143:, was eventually arrested in 1997; his operation was thought to be "one of the largest and most sophisticated antiquities networks in the world, responsible for illegally digging up and spiriting away thousands of top-drawer pieces and passing them on to the most elite end of the international art market". Medici was sentenced in 2004, by a court in Rome, to ten years in prison and a fine of 10 million euros, "the largest penalty ever meted out for antiquities crime in Italy".
34:. True was indicted on April 1, 2005, by an Italian court, on criminal charges accusing her of participating in a conspiracy that laundered stolen artifacts through private collections and creating a fake paper trail; the Greeks later followed suit. Though the charges against True were eventually dropped, the legal actions brought to light many questions about museum acquisitions, administration, repatriation, and ethics.
128:, for conspiracy to traffic in illicit antiquities. She was accused of participating in a conspiracy that laundered stolen objects through private collection in order to create a fake paper trail that would serve as the items' provenance. The Getty issued statements supporting True, "We Trust that this trial will result in her exoneration and end further damage to the personal and professional reputation of Dr. True."
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in 1985 for $ 7 million and first exhibited there in
October 1986. If genuine, it is one of only twelve complete kouroi still extant. If fake, it exhibits a high degree of technical and artistic sophistication by an as-yet unidentified forger. Its status remains undetermined: today the museum's label
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All charges against True were eventually dismissed. Because the statute of limitations had expired, she was acquitted in 2007 of charges relating to the acquisition of a 2,500-year-old funerary wreath, which was shown to have been looted from northern Greece. The wreath in question had already been
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In 1995, True put in place another acquisition policy that prohibited the museum from acquiring antiquities that lacked thorough documentation, or that had not previously been part of an established collection. Later in 1995, The Getty incorporated the collection of
Barbara and Lawrence Fleischman
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On
October 1, 2005, True resigned from The Getty. In November 2006, The Greek prosecution followed the Italian's lead, charging True with trafficking in looted antiquities due to her involvement in The Getty's purchase of an illicitly excavated golden funerary wreath. On November 20, 2006, the
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The Golden Wreath was bought by The Getty in 1994 for $ 1.15 million. True was shown the wreath in a Swiss bank vault before purchasing and determined that it was "too dangerous" to purchase, because of its signs of looting. Under the advisement of The Getty's board, True purchased it through
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sculpture acquired by The Getty in 1988, it is a 7-foot-tall, 1,300-pound statue of limestone and marble. The Museum and True ignored the obvious signs that it was looted. It was returned to
Morgantina in early March, 2011. It is thought that the sculpture actually portrays
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on
December 18, 2006, True stated that she was being made to "carry the burden" for practices which were known, approved, and condoned by The Getty's board of directors. True testified for the first time in March 2007.
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In
September 2007, Italy dropped the civil charges against True. The Getty also announced its plan to return 40 out of 46 objects. On September 26, 2007, Getty Center signed a contract with the Italian Culture
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In
November 2007, the Greek criminal charges against True were dropped as the statute of limitations had expired. The wreath and three other items from the Getty's collection were returned to Greece.
108:. The label in the museum reads, "Greek, 530 BCE or Modern Forgery". This Kouros was worth $ 10 million in 1985 when it was acquired, and it is believed to have been looted from southern Italy.
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116:; Larry Fleischman offered to loan True the money to repay this loan in 1996. Later, lawyers would question if True and the Fleischmans had a conflict of interest.
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returned to Greece. In 2010, an
Italian court dismissed the remainder of the charges against her, holding that the statute of limitations has expired.
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in 1986. True created a new policy for The Getty in 1987, which required the museum to notify governments when objects were being considered for
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into the museum's collection. During that same year, True obtained a private loan to purchase a vacation home on the Greek Island of
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is an over-life-size statue in the form of a late archaic Greek kouros. The dolomitic marble sculpture was also bought by
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101:. Under this new policy, if a government could prove an object had been illegally exported, the museum would return it.
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302:"A True Controversy: The Trial of Marion True and Its Lessons for Curators, Museums Boards, and National Governments.
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In 1992, True organized a symposium to debate the authenticity of a Greek kouros, which is referred to today as the
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The trail ... ended abruptly on
Wednesday, after a court in Rome ruled that the statute of limitations had run out
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to return stolen arts from Italy. Forty ancient art works would be returned including: the 5th century BC
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warehouse, which contained a fortune in stolen artifacts. Italian art dealer,
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The primary evidence in the case came from the 1995 raid of a
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to study the classics and fine arts at New York University,
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LATimes.com ~ "Getty lets her take fall, ex-curator says"
397:"Onward and Upward with the Arts: Den of Antiquity."
258:reads "Greek, about 530 B.C., or modern forgery".
22:(born November 5, 1948) was the former curator of
560:New York University Institute of Fine Arts alumni
316:"Case Involving Former Curator Marion True Ends"
555:People associated with the J. Paul Getty Museum
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440:BBC NEWS, Getty to hand back 'looted art'
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221:Aphrodite of Morgantina was an
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550:Art and cultural repatriation
322:. The New York Times Company
570:21st-century American women
345:"The puzzle of Marion True"
88:Museum of Fine Arts, Boston
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48:Newburyport, Massachusetts
46:, in 1948, and grew up in
565:Harvard University alumni
147:Director of the museum,
80:Emily Dickinson Vermeule
54:. True later received a
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32:Los Angeles, California
343:Christopher Reynolds,
314:Povoledo, Elisabetta.
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82:. True was trained by
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28:J. Paul Getty Museum
217:Contested artifacts
156:J. Paul Getty Trust
154:In a letter to the
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374:2007-09-27 at the
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505:February 16, 2012
470:Los Angeles Times
402:9 April 1007:1–8
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320:NYTimes.com
137:Switzerland
68:archaeology
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52:Antiquities
38:Early years
24:antiquities
20:Marion True
524:Categories
266:References
228:Persephone
223:acrolithic
255:Jiří Frel
236:Aphrodite
187:paintings
176:limestone
173:Aphrodite
486:LA Times
372:Archived
348:Archived
165:ministry
26:for the
232:Demeter
201:vases.
191:Pompeii
95:curator
76:Harvard
451:Intl.
326:13 May
195:bronze
184:fresco
180:marble
133:Geneva
199:Greek
120:Trial
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74:from
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60:NYU
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