline transport
53:
4258:Freight transport
4225:
4224:
4197:Wiktionary "Port"
3882:
3881:
3585:Livestock carrier
3488:Freight transport
3419:
3418:
2627:978-1-58603-943-1
2451:978-0-12-805052-1
2328:"Service Details"
2315:Susquehanna River
2292:978-1-4529-3283-5
2225:on June 13, 2007.
2103:MV Yara Birkeland
1844:maritime security
1790:hospital corpsman
1750:Other departments
1740:international law
1704:passenger vessels
1569:Engine department
1563:Engine department
1418:
1417:
1381:Maritime timeline
1348:
1347:
935:railway carriages
563:Liners and tramps
335:Freight transport
304:
303:
16:(Redirected from
4265:
4215:
4214:
4205:
4195:
4185:
4184:
4175:
4174:
4164:
4163:
4094:Harbour engineer
3939:Fuelling station
3909:
3902:
3895:
3886:
3833:Semi-submersible
3818:Pipe-laying ship
3515:
3498:Maritime history
3446:
3439:
3432:
3423:
3409:
3408:
3393:Philip C. Bolger
3073:Monterey clipper
2953:Friendship sloop
2793:
2766:Research vessels
2713:
2706:
2699:
2690:
2676:
2671:
2669:
2638:Retrieved from:
2631:
2612:
2610:
2595:
2577:
2558:
2556:
2554:
2548:
2541:
2522:
2521:
2519:
2512:
2502:
2496:
2495:
2494:
2493:
2487:
2480:
2470:
2464:
2463:
2429:
2423:
2416:
2410:
2409:
2407:
2406:
2399:www.nautinst.org
2390:
2384:
2383:
2381:
2380:
2365:
2359:
2358:
2348:
2342:
2341:
2339:
2338:
2332:cms.molpower.com
2324:
2318:
2303:
2297:
2296:
2276:
2274:
2272:
2257:
2255:
2253:
2233:
2227:
2226:
2221:. Archived from
2211:
2205:
2204:
2202:
2201:
2196:on June 13, 2007
2192:. Archived from
2182:
2176:
2175:
2155:
2088:Maritime history
2026:
2024:Transport portal
2021:
2020:
1824:Satellite phones
1580:air conditioning
1413:
1410:
1392:
1385:
1377:Maritime history
1335:
1316:unitized cargoes
1298:
1244:
1233:roll-on/roll-off
1221:public transport
1191:
1180:gold exploration
1161:
1150:self-dischargers
1132:, also known as
1124:
1115:distinguish it.
1091:
1069:were outcompeted
1051:steam locomotive
1004:
954:
913:
868:
841:
802:
751:
724:containerization
714:
676:("bulkers") are
668:
648:
526:American Midwest
494:Hanseatic League
492:, cities in the
490:early modern era
432:Containerization
416:. Arguably, the
351:transport by air
347:pleasure cruises
339:recorded history
296:
289:
282:
268:
267:
249:Transport divide
150:Uncrewed vehicle
55:
21:
4273:
4272:
4268:
4267:
4266:
4264:
4263:
4262:
4253:Water transport
4228:
4227:
4226:
4221:
4158:
4149:
4118:
4071:Port management
4065:
4029:
3993:
3922:
3913:
3883:
3878:
3842:
3823:Research vessel
3813:Narco-submarine
3761:
3705:
3647:
3633:Hydrogen tanker
3618:Chemical tanker
3604:
3565:Heavy-lift ship
3516:
3507:
3493:Merchant marine
3456:
3450:
3420:
3415:
3397:
3379:
3356:
3305:
3267:
2858:Brixham trawler
2794:
2785:
2722:
2720:Fishing vessels
2717:
2667:
2665:
2656:
2648:
2634:UNCTAD (2020).
2628:
2615:
2608:
2598:
2580:
2574:
2561:
2552:
2550:
2546:
2539:
2534:
2531:
2526:
2525:
2517:
2510:
2504:
2503:
2499:
2491:
2489:
2485:
2478:
2472:
2471:
2467:
2452:
2431:
2430:
2426:
2420:Go-Maritime.net
2417:
2413:
2404:
2402:
2392:
2391:
2387:
2378:
2376:
2367:
2366:
2362:
2350:
2349:
2345:
2336:
2334:
2326:
2325:
2321:
2304:
2300:
2293:
2278:
2277:
2270:
2268:
2259:
2258:
2251:
2249:
2235:
2234:
2230:
2213:
2212:
2208:
2199:
2197:
2184:
2183:
2179:
2172:
2157:
2156:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2098:Merchant vessel
2093:Maritime safety
2068:List of sailors
2022:
2015:
2012:
1945:
1939:
1933:
1923:emissions from
1901:
1895:
1807:
1780:, Professional
1758:
1752:
1680:
1674:
1630:Fourth engineer
1616:Second engineer
1571:
1565:
1553:Ordinary Seamen
1509:Ordinary Seaman
1485:deck department
1477:McMurdo Station
1465:
1463:Deck department
1459:
1457:Deck department
1437:
1423:
1414:
1408:
1405:
1398:needs expansion
1383:
1375:Main articles:
1373:
1353:
1320:project cargoes
1308:forest products
1037:on an adjacent
761:passenger ships
719:Container ships
691:lake freighters
605:
595:
565:
498:Northern Europe
470:
448:
357:, according to
311:ocean transport
300:
262:
42:
39:Heavy-lift ship
35:
28:
23:
22:
18:Marine industry
15:
12:
11:
5:
4271:
4269:
4261:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4245:
4240:
4230:
4229:
4223:
4222:
4220:
4219:
4209:
4199:
4189:
4179:
4169:
4154:
4151:
4150:
4148:
4147:
4142:
4137:
4132:
4126:
4124:
4120:
4119:
4117:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4086:
4084:Port authority
4081:
4075:
4073:
4067:
4066:
4064:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4043:
4037:
4035:
4031:
4030:
4028:
4027:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4001:
3999:
3995:
3994:
3992:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3946:
3941:
3936:
3930:
3928:
3924:
3923:
3914:
3912:
3911:
3904:
3897:
3889:
3880:
3879:
3877:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3850:
3848:
3844:
3843:
3841:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3793:Fishing vessel
3790:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3769:
3767:
3763:
3762:
3760:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3713:
3711:
3707:
3706:
3704:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3657:
3655:
3649:
3648:
3646:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3614:
3612:
3606:
3605:
3603:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3575:Lake freighter
3572:
3567:
3562:
3560:Container ship
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3526:
3524:
3518:
3517:
3510:
3508:
3506:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3464:
3462:
3458:
3457:
3454:merchant ships
3451:
3449:
3448:
3441:
3434:
3426:
3417:
3416:
3414:
3413:
3402:
3399:
3398:
3396:
3395:
3389:
3387:
3381:
3380:
3378:
3377:
3372:
3366:
3364:
3358:
3357:
3355:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3313:
3311:
3307:
3306:
3304:
3303:
3298:
3296:McKenzie River
3293:
3288:
3283:
3277:
3275:
3269:
3268:
3266:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2804:
2802:
2796:
2795:
2788:
2786:
2784:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2732:
2730:
2724:
2723:
2718:
2716:
2715:
2708:
2701:
2693:
2687:
2686:
2677:
2654:
2647:
2646:External links
2644:
2643:
2642:
2632:
2626:
2613:
2596:
2594:on 2008-05-13.
2578:
2572:
2559:
2530:
2527:
2524:
2523:
2497:
2465:
2450:
2424:
2411:
2393:Turner, Faye.
2385:
2360:
2343:
2319:
2298:
2291:
2228:
2206:
2177:
2170:
2149:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2029:
2028:
2027:
2011:
2008:
1968:infrastructure
1932:
1931:Infrastructure
1929:
1921:Carbon dioxide
1897:Main article:
1894:
1891:
1806:
1803:
1778:Medical Doctor
1751:
1748:
1734:issued by the
1673:
1670:
1654:
1653:
1646:
1643:
1636:
1633:
1626:
1623:Third engineer
1619:
1612:
1610:Chief engineer
1564:
1561:
1556:
1555:
1549:
1543:
1537:
1530:
1527:Second Officer
1523:
1473:Southern Cross
1458:
1455:
1454:
1453:
1450:
1447:
1444:
1422:
1419:
1416:
1415:
1395:
1393:
1372:
1369:
1361:container ship
1352:
1349:
1346:
1345:
1336:
1328:
1327:
1299:
1291:
1290:
1245:
1237:
1236:
1192:
1184:
1183:
1162:
1154:
1153:
1125:
1117:
1116:
1109:superstructure
1099:is a deep-sea
1092:
1084:
1083:
1073:rail transport
1005:
997:
996:
992:
991:
984:vegetable oils
955:
947:
946:
914:
906:
905:
898:dairy products
869:
861:
860:
842:
834:
833:
803:
795:
794:
773:North American
752:
744:
743:
732:diesel engines
715:
707:
706:
684:items such as
669:
661:
660:
657:
653:
652:
594:
591:
590:
589:
584:tramp (trader)
579:
564:
561:
553:many countries
510:Atlantic Ocean
447:
444:
426:bulk transport
302:
301:
299:
298:
291:
284:
276:
273:
272:
259:
258:
257:
256:
251:
246:
241:
236:
235:
234:
233:
232:
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208:
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132:
127:
122:
117:
112:
110:Animal-powered
107:
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97:
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87:
82:
74:
73:
67:
66:
60:
59:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4270:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4243:Merchant navy
4241:
4239:
4236:
4235:
4233:
4218:
4210:
4208:
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4107:
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4099:Port operator
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3964:Port of entry
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3944:Inland harbor
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3864:Admiralty law
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3859:Affreightment
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3503:Shipping line
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3308:
3302:
3299:
3297:
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3276:
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3209:
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3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3138:Perahu payang
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
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3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
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3109:
3106:
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2989:
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2963:Galway hooker
2961:
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2956:
2954:
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2874:
2873:Cape Islander
2871:
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2782:
2779:
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2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2756:Fishing fleet
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2746:Factory ships
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2733:
2731:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2714:
2709:
2707:
2702:
2700:
2695:
2694:
2691:
2685:
2681:
2680:W. S. Lindsay
2678:
2675:
2664:
2663:Boston Review
2660:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2633:
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2619:
2614:
2607:
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2601:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2588:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2573:0-8143-2393-6
2569:
2565:
2560:
2545:
2538:
2533:
2532:
2528:
2520:on 2015-10-19
2516:
2509:
2508:
2501:
2498:
2488:on 2015-10-19
2484:
2477:
2476:
2469:
2466:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2435:
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2323:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2302:
2299:
2294:
2288:
2284:
2283:
2266:
2265:The Economist
2262:
2247:
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2239:
2232:
2229:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2210:
2207:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2181:
2178:
2173:
2171:9780415153102
2167:
2163:
2162:
2154:
2151:
2144:
2139:
2138:Ship watching
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2118:Shipping line
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
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2059:
2056:
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2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2033:Electric ship
2031:
2030:
2025:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2007:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1976:
1973:
1969:
1962:
1961:United States
1958:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1938:
1930:
1928:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1913:oil pollution
1910:
1906:
1900:
1892:
1890:
1886:
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1783:
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1757:
1749:
1747:
1745:
1741:
1738:. Because of
1737:
1733:
1729:
1724:
1722:
1718:
1712:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1692:Chief Steward
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1548:
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1542:
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1534:Third Officer
1531:
1528:
1524:
1521:
1520:Chief Officer
1517:
1516:
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1399:
1396:This section
1394:
1391:
1387:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1370:
1368:
1366:
1365:slow steaming
1362:
1358:
1357:European port
1350:
1342:
1341:
1337:
1334:
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1321:
1317:
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1309:
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1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1059:
1055:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1035:draft animals
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
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1006:
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999:
998:
993:
989:
985:
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969:
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849:
848:
843:
840:
836:
835:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
809:
808:multi-purpose
804:
801:
797:
796:
792:
791:
790:cruiseferries
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
757:
753:
750:
746:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
720:
716:
713:
709:
708:
704:
703:North America
700:
696:
692:
687:
683:
679:
675:
674:
673:Bulk carriers
670:
667:
663:
662:
658:
655:
654:
649:
646:
643:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
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592:
586:
585:
580:
576:
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570:
569:
568:
562:
560:
558:
554:
550:
546:
541:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
496:began taming
495:
491:
487:
486:merchant navy
479:
478:gross tonnage
474:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
452:Merchant navy
445:
443:
441:
437:
433:
429:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
390:time-critical
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
362:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
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308:
297:
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209:
207:
204:
202:
199:
197:
194:
192:
189:
187:
184:
182:
179:
177:
174:
172:
171:Accessibility
169:
168:
167:
166:
161:
156:
153:
151:
148:
146:
143:
141:
138:
136:
133:
131:
130:Rapid transit
128:
126:
123:
121:
118:
116:
113:
111:
108:
106:
103:
101:
98:
96:
95:Human-powered
93:
91:
88:
86:
83:
81:
78:
77:
76:
75:
72:
68:
65:
61:
57:
56:
50:
49:Nyk Aphrodite
46:
40:
33:
19:
4157:
4135:MARPOL 73/78
4078:
3778:Crane vessel
3570:Hopper barge
3535:Bulk carrier
3482:
3362:Recreational
3310:Oyster boats
2968:Herring buss
2878:Chasse-marée
2673:
2666:. Retrieved
2662:
2635:
2617:
2604:
2592:the original
2586:
2563:
2551:. Retrieved
2544:the original
2515:the original
2506:
2500:
2490:, retrieved
2483:the original
2474:
2468:
2433:
2427:
2414:
2403:. Retrieved
2398:
2388:
2377:. Retrieved
2372:
2363:
2357:, p. B1
2352:
2346:
2335:. Retrieved
2331:
2322:
2311:Philadelphia
2301:
2281:
2269:. Retrieved
2264:
2250:. Retrieved
2246:the original
2241:
2231:
2223:the original
2218:
2209:
2198:. Retrieved
2194:the original
2189:
2180:
2160:
2153:
2113:Navigability
1977:
1965:
1955:, seen from
1902:
1887:
1875:
1869:Exxon Valdez
1868:
1861:
1853:
1840:
1828:
1820:
1808:
1774:Chief Purser
1759:
1725:
1713:
1681:
1655:
1603:
1584:firefighting
1578:, lighting,
1572:
1557:
1529:/Second Mate
1513:
1482:
1472:
1438:
1406:
1402:adding to it
1397:
1354:
1339:
1301:
1248:
1208:
1194:
1165:
1133:
1127:
1094:
1054:prime movers
1008:
957:
916:
871:
852:
845:
806:
788:
781:Asia-Pacific
756:Cruise ships
754:
717:
671:
659:Description
644:
620:Recreational
606:
583:
573:
566:
542:
483:
430:
363:
325:) or goods (
314:
310:
306:
305:
104:
48:
4217:WikiProject
4123:Conventions
3949:Inland port
3773:Cable layer
3766:Other types
3747:Salvage tug
3701:Train ferry
3691:Ocean liner
3676:Cruiseferry
3671:Cruise ship
3666:Cargo liner
3661:Cable ferry
3638:LNG carrier
3628:Gas carrier
3600:Train ferry
3590:Reefer ship
2800:Traditional
2373:www.ilo.org
2219:www.cia.gov
1978:Generally,
1879:Philippines
1857:sea stories
1815:Great Lakes
1805:Life at sea
1711:own areas.
1666:electrician
1547:Able Seamen
1536:/Third Mate
1522:/Chief Mate
1505:Able Seaman
1312:bulk cargos
1172:fresh water
1096:Cable layer
927:automobiles
847:ocean liner
740:engine room
695:Great Lakes
678:cargo ships
624:educational
557:Philippines
522:New Orleans
506:Great Lakes
446:Description
398:bulk cargos
343:short trips
321:of people (
191:Engineering
181:Cyclability
4232:Categories
3989:Naval base
3969:Trust port
3803:Icebreaker
3686:Narrowboat
3643:Oil tanker
3545:Chain boat
3473:Cargo ship
3301:Swampscott
3291:Gloucester
3248:Well smack
3143:Peter boat
2948:Frejgatina
2761:Longliners
2728:Commercial
2529:References
2492:2018-12-16
2405:2015-07-29
2379:2015-07-29
2337:2015-07-29
2200:2007-05-21
2108:Navigation
2004:roadsteads
1953:Newark Bay
1941:See also:
1744:agreements
1721:chief cook
1696:chief cook
1688:cargo ship
1682:A typical
1324:containers
1217:water taxi
970:products,
902:foodstuffs
900:and other
894:vegetables
829:tweendecks
821:containers
817:break bulk
785:Baltic Sea
682:bulk cargo
640:hovercraft
636:Everglades
632:propellers
616:propulsion
612:watercraft
610:and other
603:Watercraft
534:Birmingham
530:Pittsburgh
464:ship canal
436:intermodal
400:, such as
378:recreation
323:passengers
145:Supersonic
4034:Locations
3979:Anchorage
3934:Home port
3828:Riverboat
3788:Drillship
3653:Passenger
3540:Car float
3522:Dry cargo
3461:Overviews
3370:Bass boat
3342:Schooners
3332:Log canoe
3188:Shad boat
3163:Reed boat
3158:Pump boat
3113:Panineman
3038:Lepa-lepa
2973:Ipanitika
2958:Gableboat
2933:Fembøring
2813:Armadahan
2553:March 13,
2460:135422637
1662:machinist
1628:(1 or 2)
1588:first aid
1541:Boatswain
1409:July 2021
1176:sediments
1140:used for
980:chemicals
968:petroleum
964:crude oil
855:freeboard
361:in 2020.
331:waterways
319:transport
317:, is the
64:Transport
4248:Shipping
4177:Category
4104:Security
4061:Southern
4046:Atlantic
3998:Rankings
3974:Dry port
3838:Snagboat
3732:Fireboat
3411:Category
3352:Skipjack
3327:Deadrise
3322:Buy-boat
3286:Cape Ann
3233:Voadeira
3203:Sneakbox
3193:Sixareen
3173:Salambaw
3128:Patorani
3103:Paduwang
3083:Nordland
3063:Mackinaw
3043:Lis-alis
2978:Jongkong
2838:Basnigan
2776:Trawlers
2741:Drifters
2682:(1874),
2602:(2006).
2584:(2005).
2133:Waterway
2010:See also
1984:seaports
1925:shipping
1909:acoustic
1871:incident
1698:, and a
1658:motorman
1491:and his
1287:towboats
1271:harbours
1267:shipping
1213:railroad
1209:ferrying
1134:coasters
1080:flooding
1065:railways
1031:towboats
1027:tugboats
931:trailers
925:such as
777:European
765:Cruising
456:Sea lane
440:co-modal
422:shipping
382:military
374:commerce
244:Timeline
225:Personal
155:Vactrain
4187:Commons
4056:Pacific
3959:Outport
3954:Landing
3920:harbors
3847:Related
3783:Dredger
3757:Tugboat
3710:Support
3610:Tankers
3555:Collier
3452:Modern
3347:Sharpie
3153:Poveiro
3148:Pirogue
3093:Orembai
2983:Jangada
2938:Ferilla
2928:Felucca
2923:Falkuša
2903:Currach
2893:Coracle
2868:Camakau
2853:Bokkura
2781:Whalers
2771:Seiners
2271:2 March
2252:2 March
2190:CIA.gov
1988:marinas
1980:Harbors
1726:In the
1599:tankers
1371:History
1263:vessels
1250:tugboat
1235:ships.
1229:tunnels
1225:bridges
1196:Ferries
1167:dredger
1113:transom
1077:freshet
1056:riding
1039:towpath
982:, also
959:Tankers
945:ships.
769:tourism
394:produce
220:Private
211:Outline
206:History
4051:Indian
4041:Arctic
3752:Tender
3742:Pusher
3375:Farley
3317:Bugeye
3273:Dories
3253:Tipnol
3218:Tataya
3213:Tatara
3178:Sampan
3168:Sandeq
3133:Pelang
3118:Paopao
3108:Pajala
3088:Ontang
3068:Mayang
3053:Lugger
3028:Lakana
3023:Kulibo
3018:Korkor
2998:Kajjik
2993:Junkun
2988:Jukung
2918:Dugout
2913:Dogger
2863:Caïque
2843:Bawley
2833:Bangka
2668:18 Jan
2624:
2570:
2458:
2448:
2289:
2168:
2123:SIGTTO
1996:wharfs
1915:. The
1911:, and
1832:piracy
1798:Pilots
1788:, and
1770:Purser
1719:, the
1708:Purser
1686:for a
1638:(1–3)
1576:sewage
1551:(0–2)
1545:(2–6)
1499:, and
1497:Second
1489:Master
1452:Other.
1283:barges
1279:canals
1275:rivers
1259:towing
1105:cables
1101:vessel
939:rivers
882:fruits
825:grains
656:Image
532:or to
518:Canada
466:, and
414:grains
370:canals
359:UNCTAD
329:) via
230:Public
216:Public
163:Topics
4130:SOLAS
3984:Wharf
3927:Types
3916:Ports
3681:Ferry
3530:Barge
3478:Cargo
3337:Pungy
3281:Banks
3228:Vinta
3208:Takia
3198:Smack
3183:Sgoth
3123:Paraw
3098:Owong
3078:Nobby
3058:Luzzu
3048:Londe
3013:Kolae
3008:Kakap
2943:Fifie
2908:Dhoni
2898:Couta
2888:Coble
2883:Chhot
2848:Bigiw
2823:Bagan
2818:Awang
2609:(PDF)
2547:(PDF)
2540:(PDF)
2518:(PDF)
2511:(PDF)
2486:(PDF)
2479:(PDF)
2456:S2CID
2145:Notes
2000:docks
1992:piers
1883:India
1782:Nurse
1640:Oiler
1501:Third
1493:Chief
1269:) in
1265:(see
1253:is a
1146:draft
1142:trade
1138:ships
1061:rails
1023:canal
1019:river
1010:barge
923:cargo
736:stern
608:Ships
574:liner
520:with
468:canal
412:, or
380:, or
366:barge
355:trade
327:cargo
140:Space
105:Water
90:Cable
71:Modes
4140:STCW
3918:and
3468:Ship
3263:Yoal
3258:Yawl
3243:Waka
3223:Va'a
3033:Lepa
3003:Kaep
2828:Bago
2670:2024
2622:ISBN
2568:ISBN
2555:2007
2446:ISBN
2305:See
2287:ISBN
2273:2019
2254:2019
2166:ISBN
2002:and
1986:and
1937:Port
1694:, a
1621:(1)
1614:(1)
1608:(1)
1594:and
1586:and
1539:(1)
1532:(1)
1525:(1)
1518:(1)
1507:and
1379:and
1322:and
1277:and
1255:boat
1205:ship
1201:boat
1067:and
1058:iron
1021:and
1015:boat
988:wine
978:and
890:fish
886:meat
823:and
759:are
697:and
601:and
599:Ship
538:navy
410:ores
406:coke
402:coal
345:and
309:(or
135:Road
100:Land
2438:doi
2313:to
1881:or
1796:.
1596:LNG
1592:LPG
1404:.
1367:".
1227:or
1203:or
1029:or
933:or
844:An
701:of
686:ore
622:or
528:to
438:or
85:Air
4234::
3238:Wa
2672:.
2661:.
2454:.
2444:.
2397:.
2371:.
2330:.
2263:.
2240:.
2217:.
2188:.
2006:.
1998:,
1994:,
1982:,
1959:,
1907:,
1784:,
1776:,
1772:,
1768:,
1764:,
1664:,
1511:.
1495:,
1326:.
1318:,
1314:,
1310:,
1289:.
1247:A
1182:.
1164:A
1152:.
1136:,
1007:A
986:,
974:,
966:,
929:,
904:.
896:,
892:,
888:,
884:,
805:A
793:.
742:.
581:A
571:A
559:.
540:.
462:,
458:,
454:,
442:.
428:.
408:,
404:,
376:,
333:.
218:/
3908:e
3901:t
3894:v
3445:e
3438:t
3431:v
2712:e
2705:t
2698:v
2630:.
2576:.
2557:.
2462:.
2440::
2422:"
2408:.
2382:.
2340:.
2295:.
2275:.
2256:.
2203:.
2174:.
1411:)
1407:(
295:e
288:t
281:v
41:.
34:.
20:)
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