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14, Mariner 6 was undergoing a simulated countdown on LC-36A, electrical power running, but no propellant loaded in the booster. During the test run, an electrical relay in the Atlas malfunctioned and opened two valves in the pneumatic system which allowed helium pressure gas to escape from the booster's balloon skin. The Atlas began to crumple over, however two pad technicians quickly activated a manual override switch to close the valves and pump helium back in. Although
Mariner 6 and its Centaur stage had been saved, the Atlas had sustained structural damage and could not be reused, so they were removed from the booster and placed atop Mariner 7's launch vehicle on the adjacent LC-36B, while a different Atlas was used for Mariner 7.
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761:, each measuring 215 cm (85 in) x 90 cm (35 in), were affixed to the top corners of the frame. The tip-to-tip span of the deployed solar panels was 5.79 m (19.0 ft). A low-gain omnidirectional antenna was mounted on a 2.23 m (7 ft 4 in) high mast next to the high-gain antenna. Underneath the octagonal frame was a two-axis scan platform which held scientific instruments. Overall science instrument mass was 57.6 kg (127 lb). The total height of the spacecraft was 3.35 m (11.0 ft).
804:, with a capacity of 195 million bits, could store television images for subsequent transmission. Other science data was stored on a digital recorder. The command system, consisting of a central computer and sequencer (CC&S), was designed to actuate specific events at precise times. The CC&S was programmed with both a standard mission and a conservative backup mission before launch, but could be commanded and reprogrammed in flight. It could perform 53 direct commands, 5 control commands, and 4 quantitative commands.
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693:. Despite the communication defect suffered by Mariner 7 earlier, these pictures were of better quality than what had been sent by its twin, Mariner 6, a few days earlier when it flew past the Martian equator. In total, 201 photos were taken and transmitted back to Earth, adding more detail than the earlier mission, Mariner 4. Both crafts also studied the
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Three
Mariner probes were constructed for the mission, with two intended to fly and one as a spare in the event of a mission failure. The spacecraft were shipped to Cape Canaveral with their Atlas-Centaur boosters in December 1968 – January 1969 to begin pre-launch checkouts and testing. On February
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Three telemetry channels were available for telecommunications. Channel A carried engineering data at 8⅓ or 33⅓ bit/s, channel B carried scientific data at 66⅔ or 270 bit/s and channel C carried science data at 16,200 bit/s. Communications were accomplished through the high- and low-gain antennas,
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Closest approach for
Mariner 6 occurred July 31, 1969, at 05:19:07 UT at a distance of 3,431 kilometers (2,132 mi) above the martian surface. Closest approach for Mariner 7 occurred August 5, 1969 at 05:00:49 UT at a distance of 3,430 kilometers (2,130 mi) above the Martian surface. This
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The
Centaur stage on both flights was set up to perform a retrorocket maneuver after capsule separation. This served two purposes, firstly to prevent venting propellant from the spent Centaur from contacting the probe, secondly to put the vehicle on a trajectory that would send it into solar orbit
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Mariner 6 lifted off from LC-36B at Cape
Canaveral on February 25, 1969, using the Atlas-Centaur AC-20 rocket, while Mariner 7 lifted off from LC-36A on March 27, using the Atlas-Centaur AC-19 rocket. The boost phase for both spacecraft went according to plan and no serious anomalies occurred with
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and south polar regions, analyzing the atmosphere and the surface with remote sensors, and recording and relaying hundreds of pictures. The mission's goals were to study the surface and atmosphere of Mars during close flybys, in order to establish the basis for future investigations, particularly
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On July 29, 1969, less than a week before closest approach, Jet
Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) lost contact with Mariner 7. The center regained the signal via the backup low-gain antenna and regained use of the high gain antenna again shortly after Mariner 6's close encounter. Leaking gases from a
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battery (which later failed) were thought to have caused the anomaly. Based on the observations that
Mariner 6 made, Mariner 7 was reprogrammed in flight to take further observations of areas of interest and actually returned more pictures than Mariner 6, despite the battery's failure.
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those relevant to the search for extraterrestrial life, and to demonstrate and develop technologies required for future Mars missions. Mariner 6 also had the objective of providing experience and data which would be useful in programming the
Mariner 7 encounter five days later.
788:, covering an area of 7.7 square meters (83 sq ft) on the four solar panels. These could provide 800 watts of power near Earth, and 449 watts while on Mars. The maximum power requirement was 380 watts, once Mars was reached. A 1200 watt-hour, rechargeable,
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occurred a few seconds early due to a faulty cutoff switch, resulting in longer than intended burn time of the sustainer engine, but this had no serious effect on vehicle performance or the flight path. AC-20 was launched at a 108-degree azimuth.
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awarded the quick-thinking technicians, Bill McClure and
Charles (Jack) Beverlin, an Exceptional Medal of Bravery for their courage in risking being crushed underneath the 124-foot (38 m) rocket. In 2014, an escarpment on Mars which NASA'S
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frame base, 138.4 cm (54.5 in) diagonally and 45.7 cm (18.0 in) deep. A conical superstructure mounted on top of the frame held the high-gain 1 metre (3 ft 3 in) diameter parabolic antenna and four
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discovered later. Their approach pictures did, however, photograph about 20 percent of the planet's surface, showing the dark features long seen from Earth – in the past, these features had been mistaken for
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Mariner 6 and 7 infrared radiometer observations helped to trigger a scientific revolution in Mars knowledge. The
Mariner 6 and 7 infrared radiometer results showed that the
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The engineering model of Mariners 6 and 7 still exists, and is owned by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL). It is on loan to LASP, and is on display in the lab's lobby.
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by some ground-based astronomers. When Mariner 7 flew over the Martian south pole on August 4, 1969, it sent back pictures of ice-filled craters and outlines of the
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was used to provide backup power. Thermal control was achieved through the use of adjustable louvers on the sides of the main compartment.
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Tracking and data system support for the Mariner Mars 1969 mission. Volume 2: Midcourse maneuver through end of nominal mission
784:. The nozzle, with 4-jet vane vector control, protruded from one wall of the octagonal structure. Power was supplied by 17,472
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704:, Mariner 6 and 7's flyby of Mars received less than the normal amount of media coverage for a mission of this significance.
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Tracking and data system support for the Mariner Mars 1969 mission. Volume 1 - Planning phase through midcourse maneuver
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J. B. Pearce; K. A. Gause; E. F. Mackey; et al. (April 1, 1971). "Mariner 6 and 7 Ultraviolet Spectrometers".
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amplifiers, operating at 10 or 20 watts, for transmission. The design also included a single receiver. An analog
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jets, which were mounted on the ends of the solar panels, a Canopus tracker, and two primary and four secondary
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Missions are ordered by launch date. Sign indicates failure en route or before intended mission data returned.
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rover had recently visited was named the McClure-Beverlin Ridge in honor of the pair, who had since died.
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Tracking and data system support for the Mariner Mars 1969 mission. Volume 3: Extended operations mission
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Payloads are separated by bullets ( · ), launches by pipes ( | ). Crewed flights are indicated in
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was less than half of the distance used by Mariner 4 on the previous US Mars flyby mission.
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fuel pressure; however, the engine performed normally through powered flight. In addition,
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S. C. Chase (March 1, 1969). "Infrared radiometer for the 1969 mariner mission to Mars".
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The spacecraft was attitude stabilized in three axes, referenced to the Sun and the star
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1184:"Mariner 7 Sends Sharpest Mars Pictures; Mariner 7 Sends Sharpest Mars Photos So Far"
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and not impact the Martian surface, potentially contaminating the planet with
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The Mariner 6 and 7 flight paths and their determination from tracking data
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The Mariner 6 and 7 spacecraft were identical, consisting of an octagonal
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By chance, both spacecraft flew over cratered regions and missed both the
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onboard Mariners 6 and 7 was constructed by the University of Colorado's
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leak froze some telemetry probes in AC-20 which registered as a drop in
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rocket motor, mounted within the frame, which used the mono-propellant
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2401:. Payloads deployed from other spacecraft are denoted in (brackets).
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and Mariner 7 from Launch Complex 36A. The two craft flew over the
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Two full disc views of Mars from Mariner 7 as it approached, 1969
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1149:"From the Archives (August 6, 1969): Ice-filled craters on Mars"
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Two over Mars - Mariner 6 and Mariner 7, February - August 1969
1027:"Opportunity's Southward View of 'McClure-Beverlin Escarpment'"
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2601:
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508th Parachute Infantry Regiment (veterans' association)
880:(included an infrared radiometer for the Martian surface)
732:), and they were also able to detect trace amounts of
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Destination Mars: New Explorations of the Red Planet
672:
A close-up of the surface of Mars taken by Mariner 7
578:. Mariner 6 was launched from Launch Complex 36B at
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1274:"Infrared Spectrometer and the Exploration of Mars"
716:
Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics (LASP)
512:
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3361:Sample Collection for Investigation of Mars (SCIM)
3206:Mars Aerial and Ground Global Intelligent Explorer
817:Two-Channel IR Radiometer Mars Surface Temperature
826:Thermal Control Flux Monitor (Conical Radiometer)
3580:Science instruments on satellites and spacecraft
3565:
2424:
2397:. Uncatalogued launch failures are listed in
1554:
1438:
8:
5414:Spacecraft launched by Atlas-Centaur rockets
296:
32:
27:Twin NASA flyby missions to Mars (1969–1970)
105:1 year, 9 months and 28 days
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3287:Aerial Regional-scale Environmental Survey
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38:
31:
5404:Derelict satellites in heliocentric orbit
3322:Mars Astrobiology Explorer-Cacher (MAX-C)
878:Heat Flow and Physical Properties Package
570:that completed the first dual mission to
357:1 year, 9 months and 1 day
992:
990:
988:
986:
927:
925:
923:
728:is composed mostly of carbon dioxide (CO
1092:Mariner-Mars 1969: A Preliminary Report
1061:from the original on November 24, 2015.
890:
648:Both spacecraft are now defunct and in
1413:Page with reprocessed Mariner 7 images
1353:Mariner Mars 1969 Launches - Press Kit
3191:Biological Oxidant and Life Detection
1268:
1266:
7:
1401:Mariner 6 and 7 Data Set Information
5363:Venetia Burney Student Dust Counter
776:. Propulsion was provided by a 223-
768:. It utilized 3 gyros, 2 sets of 6
2465:List of artificial objects on Mars
1181:Walter Sullivan (August 6, 1969).
25:
3478:Mars Exploration Joint Initiative
3166:Mars Sample Recovery Helicopters
1407:Mariner 6 and 7 Data Viewer Page
847:
580:Cape Canaveral Air Force Station
574:in 1969 as part of NASA's wider
516:3,430 kilometers (2,130 mi)
264:3,431 kilometers (2,132 mi)
5332:International Lunar Observatory
4143:(TRMM, Terra, Aura, Suomi NPP,
3337:Mars Telecommunications Orbiter
3143:Martian Moons eXploration (MMX)
1396:NASA's Solar System Exploration
1387:NASA's Solar System Exploration
611:either launch vehicle. A minor
343:
91:
1:
5278:High Resolution Stereo Camera
3292:Astrobiology Field Laboratory
734:water on the surface of Mars
5399:Spacecraft launched in 1969
4209:Radiation Budget Instrument
3216:Mars Exploration Ice Mapper
3161:NASA-ESA Mars Sample Return
3137:Tera-hertz Explorer (TEREX)
2505:Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter
1099:. 1969. p. 21. SP-225.
1073:"Charles Beverlin obituary"
165:February 25, 1969, 01:29:02
5430:
4535:Infrared Space Observatory
962:"Mariner 7 - NASA Science"
899:"Mariner 6 - NASA Science"
3540:
3273:
3014:
2599:
2523:ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter
2450:
2391:
1593:
1518:
1460:
1392:Mariner 7 Mission Profile
1383:Mariner 6 Mission Profile
1278:American Chemical Society
748:Spacecraft and subsystems
740:Spacecraft and subsystems
656:Science data and findings
524:
520:
492:
488:
456:
452:
404:
400:
379:Jet Propulsion Laboratory
365:
361:
301:
272:
268:
240:
236:
204:
200:
152:
148:
127:Jet Propulsion Laboratory
113:
109:
49:
37:
5358:Inertial Stellar Compass
4723:Raman Laser Spectrometer
3473:Mars Exploration Program
2455:List of missions to Mars
1051:"Billy McClure obituary"
863:List of missions to Mars
678:giant northern volcanoes
434:Atlas SLV-3D Centaur-D1A
417:March 27, 1969, 22:22:00
182:Atlas SLV-3D Centaur-D1A
5353:Deep Space Atomic Clock
4612:Venus Emissivity Mapper
2563:Mars Science Laboratory
873:Uncrewed space missions
682:equatorial grand canyon
2932:Mars Exploration Rover
2622:
2614:
2606:
1418:Mariner 6 and 7 images
1409:(includes many images)
749:
673:
665:
534:← Mariner 6
288:Mariner 7 →
169:1969-02-25UTC01:29:02Z
5409:Derelict space probes
5368:Plasma Wave Subsystem
4479:Multispectral Scanner
3803:Pioneer Venus Orbiter
3607:Pioneer Venus Orbiter
3127:(2024, flyby in 2025)
3119:(2024, flyby in 2025)
2698:(2023, flyby in 2026)
2689:Mars Cube One (MarCO)
2621:
2613:
2605:
2460:List of Mars orbiters
747:
671:
663:
370:Spacecraft properties
118:Spacecraft properties
4336:Mars Climate Orbiter
3978:RM-08 and MTVZA-OK (
3483:Mars Next Generation
3442:Permanent settlement
3332:Mars Surveyor Lander
2798:Mars Climate Orbiter
2784:Mars Global Surveyor
1577:Orbital launches in
1241:10.1364/ao.10.000805
700:Coming a week after
563:) were two uncrewed
5293:Mars Orbiter Camera
2440:Spacecraft missions
1320:10.1364/AO.8.000639
1312:1969ApOpt...8..639C
1233:1971ApOpt..10..805P
1002:nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov
937:nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov
832:Celestial Mechanics
798:traveling wave tube
790:silver-zinc battery
650:heliocentric orbits
421:1969-03-27UTC22:22Z
298:
34:
5271:Imagers/telescopes
4419:Spectrophotometers
3468:Mars Scout Program
3307:Mars 4NM & 5NM
3231:Mars Micro Orbiter
3221:Mars Geyser Hopper
2623:
2615:
2607:
1522:Previous mission:
1403:(highly technical)
1190:The New York Times
1155:. August 6, 2019.
1127:. pp. 61–66.
855:Spaceflight portal
835:General Relativity
823:S-Band Occultation
786:photovoltaic cells
750:
726:atmosphere of Mars
695:atmosphere of Mars
674:
666:
568:robotic spacecraft
5376:
5375:
5313:Rosalind Franklin
5235:
5234:
5231:
5230:
5222:Rosalind Franklin
5197:Mass spectrometer
5191:
5190:
5127:Rosalind Franklin
5101:
5100:
5011:
5010:
5007:
5006:
4960:
4959:
4868:Triaxial fluxgate
4753:
4752:
4749:
4748:
4727:Rosalind Franklin
4702:
4701:
4626:UV-visible (UVVS)
4620:
4619:
4516:Rosalind Franklin
4454:Visible-IR (VIRS)
4448:
4447:
4414:
4413:
4410:
4409:
4369:
4368:
4088:
4087:
3900:DMSP 5D-2/F13-F15
3547:
3546:
3536:
3535:
3507:The Case for Mars
3417:Atmospheric entry
3381:
3380:
3312:Mars 5M (Mars-79)
3269:
3268:
3246:Next Mars Orbiter
3154:Rosalind Franklin
3090:
3089:
3010:
3009:
2865:Mars Polar Lander
2597:
2596:
2491:2001 Mars Odyssey
2406:
2405:
1966:Luna E-8-5 No.402
1536:
1535:
1134:978-1-61614-589-7
1119:Rod Pyle (2012).
868:Space exploration
546:
545:
477:December 28, 1970
294:
293:
225:December 23, 1970
16:(Redirected from
5421:
5394:Missions to Mars
5214:(Europa Clipper)
5202:
5163:(on ExoMars TGO)
5113:
5107:Neutral particle
5029:
5022:
4971:
4873:
4859:(Europa Clipper)
4764:
4713:
4631:
4459:
4430:
4423:
4378:
4374:Ultraviolet (UV)
4097:
4093:Infrared-visible
3858:
3849:
3574:
3567:
3560:
3551:
3513:Inspiration Mars
3500:The Mars Project
3392:
3275:
3099:
3016:
2633:
2478:
2433:
2426:
2419:
2410:
2055:Intelsat III F-5
1910:Intelsat III F-4
1678:Intelsat III F-3
1582:
1581:
1580:
1563:
1556:
1549:
1540:
1447:
1440:
1433:
1424:
1340:
1339:
1295:
1289:
1288:
1286:
1284:
1270:
1261:
1260:
1216:
1210:
1209:
1207:
1205:
1186:
1178:
1172:
1171:
1169:
1167:
1145:
1139:
1138:
1125:Prometheus Books
1116:
1101:
1100:
1087:
1081:
1080:
1077:Dignity Memorial
1069:
1063:
1062:
1047:
1041:
1040:
1023:
1017:
1016:
1014:
1012:
994:
981:
980:
978:
976:
966:science.nasa.gov
958:
952:
951:
949:
947:
929:
918:
917:
915:
913:
903:science.nasa.gov
895:
857:
852:
851:
850:
796:via dual S-band
622:
617:sustainer engine
561:Mariner Mars 69B
557:Mariner Mars 69A
505:Closest approach
484:
482:
424:
422:
409:Start of mission
354:Mission duration
345:
299:
253:Closest approach
232:
230:
172:
170:
157:Start of mission
102:Mission duration
93:
42:
35:
21:
5429:
5428:
5424:
5423:
5422:
5420:
5419:
5418:
5389:Mariner program
5379:
5378:
5377:
5372:
5341:
5324:
5318:
5297:
5266:
5227:
5187:
5097:
5059:
5017:
5003:
4998:Cassini–Huygens
4985:
4956:
4900:Cassini–Huygens
4887:
4862:
4796:
4745:
4698:
4646:Mariner 6 and 7
4616:
4562:Mariner 6 and 7
4498:
4444:
4426:Long wavelength
4406:
4365:
4294:Mariner 6 and 7
4241:
4170:MESSR and VTIR
4084:
4054:Electra (radio)
4048:Cassini-Huygens
4035:
3838:
3688:Cassini–Huygens
3666:
3594:Cassini–Huygens
3581:
3578:
3548:
3543:
3532:
3487:
3456:
3377:
3279:
3265:
3211:Mars Base Alpha
3201:Icebreaker Life
3179:
3086:
3068:Mars 3MS No.170
3020:
3006:
2973:
2908:
2859:Mars Pathfinder
2810:
2701:
2660:Mariner 6 and 7
2624:
2616:
2608:
2593:
2542:
2469:
2446:
2437:
2407:
2402:
2387:
2221:SOICAL Cylinder
2033:Molniya-1 No.18
1848:Molniya-1 No.16
1694:Luna E-8 No.201
1589:
1588:
1578:
1576:
1575:
1573:
1567:
1537:
1532:
1526:—Next mission:
1514:
1456:
1454:Mariner program
1451:
1349:
1344:
1343:
1297:
1296:
1292:
1282:
1280:
1272:
1271:
1264:
1218:
1217:
1213:
1203:
1201:
1180:
1179:
1175:
1165:
1163:
1147:
1146:
1142:
1135:
1118:
1117:
1104:
1089:
1088:
1084:
1071:
1070:
1066:
1049:
1048:
1044:
1025:
1024:
1020:
1010:
1008:
996:
995:
984:
974:
972:
960:
959:
955:
945:
943:
931:
930:
921:
911:
909:
897:
896:
892:
887:
853:
848:
846:
843:
838:
820:UV Spectrometer
814:IR Spectrometer
810:
808:Instrumentation
742:
731:
691:south polar cap
658:
638:
593:
576:Mariner program
542:
541:
535:
531:
528:Mariner program
480:
478:
420:
418:
290:
289:
286:
279:
276:Mariner program
228:
226:
168:
166:
45:
44:Mariner 6 and 7
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5427:
5425:
5417:
5416:
5411:
5406:
5401:
5396:
5391:
5381:
5380:
5374:
5373:
5371:
5370:
5365:
5360:
5355:
5349:
5347:
5343:
5342:
5340:
5339:
5334:
5328:
5326:
5320:
5319:
5317:
5316:
5305:
5303:
5299:
5298:
5296:
5295:
5290:
5285:
5280:
5274:
5272:
5268:
5267:
5265:
5264:
5257:
5250:
5243:
5241:
5237:
5236:
5233:
5232:
5229:
5228:
5226:
5225:
5215:
5208:
5206:
5205:Interplanetary
5199:
5193:
5192:
5189:
5188:
5186:
5185:
5178:
5171:
5164:
5158:
5148:
5139:
5130:
5119:
5117:
5116:Interplanetary
5110:
5103:
5102:
5099:
5098:
5096:
5095:
5088:
5083:
5078:
5073:
5067:
5065:
5064:Interplanetary
5061:
5060:
5058:
5057:
5056:
5055:
5041:
5035:
5033:
5026:
5019:
5013:
5012:
5009:
5008:
5005:
5004:
5002:
5001:
4993:
4991:
4990:Interplanetary
4987:
4986:
4984:
4983:
4977:
4975:
4968:
4962:
4961:
4958:
4957:
4955:
4954:
4947:
4940:
4933:
4928:
4923:
4918:
4913:
4908:
4903:
4895:
4893:
4892:Interplanetary
4889:
4888:
4886:
4885:
4879:
4877:
4870:
4864:
4863:
4861:
4860:
4850:
4838:
4831:
4824:
4817:
4810:
4804:
4802:
4801:Interplanetary
4798:
4797:
4795:
4794:
4793:
4792:
4782:
4776:
4770:
4768:
4761:
4755:
4754:
4751:
4750:
4747:
4746:
4744:
4743:
4730:
4719:
4717:
4716:Interplanetary
4710:
4704:
4703:
4700:
4699:
4697:
4696:
4689:
4682:
4677:
4672:
4667:
4662:
4655:
4648:
4643:
4637:
4635:
4634:Interplanetary
4628:
4622:
4621:
4618:
4617:
4615:
4614:
4609:
4604:
4599:
4594:
4591:Europa Clipper
4576:
4571:
4564:
4559:
4554:
4548:
4537:
4532:
4531:
4530:
4525:
4512:
4506:
4504:
4503:Interplanetary
4500:
4499:
4497:
4496:
4491:
4486:
4481:
4476:
4471:
4465:
4463:
4456:
4450:
4449:
4446:
4445:
4443:
4442:
4436:
4434:
4433:Interplanetary
4427:
4420:
4416:
4415:
4412:
4411:
4408:
4407:
4405:
4404:
4403:
4402:
4392:
4384:
4382:
4375:
4371:
4370:
4367:
4366:
4364:
4363:
4356:
4349:
4344:
4339:
4332:
4325:
4318:
4313:
4308:
4303:
4296:
4291:
4286:
4280:
4279:
4269:
4259:
4249:
4247:
4246:Interplanetary
4243:
4242:
4240:
4239:
4225:
4218:
4211:
4206:
4199:
4192:
4186:
4181:
4180:
4179:
4176:
4168:
4165:
4158:
4153:
4148:
4138:
4133:
4128:
4123:
4109:
4103:
4101:
4094:
4090:
4089:
4086:
4085:
4083:
4082:
4075:
4063:
4056:
4051:
4043:
4041:
4040:Interplanetary
4037:
4036:
4034:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3976:
3971:
3970:
3969:
3966:
3960:
3953:
3946:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3890:
3883:
3877:
3870:
3864:
3862:
3855:
3846:
3840:
3839:
3837:
3836:
3829:
3822:
3817:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3793:
3786:
3781:
3774:
3767:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3701:
3699:ExoMars lander
3696:
3691:
3684:
3676:
3674:
3668:
3667:
3665:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3597:
3589:
3587:
3583:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3576:
3569:
3562:
3554:
3545:
3544:
3541:
3538:
3537:
3534:
3533:
3531:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3518:Mars Institute
3515:
3510:
3503:
3495:
3493:
3489:
3488:
3486:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3464:
3462:
3458:
3457:
3455:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3398:
3396:
3389:
3383:
3382:
3379:
3378:
3376:
3375:
3370:
3363:
3358:
3351:
3348:Northern Light
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3283:
3281:
3271:
3270:
3267:
3266:
3264:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3187:
3185:
3181:
3180:
3178:
3177:
3170:
3169:
3168:
3158:
3146:
3140:
3134:
3128:
3120:
3117:Europa Clipper
3114:
3105:
3103:
3096:
3092:
3091:
3088:
3087:
3085:
3084:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3053:Mars 2M No.521
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3024:
3022:
3012:
3011:
3008:
3007:
3005:
3004:
3003:
3002:
2997:
2983:
2981:
2975:
2974:
2972:
2971:
2964:
2963:
2962:
2961:
2960:
2948:
2947:
2946:
2929:
2922:
2916:
2914:
2910:
2909:
2907:
2906:
2898:
2891:
2883:
2876:
2871:
2862:
2855:
2848:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2820:
2818:
2812:
2811:
2809:
2808:
2801:
2794:
2787:
2780:
2773:
2772:
2771:
2766:
2759:Phobos program
2756:
2755:
2754:
2747:
2738:Viking program
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2709:
2707:
2703:
2702:
2700:
2699:
2691:
2686:
2679:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2641:
2639:
2630:
2626:
2625:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2594:
2592:
2591:
2590:
2589:
2584:
2572:
2571:
2570:
2565:
2552:
2550:
2544:
2543:
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2540:
2532:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2514:
2513:
2501:
2494:
2486:
2484:
2475:
2471:
2470:
2468:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2451:
2448:
2447:
2438:
2436:
2435:
2428:
2421:
2413:
2404:
2403:
2392:
2389:
2388:
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2385:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
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2353:
2348:
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2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2247:
2240:
2233:
2231:Meteor-1 No.15
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2119:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2044:DS-P1-Yu No.23
2040:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2001:
1994:
1992:Biosatellite 3
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1806:
1804:Meteor-1 No.12
1801:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1736:
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1724:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1697:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1662:Meteor-1 No.11
1658:
1653:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1624:
1617:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1594:
1591:
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1565:
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1543:
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1519:
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1404:
1398:
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1380:
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1365:
1360:
1355:
1348:
1347:External links
1345:
1342:
1341:
1300:Applied Optics
1290:
1262:
1227:(4): 805–812.
1221:Applied Optics
1211:
1173:
1140:
1133:
1102:
1082:
1064:
1042:
1018:
982:
953:
919:
889:
888:
886:
883:
882:
881:
875:
870:
865:
859:
858:
842:
839:
837:
836:
833:
830:
829:Mars TV Camera
827:
824:
821:
818:
815:
811:
809:
806:
741:
738:
729:
657:
654:
637:
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592:
589:
544:
543:
536:
533:
532:
525:
522:
521:
518:
517:
514:
510:
509:
508:August 5, 1969
506:
502:
501:
494:
493:
490:
489:
486:
485:
475:
471:
470:
469:Decommissioned
467:
463:
462:
461:End of mission
458:
457:
454:
453:
450:
449:
444:Cape Canaveral
441:
437:
436:
431:
427:
426:
415:
411:
410:
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405:
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401:
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219:
218:
217:Decommissioned
215:
211:
210:
209:End of mission
206:
205:
202:
201:
198:
197:
192:Cape Canaveral
189:
185:
184:
179:
175:
174:
163:
159:
158:
154:
153:
150:
149:
146:
145:
142:
138:
137:
134:
130:
129:
124:
120:
119:
115:
114:
111:
110:
107:
106:
103:
99:
98:
95:
86:
85:
82:
76:
75:
66:
62:
61:
55:
51:
50:
47:
46:
43:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5426:
5415:
5412:
5410:
5407:
5405:
5402:
5400:
5397:
5395:
5392:
5390:
5387:
5386:
5384:
5369:
5366:
5364:
5361:
5359:
5356:
5354:
5351:
5350:
5348:
5344:
5338:
5335:
5333:
5330:
5329:
5327:
5321:
5314:
5310:
5307:
5306:
5304:
5300:
5294:
5291:
5289:
5286:
5284:
5281:
5279:
5276:
5275:
5273:
5269:
5263:
5262:
5258:
5256:
5255:
5251:
5248:
5245:
5244:
5242:
5238:
5223:
5219:
5216:
5213:
5210:
5209:
5207:
5203:
5200:
5198:
5194:
5184:
5183:
5179:
5176:
5172:
5170:
5169:
5165:
5162:
5159:
5156:
5152:
5149:
5146:
5145:
5144:Venus Express
5141:ASPERA-4 (on
5140:
5137:
5136:
5132:ASPERA-3 (on
5131:
5128:
5124:
5121:
5120:
5118:
5114:
5111:
5108:
5104:
5094:
5093:
5089:
5087:
5084:
5082:
5079:
5077:
5074:
5072:
5069:
5068:
5066:
5062:
5054:
5051:
5050:
5049:
5045:
5042:
5040:
5037:
5036:
5034:
5030:
5027:
5025:Ion detectors
5023:
5020:
5014:
5000:
4999:
4995:
4994:
4992:
4988:
4982:
4979:
4978:
4976:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4963:
4953:
4952:
4951:Venus Express
4948:
4946:
4945:
4941:
4939:
4938:
4934:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4914:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4901:
4897:
4896:
4894:
4890:
4884:
4881:
4880:
4878:
4874:
4871:
4869:
4865:
4858:
4854:
4851:
4848:
4847:
4842:
4839:
4837:
4836:
4832:
4830:
4829:
4825:
4823:
4822:
4818:
4816:
4815:
4811:
4809:
4806:
4805:
4803:
4799:
4791:
4788:
4787:
4786:
4783:
4780:
4777:
4775:
4772:
4771:
4769:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4756:
4741:
4739:
4734:
4731:
4728:
4724:
4721:
4720:
4718:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4705:
4695:
4694:
4690:
4688:
4687:
4683:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4660:
4656:
4654:
4653:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4638:
4636:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4623:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4592:
4588:
4584:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4569:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4552:
4549:
4546:
4542:
4538:
4536:
4533:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4520:
4519:
4517:
4513:
4511:
4508:
4507:
4505:
4501:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4466:
4464:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4451:
4441:
4438:
4437:
4435:
4431:
4428:
4424:
4421:
4417:
4401:
4398:
4397:
4396:
4393:
4390:
4386:
4385:
4383:
4379:
4376:
4372:
4362:
4361:
4357:
4355:
4354:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4337:
4333:
4331:
4330:
4326:
4324:
4323:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4312:
4309:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4301:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4282:
4281:
4277:
4273:
4270:
4267:
4263:
4260:
4257:
4256:
4251:
4250:
4248:
4244:
4237:
4233:
4229:
4226:
4223:
4219:
4216:
4212:
4210:
4207:
4204:
4200:
4197:
4193:
4191:(Terra, Aqua)
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4163:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4146:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4121:
4117:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4104:
4102:
4098:
4095:
4091:
4081:
4080:
4076:
4073:
4072:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4061:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4049:
4045:
4044:
4042:
4038:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3981:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3967:
3964:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3954:
3951:
3947:
3944:
3940:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3905:DMSP 5D-2/F16
3903:
3901:
3898:
3895:
3891:
3888:
3884:
3881:
3878:
3875:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3865:
3863:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3841:
3835:
3834:
3830:
3828:
3827:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3815:
3814:Venus Express
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3798:
3794:
3792:
3791:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3779:
3775:
3773:
3772:
3768:
3766:
3765:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3723:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3706:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3689:
3685:
3683:
3682:
3678:
3677:
3675:
3673:
3672:Radio science
3669:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3602:
3598:
3596:
3595:
3591:
3590:
3588:
3584:
3575:
3570:
3568:
3563:
3561:
3556:
3555:
3552:
3539:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3508:
3504:
3502:
3501:
3497:
3496:
3494:
3490:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3465:
3463:
3459:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3437:Human mission
3435:
3433:
3432:Sample return
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3399:
3397:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3384:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3368:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3356:
3352:
3350:
3349:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3284:
3282:
3276:
3272:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3188:
3186:
3182:
3176:
3175:
3171:
3167:
3164:
3163:
3162:
3159:
3156:
3155:
3150:
3147:
3144:
3141:
3138:
3135:
3132:
3129:
3126:
3125:
3121:
3118:
3115:
3112:
3111:
3107:
3106:
3104:
3100:
3097:
3093:
3083:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3025:
3023:
3017:
3013:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2992:
2991:
2989:
2985:
2984:
2982:
2980:
2976:
2970:
2969:
2965:
2959:
2956:
2955:
2954:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2942:
2941:
2940:
2939:
2935:
2934:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2927:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2917:
2915:
2911:
2905:
2903:
2899:
2897:
2896:
2892:
2890:
2889:
2884:
2882:
2881:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2860:
2856:
2854:
2853:
2849:
2847:
2846:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2821:
2819:
2817:
2813:
2807:
2806:
2802:
2800:
2799:
2795:
2793:
2792:
2788:
2786:
2785:
2781:
2779:
2778:
2777:Mars Observer
2774:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2761:
2760:
2757:
2753:
2752:
2748:
2746:
2745:
2741:
2740:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2710:
2708:
2704:
2697:
2696:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2684:
2680:
2678:
2677:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2642:
2640:
2638:
2634:
2631:
2627:
2620:
2612:
2604:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2579:
2578:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2560:
2559:
2558:
2554:
2553:
2551:
2549:
2545:
2539:
2537:
2533:
2531:
2530:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2512:
2509:
2508:
2507:
2506:
2502:
2500:
2499:
2495:
2493:
2492:
2488:
2487:
2485:
2483:
2479:
2476:
2472:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2452:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2434:
2429:
2427:
2422:
2420:
2415:
2414:
2411:
2400:
2396:
2390:
2384:
2383:
2379:
2377:
2376:Interkosmos 2
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2341:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2314:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2257:Interkosmos 1
2255:
2253:
2252:
2248:
2246:
2245:
2241:
2239:
2238:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2151:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2124:
2120:
2118:
2117:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2045:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2023:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2006:
2002:
2000:
1999:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1967:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1900:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1828:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1811:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1729:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1702:
1698:
1696:
1695:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1663:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1651:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1629:
1625:
1623:
1622:
1618:
1616:
1615:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1595:
1592:
1587:
1583:
1572:
1564:
1559:
1557:
1552:
1550:
1545:
1544:
1541:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1520:
1517:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1462:
1459:
1455:
1448:
1443:
1441:
1436:
1434:
1429:
1428:
1425:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1408:
1405:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1350:
1346:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1294:
1291:
1279:
1275:
1269:
1267:
1263:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1215:
1212:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1191:
1185:
1177:
1174:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1144:
1141:
1136:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1115:
1113:
1111:
1109:
1107:
1103:
1098:
1094:
1093:
1086:
1083:
1078:
1074:
1068:
1065:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1046:
1043:
1038:
1037:
1033:
1028:
1022:
1019:
1007:
1003:
999:
993:
991:
989:
987:
983:
971:
967:
963:
957:
954:
942:
938:
934:
928:
926:
924:
920:
908:
904:
900:
894:
891:
884:
879:
876:
874:
871:
869:
866:
864:
861:
860:
856:
845:
840:
834:
831:
828:
825:
822:
819:
816:
813:
812:
807:
805:
803:
802:tape recorder
799:
793:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
762:
760:
755:
746:
739:
737:
735:
727:
722:
719:
717:
713:
710:
705:
703:
698:
696:
692:
688:
683:
679:
670:
662:
655:
653:
651:
646:
642:
635:
633:
631:
625:
618:
614:
608:
606:
601:
597:
590:
588:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
540: →
539:
530:
529:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
500:
495:
491:
487:
476:
472:
468:
464:
459:
455:
451:
448:
445:
442:
438:
435:
432:
428:
416:
412:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
380:
377:
373:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
346:
339:
335:
333:
329:
326:
322:
319:
315:
311:
308:
304:
300:
285:
282:←
278:
277:
271:
267:
263:
259:
256:July 31, 1969
255:
251:
248:
243:
239:
235:
224:
220:
216:
212:
207:
203:
199:
196:
193:
190:
186:
183:
180:
176:
164:
160:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
128:
125:
121:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
94:
87:
83:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67:
63:
59:
56:
52:
48:
41:
36:
30:
19:
5323:Astronomical
5312:
5309:MicrOmega-IR
5259:
5252:
5249:(on InSight)
5240:Seismometers
5221:
5180:
5166:
5154:
5142:
5135:Mars Express
5133:
5126:
5090:
4996:
4966:Helium vapor
4949:
4942:
4935:
4898:
4844:
4833:
4826:
4819:
4812:
4759:Magnetometer
4738:Perseverance
4737:
4726:
4691:
4684:
4657:
4650:
4645:
4566:
4561:
4544:
4540:
4515:
4358:
4351:
4327:
4320:
4298:
4293:
4255:Schiaparelli
4253:
4252:COMARS+ (on
4167:Kanopus-V-IK
4077:
4069:
4058:
4046:
3831:
3824:
3812:
3795:
3788:
3776:
3769:
3764:Mars Express
3762:
3747:
3720:
3703:
3686:
3679:
3599:
3592:
3523:Mars Society
3505:
3498:
3452:Terraforming
3447:Colonization
3373:Voyager Mars
3365:
3353:
3346:
3172:
3152:
3123:
3110:Mangalyaan-2
3109:
3028:Mars 1M No.1
2987:
2967:
2951:
2937:
2925:
2901:
2894:
2888:Schiaparelli
2887:
2879:
2869:Deep Space 2
2858:
2851:
2844:
2804:
2796:
2789:
2782:
2775:
2749:
2742:
2694:
2681:
2674:
2659:
2576:Perseverance
2575:
2556:
2535:
2528:
2503:
2498:Mars Express
2496:
2489:
2398:
2394:
2380:
2338:
2311:
2249:
2242:
2235:
2148:
2121:
2114:
2042:
2020:
2003:
1996:
1964:
1897:
1825:
1808:
1726:
1699:
1692:
1660:
1648:
1628:7K-L1 No.13L
1626:
1619:
1612:
1494:
1489:
1303:
1299:
1293:
1281:. Retrieved
1277:
1224:
1220:
1214:
1202:. Retrieved
1188:
1176:
1164:. Retrieved
1152:
1143:
1120:
1091:
1085:
1076:
1067:
1054:
1045:
1030:
1021:
1011:December 28,
1009:. Retrieved
1001:
975:November 30,
973:. Retrieved
965:
956:
946:December 28,
944:. Retrieved
936:
912:November 30,
910:. Retrieved
902:
893:
794:
763:
759:solar panels
751:
723:
720:
712:spectrometer
706:
699:
675:
647:
643:
639:
626:
609:
604:
598:
594:
560:
556:
552:
548:
547:
526:
375:Manufacturer
306:Mission type
274:
123:Manufacturer
54:Mission type
29:
5325:instruments
5302:Microscopes
3968:Meteor-M2-1
3957:Meteor-3M-1
3387:Exploration
3236:MELOS rover
3139:(mid 2020s)
3078:Fobos-Grunt
2952:Opportunity
2340:7K-L1e No.1
2216:SOICAL Cone
2005:7K-L1S No.5
1977:Explorer 41
1701:7K-L1S No.3
998:"Mariner 7"
933:"Mariner 6"
774:Sun sensors
709:ultraviolet
636:Spaceflight
605:Opportunity
474:Deactivated
440:Launch site
414:Launch date
385:Launch mass
222:Deactivated
188:Launch site
162:Launch date
133:Launch mass
5383:Categories
5032:Near-Earth
4974:Near-Earth
4944:Pioneer 11
4876:Near-Earth
4814:Pioneer 10
4767:Near-Earth
4652:Mariner 10
4462:Near-Earth
4381:Near-Earth
4334:PMIRR (on
4322:Pioneer 10
4300:Mariner 10
4222:Sentinel-3
4100:Near-Earth
3991:Sentinel-3
3962:MTVZA-GYa
3925:Kanopus-ST
3874:Sentinel-6
3861:Near-Earth
3844:Radiometer
3694:Europa-UVS
3461:Strategies
3355:Red Dragon
3317:Mars-Aster
3261:Sky-Sailor
3256:Phootprint
3226:Mars-Grunt
3043:2MV-3 No.1
3038:2MV-4 No.1
2990:helicopter
2805:Mangalyaan
2371:Kosmos 317
2366:Kosmos 316
2361:Kosmos 315
2356:Kosmos 314
2346:Kosmos 313
2334:Kosmos 312
2329:Kosmos 311
2319:Kosmos 310
2307:Kosmos 309
2297:Kosmos 308
2287:Kosmos 307
2282:Kosmos 306
2277:Kosmos 305
2272:Kosmos 304
2267:Kosmos 303
2262:Kosmos 302
2206:Timation 2
2201:NRL PL-176
2196:NRL PL-164
2191:NRL PL-163
2186:NRL PL-162
2181:NRL PL-161
2171:Kosmos 301
2166:Kosmos 300
2144:Kosmos 299
2139:Kosmos 298
2134:Kosmos 297
2129:Kosmos 296
2105:Kosmos 295
2100:Kosmos 294
2095:Kosmos 293
2090:Kosmos 292
2065:Kosmos 291
2028:Kosmos 290
2011:Kosmos 289
1987:Kosmos 288
1982:Kosmos 287
1972:Kosmos 286
1950:Kosmos 285
1945:Kosmos 284
1940:Kosmos 283
1905:Kosmos 282
1893:Kosmos 281
1878:Kosmos 280
1868:Kosmos 279
1843:Kosmos 278
1838:Kosmos 277
1833:Kosmos 276
1821:Kosmos 275
1799:Kosmos 274
1794:Kosmos 273
1779:Orbiscal 2
1759:Kosmos 272
1754:Kosmos 271
1749:Kosmos 270
1744:Kosmos 269
1739:Kosmos 268
1722:Kosmos 267
1712:Kosmos 266
1683:Kosmos 265
1644:Kosmos 264
1608:Kosmos 263
1510:Mariner 10
1306:(3): 639.
1283:August 10,
1204:August 10,
1166:August 10,
885:References
632:microbes.
481:1970-12-29
229:1970-12-24
5337:MoonLIGHT
5175:Mariner 2
5155:Curiosity
5081:Mariner 2
5018:detectors
4937:MESSENGER
4916:Mariner 2
4828:Voyager 1
4686:Voyager 1
4659:MESSENGER
4568:MESSENGER
4553:(on Juno)
4541:Voyager 1
4484:SCIAMACHY
4353:Voyager 1
4316:2M No.522
4311:2M No.521
4232:Suomi NPP
4060:Mariner 2
3965:Meteor-M2
3952:, MOS-1b)
3853:Microwave
3826:Voyager 1
3784:Pioneer 7
3771:MESSENGER
3728:Mariner 2
3528:Mars race
3342:NetLander
3302:Marsokhod
3280:proposals
3278:Cancelled
3082:Yinghuo-1
3063:Mariner 8
3058:2M No.522
3048:Mariner 3
3000:Mars 2020
2988:Ingenuity
2926:Sojourner
2902:Tianwen-1
2723:Mariner 9
2650:Mariner 4
2582:Mars 2020
2557:Curiosity
2536:Tianwen-1
2395:underline
2324:Skynet 1A
2313:Apollo 12
2211:Tempsat 2
2116:Pioneer E
2022:Apollo 11
1899:Apollo 10
1827:2M No.522
1816:Mariner 7
1810:2M No.521
1707:Mariner 6
1650:US-A No.5
1528:Mariner 8
1524:Mariner 5
1505:Mariner 9
1500:Mariner 8
1495:Mariner 7
1490:Mariner 6
1485:Mariner 5
1480:Mariner 4
1475:Mariner 3
1470:Mariner 2
1465:Mariner 1
1328:1559-128X
1249:0003-6935
1199:0362-4331
1161:0971-751X
1153:The Hindu
782:hydrazine
754:magnesium
702:Apollo 11
553:Mariner 7
549:Mariner 6
538:Mariner 8
497:Flyby of
425: UTC
336:1969-030A
332:COSPAR ID
297:Mariner 7
284:Mariner 5
245:Flyby of
173: UTC
84:1969-014A
80:COSPAR ID
33:Mariner 6
18:Mariner 6
5254:Viking 1
5173:SPS (on
5123:ADRON-RM
5109:detector
5076:ASPERA-4
5071:ASPERA-3
5016:Particle
4779:QuakeSat
4579:E-THEMIS
4342:Venera 9
4184:Meteor-2
4162:ADEOS II
3974:Nimbus 7
3920:GPM Core
3887:ADEOS II
3820:Venera 9
3808:Sakigake
3722:Magellan
3681:Akatsuki
3632:Venera 4
3601:Magellan
3492:Advocacy
3427:Aircraft
3395:Concepts
3327:Mars One
3297:Beagle 3
3184:Proposed
3174:Kazachok
3157:) (2028)
3131:EscaPADE
3021:launches
2979:Aircraft
2958:timeline
2944:timeline
2886:ExoMars
2874:Beagle 2
2852:Viking 2
2845:Viking 1
2769:Phobos 2
2764:Phobos 1
2751:Viking 2
2744:Viking 1
2706:Orbiters
2587:timeline
2568:timeline
2511:timeline
2482:Orbiters
2351:OPS 6617
2292:OPS 8455
2176:OPS 7613
2161:OPS 4710
2156:OPS 3531
2110:OPS 7807
2060:OPS 8285
2050:OPS 3654
2038:OPS 1127
1955:OPS 1077
1920:OPS 6911
1915:OPS 6909
1888:OPS 1721
1883:OPS 1101
1873:OPS 5310
1863:SECOR 13
1858:Nimbus 3
1853:OPS 3148
1789:OPS 2285
1784:OPS 3722
1734:OPS 4248
1728:Apollo 9
1688:OPS 0757
1673:OPS 2644
1668:OPS 3890
1639:OPS 7585
1603:Venera 6
1598:Venera 5
1336:20072273
1257:20094543
1059:Archived
1057:. 2009.
841:See also
770:nitrogen
680:and the
513:Distance
466:Disposal
317:Operator
261:Distance
214:Disposal
65:Operator
5182:Ulysses
5092:Ulysses
5053:Proba-2
5039:DEMETER
4790:Proba-2
4781:1 and 2
4733:SHERLOC
4523:MA-MISS
4400:Proba-2
4306:Mars 96
4289:Luna 13
4276:InSight
4262:Diviner
4236:NOAA-21
4220:SLSTR (
4145:NOAA-20
4136:AVNIR-2
4079:Rosetta
4031:Zond-PP
3980:Sich-1M
3955:MTVZA (
3915:Envisat
3894:Shizuku
3892:AMSR2 (
3872:AMR-C (
3711:InSight
3705:Galileo
3412:Landing
3407:Orbiter
3196:DePhine
3149:ExoMars
3102:Planned
3073:Mars 96
3033:1M No.2
2995:flights
2968:Zhurong
2895:InSight
2880:Phoenix
2816:Landers
2676:Rosetta
2538:orbiter
2399:italics
2382:Unnamed
2251:Soyuz 8
2244:Soyuz 7
2237:Soyuz 6
2226:ESRO-1B
2150:Unnamed
2016:Luna 15
1621:Soyuz 5
1614:Soyuz 4
1308:Bibcode
1229:Bibcode
1079:. 2013.
1039:. 2014.
766:Canopus
584:equator
479: (
419: (
342:SATCAT
227: (
167: (
90:SATCAT
5315:rover)
5283:HiRISE
5224:rover)
5212:MASPEX
5168:Nozomi
5129:rover)
4911:Magsat
4906:FIELDS
4853:ICEMAG
4808:FIELDS
4729:rover)
4675:SPICAV
4670:SPICAM
4607:SPICAV
4602:SPICAM
4539:IRIS (
4389:EURECA
4215:GCOM-C
4213:SGLI (
4203:EURECA
4196:JERS-1
3986:Seasat
3939:MOPITT
3885:AMSR (
3882:(AQUA)
3880:AMSR-E
3778:Nozomi
3716:Kaguya
3662:WISDOM
3627:MARSIS
3622:SHARAD
3617:SELENE
3612:REASON
3241:MetNet
3145:(2026)
3133:(2024)
3113:(2024)
3095:Future
3019:Failed
2938:Spirit
2920:PrOP-M
2913:Rovers
2904:lander
2839:Mars 7
2834:Mars 6
2829:Mars 3
2824:Mars 2
2791:Nozomi
2733:Mars 5
2728:Mars 4
2718:Mars 3
2713:Mars 2
2695:Psyche
2670:Mars 7
2665:Mars 6
2655:Zond 2
2645:Mars 1
2637:Flybys
2548:Rovers
2474:Active
2123:ERS-32
2070:Zond 7
1930:ERS-26
1925:ERS-29
1774:OV1-19
1769:OV1-18
1764:OV1-17
1717:ESSA-9
1656:Isis 1
1586:1970 →
1571:← 1968
1334:
1326:
1255:
1247:
1197:
1159:
1131:
778:newton
687:canals
591:Launch
447:LC-36A
430:Rocket
388:381 kg
195:LC-36B
178:Rocket
136:381 kg
5288:LORRI
5161:FREND
4981:Swarm
4883:Swarm
4740:rover
4708:Raman
4665:NOMAD
4641:Alice
4597:Ralph
4574:MERIS
4551:JIRAM
4518:rover
4510:AKARI
4387:ORI (
4228:VIIRS
4201:ORI (
4194:OPS (
4189:MODIS
4174:MOS-1
4160:GLI (
4141:CERES
4131:AVNIR
4120:Terra
4112:ASTER
4107:AVHRR
4026:WSF-M
4016:SSMIS
4011:SSM/I
3950:MOS-1
3948:MSR (
3943:Terra
3930:MIRAS
3586:Radar
3422:Rover
3402:Flyby
3367:Vesta
3251:PADME
2518:MAVEN
2085:ATS-5
2080:PAC-1
2075:OSO-6
1998:STV-2
1960:OGO-6
1935:OV5-9
1634:OSO-5
630:Earth
396:449 W
393:Power
312:flyby
144:449 W
141:Power
60:flyby
5346:Misc
5247:SEIS
5218:MOMA
5153:(on
5048:DSLP
5046:and
5044:TPMU
4857:PIMS
4855:and
4846:Juno
4785:SGVM
4774:GOES
4589:(on
4587:SUDA
4583:MISE
4543:and
4528:ISEM
4494:TRMM
4474:MOMS
4469:CASE
4395:LYRA
4284:IRIS
4274:(on
4264:(on
4156:ERSS
4151:ERBS
4126:AIRS
4116:MISR
4071:Juno
4021:TRMM
4006:SMOS
4001:SMMR
3996:SMAP
3935:MISR
3910:ERSS
3868:AQUA
3748:6, 7
3124:Hera
2683:Dawn
2629:Past
2529:Hope
2444:Mars
2302:Azur
1579:1969
1332:PMID
1324:ISSN
1285:2019
1253:PMID
1245:ISSN
1206:2019
1195:ISSN
1168:2019
1157:ISSN
1129:ISBN
1097:NASA
1032:NASA
1013:2011
1006:NASA
977:2022
970:NASA
948:2011
941:NASA
914:2022
907:NASA
707:The
621:BECO
600:NASA
572:Mars
565:NASA
559:and
551:and
499:Mars
349:3837
321:NASA
310:Mars
247:Mars
97:3759
69:NASA
58:Mars
5151:DAN
5086:SPS
4841:MAG
4680:UVS
4489:TES
4440:ISO
4272:HP3
4266:LRO
4066:MWR
2442:to
1394:by
1385:by
1316:doi
1237:doi
1036:JPL
613:LOX
344:no.
325:JPL
92:no.
73:JPL
5385::
4931:10
4821:11
4585:,
4581:,
4347:10
4329:11
4234:,
4178:1b
4114:,
3937:,
3797:11
3790:10
3758:10
3657:16
3652:15
3647:10
3080:/
2867:/
1330:.
1322:.
1314:.
1302:.
1276:.
1265:^
1251:.
1243:.
1235:.
1225:10
1223:.
1193:.
1187:.
1151:.
1123:.
1105:^
1095:.
1075:.
1053:.
1034:/
1029:.
1004:.
1000:.
985:^
968:.
964:.
939:.
935:.
922:^
905:.
901:.
736:.
718:.
697:.
652:.
323:/
71:/
5311:(
5261:2
5220:(
5177:)
5157:)
5147:)
5138:)
5125:(
4926:5
4921:4
4849:)
4843:(
4835:2
4742:)
4735:(
4725:(
4693:2
4593:)
4557:M
4547:)
4545:2
4391:)
4360:2
4338:)
4278:)
4268:)
4258:)
4238:)
4230:(
4224:)
4217:)
4205:)
4198:)
4164:)
4147:)
4122:)
4118:(
4074:)
4068:(
3982:)
3959:)
3945:)
3941:(
3896:)
3889:)
3876:)
3833:2
3753:9
3743:5
3738:4
3733:3
3642:9
3637:8
3573:e
3566:t
3559:v
3151:(
2432:e
2425:t
2418:v
1562:e
1555:t
1548:v
1446:e
1439:t
1432:v
1338:.
1318::
1310::
1304:8
1287:.
1259:.
1239::
1231::
1208:.
1170:.
1137:.
1015:.
979:.
950:.
916:.
730:2
555:(
483:)
423:)
231:)
171:)
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
