383:. She constructed a Great House for herself and her guests as well as a lighthouse, school, church, and cannery. She created an agricultural enterprise and employed hundreds of Bahamians, also building complexes for them. Carstairs considered herself the official ruler of the island, and made laws banning alcohol and adultery, named all children born on the island, officiated marriages, and hired a private militia to protect the island. Her approach to them was paternalistic, but she was said to be extremely generous. She later expanded these properties by also buying the additional islands of
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which was intended to achieve 115 miles per hour (185 km/h) and capture the
Harmsworth Cup. However, circumstances caused her to withdraw and the boat was completed with a more economical engine delivering 57 miles per hour (92 km/h). During this time, the North American press erroneously
151:
Carstairs' mother, an alcoholic and drug addict, later married
Captain Francis Francis, with whom she had two more children, Evelyn (Sally) Francis and Francis Francis Jr. (Frank). She divorced Captain Francis to marry French count Roger de Périgny in 1915, but eventually left him because of his
252:
district. Several of the X-Garage staff had served as drivers during the war and spoke French, German, or
Italian. The cars and drivers could be hired for long-distance trips and the business specialised in taking grieving relatives for visits to war graves and former battlefields in France and
243:
In 1920, with three former colleagues from the Women's Legion
Mechanical Transport Section, she started the X-Garage, a car-hire and chauffeuring service that featured a women-only staff of drivers and mechanics. Carstairs (and her friends and lovers) lived in a flat above the garage, which was
331:
Carstairs was known for her generosity towards friends. She was close to several male racing drivers and land speed record competitors, using her considerable wealth to assist them. She paid $ 10,000 of her money to fund the building of one of the
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Between 1925 and 1930, Carstairs spent considerable time in powerboats and became a very successful racer winning many notable trophies – the Duke of York's Trophy in 1926, the Royal Motor Yacht Club
International Race, the
148:. Captain Carstairs re-enlisted with the Army the week before Joe was born; he and Evelyn divorced soon afterwards. At least one biographer has suggested that the captain may not have been Joe's biological father.
124:(1 February 1900 – 18 December 1993) was a wealthy British power boat racer known for her speed, eccentric lifestyle, and gender nonconformity. In the 1920s, she was known as the ‘fastest woman on water’.
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For the remainder of her life, Joe
Carstairs claimed her mother had been murdered by her husband for her money. There was no evidence for this, but Voronoff's inheritance from Evelyn made him a wealthy man.
232:
Joe
Carstairs married a childhood friend, the French aristocrat Count Jacques de Pret, on 7 January 1918 in Paris. The purpose of the marriage was simply to allow Carstairs’ access to her
190:
Carstairs lived a colourful life. She usually dressed as a man; had tattooed arms; and loved machines, adventure and speed. Openly lesbian, she had numerous affairs with women, including
156:, a Russian–French surgeon who become famous in the 1920s and 1930s for his practice of transplanting monkey testicle tissue into male humans for the claimed purpose of
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independently of her mother. The marriage was annulled immediately after her mother's death on the grounds of non-consummation. By means of a
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to transport guests to the theatre or to shows. During the early 1920s, X-Garage cars were a familiar sight in London's fashionable circles.
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160:. For some years Evelyn had believed in Voronoff's theories, and she funded his research and acted as his laboratory assistant at the
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287:, naming it Lord Tod Wadley. She became exceptionally attached to this doll, keeping it with her until her death, although—unlike
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in 1993 at the age of 93. The doll Lord Tod Wadley was cremated with her. Her ashes and those of Ruth
Baldwin were buried in
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198:'s niece and a fellow ambulance driver from Dublin with whom she had lived in Paris—and a string of actresses, most notably
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Carstairs had a rocky relationship with her mother, who sent her to the Low-Heywood School for Girls, a boarding school in
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and his wife Helen. Joe
Carstairs' legal father was Scottish army officer Captain Albert Carstairs, first of the
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began referring to her as "Betty," a nickname she loathed; she claimed that journalists used it out of spite.
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Belgium. They were also hired for journeys within London and the garage had an arrangement with the
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557:"Carstairs, Joe [formerly Marion Barbara] (1900–1993), heir and motor-boat racing driver"
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Bardie and Molly
Coleclough, and Joan Mackern, who had been awarded the OBE for her war-services.
438:
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after capsizing on a test run. With it, she won her first trophy, the Southampton Water trophy.
295:'—she didn't take it into her speedboats for fear of losing it. She had clothes made for it in
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via her mother and grandmother. The same year, she had her first speedboat built and named it
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and had its name placed with her own on the name plaque on the door of her London apartment.
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During this time, she also started writing poetry under the pseudonym of Hans Bernstein.
345:, who once described her as "the greatest sportsman I know." She was equally generous to
240:, she renounced her married name and resumed using the name Carstairs in February 1922.
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Mechanical Transport Section, which acted as transport for British officers during the
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in Nova Scotia, Carstairs ordered a 30-foot (9.1 m) hydrofoil boat from the
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she longed for remained out of reach. Intrigued by the hydrofoil designs of
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889:. Internet Archive. New York, NY : Simon & Schuster. p. 176.
518:– On 18th December 1993, Marion B (Jo), at Naples, Florida, USA, aged 93.
152:
infidelity. Her fourth and last husband, whom she married in 1920, was
1201:
Immigrants to former British colonies and protectorates in the Americas
133:
64:
950:"Rick McGraw, "Alexander Graham Bell (1847–1922) the Boat Builder",
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During World War I, Carstairs served in France with the American
260:
In 1925, X-Garage closed and Carstairs inherited a fortune from
217:, driving ambulances. After the war, she served with Britain’s
367:
In 1934, Carstairs invested $ 40,000 purchasing the island of
886:
Game changers : the unsung heroines of sports history
221:
in France, reburying the war dead; and in Dublin with the
926:
Boss Ladies, Watch Out!: Essays on Women, Sex and Writing
371:
in the Bahamas where she lavishly hosted guests such as
355:
was powered by the pair of engines from her powerboat
995:
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Cup, the Bestise Cup, and the Lucina cup. Still, the
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After selling Whale Cay in 1975, Carstairs moved to
171:, at the age of 11 due to her rebellious behaviour.
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566:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004.
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513:. London, England. 11 January 1994. p. 16.
183:Joe Carstairs in 1928 or 1929, photographed by
732:"Carstairs, Marion Barbara "Joe" (1900-1993)"
8:
452:List of ambulance drivers during World War I
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758:. Internet Archive. Viking. p. 22.
18:Marion Barbara "Joe" Carstairs
563:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
531:"Women's Employment | Historic England"
501:
463:
1191:English emigrants to the United States
617:Weekend Books: A fast lady called Joe.
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164:in Paris. Evelyn died in March 1921.
7:
1106:. Southampton: Ensign Publications.
115:Count de Pret (1918–1921, annulment)
1060:from the original on 4 January 2022
1085:Eat My Dust: Early Women Motorists
924:Terry Castle (13 September 2013).
25:
911:"Photograph with Lord Tod Wadley"
839:. 24 February 1922. p. 1652.
363:Later life: Whale Cay and Florida
48:Carstairs holding Lord Tod Wadley
1196:British emigrants to the Bahamas
349:, whose record-breaking vehicle
283:doll in 1925 by her girlfriend,
268:after one of her former lovers,
441:podcast covers Carstairs' life.
954:Spring 2012, Issue 113, p. 24"
784:Castle, Terry (5 March 1998).
132:Carstairs was born in 1900 in
122:Marion Barbara 'Joe' Carstairs
36:Marion Barbara "Joe" Carstairs
1:
662:. 6 March 1900. p. 1532.
1181:British women in World War I
642:. 10 May 1892. p. 2705.
597:UK public library membership
473:See Summerscale (1997), p.34
1216:English lesbian sportswomen
1104:Fast Boats and Flying Boats
786:"If everybody had a Wadley"
437:Season 5, Episode 2 of the
1232:
1121:Summerscale, Kate (1997).
928:. Routledge. p. 218.
272:. But it was soon renamed
76:18 December 1993 (aged 93)
1083:Georgine Clarsen (2011).
1000:Charles Jennings (2005).
752:Kate Summerscale (1998).
227:Irish War of Independence
107:Heiress, power boat racer
67:, England, United Kingdom
41:
1166:British motorboat racers
248:in London's fashionable
219:Royal Army Service Corps
82:, Florida, United States
58:Marion Barbara Carstairs
399:and a tract of land on
146:Princess of Wales's Own
27:British motorboat racer
1125:The Queen of Whale Cay
883:Schiot, Molly (2016).
790:London Review of Books
755:The queen of Whale Cay
621:The Queen of Whale Cay
572:10.1093/ref:odnb/65768
535:historicengland.org.uk
187:
1102:Adrian Rance (1989).
1050:"S5E2: Joe Carstairs"
730:Pettis, Ruth (2015).
313:Alexander Graham Bell
279:She was also given a
182:
169:Stamford, Connecticut
858:Clarsen (2011), p.43
849:Clarsen (2011), p.42
343:Sir Malcolm Campbell
325:Baddeck, Nova Scotia
1206:People from Mayfair
1129:. London: Penguin.
509:"Personal column".
1211:Mechanics (people)
1056:. 4 January 2022.
1039:, p. 233—234.
1027:, p. 217-218.
987:, p. 105-106.
836:The London Gazette
792:. pp. 10–12.
659:The London Gazette
639:The London Gazette
432:In Popular Culture
416:Carstairs died in
381:Duchess of Windsor
188:
142:Royal Irish Rifles
1094:978-1-421-405-148
935:978-1-135-22528-5
896:978-1-5011-3709-9
765:978-0-670-88018-8
595:(Subscription or
581:978-0-19-861412-8
339:land speed record
309:Harmsworth Trophy
204:Tallulah Bankhead
162:Collège de France
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16:(Redirected from
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1054:Bad Gays Podcast
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1037:Summerscale 1997
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959:. Archived from
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373:Marlene Dietrich
250:South Kensington
246:Cromwell Gardens
208:Marlene Dietrich
96:Other names
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223:Women's Legion
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154:Serge Voronoff
144:and later the
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1151:Leslie Field
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1084:
1077:Bibliography
1062:. Retrieved
1053:
1044:
1032:
1020:
1002:The Fast Set
1001:
980:
968:. Retrieved
961:the original
952:Classic Boat
951:
944:
925:
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803:21 September
801:. Retrieved
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680:
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587:28 September
585:. Retrieved
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538:. Retrieved
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428:, New York.
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285:Ruth Baldwin
278:
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262:Standard Oil
259:
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158:rejuvenation
150:
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121:
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29:
1176:1993 deaths
1171:1900 births
831:"No. 32620"
654:"No. 27171"
634:"No. 26286"
619:(review of
613:Irish Times
393:Devil's Cay
291:'s mascot '
270:Gwen Farrar
255:Savoy Hotel
200:Greta Garbo
196:Oscar Wilde
192:Dolly Wilde
88:Nationality
1160:Categories
1004:. Abacus.
739:GLBTQ, Inc
599:required.)
540:22 October
491:References
426:Sag Harbor
395:, half of
297:Savile Row
293:Mr Whoppit
234:trust fund
99:Joe, Tuffy
798:0260-9592
516:CARSTAIRS
511:The Times
496:Citations
369:Whale Cay
357:Estelle V
347:John Cobb
341:cars for
335:Blue Bird
238:deed poll
215:Red Cross
175:1916–1934
128:Biography
1064:6 August
1058:Archived
446:See also
439:Bad Gays
385:Bird Cay
375:and the
970:9 April
389:Cat Cay
134:Mayfair
91:British
1133:
1110:
1091:
1008:
932:
893:
796:
762:
593:
578:
401:Andros
281:Steiff
206:, and
112:Spouse
80:Naples
65:London
964:(PDF)
957:(PDF)
735:(PDF)
458:Notes
1131:ISBN
1108:ISBN
1089:ISBN
1066:2024
1006:ISBN
972:2014
930:ISBN
891:ISBN
805:2019
794:ISSN
760:ISBN
589:2019
576:ISBN
542:2020
379:and
377:Duke
315:and
274:Newg
266:Gwen
73:Died
54:Born
568:doi
424:in
323:in
1162::
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194:—
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
