Marine debris - Knowledge

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information on debris in the mesopelagic and deeper layers. Studies that have been done have conducted research through bottom sampling, video observation via remotely operated vehicles (ROVs), and submersibles. They are also mostly limited to one-off projects that do not extend long enough to show significant effects of deep-sea debris over time. Research thus far has shown that debris in the deep-ocean is in fact impacted by anthropogenic activities, and plastic has been frequently observed in the deep-sea, especially in areas off-shore of heavily populated regions, such as the Mediterranean.

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American Tobacco. All 13 companies produce food, beverage, or tobacco products. The top company, The Coca-Cola Company, was responsible for 11% (CI95% = 10 to 12%), significantly greater than any other company. The top 5 companies were responsible for 24% of the branded plastic; 56 companies were responsible for greater than 50% of the branded plastic; and 19,586 companies were responsible for all of the branded plastic. The contributions of the top companies may be an underestimation because there were brands that were not attributed to a company, and there were many unbranded objects.

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through the water filtration system and into the ocean, but because of their small size they are likely to escape capture by the preliminary treatment screens on wastewater plants. These beads are harmful to the organisms in the ocean, especially filter feeders, because they can easily ingest the plastic and become sick. The microplastics are such a concern because it is difficult to clean them up due to their size, so humans can try to avoid using these harmful plastics by purchasing products that use environmentally safe exfoliates.

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could be a result of the closing of beaches and lack of movement during the pandemic, so less trash was likely to end up in the ocean. Additional impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic have been seen in Hong Kong, where disposable masks have ended up along the beaches of Soko’s islands. This may be attributed to the increased production of medical products (masks and gloves) during the pandemic, leading to a rise in unconventional disposal of these products.

7942: 7144: 2235: 1011: 2166: 40: 1321:, and examine any relationship between the amount and types of persistent industrial marine debris, and the types and numbers of industrial operations nearby. Materials like plastic or foam can break down into smaller particles and may look like small sea creatures to wildlife such as birds, cetaceans, and fish, and they may eat these particles. Indigestible material may accumulate in the gut creating blockages or a false sense of 1173:"Life Below Water". Depending on relevance to the issues and various levels of contribution, some countries have introduced more specified protection policies. Moreover, some non-profits, NGOs, and government organizations are developing programs to collect and remove plastics from the ocean. However, in 2017 the UN estimated that by 2050 there will be more plastic than fish in the oceans if substantial measures are not taken. 7953: 7106: 2249: 1194: 1462:. Plastics that are usually negatively buoyant can sink with the adherence of phytoplankton and the aggregation of other organic particles. Other oceanic processes that affect circulation, such as coastal storms and offshore convection, play a part in transferring large volumes of particles and debris. Submarine topographic features can also augment downwelling currents, leading to the retention of 1521: 7154: 1023: 1470:

submersibles, 3,425 man-made debris items were counted. The two most significant types of debris were macro-plastic, making up 33% of the debris found – 89% of which was single-use – and metal, making up 26%. Plastic debris was found at the bottom of the Mariana Trench, at a depth of 10,898m, and plastic bags were found entangled in hydrothermal vent and cold seep communities.

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waters of British Columbia. In 2019 Canada's federal government passed legislation to make it illegal to abandon a vessel but enforcement is hampered because it is often difficult to determine who owns an abandoned boat since owners are not required to have a license – licensing is a provincial government responsibility. The Victoria-based non-profit

2216: 1856:, Ocean Voyages Institute is able to accurately track and send cleanup vessels to remove ghostnets. The GPS Tracker technology is being combined with satellite imagery increasing the ability to locate plastic trash and ghostnets in real time via satellite imagery which will greatly increase cleanup capacity and efficiency. 1429:

types of marine particles such as dead biological material (tissue and shells) and some soil particles (blown in by wind and carried to the ocean by rivers). Population density and proximity to urban centers have been considered the main factors that influence the abundance of microplastics in the environment.

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Another issue is that removing marine debris from the ocean can potentially cause more harm than good. Cleaning up microplastics could also accidentally take out plankton, which are the main lower level food group for the marine food chain and over half of the photosynthesis on earth. One of the most

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flotsam by mistake, as it often looks similar to their natural prey. Overall, 1288 marine species are known to ingest plastic debris, with fish making up the largest fraction. Bulky plastic debris may become permanently lodged in the digestive tracts of these animals, blocking the passage of food and

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A Deep-sea Debris database by the Global Oceanographic Data Center of the Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), showing thirty years of photos and samples of marine debris since 1983, was made public in 2017. From the 5,010 dives in the database, using both ROVs and deep-sea

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agreement to control ocean dumping This Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter consisted of twenty two articles addressing expectations of contracting parties. The three annexes defined many compounds, substances, and materials that are unacceptable to

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In May/June 2020, Ocean Voyages Institute conducted a cleanup expedition in the Gyre and set a new record for the largest mid-ocean cleanup accomplished in the North Pacific Gyre which removed over 170 tons (340,000 pounds) of consumer plastics and ghostnets from the ocean. Utilizing custom designed

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Some studies show that marine debris may be dominant in particular locations. For example, a 2016 study of Aruba found that debris found the windward side of the island was predominantly marine debris from distant sources. In 2013, debris from six beaches in Korea was collected and analyzed: 56%

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Some materials and activities used in industrial activities that do not readily degrade, that persist in the environment, and tend to accumulate over time. The activities can include fishing, boating, and aquaculture industries that harvest or use resources in the marine environment and may lose or

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Joint Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Pollution estimated that up to 80% of the pollution was land-based, with the remaining 20% originating from catastrophic events or maritime sources. More recent studies have found that more than half of plastic debris found on Korean shores

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is designed to "ensure clean healthy, safe, productive and biologically diverse oceans and seas, by putting in place better systems for delivering sustainable development of marine and coastal environment". In 2019, the EU parliament voted for an EU-wide ban on single-use plastic products such as

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Cleanup of marine debris can be stymied by inadequate collaboration across levels of government, and a patchwork of regulatory authorities (responsibility often differs for the ocean surface, the seabed, and the shore). For example, there are an estimated 1600 abandoned and derelict boats in the

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In Kenya, the COVID-19 pandemic has impacted the amount of marine debris found on beaches with around 55% being a pandemic-related trash items. Although the pandemic-related trash has shown up along the beaches of Kenya, it has not made its way into the water. The reduction of litter in the ocean

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Because plastic is so widely used across the planet, microplastics have become widespread in the marine environment. For example, microplastics can be found on sandy beaches and surface waters as well as in the water column and deep sea sediment. Microplastics are also found within the many other

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The 10 largest emitters of oceanic plastic pollution worldwide are, from the most to the least, China, Indonesia, Philippines, Vietnam, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Egypt, Malaysia, Nigeria, and Bangladesh, largely through the rivers Yangtze, Indus, Yellow, Hai, Nile, Ganges, Pearl, Amur, Niger, and the

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Marine debris is found on the floor of the Arctic ocean. Although an increasing number of studies have been focused on plastic debris accumulation on the coasts, in off-shore surface waters, and that ingested by marine organisms that live in the upper levels of the water column, there is limited

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A growing concern regarding plastic pollution in the marine ecosystem is the use of microplastics. Microplastics are beads of plastic less than 5 millimeters wide, and they are commonly found in hand soaps, face cleansers, and other exfoliators. When these products are used, the microplastics go

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Thirteen companies have an individual contribution of 1% or more of the total branded plastic observed in the audit events: The Coca-Cola Company, PepsiCo, Nestlé, Danone, Altria, Bakhresa Group, Wings, Unilever, Mayora Indah, Mondelez International, Mars, Incorporated, Salim Group, and British

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Plastic debris from inland states come from two main sources: ordinary litter and materials from open dumps and landfills that blow or wash away to inland waterways and wastewater outflows. The refuse finds its way from inland waterways, rivers, streams and lakes to the ocean. Though ocean and

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On the sea, the removal of artificial debris (i.e. plastics) is still in its infancy. However, some projects have been started which used ships with nets (Ocean Voyages Institute/Kaisei 2009 & 2010 and New Horizon 2009) to catch some plastics, primarily for research purposes. There is also

2198:. Used plastic with low residual value often does not get recycled and is more likely to leak into the ocean. However, turning these unwanted plastics that would otherwise stay in landfills into refuse-derived fuels allows for further use; they can be used as supplement fuels at power plants 7799: 1932:– signed in 1982, but effective in 1994, United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea emphasized the importance of protecting the entire ocean and not only specified coastal regions. UNCLOS enforced restrictions on pollution, including a stress on land-based sources. 3739:

Cowger, Win; Willis, Kathryn A.; Bullock, Sybil; Conlon, Katie; Emmanuel, Jorge; Erdle, Lisa M.; Eriksen, Marcus; Farrelly, Trisia A.; Hardesty, Britta Denise; Kerge, Kristiina; Li, Natalie; Li, Yedan; Liebman, Adam; Tangri, Neil; Thiel, Martin (26 April 2024).

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It turns out that about 90 percent of all the plastic that reaches the world's oceans gets flushed through just 10 rivers: The Yangtze, the Indus, Yellow River, Hai River, the Nile, the Ganges, Pearl River, Amur River, the Niger, and the Mekong (in that

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In Halifax Harbour, Nova Scotia, 52% of items were generated by recreational use of an urban park, 14% from sewage disposal and only 7% from shipping and fishing activities. Around four-fifths of oceanic debris is from rubbish blown onto the water from

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artifacts placed in the oceans are harmful. Iron and concrete structures typically do little damage to the environment because they generally sink to the bottom and become immobile, and at shallow depths they can even provide scaffolding for

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Wiggin, K. J.; Holland, E. B. (June 2019). "Validation and application of cost and time effective methods for the detection of 3–500 μm sized microplastics in the urban marine and estuarine environments surrounding Long Beach, California".

1926:– a convention designed to minimize pollution of the seas, including dumping, oil and exhaust pollution The original MARPOL convention did not consider dumping from ships, but was revised in 1978 to include restrictions on marine vessels. 1304:. In a 2014 study using computer models, scientists from the group 5 Gyres, estimated 5.25 trillion pieces of plastic weighing 269,000 tons were dispersed in oceans in similar amount in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. 1393:, and other creatures, including the occasional human diver. Acting as designed, the nets restrict movement, causing starvation, laceration and infection, and suffocation in those that need to return to the surface to breathe. 4909: 1502:

by human populations. These human-caused collections of plastic and other debris are responsible for ecosystem and environmental problems that affect marine life, contaminate oceans with toxic chemicals, and contribute to

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Woodall, L. C., Sanchez-Vidal, A., Canals, M., Paterson, G. L., Coppock, R., Sleight, V., ... & Thompson, R. C. (2014). The deep sea is a major sink for microplastic debris. Royal Society open science, 1(4), 140317.

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It's estimated that around 48 million tons (48,000 kt) of lost fishing gear is generated each year, not including those that were abandoned or discarded and these may linger in the oceans for a considerable time before

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were disposed of in the Gulf of Mexico and off the coasts of at least 16 states, from New Jersey to Hawaii (although these, of course, do not wash up onshore, and the US is not the only country who has practiced this).

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that have been abandoned, lost, or otherwise discarded in the ocean, lakes, and rivers. These nets, often nearly invisible in the dim light, can be left tangled on a rocky reef or drifting in the open sea. They can

5261: 1945:, which prohibited the discharge of "garbage, rubbish, ashes or organic refuse" from "any vessel in Australian waters" without prior written permission from the federal government. It also required permission for 1584:. A 2021 study following a 2014 loss of a container carrying printer cartridges calculated that some cartridges had dispersed at an average speed of between 6 cm and 13 cm per second. A 1997 accident of 2156:

Forty-eight plastics manufacturers from 25 countries, are members of the Global Plastic Associations for solutions on Marine Litter, have made the pledge to help prevent marine debris and to encourage recycling.

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power to monitor and regulate the dumping of sewage sludge, industrial waste, radioactive waste and biohazardous materials into the nation's territorial waters. The Act was amended sixteen years later to include

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notes that lack of enforcement means abandoned boats are often left to sink, which increases the cleanup cost and compounds the environmental hazard (due to seepage of fuel, oil, plastics, and other pollutants).

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of marine debris are not usually experienced by the producer. In the 1950s, the importance of government intervention with marine pollution protocol was recognized at the First Conference on the Law of the Sea.

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Jang, Yong Chang; Lee, Jongmyoung; Hong, Sunwook; Lee, Jong Su; Shim, Won Joon; Song, Young Kyoung (6 July 2014). "Sources of plastic marine debris on beaches of Korea: More from the ocean than the land".

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Okuku, Eric; Kiteresi, Linet; Owato, Gilbert; Otieno, Kenneth; Mwalugha, Catherine; Mbuche, Mary; Gwada, Brenda; Nelson, Annette; Chepkemboi, Purity; Achieng, Quinter; Wanjeri, Veronica (January 2021).

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is an artist focusing most of her recent work on educating people about beach trash. Interactive sites like Adrift demonstrate where marine plastic is carried, over time, on the worlds ocean currents.

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Beaumont, Nicola J.; Aanesen, Margrethe; Austen, Melanie C.; Börger, Tobias; Clark, James R.; Cole, Matthew; Hooper, Tara; Lindeque, Penelope K.; Pascoe, Christine; Wyles, Kayleigh J. (1 May 2019).

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discard gear, materials, machinery or solid wastes from industrial processes into the water or onto shorelines. This can include anything as large as a fishing boat or as small as particle from a

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strategies to make producers responsible for product management when products and their packaging become waste; encourage reusable product design to minimize negative impacts on the environment.

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plastic straws, cutlery, plates, and drink containers, polystyrene food and drink containers, plastic drink stirrers and plastic carrier bags and cotton buds. The law will take effect in 2021.

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rewards salvors for risking life and property to rescue the property of another from peril. On land the distinction between deliberate and accidental loss led to the concept of a "

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lobster float. In 2003, a study was conducted to identify types, amounts, sources, and effects of persistent industrial marine debris in the coastal waters and along the shores of

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Consumers can help to reduce the amount of plastic entering waterways by reducing usage of single-use plastics, avoiding microbeads, participate in a river or lake beach cleanup.

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pieces. Some of the pieces became valued among collectors who searched the beaches for Lego dragons. It also provided valuable insight in studying marine plastic degradation.

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Chiba, S., Saito, H., Fletcher, R., Yogi, T., Kayo, M., Miyagi, S., ... & Fujikura, K. (2018). Human footprint in the abyss: 30 year records of deep-sea plastic debris.

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collided with a piece of floating debris and sank, costing the life of its pilot. The Ocean cleanup has also created a vessel for cleaning up riverine debris, called

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De-la-Torre, Gabriel E.; Dioses-Salinas, Diana C.; Castro, Jasmin M.; Antay, Rosabel; Fernández, Naomy Y.; Espinoza-Morriberón, D.; Saldaña-Serrano, Miguel (2020).

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Bluebird Marine System's SeaVax which was solar- and wind-powered and had an onboard shredder and cargo hold. The Sea Cleaners' Manta ship is similar in concept.

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quickly, as would natural or organic materials. The largest single type of plastic pollution (~10%) and majority of large plastic in the oceans is discarded and

7777: 2055: 4481: 3656: 2632: 1841:. He suggested using platforms with arms to gather the debris, situated inside the current of gyres. The SAS Ocean Phoenix ship is somewhat similar in design. 4321: 5828: 3855: 1624: 1551:(now known as the "Friendly Floatees") went overboard during a storm. The toys have since been found all over the world, providing a better understanding of 2359: 6788: 4076:"The impacts of COVID-19 pandemic on marine litter pollution along the Kenyan Coast: A synthesis after 100 days following the first reported case in Kenya" 1053: 741: 3442: 1507:. Once waterborne, marine debris becomes mobile. Flotsam can be blown by the wind, or follow the flow of ocean currents, often ending up in the middle of 7624: 5641: 4635: 4418: 1702:. In addition, plastic in the marine environment that contaminates the food chain can have repercussions on the viability of fish and shellfish species. 3389: 2710: 8008: 5525: 5069: 4139:

Patrício Silva, Ana L.; Prata, Joana C.; Walker, Tony R.; Duarte, Armando C.; Ouyang, Wei; Barcelò, Damià; Rocha-Santos, Teresa (1 February 2021).

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Improve recovery rates for plastic (in 2012, the United States generated 11.46 million tons of plastic waste, of which only 6.7% was recovered

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In efforts to prevent and mediate marine debris and pollutants, laws and policies have been adopted internationally, with the UN including reduced

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Craig, R. (2005). "Protecting International Marine Biodiversity: International Treaties and National Systems of Marine Protected Areas".

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Scisciolo, Tobia (2016). "Beach debris on Aruba, Southern Caribbean: Attribution to local land-based and distal marine-based sources".

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Fendall, Lisa S.; Sewell, Mary A. (2009). "Contributing to marine pollution by washing your face: Microplastics in facial cleansers".

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is an organization aimed at reducing plastics pollution in the oceans, and was one of two organizations that recently researched the

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Leous, Justin P.; Parry, Neal B. (2005). "Who is Responsible for Marine Debris? The International Politics of Cleaning Our Oceans".

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Walker, T. R.; Reid, K.; Arnould, J. P. Y.; Croxall, J. P. (1997), "Marine debris surveys at Bird Island, South Georgia 1990–1995",

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has caused serious negative effects such as discarded fishing nets capturing animals, concentration of plastic debris in massive

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Goodman, Alexa J.; Walker, Tony R.; Brown, Craig J.; Wilson, Brittany R.; Gazzola, Vicki; Sameoto, Jessica A. (1 January 2020).

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Sheavly, S. B.; Register, K. M. (2007). "Marine Debris & Plastics: Environmental Concerns, Sources, Impacts and Solutions".

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Ban the use of cigarette filters and establish a deposit-system for e-cigarettes (similar to the one used for propane canisters)

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Elsewhere, "trash traps" are installed on small rivers to capture waterborne debris before it reaches the sea. For example,

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There are also projects that stimulate fishing boats to remove any litter they accidentally fish up while fishing for fish.

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efficient and cost effective ways to help reduce the amount of plastic entering our oceans is to not participate in using

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Kuczenski, Brandon; Vargas Poulsen, Camila; Gilman, Eric L.; Musyl, Michael; Geyer, Roland; Wilson, Jono (30 July 2021).

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have been known to use pieces of beach litter as a shell when they cannot find an actual seashell of the size they need.

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Leal Filho, Walter; Salvia, Amanda Lange; Minhas, Aprajita; Paço, Arminda; Dias-Ferreira, Celia (1 November 2021).

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plastics, avoid plastic bottled drinks such as water bottles, use reusable shopping bags, and to buy products with

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A large number of groups and individuals are active in preventing or educating about marine debris. For example,

2002: 771: 736: 696: 349: 316: 166: 8028: 8013: 7998: 6820: 6343: 6284: 6195: 5813: 5508: 5147: 2299: 1680: 1627:, fishing-related debris, approximately 80% plastics, are responsible for the entanglement of large numbers of 1504: 1418: 1406: 766: 386: 321: 258: 5578: 5560: 4410: 7804: 7032: 6798: 6328: 5879: 5753: 5681: 5419:"Municipal Solid Waste Generation, Recycling, and Disposal in the United States: Facts and Figures for 2012" 5418: 3385: 2304: 1845: 1809: 1744:. Devices such as these can be used where floating debris presents a danger to navigation. For example, the 796: 751: 371: 4482:"Speaking Notes for the Honourable Marc Garneau, Minister of Transport for a News Conference on Bill C-64, 3604:

Yong, C (2013). "Sources of plastic marine debris on beaches of Korea: More from the ocean than the land".

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Techniques for collecting and removing marine (or riverine) debris include the use of debris skimmer boats

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Nash, Jennifer; Bosso, Christopher (April 2013). "Extended Producer Responsibility in the United States".

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In the waters of the United States, there have been many observed consequences of pollution including:

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for example promotes the idea of letting dive clubs clean up litter, for example as a diving exercise.

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Tharpes, Yvonne L. (1989). "International Environmental Law: Turning the Tide on Marine Pollution".

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At the systems level, there are various ways to reduce the amount of debris entering our waterways:

7876: 7464: 7384: 7329: 7227: 7214: 7182: 6835: 6773: 6740: 6679: 6611: 6476: 6471: 6449: 6023: 5793: 5788: 5691: 5529: 4662:"Environmentalists removed more than 40 tons of trash from the Pacific – and it barely made a dent" 3972: 3821: 2195: 2142: 2043: 1581: 1322: 1281: 781: 726: 691: 617: 544: 494: 489: 474: 131: 5283: 7946: 7921: 7866: 7772: 7561: 7531: 7247: 7148: 7109: 7042: 7017: 7012: 6830: 6707: 6501: 6373: 6137: 6008: 5935: 5872: 5803: 5783: 5676: 5460: 5122: 4948: 4891: 4883: 4814: 4259: 4055: 3953: 3629: 3237: 3000: 2902: 2842: 2544: 2467: 2268: 2240: 2188:

Improve waste transportation to and from sites by utilizing closed container storage and shipping

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Parker, Laura. "With Millions of Tons of Plastic in Oceans, More Scientists Studying Impact."

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Eighty percent of marine debris is plastic. Plastics accumulate because they typically do not

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Marine debris is a widespread problem, not only the result of activities in coastal regions.

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causing death through starvation or infection. Tiny floating plastic particles also resemble

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Mekong, and accounting for "90 percent of all the plastic that reaches the world's oceans."

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The US military used ocean dumping for unused weapons and bombs, including ordinary bombs,

7911: 7835: 7571: 7566: 7536: 7434: 7419: 7324: 7319: 7279: 6845: 6755: 6721: 6606: 6560: 6486: 6413: 6333: 6236: 6178: 6033: 5853: 5768: 5596: 4365: 3795: 3790: 2263: 1962: 1949:. The act was passed in response to large amounts of garbage washing up on the beaches of 1787: 1782:

operates a number of such traps, known as "trash racks" or "gross pollutant traps" on the

1775: 1728: 1661: 1573: 1238: 1151: 709: 669: 539: 504: 436: 376: 304: 241: 141: 39: 7167: 3271: 1073:, is human-created solid material that has deliberately or accidentally been released in 5448: 4864:"Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter" 4558:"Yvan Bourgnon : "Au large, le Manta pourra ramasser 600 m3 de déchets plastiques"" 4221: 4156: 4091: 4015: 3925: 3794: This article incorporates text from this source, which is available under the 3774: 3717: 3617: 3574: 3292: 3217: 3140: 3035: 2980: 2933: 2874: 2532: 2455: 30:"Ocean dumping" redirects here. For shipping of waste across international borders, see 8023: 7957: 7830: 7504: 7484: 7394: 7354: 7242: 7175: 7158: 6892: 6778: 6735: 6729: 6725: 6570: 6555: 6506: 6496: 6408: 6262: 6018: 5989: 5838: 5701: 5350: 5325: 4583: 4246: 4206:"The COVID-19 pandemic and single-use plastic waste in households: A preliminary study" 4205: 4181: 4140: 4116: 4075: 3411: 3331: 3052: 3019: 2309: 2095: 2091: 2087: 1990: 1900: 1877: 1577: 1540: 1455: 1289: 1270: 1206: 1128: 1112: 1111:, human influence has become an issue as many types of (petrochemical) plastics do not 1027: 831: 731: 686: 679: 674: 431: 126: 4141:"Increased plastic pollution due to COVID-19 pandemic: Challenges and recommendations" 3909: 3725: 1588:

ship off the British coast resulted in loss of cargo container holding 5 million

1280:, landmines and chemical weapons from at least 1919 until 1970. Millions of pounds of 7992: 7896: 7556: 6912: 6599: 6528: 6300: 6048: 5912: 5721: 5671: 5590:

Ghost net remediation program – NASA, NOAA and ATI collaborating to detect ghost nets

5464: 5456: 5260:. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. 4 November 2013. 5007: 4966: 4895: 4263: 4059: 3957: 3741: 3494: 3241: 3190: 3004: 2906: 2846: 2471: 2278: 2254: 2178: 2131: 2075: 2060: 1794: 1783: 1765: 1724: 1695: 1585: 1557: 1552: 1544: 1495: 1487: 1480: 1463: 1230: 1186: 1132: 846: 336: 331: 326: 84: 44: 4324:. Adelaide and Mount Lofty Ranges Natural Resources Management Board. Archived from 4229: 4099: 4024: 3999: 3633: 3582: 3149: 3124: 2988: 2941: 2882: 2821:"Plastic gear loss estimates from remote observation of industrial fishing activity" 2548: 7840: 7546: 7424: 7404: 7349: 6933: 6907: 6887: 6711: 6674: 6638: 6274: 6221: 6097: 6053: 6038: 5967: 5848: 5666: 3194: 2964: 2499: 2281: – Pseudonymous Australian artist who works with trash from oceans and beaches 2273: 2248: 2150: 2119: 2071: 2013:

to free inland and coastal waters from human influence. In the United Kingdom, the

1923: 1612: 1601: 1508: 1266: 1250: 1193: 879: 841: 826: 657: 622: 567: 286: 146: 5198: 1458:

extremely difficult, especially due to the wide area of its dispersal compared to

5172: 4463:"Canadian Coast Guard urges patience as it deals with up to 1,600 derelict boats" 7871: 7521: 7359: 7274: 7237: 6870: 6865: 6550: 6545: 6516: 6481: 6454: 5984: 5661: 5326:"Managing Marine Plastic Pollution: Policy Initiatives to Address Wayward Waste" 3908:

Santos, Robson G.; Machovsky-Capuska, Gabriel E.; Andrades, Ryan (2 July 2021).

1881: 1691: 1668: 1520: 1442:

Litter, made from diverse materials that are denser than surface water (such as

1354: 1254: 1214: 1139: 801: 499: 479: 116: 3043: 3018:

Karlsson, Therese M.; Kärrman, Anna; Rotander, Anna; Hassellöv, Martin (2020).

2390: 7926: 7284: 7269: 7047: 6664: 5979: 5972: 5955: 5940: 5833: 5686: 4910:"International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL)" 4164: 3625: 2540: 2463: 2230: 2123: 1838: 1801: 1699: 1616: 1569: 1562: 1491: 1459: 1370: 1301: 1159: 1104: 851: 607: 111: 5025: 4832: 4347: 4237: 4172: 4107: 4043: 3941: 3765: 2890: 17: 7906: 7459: 7198: 6976: 6928: 6902: 6850: 6684: 6646: 6396: 6386: 6058: 5920: 5895: 5843: 5798: 5773: 5711: 4540:"Solar-Powered Vacuum Could Suck Up 24,000 Tons of Ocean Plastic Every Year" 3933: 3910:"Plastic ingestion as an evolutionary trap: Toward a holistic understanding" 3300: 3225: 2965:"Abundance and distribution of microplastics on sandy beaches of Lima, Peru" 1946: 1382: 1350: 1335: 1314: 1258: 1242: 1116: 1100: 919: 874: 836: 786: 721: 627: 91: 71: 63: 7369: 5359: 4722:"Don't Call It A Garbage Patch: The Truth About Cleaning Up Ocean Plastics" 4255: 4190: 4125: 4051: 3949: 3783: 3757: 3681:. New York-New Jersey Harbor Estuary Program. February 1995. Archived from 3590: 3308: 3233: 3158: 3061: 2996: 2949: 2898: 2707:"5 Trillion Pieces of Ocean Trash Found, But Fewer Particles Than Expected" 1296:

on exposure to sunlight, although they do so only under dry conditions, as

5503: 4636:"Great Pacific Garbage Patch Cleanup Work Tackled By Sausalito Non-Profit" 3679:"A Summary of the Proposed Comprehensive Conservation and Management Plan" 3514: 2342:"Euronews Living | Watch: Italy's answer to the problem with plastic" 7429: 7389: 7309: 6621: 6565: 6226: 6075: 6043: 4380:"Lost fishing gear being recovered from Scapa Flow – The Orcadian Online" 3313:

The 10 top-ranked rivers transport 88–95% of the global load into the sea

3080: 1989:, an international treaty controlling marine pollution in the north-east 1779: 1764:. Once debris becomes "beach litter", collection by hand and specialized 1753: 1597: 1205:

Researchers classify debris as either land- or ocean-based; in 1991, the

1147: 1143: 291: 5341: 5126: 4952: 4818: 3878: 3177: 2595:"Explosive Beach Objects – Just Another Example Of Massachusetts' Charm" 2360:"Dumped fishing gear is biggest plastic polluter in ocean, finds report" 2102:, and if identifiable, they should be returned to their rightful owner. 1119:

from the fishing industry. Waterborne plastic poses a serious threat to

7399: 6582: 6085: 6063: 5950: 5945: 5408:(pp. 1–48, Rep.). (2015). McKinsey Center for Business and Environment. 4887: 3809:

Ron Hess; Denis Rushworth; Michael Hynes; John Peters (2 August 2006).

2111: 1913: 1686: 1451: 1386: 1366: 1246: 1218: 1124: 1108: 5307:"80% Of Ocean Plastic Comes From Land-Based Sources, New Report Finds" 4303: 4034: 3443:"Ship's lost plastic cargo washes up on shores from Florida to Norway" 2837: 2820: 2417:"FEATURE: UN's mission to keep plastics out of oceans and marine life" 1664:. Ships and subway cars have been deliberately sunk for that purpose. 7344: 7299: 6986: 6966: 6860: 6535: 6028: 5606: 5479:"Cigarette butts are toxic plastic pollution. Should they be banned?" 3468:"How long does it take for plastic to degrade: the Lego bricks study" 2779: 2146: 1950: 1805: 1378: 929: 909: 816: 806: 514: 5140: 4879: 3270:

Christian Schmidt; Tobias Krauth; Stephan Wagner (11 October 2017).

2130:, by sponsoring beach cleanup programs along with other activities. 5619: 3649:"New York City to Pay Jersey Town $ 1 Million Over Shore Pollution" 2215: 1752:

every month. The Corps has been doing this work since 1942, when a

7339: 7202: 6996: 6938: 6279: 6211: 6109: 6001: 5278:[Waste becomes state, UNESCO recognizes 'Garbage Patch']. 4000:"Global ecological, social and economic impacts of marine plastic" 2214: 2164: 2025: 1982: 1718: 1642: 1576:, dropping hundreds of containers, most of which washed up on the 1519: 1447: 1443: 1374: 1234: 1192: 1180: 1086: 1078: 939: 884: 276: 38: 5543: 5406:

Stemming the tide: Land-based strategies for a plastic-free ocean

2564:"Should you cut up six-pack rings so they don't choke sea birds?" 1800:

Once a year there is a diving marine debris removal operation in

6971: 6092: 6080: 5996: 4703:"Photos: Sailing Cargo Vessel Recovers 67 Tons of Ocean Plastic" 1978: 1909: 1833:

Another method to gather artificial litter has been proposed by

1589: 1390: 1362: 1226: 1222: 1120: 1082: 914: 161: 156: 121: 7171: 5868: 5623: 5607:"Skeptoid #132: The Sargasso Sea and the Pacific Garbage Patch" 5516:

United Nations Environment Programme Marine Litter Publications

4767:. National Geographic Society, 13 June 2014. Web. 3 April 2016. 1723:

Skimmer boat used to remove floating debris and trash from the

1325:

and eventually death from lack of appropriate nutrient intake.

1081:. Floating oceanic debris tends to accumulate at the center of 5522:

UNEP Year Book 2011: Emerging Issues in Our Global Environment

2177:

coastal area cleanups are important, it is crucial to address

1277: 1074: 4967:"Beaches, Fishing Grounds and Sea Routes Protection Act 1932" 2487:"The pileup of plastic debris is more than ugly ocean litter" 2038:. Eighty percent of marine debris reaches the sea via rivers. 1793:

In lakes or near the coast, manual removal can also be used.

1213:

A wide variety of man-made objects can become marine debris;

1093:

or tidewrack. Deliberate disposal of wastes at sea is called

5864: 5579:

Tiny Plastic Bits Too Small To See Are Destroying The Oceans

4522:"Solar powered SeaVax hoover concept to clean up the oceans" 2046:, harmful agal blooms, and threatened species. In 1972, the 5276:"Rifiuti diventano stato, Unesco riconosce 'Garbage Patch'" 3327:"Almost all plastic in the ocean comes from just 10 rivers" 3326: 2625:"Military Ordinance [sic] Dumped in Gulf of Mexico" 2219:

Seven simple single-use swaps people can make to save trash

1943:

Beaches, Fishing Grounds and Sea Routes Protection Act 1932

1561:

dropped 21 containers (with one notably containing buoyant

1273:, in particular, are considered emblematic of the problem. 5141:"Marine Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act of 1972" 3973:"Across the Pacific Ocean, plastics, plastics, everywhere" 1269:

are among the items commonly found to have washed ashore.

5555: 1904:

deposit into the ocean. Examples of such matter include:

5549: 5228: 2063:. It is illegal to dispose of any plastic in US waters. 3386:"How sneakers, toys and hockey gear help ocean science" 1555:. Similar incidents have happened before, such as when 1158:, and increasing concentrations of contaminants in the 4526:

The International Institute of Marine Surveying (IIMS)

3742:"Global producer responsibility for plastic pollution" 2137:

On 11 April 2013 in order to create awareness, artist

1941:

One of the earliest anti-dumping laws was Australia's

1543:, usually during storms. One spillage occurred in the 3535:. Algalita Marine Research Foundation. Archived from 2658:. St. Martin's Thomas Dunne Books. pp. 112–128. 1608:

was found to be "ocean-based" and 44% "land-based".

1150:

waste all contribute to this problem. This increased

5569:– US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 5546:– US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 5254:"The garbage patch territory turns into a new state" 1494:

of marine debris particles caused by the effects of

1197:

Debris collected from beaches on Tern Island in the

7849: 7818: 7728: 7580: 7377: 7213: 7056: 7005: 6954: 6921: 6754: 6693: 6655: 6637: 6437: 6372: 6309: 6235: 6204: 6169: 6153: 6118: 5911: 5096:"EU parliament approves ban on single use plastics" 3493:Walker, T.R.; Grant, J.; Archambault, M-C. (2006). 2756:

Abandoned, lost or otherwise discarded fishing gear

2181:that originates from inland and landlocked states. 7857:Blue Ribbon Commission on America's Nuclear Future 4278:"Debris collection onsite after Bay Bridge struck" 2034:warning people to not pollute the local stream by 1698:to consume them and cause them to enter the ocean 1089:, frequently washing aground, when it is known as 4941:The University of Miami Inter-American Law Review 3272:"Export of Plastic Debris by Rivers into the Sea" 1985:respectively, and resulted in the passing of the 1138:Dumping, container spillages, litter washed into 5377:"7 Ways To Reduce Ocean Plastic Pollution Today" 4348:"10 Tips for Divers to Protect the Ocean Planet" 2122:is another organization, focusing on protecting 1965:government. It was repealed and replaced by the 5008:"Environment Protection (Sea Dumping) Act 1981" 3848:"Crabs With Beach Trash Homes – Okinawa, Japan" 3199:"Plastic waste inputs from land into the ocean" 1454:, or even become buried under sediment, making 1107:, are also present. With the increasing use of 4777:Wabnitz, Colette; Nichols, Wallace J. (2010). 4634:Turner, Emily; Steimle, Susie (26 June 2019). 4576:"Methods for collecting plastic litter at sea" 4484:The Wrecked Abandoned or Hazardous Vessels Act 4443:Province of British Columbia (February 2020). 2758:. Rome: United Nations Environment Programme. 1969:, which gave effect to the London Convention. 7183: 5880: 5635: 5532:Web Archives Plastic debris, pp. 21–34. 4411:"Ghost Fishing UK to be Charges for Cleanups" 2191:Restrict open waste facilities near waterways 1967:Environment Protection (Sea Dumping) Act 1981 1852:GPS satellite trackers which are deployed by 1047: 27:Human-created solid waste in the sea or ocean 8: 5573:Social & Economic Costs of Marine Debris 4280:. US Army Corps of Engineers. Archived from 3024:Environmental Science and Pollution Research 2098:, shipwrecked goods should be reported to a 1748:removes 90 tons of "drifting material" from 5115:Journal of Land Use & Environmental Law 1977:In 1972 and 1974, conventions were held in 1786:, which flows (during the wet season) into 7190: 7176: 7168: 5887: 5873: 5865: 5642: 5628: 5620: 5550:Marine Research, Education and Restoration 4617:"Official Launch of Ocean Phoenix Project" 3361:. National Geographic News. Archived from 1054: 1040: 944: 70: 50: 5349: 4868:The American Journal of International Law 4744:"Untangling the Problem of Ocean Plastic" 4438: 4436: 4245: 4180: 4115: 4033: 4023: 3773: 3513: 3148: 3051: 2836: 2498: 2385: 2383: 2381: 4445:"What We Heard on Marine Debris in B.C." 3502:Water Quality Research Journal of Canada 2169:The decomposition times of marine debris 1685:Many animals that live on or in the sea 1623:. On the remote sub-Antarctic island of 1419:Marine plastic pollution § Microplastics 1341: 7887:High-level radioactive waste management 7028:Pollutant release and transfer register 5264:from the original on 11 September 2017. 4779:"Plastic pollution: An ocean emergency" 4354:from the original on 23 September 2014. 3359:"Lost Sea Cargo: Beach Bounty or Junk?" 3076:"Plastic trash invades arctic seafloor" 2444:Journal of Polymers and the Environment 2332: 983: 947: 62: 4858: 4856: 4854: 4800: 4798: 4796: 4421:from the original on 29 September 2017 3889:from the original on 23 September 2008 3280:Environmental Science & Technology 1346:A sea turtle entangled in a ghost net. 1099:. Naturally occurring debris, such as 43:Marine debris washed up on a beach at 5552:– Algalita Marine Research Foundation 5371: 5369: 4759: 4757: 4390:from the original on 11 December 2017 3101: 3099: 3097: 3095: 3088:from the original on 25 October 2012. 2593:Edgar B. Herwick III (29 July 2015). 2507:from the original on 9 December 2017. 2397:from the original on 13 February 2009 2084:lost, mislaid, and abandoned property 1808:, run by Ghost Fishing UK, funded by 7: 7902:Sewage regulation and administration 7118: 6359:Electromagnetic radiation and health 5824:Shutdown of thermohaline circulation 5209:from the original on 23 January 2009 5070:"Marine and Coastal Access Act 2009" 4615:Poizat, Christophe J. (3 May 2016). 4480:Transport Canada (30 October 2017). 3858:from the original on 14 October 2017 3530:"Plastic Debris: from Rivers to Sea" 3422:from the original on 9 February 2008 3197:; Wilcox, Chris (12 February 2015). 2149:–Paris in front of Director General 7134: 7126: 6217:Radium and radon in the environment 3879:"Plague of Plastic Chokes the Seas" 3647:Alfonso Narvaez (8 December 1987). 3325:Harald Franzen (30 November 2017). 2574:from the original on 6 October 2008 1308:Persistent industrial marine debris 1292:as many other substances do. They 282:Radium and radon in the environment 5387:from the original on 30 March 2018 5199:"Can you keep ship-wrecked goods?" 5024:. OSPAR Commission. Archived from 5010:. Federal Register of Legislation. 4969:. Federal Register of Legislation. 4742:David Helvarg (27 December 2019). 3979:from the original on 25 April 2016 3877:Kenneth R. Weiss (2 August 2006). 3820:. Rand Corporation. Archived from 3659:from the original on 11 March 2009 3441:Wilson, Jonathan (29 April 2021). 2794:"'Ghost fishing' killing seabirds" 2709:. 13 December 2014. Archived from 2635:from the original on 7 August 2015 2605:from the original on 3 August 2015 2015:Marine and Coastal Access Act 2009 1957:from vessels outside the reach of 1135:, as well as to boats and coasts. 25: 5330:Environmental Health Perspectives 4839:from the original on 9 March 2009 4720:Mandel, Kyla (5 September 2020). 4598:"The Great Pacific Garbage Patch" 4461:Arrais, Pedro (10 October 2021). 3846:Miller, Shawn (19 October 2014). 3412:"Scavengers take washed-up goods" 3392:from the original on 8 April 2008 1615:, medical waste washed ashore in 7952: 7951: 7940: 7882:Extended producer responsibility 7368: 7152: 7142: 7133: 7125: 7117: 7105: 7104: 5697:Environmental impact of shipping 5502: 5457:10.1111/j.1530-9290.2012.00572.x 5324:Tibbetts, John H. (April 2015). 5179:from the original on 11 May 2009 5153:from the original on 30 May 2008 4807:Journal of International Affairs 4210:Science of the Total Environment 3789: 2687:from the original on 16 May 2008 2247: 2233: 2206:Extended Producer Responsibility 1479:This section is an excerpt from 1417:This section is an excerpt from 1334:This section is an excerpt from 1021: 1009: 8009:Environmental impact of fishing 7440:Mechanical biological treatment 5931:Atmospheric dispersion modeling 5485:. 9 August 2019. Archived from 5305:Chow, Lorraine (29 June 2016). 5173:"Ocean Dumping Ban Act of 1988" 5146:. US Senate. 29 December 2000. 4230:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148571 4100:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111840 4025:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.03.022 3971:Charles Moore (November 2003). 3583:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.03.039 3357:Janice Podsada (19 June 2001). 3150:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.110722 2989:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.110877 2942:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2009.04.025 2883:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.03.060 2340:Graham, Rachel (10 July 2019). 2056:Environmental Protection Agency 1888:Ocean dumping is controlled by 1768:are used to gather the debris. 1319:Charlotte County, New Brunswick 1171:Sustainable Development Goal 14 102:Atmospheric dispersion modeling 5556:UK Marine Conservation Society 2500:10.1146/knowable-120717-211902 2030:A sign above a storm drain in 1675:Impacts from plastic pollution 971:Least polluted cities by PM2.5 1: 6419:Electrical resistance heating 5437:Journal of Industrial Ecology 4683:Yerkey, Ryan (24 June 2020). 4660:Michelle Lou (30 June 2019). 3726:10.1016/S0025-326X(96)00053-7 3384:Marsha Walton (28 May 2003). 1619:after having been blown from 1539:at sea each year are lost by 442:Electrical resistance heating 6071:Persistent organic pollutant 5282:(in Italian). Archived from 5175:. US EPA. 21 November 1988. 4145:Chemical Engineering Journal 2679:Alan Weisman (Summer 2007). 2562:Cecil Adams (16 July 1999). 1651:containing ingested flotsam. 152:Persistent organic pollutant 76:Air pollution from a factory 8019:Oceanographical terminology 7892:History of waste management 7081:Least polluted cities by PM 5707:Fish diseases and parasites 2391:"Facts about marine debris" 2116:Great Pacific Garbage Patch 1818:Dead Boats Disposal Society 1736:Coastal and river clean ups 1549:rubber ducks and other toys 1547:in 1992, when thousands of 1511:where currents are weakest. 8045: 7480:fluorescent lamp recycling 7023:Pollution haven hypothesis 6946:Brain health and pollution 6184:Ecological light pollution 6014:Internal combustion engine 5544:NOAA Marine Debris Program 5072:. UK Defra. Archived from 4368:28 September 2017, page 31 3852:Okinawa Nature Photography 3818:Disposal Options for Ships 3044:10.1007/s11356-019-07274-5 1746:US Army Corps of Engineers 1678: 1478: 1416: 1404: 1333: 1261:, and various wastes from 1259:lost fishing line and nets 29: 7935: 7366: 7102: 6826:Nonpoint source pollution 6746:War and environmental law 6105:Volatile organic compound 5902: 5779:Nonpoint source pollution 5657: 5567:High Seas GhostNet Survey 4986:. NewSouth. p. 230. 4983:Sydney Beaches: A History 4640:sanfrancisco.cbslocal.com 4165:10.1016/j.cej.2020.126683 4080:Marine Pollution Bulletin 4004:Marine Pollution Bulletin 3706:Marine Pollution Bulletin 3626:10.1007/s12601-014-0015-8 3563:Marine Pollution Bulletin 3129:Marine Pollution Bulletin 2969:Marine Pollution Bulletin 2922:Marine Pollution Bulletin 2863:Marine Pollution Bulletin 2778:Esteban, Michelle (2002) 2541:10.1007/s12601-014-0015-8 2464:10.1007/s10924-007-0074-3 2082:may be of relevance when 2003:Water Framework Directive 1812:and Fat Face Foundation. 1706:COVID-19 pandemic impacts 1450:and interfere with other 697:War and environmental law 317:Health effects from noise 167:Volatile organic compound 7862:China's waste import ban 6285:Marine mammals and sonar 6196:Radio spectrum pollution 5814:Plastic pellet pollution 5528:13 February 2012 at the 4783:Marine Turtle Newsletter 2781:Tracking Down Ghost Nets 2300:Plastic-eating organisms 2007:European Union directive 1681:Marine plastic pollution 1505:greenhouse gas emissions 1407:Marine plastic pollution 322:Marine mammals and sonar 7223:Agricultural wastewater 7131:WikiProject Environment 7089:Most polluted countries 7033:Polluter pays principle 6764:Agricultural wastewater 5682:Cultural eutrophication 5563:– Australian Government 5258:UNESCO Office in Venice 4467:Victoria Times Colonist 4308:FishingForLitter.org.uk 3934:10.1126/science.abh0945 3301:10.1021/acs.est.7b02368 3226:10.1126/science.1260352 2305:Prevented Ocean Plastic 1846:Ocean Voyages Institute 1810:World Animal Protection 1766:beach-cleaning machines 1474:Garbage patches (gyres) 797:Freshwater salinization 717:Agricultural wastewater 7947:Environment portal 7625:Bosnia and Herzegovina 7515:water recycling shower 7149:Environment portal 6382:Agricultural pollution 5819:Point source pollution 5381:www.oceanicsociety.org 5022:"The OSPAR Convention" 4980:Caroline Ford (2014). 4707:The Maritime Executive 4685:"Record Haul of Trash" 3758:10.1126/sciadv.adj8275 2754:Macfadyen, G. (2009). 2681:"Polymers Are Forever" 2220: 2170: 2139:Maria Cristina Finucci 2048:United States Congress 2039: 1854:vessels of opportunity 1732: 1652: 1528: 1466:at certain locations. 1347: 1202: 1190: 1156:marine garbage patches 1016:Environment portal 48: 7315:Municipal solid waste 7295:Industrial wastewater 6804:Industrial wastewater 6670:Clutter (advertising) 6578:Municipal solid waste 6424:Soil guideline values 6268:Sustainable transport 6161:Information pollution 5961:Open burning of waste 5561:Harmful Marine Debris 5511:at Wikimedia Commons 4386:. 25 September 2017. 3606:Ocean Science Journal 3515:10.2166/wqrj.2006.029 2654:Alan Weisman (2007). 2521:Ocean Science Journal 2218: 2168: 2029: 1897:The London Convention 1722: 1646: 1639:Environmental impacts 1523: 1345: 1199:French Frigate Shoals 1196: 1185:Debris on beach near 1184: 757:Industrial wastewater 525:Municipal solid waste 447:Soil guideline values 42: 32:Environmental dumping 7510:water heat recycling 7415:Garden waste dumping 7076:Most polluted cities 6769:Biological pollution 6680:Overhead power lines 5829:Silver nanoparticles 5605:(16 December 2008). 5595:7 March 2016 at the 4874:(3): 626–636. 1973. 4490:Government of Canada 4304:"Fishing For Litter" 3811:"Chapter 5: Reefing" 2656:The World Without Us 2485:Weiss, K.R. (2017). 2290:National Cleanup Day 2196:refuse-derived fuels 1995:Barcelona Convention 1621:Fresh Kills Landfill 1535:An estimated 10,000 966:Most polluted cities 618:Overhead power lines 7877:Eco-industrial park 7465:appliance recycling 7385:Anaerobic digestion 7330:Post-consumer waste 7228:Biodegradable waste 7139:WikiProject Ecology 6836:Ocean acidification 6741:Unexploded ordnance 6612:Post-consumer waste 6472:Foam food container 6450:Biodegradable waste 6024:Global distillation 5794:Ocean deoxygenation 5789:Ocean acidification 5530:Library of Congress 5449:2013JInEc..17..175N 5342:10.1289/ehp.123-A90 5205:. 22 January 2007. 5028:on 12 February 2008 4833:"London Convention" 4765:National Geographic 4586:on 24 October 2013. 4546:. 19 February 2016. 4222:2021ScTEn.79348571L 4157:2021ChEnJ.40526683P 4092:2021MarPB.16211840O 4016:2019MarPB.142..189B 3975:. Natural History. 3926:2021Sci...373...56S 3718:1997MarPB..34...61W 3618:2014OSJ....49..151J 3575:2016MarPB.106...49D 3418:. 22 January 2007. 3293:2017EnST...5112246S 3287:(21): 12246–12253. 3218:2015Sci...347..768J 3178:10.1098/rsos.140317 3141:2020MarPB.15010722G 3036:2020ESPR...27.5559K 2981:2020MarPB.15110877D 2934:2009MarPB..58.1225F 2875:2019MarPB.143..152W 2533:2014OSJ....49..151J 2456:2007JPEnv..15..301S 2194:Promote the use of 2143:Garbage Patch State 1825:Mid-ocean clean ups 1629:Antarctic fur seals 1582:World Heritage Site 782:Ocean acidification 692:Unexploded ordnance 613:Advertising clutter 545:Post-consumer waste 490:Foam food container 475:Biodegradable waste 132:Global distillation 7922:Waste minimisation 7867:Cleaner production 7532:Reusable packaging 7445:Mechanical sorting 7248:Construction waste 7159:Ecology portal 7043:Waste minimisation 7018:Industrial ecology 7013:Cleaner production 6831:Nutrient pollution 6708:Herbicidal warfare 6502:Construction waste 6138:Introduced species 6009:Indoor air quality 5936:Chlorofluorocarbon 5784:Nutrient pollution 5677:Aquatic toxicology 5489:on 10 August 2019. 4604:. 6 December 2016. 4415:divemagazine.co.uk 3653:The New York Times 3251:on 22 January 2019 2825:Fish and Fisheries 2732:Smith, Christine. 2713:on 5 February 2015 2683:. Orion magazine. 2629:Maritime Executive 2269:Flotsam and jetsam 2241:Environment portal 2221: 2171: 2040: 1918:radioactive wastes 1866:reusable packaging 1733: 1653: 1647:The remains of an 1529: 1524:The travel of the 1348: 1247:cigarette lighters 1203: 1191: 1028:Ecology portal 653:Herbicidal warfare 197:Introduced species 137:Indoor air quality 107:Chlorofluorocarbon 49: 7986: 7985: 7917:Waste legislation 7826:Sanitation worker 7800:London Convention 7736:Bamako Convention 7527:Resource recovery 7495:textile recycling 7490:plastic recycling 7470:battery recycling 7410:Ecological design 7335:Radioactive waste 7165: 7164: 7038:Pollution control 6718:Nuclear holocaust 6627:Thermal treatment 6595:Plastic pollution 6512:Mercury poisoning 6465:Battery recycling 6364:Radioactive waste 6133:Genetic pollution 6128:Biological hazard 5926:Air quality index 5862: 5861: 5717:Friendly Floatees 5507:Media related to 5233:PlasticAdrift.org 4920:on 4 October 2019 4580:MarineDebris.Info 4510:. 31 August 2019. 4284:on 9 January 2009 3883:Los Angeles Times 3542:on 19 August 2008 3212:(6223): 768–771. 3191:Jambeck, Jenna R. 2838:10.1111/faf.12596 2765:978-92-5-106196-1 2631:. 3 August 2015. 2568:The Straight Dope 2491:Knowable Magazine 2366:. 6 November 2019 2320:World Cleanup Day 2295:Plastic pollution 2100:Receiver of Wreck 2086:is found at sea. 2052:Ocean Dumping Act 2022:United States law 1999:Mediterranean Sea 1959:local governments 1906:mercury compounds 1890:international law 1872:Laws and treaties 1835:The Ocean Cleanup 1758:Chester W. Nimitz 1756:carrying Admiral 1750:San Francisco Bay 1694:, which can lead 1526:Friendly Floatees 1500:plastic pollution 1064: 1063: 999: 998: 665:Nuclear holocaust 588:Urban heat island 402:Radioactive waste 187:Biological hazard 97:Air quality index 16:(Redirected from 8036: 7955: 7954: 7945: 7944: 7810:OSPAR Convention 7741:Basel Convention 7552:Waste collection 7542:Sewage treatment 7500:timber recycling 7475:bottle recycling 7455:Reclaimed lumber 7450:Photodegradation 7372: 7290:Industrial waste 7258:Electronic waste 7253:Demolition waste 7233:Biomedical waste 7207:waste management 7192: 7185: 7178: 7169: 7157: 7156: 7155: 7147: 7146: 7137: 7136: 7129: 7128: 7121: 7120: 7108: 7107: 6982:Legacy pollution 6841:Oil exploitation 6703:Chemical warfare 6617:Waste management 6524:Industrial waste 6492:Biomedical waste 6460:Electronic waste 6445:Advertising mail 6429:Phytoremediation 6404:Land degradation 6189:Overillumination 6143:Invasive species 5889: 5882: 5875: 5866: 5759:Invasive species 5651:Marine pollution 5644: 5637: 5630: 5621: 5616: 5584:Business Insider 5575:– NOAA Economics 5506: 5491: 5490: 5475: 5469: 5468: 5432: 5426: 5425: 5423: 5415: 5409: 5403: 5397: 5396: 5394: 5392: 5373: 5364: 5363: 5353: 5321: 5315: 5314: 5302: 5296: 5295: 5293: 5291: 5272: 5266: 5265: 5250: 5244: 5243: 5241: 5239: 5225: 5219: 5218: 5216: 5214: 5195: 5189: 5188: 5186: 5184: 5169: 5163: 5162: 5160: 5158: 5152: 5145: 5137: 5131: 5130: 5110: 5104: 5103: 5092: 5086: 5085: 5083: 5081: 5066: 5060: 5059: 5057: 5055: 5044: 5038: 5037: 5035: 5033: 5018: 5012: 5011: 5004: 4998: 4997: 4977: 4971: 4970: 4963: 4957: 4956: 4936: 4930: 4929: 4927: 4925: 4916:. 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Archived from 4572: 4566: 4565: 4564:. 23 April 2018. 4554: 4548: 4547: 4536: 4530: 4529: 4528:. 14 March 2016. 4518: 4512: 4511: 4500: 4494: 4493: 4477: 4471: 4470: 4458: 4452: 4451: 4449: 4440: 4431: 4430: 4428: 4426: 4406: 4400: 4399: 4397: 4395: 4376: 4370: 4362: 4356: 4355: 4344: 4338: 4337: 4335: 4333: 4318: 4312: 4311: 4300: 4294: 4293: 4291: 4289: 4274: 4268: 4267: 4249: 4201: 4195: 4194: 4184: 4136: 4130: 4129: 4119: 4070: 4064: 4063: 4037: 4027: 3995: 3989: 3988: 3986: 3984: 3968: 3962: 3961: 3905: 3899: 3898: 3896: 3894: 3874: 3868: 3867: 3865: 3863: 3843: 3837: 3836: 3834: 3832: 3826: 3815: 3806: 3800: 3793: 3787: 3777: 3746:Science Advances 3736: 3730: 3728: 3701: 3695: 3694: 3692: 3690: 3675: 3669: 3668: 3666: 3664: 3644: 3638: 3637: 3601: 3595: 3594: 3558: 3552: 3551: 3549: 3547: 3541: 3534: 3526: 3520: 3519: 3517: 3499: 3490: 3484: 3483: 3481: 3479: 3464: 3458: 3457: 3455: 3453: 3447:E&T Magazine 3438: 3432: 3431: 3429: 3427: 3408: 3402: 3401: 3399: 3397: 3381: 3375: 3374: 3372: 3370: 3354: 3348: 3347: 3341: 3339: 3322: 3316: 3315: 3276: 3267: 3261: 3260: 3258: 3256: 3250: 3244:. 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management 510:Industrial waste 485:Electronic waste 470:Advertising mail 452:Phytoremediation 427:Land degradation 367:Depleted uranium 252:Overillumination 202:Invasive species 74: 51: 21: 8044: 8043: 8039: 8038: 8037: 8035: 8034: 8033: 8029:Water pollution 8014:Ocean pollution 7999:Aquatic ecology 7989: 7988: 7987: 7982: 7958:Category: Waste 7939: 7931: 7912:Waste hierarchy 7845: 7836:Waste collector 7814: 7805:Oslo Convention 7724: 7576: 7572:Waste-to-energy 7567:Waste treatment 7537:Right to repair 7435:Landfill mining 7420:Illegal dumping 7373: 7364: 7325:Packaging waste 7320:Open defecation 7280:Hazardous waste 7209: 7196: 7166: 7161: 7153: 7151: 7141: 7098: 7084: 7052: 7001: 6950: 6917: 6856:Pharmaceuticals 6846:Oil exploration 6750: 6722:Nuclear fallout 6689: 6651: 6633: 6607:Packaging waste 6561:Deep sea mining 6487:Hazardous waste 6433: 6414:Open defecation 6368: 6334:Nuclear fallout 6329:Nuclear fission 6305: 6231: 6200: 6171:Electromagnetic 6165: 6149: 6114: 6034:Ozone depletion 5907: 5898: 5893: 5863: 5858: 5854:Water pollution 5769:Mercury in fish 5653: 5648: 5601: 5597:Wayback Machine 5500: 5495: 5494: 5477: 5476: 5472: 5434: 5433: 5429: 5421: 5417: 5416: 5412: 5404: 5400: 5390: 5388: 5375: 5374: 5367: 5323: 5322: 5318: 5304: 5303: 5299: 5289: 5287: 5286:on 14 July 2014 5274: 5273: 5269: 5252: 5251: 5247: 5237: 5235: 5227: 5226: 5222: 5212: 5210: 5197: 5196: 5192: 5182: 5180: 5171: 5170: 5166: 5156: 5154: 5150: 5143: 5139: 5138: 5134: 5112: 5111: 5107: 5094: 5093: 5089: 5079: 5077: 5076:on 2 April 2010 5068: 5067: 5063: 5053: 5051: 5046: 5045: 5041: 5031: 5029: 5020: 5019: 5015: 5006: 5005: 5001: 4994: 4979: 4978: 4974: 4965: 4964: 4960: 4938: 4937: 4933: 4923: 4921: 4908: 4907: 4903: 4880:10.2307/2199200 4862: 4861: 4852: 4842: 4840: 4831: 4830: 4826: 4804: 4803: 4794: 4776: 4775: 4771: 4762: 4755: 4741: 4740: 4736: 4726: 4724: 4719: 4718: 4714: 4701: 4700: 4696: 4689:Star Advertiser 4682: 4681: 4677: 4667: 4665: 4659: 4658: 4654: 4644: 4642: 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3383: 3382: 3378: 3368: 3366: 3365:on 6 April 2008 3356: 3355: 3351: 3337: 3335: 3324: 3323: 3319: 3274: 3269: 3268: 3264: 3254: 3252: 3248: 3201: 3189: 3188: 3184: 3170: 3166: 3122: 3121: 3117: 3104: 3093: 3074: 3073: 3069: 3017: 3016: 3012: 2962: 2961: 2957: 2919: 2918: 2914: 2859: 2858: 2854: 2818: 2817: 2813: 2803: 2801: 2792: 2791: 2787: 2777: 2773: 2766: 2753: 2752: 2748: 2738: 2736: 2731: 2730: 2726: 2716: 2714: 2705: 2704: 2700: 2690: 2688: 2678: 2677: 2673: 2666: 2653: 2652: 2648: 2638: 2636: 2623: 2622: 2618: 2608: 2606: 2592: 2591: 2587: 2577: 2575: 2561: 2560: 2556: 2517: 2516: 2512: 2484: 2483: 2479: 2441: 2440: 2436: 2426: 2424: 2423:. 27 April 2017 2415: 2414: 2410: 2400: 2398: 2389: 2388: 2379: 2369: 2367: 2358: 2357: 2353: 2339: 2338: 2334: 2329: 2324: 2264:Citizen Science 2253: 2246: 2239: 2232: 2229: 2163: 2108: 2069: 2024: 1975: 1963:New South Wales 1939: 1876:The ocean is a 1874: 1827: 1788:Gulf St Vincent 1776:South Australia 1738: 1717: 1708: 1683: 1677: 1641: 1574:English Channel 1572:beached in the 1541:container ships 1518: 1513: 1512: 1498:and increasing 1484: 1476: 1436: 1434:Deep-sea debris 1431: 1430: 1422: 1414: 1409: 1403: 1398: 1397: 1339: 1331: 1310: 1243:cigarette stubs 1239:plastic bottles 1179: 1152:water pollution 1146:and wind-blown 1129:marine reptiles 1060: 1022: 1020: 1008: 1001: 1000: 900: 892: 891: 865: 857: 856: 792:Pharmaceuticals 772:Nonpoint source 712: 702: 701: 670:Nuclear fallout 643: 633: 632: 603: 593: 592: 583: 573: 572: 563: 555: 554: 540:Packaging waste 505:Hazardous waste 465: 457: 456: 417: 407: 406: 377:Nuclear fallout 372:Nuclear fission 352: 342: 341: 307: 297: 296: 272: 264: 263: 237: 235:Electromagnetic 227: 226: 217: 209: 208: 182: 172: 171: 142:Ozone depletion 87: 77: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8042: 8040: 8032: 8031: 8026: 8021: 8016: 8011: 8006: 8001: 7991: 7990: 7984: 7983: 7981: 7980: 7975: 7970: 7965: 7960: 7949: 7936: 7933: 7932: 7930: 7929: 7924: 7919: 7914: 7909: 7904: 7899: 7894: 7889: 7884: 7879: 7874: 7869: 7864: 7859: 7853: 7851: 7847: 7846: 7844: 7843: 7838: 7833: 7831:Street sweeper 7828: 7822: 7820: 7816: 7815: 7813: 7812: 7807: 7802: 7797: 7796: 7795: 7790: 7785: 7780: 7775: 7770: 7765: 7760: 7759: 7758: 7743: 7738: 7732: 7730: 7726: 7725: 7723: 7722: 7717: 7715:United Kingdom 7712: 7707: 7702: 7697: 7692: 7687: 7682: 7677: 7672: 7667: 7662: 7657: 7652: 7647: 7642: 7637: 7632: 7627: 7622: 7617: 7612: 7607: 7602: 7597: 7592: 7586: 7584: 7578: 7577: 7575: 7574: 7569: 7564: 7559: 7554: 7549: 7544: 7539: 7534: 7529: 7524: 7519: 7518: 7517: 7512: 7507: 7505:tire recycling 7502: 7497: 7492: 7487: 7485:land recycling 7482: 7477: 7472: 7467: 7457: 7452: 7447: 7442: 7437: 7432: 7427: 7422: 7417: 7412: 7407: 7402: 7397: 7395:Biodegradation 7392: 7387: 7381: 7379: 7375: 7374: 7367: 7365: 7363: 7362: 7357: 7355:Surface runoff 7352: 7347: 7342: 7337: 7332: 7327: 7322: 7317: 7312: 7307: 7302: 7297: 7292: 7287: 7282: 7277: 7272: 7267: 7266: 7265: 7255: 7250: 7245: 7243:Chemical waste 7240: 7235: 7230: 7225: 7219: 7217: 7211: 7210: 7197: 7195: 7194: 7187: 7180: 7172: 7163: 7162: 7103: 7100: 7099: 7097: 7096: 7091: 7086: 7082: 7078: 7073: 7071:Law by country 7068: 7062: 7060: 7054: 7053: 7051: 7050: 7045: 7040: 7035: 7030: 7025: 7020: 7015: 7009: 7007: 7003: 7002: 7000: 6999: 6994: 6989: 6984: 6979: 6974: 6969: 6964: 6958: 6956: 6952: 6951: 6949: 6948: 6943: 6942: 6941: 6936: 6925: 6923: 6919: 6918: 6916: 6915: 6910: 6905: 6900: 6895: 6893:Surface runoff 6890: 6885: 6880: 6875: 6874: 6873: 6868: 6858: 6853: 6848: 6843: 6838: 6833: 6828: 6823: 6818: 6817: 6816: 6806: 6801: 6796: 6791: 6786: 6781: 6779:Eutrophication 6776: 6771: 6766: 6760: 6758: 6752: 6751: 6749: 6748: 6743: 6738: 6736:Scorched earth 6733: 6730:nuclear winter 6726:nuclear famine 6715: 6705: 6699: 6697: 6691: 6690: 6688: 6687: 6682: 6677: 6672: 6667: 6661: 6659: 6653: 6652: 6650: 6649: 6643: 6641: 6635: 6634: 6632: 6631: 6630: 6629: 6624: 6614: 6609: 6604: 6603: 6602: 6592: 6587: 6586: 6585: 6575: 6574: 6573: 6571:Uranium mining 6568: 6563: 6558: 6556:Surface mining 6553: 6548: 6538: 6533: 6532: 6531: 6521: 6520: 6519: 6514: 6509: 6507:Lead poisoning 6504: 6499: 6497:Chemical waste 6494: 6484: 6479: 6474: 6469: 6468: 6467: 6457: 6452: 6447: 6441: 6439: 6435: 6434: 6432: 6431: 6426: 6421: 6416: 6411: 6409:Bioremediation 6406: 6401: 6400: 6399: 6394: 6389: 6378: 6376: 6370: 6369: 6367: 6366: 6361: 6356: 6351: 6346: 6341: 6336: 6331: 6326: 6324:Bioremediation 6321: 6315: 6313: 6307: 6306: 6304: 6303: 6298: 6295: 6292: 6289: 6288: 6287: 6277: 6272: 6271: 6270: 6265: 6260: 6255: 6250: 6245:Transportation 6241: 6239: 6233: 6232: 6230: 6229: 6224: 6219: 6214: 6208: 6206: 6202: 6201: 6199: 6198: 6193: 6192: 6191: 6186: 6175: 6173: 6167: 6166: 6164: 6163: 6157: 6155: 6151: 6150: 6148: 6147: 6146: 6145: 6135: 6130: 6124: 6122: 6116: 6115: 6113: 6112: 6107: 6102: 6101: 6100: 6090: 6089: 6088: 6078: 6073: 6068: 6067: 6066: 6061: 6056: 6051: 6046: 6036: 6031: 6026: 6021: 6019:Global dimming 6016: 6011: 6006: 6005: 6004: 5994: 5993: 5992: 5990:Diesel exhaust 5982: 5977: 5976: 5975: 5965: 5964: 5963: 5958: 5953: 5948: 5938: 5933: 5928: 5923: 5917: 5915: 5909: 5908: 5903: 5900: 5899: 5894: 5892: 5891: 5884: 5877: 5869: 5860: 5859: 5857: 5856: 5851: 5846: 5841: 5839:Surface runoff 5836: 5831: 5826: 5821: 5816: 5811: 5806: 5801: 5796: 5791: 5786: 5781: 5776: 5771: 5766: 5761: 5756: 5751: 5746: 5745: 5744: 5739: 5737:North Atlantic 5734: 5729: 5719: 5714: 5709: 5704: 5702:Eutrophication 5699: 5694: 5689: 5684: 5679: 5674: 5669: 5664: 5658: 5655: 5654: 5649: 5647: 5646: 5639: 5632: 5624: 5618: 5617: 5603:Dunning, Brian 5599: 5587: 5576: 5570: 5564: 5558: 5553: 5547: 5541: 5538:978-9280731019 5518: 5499: 5498:External links 5496: 5493: 5492: 5470: 5443:(2): 175–185. 5427: 5410: 5398: 5365: 5316: 5297: 5267: 5245: 5220: 5190: 5164: 5132: 5121:(2): 333–369. 5105: 5087: 5061: 5039: 5013: 4999: 4993:978-1742246840 4992: 4972: 4958: 4947:(3): 579–614. 4931: 4901: 4850: 4824: 4813:(1): 257–269. 4792: 4769: 4753: 4734: 4712: 4694: 4675: 4652: 4626: 4607: 4589: 4567: 4549: 4531: 4513: 4495: 4472: 4453: 4432: 4401: 4384:orcadian.co.uk 4371: 4357: 4339: 4313: 4295: 4269: 4196: 4131: 4065: 3990: 3963: 3900: 3869: 3838: 3801: 3731: 3696: 3685:on 24 May 2005 3670: 3639: 3612:(2): 151–162. 3596: 3553: 3521: 3508:(3): 256–262. 3485: 3474:. 19 July 2021 3459: 3433: 3403: 3376: 3349: 3332:Deutsche Welle 3317: 3262: 3182: 3164: 3115: 3091: 3067: 3010: 2955: 2912: 2852: 2811: 2800:. 28 June 2007 2785: 2771: 2764: 2746: 2724: 2698: 2671: 2665:978-0312347291 2664: 2646: 2616: 2585: 2554: 2527:(2): 151–162. 2510: 2477: 2450:(4): 301–305. 2434: 2408: 2377: 2351: 2331: 2330: 2328: 2325: 2323: 2322: 2317: 2312: 2310:Project Kaisei 2307: 2302: 2297: 2292: 2287: 2282: 2276: 2271: 2266: 2260: 2259: 2258: 2244: 2228: 2225: 2213: 2212: 2209: 2202: 2199: 2192: 2189: 2162: 2159: 2107: 2104: 2096:United Kingdom 2092:treasure trove 2080:law of the sea 2068: 2065: 2061:medical wastes 2023: 2020: 1991:Atlantic Ocean 1974: 1971: 1938: 1937:Australian law 1935: 1934: 1933: 1927: 1921: 1901:United Nations 1880:, so negative 1873: 1870: 1844:In June 2019, 1826: 1823: 1737: 1734: 1716: 1713: 1707: 1704: 1696:filter feeders 1679:Main article: 1676: 1673: 1667:Additionally, 1640: 1637: 1578:Jurassic Coast 1553:ocean currents 1517: 1514: 1496:ocean currents 1485: 1477: 1475: 1472: 1452:sea-floor life 1435: 1432: 1423: 1415: 1413: 1410: 1405:Main article: 1402: 1399: 1340: 1332: 1330: 1327: 1309: 1306: 1271:Six-pack rings 1207:United Nations 1201:over one month 1178: 1175: 1133:marine mammals 1062: 1061: 1059: 1058: 1051: 1044: 1036: 1033: 1032: 1031: 1030: 1018: 1003: 1002: 997: 996: 995: 994: 986: 985: 981: 980: 979: 978: 973: 968: 963: 961:Law by country 958: 950: 949: 943: 942: 937: 932: 927: 922: 917: 912: 907: 901: 898: 897: 894: 893: 890: 889: 888: 887: 882: 872: 866: 863: 862: 859: 858: 855: 854: 849: 844: 839: 834: 832:Surface runoff 829: 824: 819: 814: 809: 804: 799: 794: 789: 784: 779: 774: 769: 764: 759: 754: 749: 744: 739: 734: 732:Eutrophication 729: 724: 719: 713: 708: 707: 704: 703: 700: 699: 694: 689: 687:Scorched earth 684: 683: 682: 680:Nuclear winter 677: 675:Nuclear famine 672: 662: 661: 660: 650: 644: 639: 638: 635: 634: 631: 630: 625: 620: 615: 610: 604: 599: 598: 595: 594: 591: 590: 584: 579: 578: 575: 574: 571: 570: 564: 561: 560: 557: 556: 553: 552: 547: 542: 537: 532: 527: 522: 517: 512: 507: 502: 497: 492: 487: 482: 477: 472: 466: 463: 462: 459: 458: 455: 454: 449: 444: 439: 434: 432:Bioremediation 429: 424: 418: 413: 412: 409: 408: 405: 404: 399: 394: 389: 384: 379: 374: 369: 364: 362:Bioremediation 359: 353: 348: 347: 344: 343: 340: 339: 334: 329: 324: 319: 314: 312:Transportation 308: 303: 302: 299: 298: 295: 294: 289: 284: 279: 273: 270: 269: 266: 265: 262: 261: 259:Radio spectrum 256: 255: 254: 249: 238: 233: 232: 229: 228: 225: 224: 218: 215: 214: 211: 210: 207: 206: 205: 204: 194: 189: 183: 178: 177: 174: 173: 170: 169: 164: 159: 154: 149: 144: 139: 134: 129: 127:Global dimming 124: 119: 114: 109: 104: 99: 94: 88: 83: 82: 79: 78: 75: 67: 66: 60: 59: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8041: 8030: 8027: 8025: 8022: 8020: 8017: 8015: 8012: 8010: 8007: 8005: 8004:Ecotoxicology 8002: 8000: 7997: 7996: 7994: 7979: 7978:Organizations 7976: 7974: 7971: 7969: 7966: 7964: 7961: 7959: 7950: 7948: 7943: 7938: 7937: 7934: 7928: 7925: 7923: 7920: 7918: 7915: 7913: 7910: 7908: 7905: 7903: 7900: 7898: 7897:Landfill fire 7895: 7893: 7890: 7888: 7885: 7883: 7880: 7878: 7875: 7873: 7870: 7868: 7865: 7863: 7860: 7858: 7855: 7854: 7852: 7848: 7842: 7839: 7837: 7834: 7832: 7829: 7827: 7824: 7823: 7821: 7817: 7811: 7808: 7806: 7803: 7801: 7798: 7794: 7791: 7789: 7786: 7784: 7781: 7779: 7776: 7774: 7771: 7769: 7766: 7764: 7761: 7757: 7754: 7753: 7752: 7749: 7748: 7747: 7746:EU directives 7744: 7742: 7739: 7737: 7734: 7733: 7731: 7727: 7721: 7720:United States 7718: 7716: 7713: 7711: 7708: 7706: 7703: 7701: 7698: 7696: 7693: 7691: 7688: 7686: 7683: 7681: 7678: 7676: 7673: 7671: 7668: 7666: 7663: 7661: 7658: 7656: 7653: 7651: 7648: 7646: 7643: 7641: 7638: 7636: 7633: 7631: 7628: 7626: 7623: 7621: 7618: 7616: 7613: 7611: 7608: 7606: 7603: 7601: 7598: 7596: 7593: 7591: 7588: 7587: 7585: 7583: 7579: 7573: 7570: 7568: 7565: 7563: 7560: 7558: 7557:Waste sorting 7555: 7553: 7550: 7548: 7545: 7543: 7540: 7538: 7535: 7533: 7530: 7528: 7525: 7523: 7520: 7516: 7513: 7511: 7508: 7506: 7503: 7501: 7498: 7496: 7493: 7491: 7488: 7486: 7483: 7481: 7478: 7476: 7473: 7471: 7468: 7466: 7463: 7462: 7461: 7458: 7456: 7453: 7451: 7448: 7446: 7443: 7441: 7438: 7436: 7433: 7431: 7428: 7426: 7423: 7421: 7418: 7416: 7413: 7411: 7408: 7406: 7403: 7401: 7398: 7396: 7393: 7391: 7388: 7386: 7383: 7382: 7380: 7376: 7371: 7361: 7358: 7356: 7353: 7351: 7348: 7346: 7343: 7341: 7338: 7336: 7333: 7331: 7328: 7326: 7323: 7321: 7318: 7316: 7313: 7311: 7308: 7306: 7305:Marine debris 7303: 7301: 7298: 7296: 7293: 7291: 7288: 7286: 7283: 7281: 7278: 7276: 7273: 7271: 7268: 7264: 7261: 7260: 7259: 7256: 7254: 7251: 7249: 7246: 7244: 7241: 7239: 7236: 7234: 7231: 7229: 7226: 7224: 7221: 7220: 7218: 7216: 7212: 7208: 7204: 7200: 7193: 7188: 7186: 7181: 7179: 7174: 7173: 7170: 7160: 7150: 7145: 7140: 7132: 7124: 7115: 7111: 7101: 7095: 7092: 7090: 7087: 7085: 7079: 7077: 7074: 7072: 7069: 7067: 7064: 7063: 7061: 7059: 7055: 7049: 7046: 7044: 7041: 7039: 7036: 7034: 7031: 7029: 7026: 7024: 7021: 7019: 7016: 7014: 7011: 7010: 7008: 7004: 6998: 6995: 6993: 6990: 6988: 6985: 6983: 6980: 6978: 6975: 6973: 6970: 6968: 6965: 6963: 6960: 6959: 6957: 6953: 6947: 6944: 6940: 6937: 6935: 6932: 6931: 6930: 6927: 6926: 6924: 6920: 6914: 6913:Water quality 6911: 6909: 6906: 6904: 6901: 6899: 6896: 6894: 6891: 6889: 6886: 6884: 6881: 6879: 6876: 6872: 6869: 6867: 6864: 6863: 6862: 6859: 6857: 6854: 6852: 6849: 6847: 6844: 6842: 6839: 6837: 6834: 6832: 6829: 6827: 6824: 6822: 6819: 6815: 6812: 6811: 6810: 6807: 6805: 6802: 6800: 6797: 6795: 6792: 6790: 6787: 6785: 6782: 6780: 6777: 6775: 6772: 6770: 6767: 6765: 6762: 6761: 6759: 6757: 6753: 6747: 6744: 6742: 6739: 6737: 6734: 6731: 6727: 6723: 6719: 6716: 6713: 6709: 6706: 6704: 6701: 6700: 6698: 6696: 6692: 6686: 6683: 6681: 6678: 6676: 6675:Traffic signs 6673: 6671: 6668: 6666: 6663: 6662: 6660: 6658: 6654: 6648: 6645: 6644: 6642: 6640: 6636: 6628: 6625: 6623: 6620: 6619: 6618: 6615: 6613: 6610: 6608: 6605: 6601: 6600:Microplastics 6598: 6597: 6596: 6593: 6591: 6590:Nanomaterials 6588: 6584: 6581: 6580: 6579: 6576: 6572: 6569: 6567: 6564: 6562: 6559: 6557: 6554: 6552: 6549: 6547: 6544: 6543: 6542: 6539: 6537: 6534: 6530: 6529:Lead smelting 6527: 6526: 6525: 6522: 6518: 6515: 6513: 6510: 6508: 6505: 6503: 6500: 6498: 6495: 6493: 6490: 6489: 6488: 6485: 6483: 6480: 6478: 6475: 6473: 6470: 6466: 6463: 6462: 6461: 6458: 6456: 6453: 6451: 6448: 6446: 6443: 6442: 6440: 6436: 6430: 6427: 6425: 6422: 6420: 6417: 6415: 6412: 6410: 6407: 6405: 6402: 6398: 6395: 6393: 6390: 6388: 6385: 6384: 6383: 6380: 6379: 6377: 6375: 6371: 6365: 6362: 6360: 6357: 6355: 6352: 6350: 6349:Radioactivity 6347: 6345: 6342: 6340: 6337: 6335: 6332: 6330: 6327: 6325: 6322: 6320: 6317: 6316: 6314: 6312: 6308: 6302: 6301:Noise control 6299: 6296: 6293: 6290: 6286: 6283: 6282: 6281: 6278: 6276: 6273: 6269: 6266: 6264: 6261: 6259: 6256: 6254: 6251: 6248: 6247: 6246: 6243: 6242: 6240: 6238: 6234: 6228: 6225: 6223: 6220: 6218: 6215: 6213: 6210: 6209: 6207: 6203: 6197: 6194: 6190: 6187: 6185: 6182: 6181: 6180: 6177: 6176: 6174: 6172: 6168: 6162: 6159: 6158: 6156: 6152: 6144: 6141: 6140: 6139: 6136: 6134: 6131: 6129: 6126: 6125: 6123: 6121: 6117: 6111: 6108: 6106: 6103: 6099: 6096: 6095: 6094: 6091: 6087: 6084: 6083: 6082: 6079: 6077: 6074: 6072: 6069: 6065: 6062: 6060: 6057: 6055: 6052: 6050: 6049:Metal working 6047: 6045: 6042: 6041: 6040: 6037: 6035: 6032: 6030: 6027: 6025: 6022: 6020: 6017: 6015: 6012: 6010: 6007: 6003: 6000: 5999: 5998: 5995: 5991: 5988: 5987: 5986: 5983: 5981: 5978: 5974: 5971: 5970: 5969: 5966: 5962: 5959: 5957: 5954: 5952: 5949: 5947: 5944: 5943: 5942: 5939: 5937: 5934: 5932: 5929: 5927: 5924: 5922: 5919: 5918: 5916: 5914: 5910: 5906: 5901: 5897: 5890: 5885: 5883: 5878: 5876: 5871: 5870: 5867: 5855: 5852: 5850: 5847: 5845: 5842: 5840: 5837: 5835: 5832: 5830: 5827: 5825: 5822: 5820: 5817: 5815: 5812: 5810: 5807: 5805: 5802: 5800: 5797: 5795: 5792: 5790: 5787: 5785: 5782: 5780: 5777: 5775: 5772: 5770: 5767: 5765: 5764:Marine debris 5762: 5760: 5757: 5755: 5752: 5750: 5747: 5743: 5742:South Pacific 5740: 5738: 5735: 5733: 5730: 5728: 5727:Great Pacific 5725: 5724: 5723: 5722:Garbage patch 5720: 5718: 5715: 5713: 5710: 5708: 5705: 5703: 5700: 5698: 5695: 5693: 5690: 5688: 5685: 5683: 5680: 5678: 5675: 5673: 5672:Anoxic waters 5670: 5668: 5665: 5663: 5660: 5659: 5656: 5652: 5645: 5640: 5638: 5633: 5631: 5626: 5625: 5622: 5614: 5613: 5608: 5604: 5600: 5598: 5594: 5591: 5588: 5586: 5585: 5580: 5577: 5574: 5571: 5568: 5565: 5562: 5559: 5557: 5554: 5551: 5548: 5545: 5542: 5539: 5535: 5531: 5527: 5524: 5523: 5519: 5517: 5514: 5513: 5512: 5510: 5509:Marine debris 5505: 5497: 5488: 5484: 5480: 5474: 5471: 5466: 5462: 5458: 5454: 5450: 5446: 5442: 5438: 5431: 5428: 5420: 5414: 5411: 5407: 5402: 5399: 5386: 5382: 5378: 5372: 5370: 5366: 5361: 5357: 5352: 5347: 5343: 5339: 5335: 5331: 5327: 5320: 5317: 5312: 5308: 5301: 5298: 5285: 5281: 5277: 5271: 5268: 5263: 5259: 5255: 5249: 5246: 5234: 5230: 5224: 5221: 5208: 5204: 5200: 5194: 5191: 5178: 5174: 5168: 5165: 5149: 5142: 5136: 5133: 5128: 5124: 5120: 5116: 5109: 5106: 5101: 5097: 5091: 5088: 5075: 5071: 5065: 5062: 5049: 5043: 5040: 5027: 5023: 5017: 5014: 5009: 5003: 5000: 4995: 4989: 4985: 4984: 4976: 4973: 4968: 4962: 4959: 4954: 4950: 4946: 4942: 4935: 4932: 4919: 4915: 4911: 4905: 4902: 4897: 4893: 4889: 4885: 4881: 4877: 4873: 4869: 4865: 4859: 4857: 4855: 4851: 4838: 4834: 4828: 4825: 4820: 4816: 4812: 4808: 4801: 4799: 4797: 4793: 4788: 4784: 4780: 4773: 4770: 4766: 4760: 4758: 4754: 4749: 4745: 4738: 4735: 4723: 4716: 4713: 4708: 4704: 4698: 4695: 4690: 4686: 4679: 4676: 4663: 4656: 4653: 4641: 4637: 4630: 4627: 4622: 4618: 4611: 4608: 4603: 4599: 4593: 4590: 4585: 4581: 4577: 4571: 4568: 4563: 4562:Libération.fr 4559: 4553: 4550: 4545: 4541: 4535: 4532: 4527: 4523: 4517: 4514: 4509: 4505: 4499: 4496: 4491: 4487: 4485: 4476: 4473: 4468: 4464: 4457: 4454: 4446: 4439: 4437: 4433: 4420: 4416: 4412: 4405: 4402: 4389: 4385: 4381: 4375: 4372: 4369: 4367: 4361: 4358: 4353: 4349: 4343: 4340: 4327: 4323: 4322:"Trash Racks" 4317: 4314: 4309: 4305: 4299: 4296: 4283: 4279: 4273: 4270: 4265: 4261: 4257: 4253: 4248: 4243: 4239: 4235: 4231: 4227: 4223: 4219: 4215: 4211: 4207: 4200: 4197: 4192: 4188: 4183: 4178: 4174: 4170: 4166: 4162: 4158: 4154: 4150: 4146: 4142: 4135: 4132: 4127: 4123: 4118: 4113: 4109: 4105: 4101: 4097: 4093: 4089: 4085: 4081: 4077: 4069: 4066: 4061: 4057: 4053: 4049: 4045: 4041: 4036: 4031: 4026: 4021: 4017: 4013: 4009: 4005: 4001: 3994: 3991: 3978: 3974: 3967: 3964: 3959: 3955: 3951: 3947: 3943: 3939: 3935: 3931: 3927: 3923: 3919: 3915: 3911: 3904: 3901: 3888: 3884: 3880: 3873: 3870: 3857: 3853: 3849: 3842: 3839: 3823: 3819: 3812: 3805: 3802: 3799: 3797: 3792: 3785: 3781: 3776: 3771: 3767: 3763: 3759: 3755: 3751: 3747: 3743: 3735: 3732: 3727: 3723: 3719: 3715: 3711: 3707: 3700: 3697: 3684: 3680: 3674: 3671: 3658: 3654: 3650: 3643: 3640: 3635: 3631: 3627: 3623: 3619: 3615: 3611: 3607: 3600: 3597: 3592: 3588: 3584: 3580: 3576: 3572: 3569:(–2): 49–57. 3568: 3564: 3557: 3554: 3538: 3531: 3525: 3522: 3516: 3511: 3507: 3503: 3496: 3489: 3486: 3473: 3469: 3463: 3460: 3448: 3444: 3437: 3434: 3421: 3417: 3413: 3407: 3404: 3391: 3387: 3380: 3377: 3364: 3360: 3353: 3350: 3346: 3334: 3333: 3328: 3321: 3318: 3314: 3310: 3306: 3302: 3298: 3294: 3290: 3286: 3282: 3281: 3273: 3266: 3263: 3247: 3243: 3239: 3235: 3231: 3227: 3223: 3219: 3215: 3211: 3207: 3200: 3196: 3195:Geyer, Roland 3192: 3186: 3183: 3179: 3175: 3168: 3165: 3160: 3156: 3151: 3146: 3142: 3138: 3134: 3130: 3126: 3119: 3116: 3112: 3108: 3107:Marine Policy 3102: 3100: 3098: 3096: 3092: 3087: 3083: 3082: 3077: 3071: 3068: 3063: 3059: 3054: 3049: 3045: 3041: 3037: 3033: 3029: 3025: 3021: 3014: 3011: 3006: 3002: 2998: 2994: 2990: 2986: 2982: 2978: 2974: 2970: 2966: 2959: 2956: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2939: 2935: 2931: 2927: 2923: 2916: 2913: 2908: 2904: 2900: 2896: 2892: 2888: 2884: 2880: 2876: 2872: 2868: 2864: 2856: 2853: 2848: 2844: 2839: 2834: 2830: 2826: 2822: 2815: 2812: 2799: 2795: 2789: 2786: 2783: 2782: 2775: 2772: 2767: 2761: 2757: 2750: 2747: 2735: 2728: 2725: 2712: 2708: 2702: 2699: 2686: 2682: 2675: 2672: 2667: 2661: 2657: 2650: 2647: 2634: 2630: 2626: 2620: 2617: 2604: 2600: 2596: 2589: 2586: 2573: 2569: 2565: 2558: 2555: 2550: 2546: 2542: 2538: 2534: 2530: 2526: 2522: 2514: 2511: 2506: 2501: 2496: 2492: 2488: 2481: 2478: 2473: 2469: 2465: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2449: 2445: 2438: 2435: 2422: 2418: 2412: 2409: 2396: 2392: 2386: 2384: 2382: 2378: 2365: 2361: 2355: 2352: 2347: 2343: 2336: 2333: 2326: 2321: 2318: 2316: 2313: 2311: 2308: 2306: 2303: 2301: 2298: 2296: 2293: 2291: 2288: 2286: 2283: 2280: 2279:Marina DeBris 2277: 2275: 2272: 2270: 2267: 2265: 2262: 2261: 2256: 2255:Oceans portal 2250: 2245: 2242: 2236: 2231: 2226: 2224: 2217: 2210: 2207: 2203: 2200: 2197: 2193: 2190: 2187: 2186: 2185: 2182: 2180: 2179:plastic waste 2174: 2167: 2160: 2158: 2154: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2135: 2133: 2132:Marina DeBris 2129: 2125: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2105: 2103: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2077: 2076:admiralty law 2073: 2066: 2064: 2062: 2057: 2054:, giving the 2053: 2049: 2045: 2044:hypoxic zones 2037: 2033: 2028: 2021: 2019: 2016: 2012: 2008: 2005:of 2000 is a 2004: 2000: 1997:protects the 1996: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1972: 1970: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1952: 1948: 1944: 1936: 1931: 1928: 1925: 1922: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1902: 1898: 1895: 1894: 1893: 1892:, including: 1891: 1886: 1883: 1882:externalities 1879: 1878:global common 1871: 1869: 1867: 1863: 1857: 1855: 1849: 1847: 1842: 1840: 1836: 1831: 1824: 1822: 1819: 1813: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1798: 1796: 1795:Project AWARE 1791: 1789: 1785: 1784:Torrens River 1781: 1777: 1772: 1769: 1767: 1763: 1759: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1735: 1730: 1726: 1721: 1714: 1712: 1705: 1703: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1688: 1682: 1674: 1672: 1670: 1665: 1663: 1658: 1657:anthropogenic 1650: 1645: 1638: 1636: 1632: 1630: 1626: 1625:South Georgia 1622: 1618: 1614: 1609: 1605: 1603: 1599: 1593: 1591: 1587: 1586:Tokio Express 1583: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1566: 1564: 1560: 1559: 1558:Hansa Carrier 1554: 1550: 1546: 1545:Pacific Ocean 1542: 1538: 1533: 1527: 1522: 1515: 1510: 1509:oceanic gyres 1506: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1488:garbage patch 1482: 1481:Garbage patch 1473: 1471: 1467: 1465: 1464:microplastics 1461: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1440: 1433: 1427: 1420: 1412:Microplastics 1411: 1408: 1400: 1394: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1361: 1356: 1352: 1344: 1337: 1328: 1326: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1307: 1305: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1286: 1283: 1279: 1274: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1251:beverage cans 1248: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1231:medical waste 1228: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1211: 1208: 1200: 1195: 1188: 1187:Dar es Salaam 1183: 1176: 1174: 1172: 1168: 1163: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1136: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1097: 1096:ocean dumping 1092: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1071:marine litter 1068: 1067:Marine debris 1057: 1052: 1050: 1045: 1043: 1038: 1037: 1035: 1034: 1029: 1019: 1017: 1012: 1007: 1006: 1005: 1004: 993: 990: 989: 988: 987: 982: 977: 974: 972: 969: 967: 964: 962: 959: 957: 954: 953: 952: 951: 946: 941: 938: 936: 933: 931: 928: 926: 923: 921: 918: 916: 913: 911: 908: 906: 903: 902: 896: 895: 886: 883: 881: 878: 877: 876: 873: 871: 868: 867: 861: 860: 853: 850: 848: 847:Water quality 845: 843: 840: 838: 835: 833: 830: 828: 825: 823: 820: 818: 815: 813: 810: 808: 805: 803: 800: 798: 795: 793: 790: 788: 785: 783: 780: 778: 775: 773: 770: 768: 765: 763: 760: 758: 755: 753: 750: 748: 745: 743: 740: 738: 735: 733: 730: 728: 725: 723: 720: 718: 715: 714: 711: 706: 705: 698: 695: 693: 690: 688: 685: 681: 678: 676: 673: 671: 668: 667: 666: 663: 659: 656: 655: 654: 651: 649: 646: 645: 642: 637: 636: 629: 626: 624: 623:Traffic signs 621: 619: 616: 614: 611: 609: 606: 605: 602: 597: 596: 589: 586: 585: 582: 577: 576: 569: 566: 565: 559: 558: 551: 548: 546: 543: 541: 538: 536: 533: 531: 530:Nanomaterials 528: 526: 523: 521: 518: 516: 513: 511: 508: 506: 503: 501: 498: 496: 493: 491: 488: 486: 483: 481: 478: 476: 473: 471: 468: 467: 461: 460: 453: 450: 448: 445: 443: 440: 438: 435: 433: 430: 428: 425: 423: 420: 419: 416: 411: 410: 403: 400: 398: 395: 393: 392:Radioactivity 390: 388: 385: 383: 380: 378: 375: 373: 370: 368: 365: 363: 360: 358: 355: 354: 351: 346: 345: 338: 337:Soundproofing 335: 333: 332:Noise control 330: 328: 327:Noise barrier 325: 323: 320: 318: 315: 313: 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