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scheme of things. Brigham Young further explained that those who were to have been Abel's descendants had already been assigned to his lineage, and if they were ever to come "into the world in the regular way, they would have to come through him." In order that Cain's posterity not gain an advantage the Lord denied them the priesthood until such time as "the class of spirits presided over by Abel should have the privilege of coming into the world." Those spirits formerly under Cain's leadership were reportedly aware of the implications of this decision, yet "still looked up to him, and rather than forsake him they were willing to bear his burdens and share the penalty imposed upon him."
756:, both Cain and Abel were leaders. The spirits of Black people fought under Cain and were assigned to be Cain's descendants. Those that fought under Abel were assigned to be Abel's descendants. Cain hoped that by killing his brother, the spirits that were under him would have an advantage over the spirits under Abel. However, God cursed Cain and his descendants not to have the priesthood until all of Abel's descendants had the priesthood. The spirits of Black people understood this and stood with Cain and accepted the punishment.
2381:
901:"Slaves were accepted as members in the same manner as whites were. After a slave expressed his or her desire to join a church, he or she was required to describe his or her religious experience. If the congregation was favorably impressed by one's testimony, the applicant was accepted into the fellowship and he or she was baptized. When black church members moved from one community to another, they were given letters of dismissal which they might place with another Baptist church.
833:
that because they did not have the right to govern the affairs of the Church due to the priesthood ban, they also should not have the right to govern the affairs of the state, including the right to vote. He warned that if they made the children of Cain equal to them, they would be cursed. He also argued that if someone married a descendant of Cain, that they would also have the same curse. The church has since repudiated all of these teachings.
218:
1798:
Cain, in murdering Abel, had "deprived his brother of the privilege of pursuing his journey through life, and of extending his kingdom by multiplying upon the earth." Cain had reportedly hoped thereby to gain an advantage over Abel—the number of one's posterity somehow being important in the overall
1594:
Brigham Young spoke for many Saints in 1863 when he assessed the Civil War raging in the East: 'One portion of the country wish to raise their ... black slaves and the other wish to free them, and apparently to almost worship them.... Who cares? ... Ham will continue to be the servant of servants,
801:
church member Bryan E. Powell says: "There is no pleasure in old news, and this news is old." Gladys
Newkirk agrees, stating: "I've never experienced any problems in this church. I don't need an apology We're the result of an apology." Many Black Mormons say that they are willing to look beyond the
350:
is God's promise to offer Cain divine protection from premature death with the stated purpose of preventing anyone from killing him. It is not known what the mark was, but it is assumed that the mark was visible. Some have speculated that the mark was a Hebrew or
Sumerian letter placed on either the
832:
When Utah was considering the legalization of slavery, Brigham Young told the Utah
Territorial Legislature that the curse of Cain required slavery. He argued that until all of the descendants of Abel have access to the priesthood, all of the descendants of Cain should remain in servitude. He argued
565:
to, nor accept confessions from White parishioners. The justification for this policy was not excused by the espousal of a "curse of Cain" doctrine, instead, it was justified by the widely held perception among southern clergy and congregations that it would offend too many White parishioners if
655:
talks about shunning the descendants of Cain and that they had black skin: "And Enoch also beheld the residue of the people which were the sons of Adam; and they were a mixture of all the seed of Adam save it was the seed of Cain, for the seed of Cain were black, and had not place among them."
805:
The LDS Church has issued an official statement about past practices and theories regarding skin color, stating: "oday, the Church disavows the theories advanced in the past that black skin is a sign of divine disfavor or curse, Church leaders today unequivocally condemn all racism, past and
774:
said: "There is not now, and there never has been a doctrine in this church that the negroes are under a divine curse. There is no doctrine in the church of any kind pertaining to the negro. We believe that we have a scriptural precedent for withholding the priesthood from the negro. It is a
245:
for Cain's curse. The first concerns the earth that was cursed by Abel's blood. Should Cain attempt to farm the land, the earth would not yield produce for him. This may imply why he went on to build cities, namely the City of Enoch. The second part of the curse marks Cain as a fugitive
910:, and contributed to help support the various programs of the denomination. Still blacks and females in antebellum Baptist churches held a membership status subordinate to that of adult white males, since that group alone determined denominational policies and procedures.
604:). One interpretation of this passage states that Ham married a descendant of Cain. While there is no indication in the Bible of Ham's wife descending from Cain, this interpretation was used to justify slavery and it was particularly popular in North America during the
707:(LDS Church) still teaches that Ham's wife was a descendant of Cain. The "Guide to the Scriptures," published as an explanatory companion to the scriptures, states "Ham's wife, Egyptus, was a descendant of Cain; the sons of their daughter Egyptus settled in Egypt".
237:. The curse was the result of Cain murdering his brother, Abel, and lying about the murder to God. When Cain spilled his brother's blood, the earth became cursed as soon as the blood hit the ground. In a sense, the earth was left "drinking Abel's blood".
752:) accepted the idea that people of African ancestry were generally under the curse of Cain, and in 1852, he stated that people of Black African descent were not eligible to hold the church's priesthood. Young taught that in the
461:
According to author Ruth
Mellinkoff, commentators' interpretations of the nature of the "mark" depended on their views regarding the status of Cain, as either being given additional time to repent or as being further shamed.
537:
The curse of Cain was used to support a ban on ordaining Black people to most
Protestant clergies until the 1960s in both the United States and Europe. However, the majority of Christian churches in the world, including the
1759:, Diary of Wilford Woodruff, January 16, 1852. "ny man having one drop of the seed of … in him cannot hold the priesthood and if no other Prophet ever spake it before I will say it now in the name of Jesus Christ".
716:
76:, the damage would come back sevenfold. Some interpretations view this as a physical mark, whereas other interpretations see the "mark" as a sign, and not as a physical mark on Cain himself. The
1339:
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from God allowing all worthy male members of the church to receive the priesthood without regard to race or color. Although the church had previously been criticized for its policy during the
686:. The account states that Cain had earnestly sought death but was denied it, and that his mission was to destroy the souls of men. The recollection of Patten's story is quoted in apostle
1086:
The Brown Driver Briggs Hebrew and
English Lexicon: with an appendix containing the Biblical Aramaic; coded with the numbering system from "Strong's Exhaustive Concordance of the Bible"
1193:
1868:
37:
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drunk and naked in his tent, but instead of honoring his father by covering his nakedness, he ran and told his brothers about it. Because of this, Noah cursed Ham's son,
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slaves or their descendants had any authority over White people – the race of their former masters and still their presumptive superiors. This was neither approved by a
190:
1508:
1836:
704:
2743:
1955:
294:. Modern interpretations of the Hebrew verse 12 suggest that Cain went on to live a nomadic lifestyle and that he was also excluded from the family unit. In the
490:
suggest that this belief had existed for some time. Protestant preachers wrote exegetical analyses of the curse, with the assumption that it was dark skin.
478:
denominations began teaching the belief that the mark of Cain was a dark skin tone in an attempt to justify their actions, although early descriptions of
2531:
1349:
617:
1507:
306:
interprets the Greek version to mean that Cain experienced a real physical affliction that would enable others to know who he was when they saw him.
2281:
1377:
LIV (January 1997): 103–42. See also
William McKee Evans, "From the Land of Canaan to the Land of Guinea: The Strange Odyssey of the Sons of Ham",
2313:
797:
Many Black church members think that giving an apology would be a "detriment" to church work and a catalyst for further racial misunderstanding.
554:
churches, did not recognize the racist interpretations and did not participate in the religious movement to exclude Black people from ministry.
2834:
2617:
1934:
1816:
1622:
1545:
2168:
827:
749:
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Benjamin Braude, "The Sons of Noah and the
Construction of Ethnic and Geographical Identities in the Medieval and Early Modern Periods",
110:), which could mean a sign, omen, warning, remembrance, motion, gesture, agreement, miracle, wonder, or, most commonly, a letter. In the
1872:
657:
2736:
2038:
1657:
643:
of the 19th century commonly assumed that Black
Africans had Cain's "mark" of black skin, and Ham's curse to be servants of servants.
802:
former teachings and cleave to the doctrines of the church, in part because of its powerful, detailed teachings on life after death.
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began during the height of
Protestant acceptance of the curse of Cain doctrine in North America, as well as the even more popular
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2858:
2539:
648:
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2698:
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1811:
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to be relevant in modern times, since he himself (and other church leaders close to him) ordained Black men into it, notably
726:
627:
1852:
1417:"Curses and Marks: Racial Dispensations and Dispensations of Race in Joseph Smith's Bible Revision and the Book of Abraham"
2729:
2516:
1678:
783:
31:
1401:
John N. Swift and Gigen Mammoser, "Out of the Realm of Superstition: Chesnutt's 'Dave's Neckliss' and the Curse of Ham",
766:
Several of Young's successors defended the priesthood ban as being a result of the curse of Cain, though some disagreed.
2904:
2899:
1821:
1614:
1430:
759:
The ban on the priesthood affected Black members differently than it did in other churches because the LDS Church has a
471:
298:, the emphasis on Cain's curse is dramatically increased by the combination of the Greek participles στένων καὶ τρέμων (
1682:
1510:
Latter Day Saints' Messenger and Advocate/Volume 2/Number 7/Letter to Oliver Cowdery from Joseph Smith, Jr. (Apr. 1836)
406:: "He engraved a letter of His Name onto his forehead." The same statement about the Tetragrammaton was expressed by
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815:
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in the Southern United States independently adopted a policy of not permitting Black people to oversee, administer
1893:
601:
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group used the curse of Cain as a justification for slavery. Some 19th- and 20th-century Baptist ministers in the
399:
1575:
1421:
2884:
2771:
2709:
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139:
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210:
127:
115:
99:
179:
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159:
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1926:
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well into the mid-20th century, though members of all races were accepted at worship services. In 1995, the
194:
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1976:
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42:
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2026:
Cain and Abel in text and tradition: Jewish and Christian interpretations of the first sibling rivalry
1172:
647:
both taught that Black people were cursed descendants of Cain, and used it to justify slavery. In the
2752:
2523:
1999:
1077:
767:
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stated, "What is the mark? You will see it on the countenance of every African you ever did see...."
605:
411:
315:
198:
46:
775:
practice, not a doctrine, and the practice someday will be changed. And that's all there is to it."
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1960:
597:
375:
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222:
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77:
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1089:
872:
798:
589:
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1310:
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Caino, lo gnosticismo e i testimonia nel quadro dell’esegesi del II sec. I Perati e i Cainiti
2489:
2462:
2048:
2030:
1977:"Mormon past steeped in racism: Some black members want church to denounce racist doctrines"
1756:
1434:
1344:
1324:
1279:
1233:
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Black church members worshiped in the sanctuary with whites, participated in the service of
679:
668:
543:
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1981:
1916:
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675:
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430:
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331:
291:
267:
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69:
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There is no clear consensus as to what Cain's mark was. The word translated as "mark" in
2253:
Black Majority: Negroes in Colonial South Carolina from 1670 Through the Stono Rebellion
322:
translate the same verse to mean that Cain feared being "an exile and an unstable man".
2411:
2142:
1900:
1210:
852:
847:
771:
700:
487:
403:
388:
242:
2170:
Neither White Nor Black: Mormon Scholars Confront the Race Issue in a Universal Church
1779:
Neither White Nor Black: Mormon Scholars Confront the Race Issue in a Universal Church
2873:
2322:
2213:
753:
745:
683:
661:
644:
479:
475:
445:
in his English commentary on the Zohar, suggest that the mark of Cain was the letter
93:
65:
1645:
The Forging of Races: Race and Scripture in the Protestant Atlantic World, 1600–2000
2662:
2647:
2427:
2164:
2108:
1940:
1663:
1628:
1589:
1551:
1492:
1284:
882:
862:
790:, the change seems to have been prompted by problems facing mixed-race converts in
734:
722:
636:
585:
579:
519:
515:
446:
131:
2053:
The curse of Ham : race and slavery in early Judaism, Christianity, and Islam
1571:
In Search of the Racial Frontier: African Americans in the American West 1528-1990
608:
due to interpretations identifying Ham as the progenitor of the people of Africa.
441:
does not actually tell us which of the letters it was. Some commentators, such as
1920:
1849:
1569:
1531:
1476:
945:
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priesthood in which virtually all worthy male members become priesthood holders.
2852:
2703:
2470:
1841:
877:
842:
730:
2144:
Saints, Slaves, and Blacks: The changing place of Black people within Mormonism
217:
2005:
1516:
1438:
974:
938:
NAAAS Conference Proceedings. National Association of African American Studies
857:
562:
483:
371:
352:
295:
238:
234:
2276:
2443:
2093:
907:
632:
374:("Rav") said that God gave Cain a dog, making him an example for murderers.
311:
17:
2124:
514:
taught the belief that there were two separate heavens; one heaven was for
1777:
2677:
1533:
Religion of a Different Color: Race and the Mormon Struggle for Whiteness
1173:"Genesis – Chapter 4 (Parshah Bereishit) – Tanakh Online – Torah – Bible"
547:
499:
422:
383:
1685:, ID: CR 100 317, p. 2. Salt Lake City: LDS Church History Library.
2721:
2243:
1386:
640:
558:
503:
379:
226:
147:
135:
346:) could mean a sign, an omen, a warning, or a remembrance. The
310:
interprets the Greek verse 12 as an allegory for Cain's fear of being
791:
531:
319:
936:
Thursby, Jacqueline S. (2013). "A Slave Tale: Closing an Anathema".
1732:
1450:
760:
434:
426:
415:
395:
307:
216:
189:
143:
111:
81:
50:
36:
717:
Black people and temple and priesthood policies in the LDS Church
114:, the same word is used to describe the stars as signs or omens (
2360:
2355:
2345:
2291:
2116:
593:
567:
522:. Southern Baptists either taught or practiced various forms of
73:
2725:
2295:
2238:. Institute for Social Research of the University of Michigan.
1111:, p. 119: Mellinkoff, 1942, p.210; Moberley, 2007, p.11-28
2350:
1088:(7. print. 1997 ed.). Peabody: Hendrickson. p. 16f.
359:
as a "sign". Thus, it is speculated that the mark served as a
119:
402:
by saying that the mark was one of the Hebrew letters of the
506:
and the education of slaves. At the time of the split, the
233:
The narrative of the curse of Cain is found in the text of
1478:
The Teachings of President Brigham Young Vol. 3 1852–1854
2282:
Encarta article that discusses race and religion in 1969
2194:
The Curse of Cain: The Untold Story of John Wilkes Booth
534:
and it also apologized for its past defense of slavery.
502:
organizations arose over doctrinal issues pertaining to
600:, by saying that he was to be "a servant of servants" (
429:
states that the mark of Cain was one of the twenty-two
466:
American Protestant racial beliefs on the mark of Cain
122:'s promise never again to destroy his creation with a
1595:
as the Lord has decreed, until the curse is removed.'
1397:
1395:
1812:"Mormonism's Negro Doctrine: An Historical Overview"
1296:
1294:
281:
261:
2827:
2801:
2785:
2759:
2686:
2640:
2575:
2550:
2508:
2481:
2454:
2395:
2388:
2338:
2215:
The Curse of Cain: The Violent Legacy of Monotheism
2104:
Life of David W. Patten: The first Apostolic martyr
1834:Sterling M. McMurrin affidavit, March 6, 1979. See
1610:
The Mormon Church and Blacks: A Documentary History
30:"Mark of Cain" redirects here. For other uses, see
2212:
2141:
1607:Harris, Matthew L.; Bringhurst, Newell G. (2015).
1302:
1261:Slavery as it Relates to the Negro or African Race
1683:Historian's Office reports of speeches, 1845–1885
286:). The combination making up this Hebrew phrase
1837:David O. McKay and the Rise of Modern Mormonism
705:the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
584:The Curse of Cain was often conflated with the
1369:
1367:
1301:Miller, Randall M.; Smith, John David (1988).
1238:. University of California Press. p. 13.
2737:
2307:
1194:
725:did not consider the ban on Black men to the
8:
1470:
1468:
1466:
1464:
1462:
1460:
498:The split between the Northern and Southern
378:said that God made a horn grow out of Cain.
64:are phrases that originated in the story of
1139:
1137:
2744:
2730:
2722:
2392:
2314:
2300:
2292:
363:to others not to commit the same offense.
302:, "groaning and shaking upon the earth").
1871:. churchofjesuschrist.org. Archived from
1869:"Spencer W. Kimball – Significant Events"
1309:. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. p.
770:reported that, in 1954, church president
618:Curses of Cain and Ham and the LDS Church
1994:
1992:
651:, considered scripture to most Mormons,
557:One exception was that certain Catholic
207:My Punishment is Greater than I can Bear
1706:
928:
894:
2835:History of slavery in the Muslim world
2532:Abel Sánchez: The History of a Passion
2055:(2nd printing. ed.). Princeton :
1695:
1481:. Salt Lake City: Collier Publishing.
580:Curse of Ham § Racism and slavery
382:said that God made Cain an example to
27:Phrase originating in the Hebrew Bible
1159:
1143:
1120:
1108:
1060:
1045:
1033:
1021:
1009:
997:
985:
970:
958:
639:doctrine. Like many North Americans,
570:nor derived from any papal teaching.
470:At some point after the start of the
290:, "fugitive and wanderer," is
7:
1922:Mormonism: A Very Short Introduction
828:Black segregation and the LDS Church
721:There is evidence which proves that
482:as "descendants of Cain" written by
72:. In the stories, if someone harmed
2277:Catholic Encyclopedia entry on Cain
2236:White Attitudes toward Black People
1956:"Black Mormons Resist Apology Talk"
1305:Dictionary of Afro-American Slavery
678:said he encountered a Black man in
271:
251:
2076:David W. Patten Apostle and Martyr
1415:Stuart Bingham, Ryan (July 2015).
699:Although not explicitly stated in
134:as a token of God's covenant with
25:
142:), and the miracles performed by
2859:Slavery in 21st-century Islamism
2379:
2192:Nottingham, Theodore J. (1998).
1975:Ramirez, Margaret (2005-07-26).
472:slave trade in the United States
2234:University of Michigan (1971).
2219:. University of Chicago Press.
2078:. Springville, UT: Cedar Fort.
2074:Whiting, Linda Shelley (2003).
1719:"Guide to the Scriptures – Ham"
1340:"Baptists renounce racist past"
1338:Kunnerth, Jeff (21 June 1995).
2699:Timeline of Genesis patriarchs
1679:Brigham Young, 1852 February 5
778:In 1978, LDS Church president
703:, at least one publication of
628:Mormon teachings on skin color
437:, although the Zohar's native
118:), the rainbow as the sign of
84:reads "set a mark upon Cain".
1:
2517:Book of the Penitence of Adam
2051:(2003). "The Curse of Cain".
1954:Broadway, Bill (1998-05-30).
1405:, vol. 42 no. 1, Fall 2009, 3
1348:. Orlando, FL. Archived from
518:, and another heaven was for
32:Mark of Cain (disambiguation)
2211:Schwartz, Regina M. (1997).
2101:Wilson, Lycurgus A (1904) .
1822:University of Illinois Press
1615:University of Illinois Press
1431:University of Illinois Press
1283:. April 1956. Archived from
2140:Bringhurst, Newell (1981).
1381:85 (February 1980): 15–43.
1024:, p. 98: Brayford, 254
528:Southern Baptist Convention
282:
262:
2931:
2559:Should the Bible Be Banned
2196:. Sovereign Publications.
2057:Princeton University Press
1650:Cambridge University Press
1576:W. W. Norton & Company
1515:. p. 290 – via
1379:American Historical Review
1375:William and Mary Quarterly
824:Civil rights and Mormonism
816:History of slavery in Utah
813:
714:
701:Latter-day Saint scripture
693:The Miracle of Forgiveness
624:Black people and Mormonism
621:
615:
588:. According to the Bible,
577:
292:unique in the Hebrew Bible
91:
29:
2377:
2329:
2287:Biblical Morality: Racism
1475:Collier, Fred C. (1987).
1447:10.5406/jmormhist.41.3.22
1439:10.5406/jmormhist.41.3.22
1422:Journal of Mormon History
1403:American Literary Realism
1275:"Land of the Till Murder"
1232:Mellinkoff, Ruth (1981).
1000:, p. 97: Wenham, 108
711:Temple and priesthood ban
612:Latter-day Saint movement
450:
343:
287:
103:
2710:Dracula: The Dark Prince
1782:. Salt Lake City, Utah:
1733:"Black History Timeline"
1211:"Bereshit A: Chapter 48"
988:, p. 97: Kugel, 163
868:Historical race concepts
2915:Segregationist theology
2251:Wood, Peter H. (1996).
2001:Race and the Priesthood
1927:Oxford University Press
1538:Oxford University Press
1530:Reeve, W. Paul (2015).
1082:Charles Augustus Briggs
806:present, in any form."
750:President of the Church
682:, who said that he was
494:Baptist segregationists
225:of Cain with mark of a
195:Glasgow Botanic Gardens
2840:Christian abolitionism
2668:Cain and Abel in Islam
2658:Curse and mark of Cain
1905:Official Declaration 2
1895:Official Declaration 2
1536:. New York, New York:
1506:Smith, Joseph (1836).
1195:
592:discovered his father
512:Southern United States
230:
214:
53:
2895:Christianity and race
2498:Here's Where I Belong
2163:Bush, Lester E. Jr.;
1846:William Robert Wright
820:Mormonism and slavery
788:civil rights movement
742:death of Joseph Smith
578:Further information:
530:officially denounced
351:face or the arm. The
220:
193:
40:
2753:Slavery and religion
2049:Goldenberg, David M.
2023:Byron, John (2011).
1985:. Chicago, Illinois.
1642:Kidd, Colin (2006).
1078:Samuel Rolles Driver
768:Sterling M. McMurrin
649:Pearl of Great Price
606:Atlantic slave trade
316:Samaritan Pentateuch
199:Edwin Roscoe Mullins
47:Jardin des Tuileries
2905:Bereshit (parashah)
2900:Judaism and slavery
2694:Generations of Adam
2673:Balbira and Kalmana
2389:Portrayals in media
2339:Biblical characters
2173:. Signature Books.
2148:. Greenwood Press.
1961:The Washington Post
1929:. pp. 111–12.
1770:Bush, Lester E. Jr.
1352:on 2 September 2014
782:reported receiving
660:) Church president
376:Abba Jose ben Hanan
304:Syriac Christianity
2910:Mormonism and race
2610:The First Mourning
2605:(1810 composition)
2597:(c. 1550 painting)
2588:(c. 1545 painting)
2420:La Biblia en pasta
1855:2011-07-13 at the
1074:BDB, Francis Brown
1063:, pp. 98–100.
780:Spencer W. Kimball
688:Spencer W. Kimball
524:racial segregation
443:Rabbi Michael Berg
398:(1:4) comments on
266:) and a wanderer (
231:
215:
78:King James Version
54:
2867:
2866:
2719:
2718:
2636:
2635:
1964:. Washington D.C.
1936:978-0-19-531030-6
1677:Watt, George D. "
1624:978-0-252-08121-7
1574:. New York City:
1547:978-0-19-975407-6
873:Mark of the beast
671:after his death,
552:Oriental Orthodox
300:stenōn kai tremōn
280:
260:
241:gives a two-part
197:. Kibble Palace.
16:(Redirected from
2922:
2760:Views on slavery
2746:
2739:
2732:
2723:
2641:Related theology
2621:(2009 TV series)
2540:The Book of Lies
2490:Children of Eden
2393:
2383:
2316:
2309:
2302:
2293:
2266:
2255:. W. W. Norton.
2247:
2230:
2218:
2207:
2188:
2183:. Archived from
2159:
2147:
2128:
2097:
2070:
2044:
2031:Brill Publishers
2009:
2008:
1996:
1987:
1986:
1972:
1966:
1965:
1951:
1945:
1944:
1917:Bushman, Richard
1913:
1907:
1898:
1890:
1884:
1883:
1881:
1880:
1865:
1859:
1848:, p.. Quoted by
1832:
1826:
1825:
1808:
1802:
1801:
1774:Mauss, Armand L.
1766:
1760:
1757:Wilford Woodruff
1754:
1748:
1747:
1745:
1743:
1729:
1723:
1722:
1715:
1709:
1704:
1698:
1693:
1687:
1686:
1681:" (5 Feb 1852).
1674:
1668:
1667:
1639:
1633:
1632:
1604:
1598:
1597:
1566:Taylor, Quintard
1562:
1556:
1555:
1527:
1521:
1520:
1514:
1503:
1497:
1496:
1472:
1455:
1454:
1412:
1406:
1399:
1390:
1371:
1362:
1361:
1359:
1357:
1345:Orlando Sentinel
1335:
1329:
1328:
1325:Internet Archive
1308:
1298:
1289:
1288:
1271:
1265:
1256:
1250:
1249:
1235:The Mark of Cain
1229:
1223:
1221:
1219:
1218:
1207:
1201:
1198:
1192:Annarita Magri,
1190:
1184:
1183:
1181:
1180:
1169:
1163:
1157:
1151:
1141:
1132:
1123:, p. 120: (
1118:
1112:
1106:
1100:
1099:
1070:
1064:
1058:
1052:
1043:
1037:
1031:
1025:
1019:
1013:
1007:
1001:
995:
989:
983:
977:
968:
962:
956:
950:
949:
933:
911:
899:
799:African-American
680:Paris, Tennessee
669:Abraham O. Smoot
544:Eastern Orthodox
508:Southern Baptist
452:
345:
289:
285:
275:
273:
265:
255:
253:
105:
21:
2930:
2929:
2925:
2924:
2923:
2921:
2920:
2919:
2885:Book of Genesis
2870:
2869:
2868:
2863:
2823:
2797:
2786:Religious texts
2781:
2755:
2750:
2720:
2715:
2682:
2653:Gospel of Judas
2632:
2613:(1888 painting)
2571:
2546:
2504:
2477:
2450:
2384:
2375:
2334:
2332:Book of Genesis
2325:
2320:
2273:
2263:
2250:
2233:
2227:
2210:
2204:
2191:
2181:
2162:
2156:
2139:
2136:
2134:Further reading
2131:
2100:
2086:
2073:
2067:
2047:
2041:
2022:
2018:
2013:
2012:
1998:
1997:
1990:
1982:Chicago Tribune
1974:
1973:
1969:
1953:
1952:
1948:
1937:
1915:
1914:
1910:
1892:
1891:
1887:
1878:
1876:
1867:
1866:
1862:
1857:Wayback Machine
1833:
1829:
1810:
1809:
1805:
1794:
1784:Signature Books
1776:, eds. (1984).
1768:
1767:
1763:
1755:
1751:
1741:
1739:
1731:
1730:
1726:
1717:
1716:
1712:
1705:
1701:
1694:
1690:
1676:
1675:
1671:
1660:
1641:
1640:
1636:
1625:
1606:
1605:
1601:
1586:
1568:(17 May 1999).
1564:
1563:
1559:
1548:
1529:
1528:
1524:
1505:
1504:
1500:
1489:
1474:
1473:
1458:
1414:
1413:
1409:
1400:
1393:
1372:
1365:
1355:
1353:
1337:
1336:
1332:
1321:
1300:
1299:
1292:
1273:
1272:
1268:
1258:Priest, Josiah
1257:
1253:
1246:
1231:
1230:
1226:
1216:
1214:
1209:
1208:
1204:
1191:
1187:
1178:
1176:
1171:
1170:
1166:
1158:
1154:
1146:, p. 120:
1142:
1135:
1119:
1115:
1107:
1103:
1096:
1072:
1071:
1067:
1059:
1055:
1050:See footnote 14
1044:
1040:
1032:
1028:
1020:
1016:
1008:
1004:
996:
992:
984:
980:
969:
965:
957:
953:
935:
934:
930:
925:
920:
915:
914:
900:
896:
891:
839:
830:
812:
719:
713:
676:David W. Patten
630:
620:
614:
602:Genesis 9:20–27
582:
576:
540:Catholic Church
496:
468:
459:
408:Targum Jonathan
369:
355:translates the
328:
235:Genesis 4:11–16
188:
96:
90:
70:Book of Genesis
41:Cain, 1896, by
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2928:
2926:
2918:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2872:
2871:
2865:
2864:
2862:
2861:
2856:
2849:
2848:
2847:
2837:
2831:
2829:
2825:
2824:
2822:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2805:
2803:
2799:
2798:
2796:
2795:
2789:
2787:
2783:
2782:
2780:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2763:
2761:
2757:
2756:
2751:
2749:
2748:
2741:
2734:
2726:
2717:
2716:
2714:
2713:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2690:
2688:
2684:
2683:
2681:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2644:
2642:
2638:
2637:
2634:
2633:
2631:
2630:
2622:
2614:
2606:
2602:La mort d'Abel
2598:
2589:
2579:
2577:
2573:
2572:
2570:
2569:
2562:
2554:
2552:
2548:
2547:
2545:
2544:
2536:
2528:
2520:
2512:
2510:
2506:
2505:
2503:
2502:
2494:
2485:
2483:
2479:
2478:
2476:
2475:
2467:
2466:(12th century)
2458:
2456:
2452:
2451:
2449:
2448:
2440:
2432:
2424:
2416:
2408:
2399:
2397:
2390:
2386:
2385:
2378:
2376:
2374:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2342:
2340:
2336:
2335:
2330:
2327:
2326:
2321:
2319:
2318:
2311:
2304:
2296:
2290:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2272:
2271:External links
2269:
2268:
2267:
2261:
2248:
2231:
2225:
2208:
2202:
2189:
2187:on 2005-11-22.
2179:
2160:
2154:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2129:
2098:
2084:
2071:
2065:
2045:
2040:978-9004192522
2039:
2033:. p. 93.
2019:
2017:
2014:
2011:
2010:
1988:
1967:
1946:
1935:
1908:
1901:standard works
1885:
1860:
1827:
1803:
1792:
1761:
1749:
1724:
1710:
1699:
1688:
1669:
1659:978-0521793247
1658:
1634:
1623:
1617:. p. 22.
1599:
1584:
1578:. p. 73.
1557:
1546:
1522:
1498:
1487:
1456:
1407:
1391:
1363:
1330:
1327:(archive.org).
1319:
1290:
1287:on 2005-03-11.
1266:
1251:
1244:
1224:
1202:
1200:, January 2007
1185:
1164:
1162:, p. 106.
1152:
1133:
1113:
1101:
1094:
1065:
1053:
1048:, p. 98:
1038:
1036:, p. 100.
1026:
1014:
1002:
990:
978:
973:, p. 95:
963:
951:
927:
926:
924:
921:
919:
916:
913:
912:
908:Holy Communion
905:
904:
893:
892:
890:
887:
886:
885:
880:
875:
870:
865:
860:
855:
853:Cain tradition
850:
848:Badge of shame
845:
838:
835:
811:
808:
772:David O. McKay
715:Main article:
712:
709:
667:As related by
616:Main article:
613:
610:
575:
572:
550:churches, and
495:
492:
488:Symon Semeonis
467:
464:
458:
455:
431:Hebrew letters
404:Tetragrammaton
368:
365:
327:
324:
213:), about 1899.
187:
184:
92:Main article:
89:
86:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2927:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2890:Cain and Abel
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2877:
2875:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2843:
2842:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2832:
2830:
2826:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2806:
2804:
2800:
2794:
2791:
2790:
2788:
2784:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2764:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2747:
2742:
2740:
2735:
2733:
2728:
2727:
2724:
2712:
2711:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2691:
2689:
2685:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2645:
2643:
2639:
2628:
2627:
2626:Cain and Abel
2623:
2620:
2619:
2618:Cain and Abel
2615:
2612:
2611:
2607:
2604:
2603:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2593:Cain and Abel
2590:
2587:
2585:
2584:Cain and Abel
2581:
2580:
2578:
2574:
2567:
2563:
2560:
2556:
2555:
2553:
2549:
2542:
2541:
2537:
2534:
2533:
2529:
2526:
2525:
2521:
2519:
2518:
2514:
2513:
2511:
2507:
2500:
2499:
2495:
2492:
2491:
2487:
2486:
2484:
2480:
2473:
2472:
2468:
2465:
2464:
2463:Le Jeu d'Adam
2460:
2459:
2457:
2453:
2446:
2445:
2441:
2438:
2437:
2433:
2430:
2429:
2425:
2422:
2421:
2417:
2414:
2413:
2409:
2406:
2405:
2401:
2400:
2398:
2394:
2391:
2387:
2382:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2343:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2328:
2324:
2323:Cain and Abel
2317:
2312:
2310:
2305:
2303:
2298:
2297:
2294:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2274:
2270:
2264:
2262:0-393-31482-0
2258:
2254:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2232:
2228:
2226:0-226-74199-0
2222:
2217:
2216:
2209:
2205:
2203:1-58006-021-8
2199:
2195:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2180:0-941214-22-2
2176:
2172:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2157:
2155:9780313227523
2151:
2146:
2145:
2138:
2137:
2133:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2105:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2085:1-55517-682-8
2081:
2077:
2072:
2068:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2027:
2021:
2020:
2015:
2007:
2003:
2002:
1995:
1993:
1989:
1984:
1983:
1978:
1971:
1968:
1963:
1962:
1957:
1950:
1947:
1942:
1938:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1923:
1918:
1912:
1909:
1906:
1903:); see also:
1902:
1897:
1896:
1889:
1886:
1875:on 2004-08-28
1874:
1870:
1864:
1861:
1858:
1854:
1851:
1850:Genesis Group
1847:
1843:
1839:
1838:
1831:
1828:
1823:
1819:
1818:
1813:
1807:
1804:
1800:
1795:
1793:0-941214-22-2
1789:
1785:
1781:
1780:
1775:
1771:
1765:
1762:
1758:
1753:
1750:
1738:
1734:
1728:
1725:
1720:
1714:
1711:
1708:
1703:
1700:
1697:
1692:
1689:
1684:
1680:
1673:
1670:
1665:
1661:
1655:
1651:
1648:. Cambridge:
1647:
1646:
1638:
1635:
1630:
1626:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1611:
1603:
1600:
1596:
1591:
1587:
1585:9780393318890
1581:
1577:
1573:
1572:
1567:
1561:
1558:
1553:
1549:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1534:
1526:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1511:
1502:
1499:
1494:
1490:
1488:9780934964012
1484:
1480:
1479:
1471:
1469:
1467:
1465:
1463:
1461:
1457:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1423:
1418:
1411:
1408:
1404:
1398:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1370:
1368:
1364:
1351:
1347:
1346:
1341:
1334:
1331:
1326:
1322:
1320:0-313-23814-6
1316:
1312:
1307:
1306:
1297:
1295:
1291:
1286:
1282:
1281:
1276:
1270:
1267:
1263:
1262:
1255:
1252:
1247:
1245:9780520906372
1241:
1237:
1236:
1228:
1225:
1212:
1206:
1203:
1199:
1197:
1189:
1186:
1174:
1168:
1165:
1161:
1156:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1140:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1117:
1114:
1110:
1105:
1102:
1097:
1095:9781565632066
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1069:
1066:
1062:
1057:
1054:
1051:
1047:
1042:
1039:
1035:
1030:
1027:
1023:
1018:
1015:
1012:, p. 97.
1011:
1006:
1003:
999:
994:
991:
987:
982:
979:
976:
972:
967:
964:
961:, p. 93.
960:
955:
952:
947:
943:
939:
932:
929:
922:
917:
909:
903:
902:
898:
895:
888:
884:
881:
879:
876:
874:
871:
869:
866:
864:
861:
859:
856:
854:
851:
849:
846:
844:
841:
840:
836:
834:
829:
825:
821:
817:
809:
807:
803:
800:
795:
793:
789:
785:
781:
776:
773:
769:
764:
762:
757:
755:
754:war in heaven
751:
747:
746:Brigham Young
743:
738:
736:
732:
728:
724:
718:
710:
708:
706:
702:
697:
695:
694:
689:
685:
681:
677:
674:
670:
665:
663:
662:Brigham Young
659:
654:
650:
646:
645:Brigham Young
642:
638:
634:
629:
625:
619:
611:
609:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
581:
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571:
569:
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560:
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541:
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533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
493:
491:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
465:
463:
456:
454:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
419:
417:
413:
412:Rabbi Eliezer
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
391:
390:
385:
381:
377:
373:
366:
364:
362:
358:
354:
349:
341:
337:
333:
325:
323:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
284:
278:
269:
264:
258:
249:
244:
240:
236:
228:
224:
219:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
186:Curse of Cain
185:
183:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
140:Genesis 17:11
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
101:
95:
94:Cain and Abel
87:
85:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
66:Cain and Abel
63:
59:
58:curse of Cain
52:
48:
44:
39:
33:
19:
2851:
2809:Bahá'í Faith
2708:
2663:Serpent seed
2657:
2648:Adam and Eve
2624:
2616:
2608:
2600:
2595:(Tintoretto)
2592:
2583:
2566:Cain's Blood
2543:(2008 novel)
2538:
2530:
2527:(1952 novel)
2524:East of Eden
2522:
2515:
2496:
2488:
2469:
2461:
2442:
2434:
2428:The Last Eve
2426:
2418:
2410:
2404:East of Eden
2402:
2252:
2235:
2214:
2193:
2185:the original
2169:
2165:Armand Mauss
2143:
2109:Deseret News
2103:
2075:
2052:
2025:
2000:
1980:
1970:
1959:
1949:
1941:Google Books
1939:– via
1921:
1911:
1894:
1888:
1877:. Retrieved
1873:the original
1863:
1835:
1830:
1824:: 253. 2001.
1815:
1806:
1797:
1778:
1764:
1752:
1740:. Retrieved
1737:BlackLDS.org
1736:
1727:
1713:
1707:Whiting 2003
1702:
1691:
1672:
1664:Google Books
1662:– via
1644:
1637:
1629:Google Books
1627:– via
1609:
1602:
1593:
1590:Google Books
1588:– via
1570:
1560:
1552:Google Books
1550:– via
1532:
1525:
1509:
1501:
1493:Google Books
1491:– via
1477:
1449:– via
1426:
1420:
1410:
1402:
1378:
1374:
1354:. Retrieved
1350:the original
1343:
1333:
1323:– via
1304:
1285:the original
1278:
1269:
1260:
1254:
1234:
1227:
1215:. Retrieved
1205:
1188:
1177:. Retrieved
1175:. Chabad.org
1167:
1155:
1147:
1129:Pirqe R. El.
1128:
1124:
1116:
1104:
1085:
1068:
1056:
1049:
1041:
1029:
1017:
1005:
993:
981:
975:Genesis 4:11
966:
954:
937:
931:
897:
883:Serpent seed
863:Curse of Ham
831:
810:Civil rights
804:
796:
784:a revelation
777:
765:
758:
748:(the second
739:
735:Walker Lewis
723:Joseph Smith
720:
698:
691:
666:
637:curse of Ham
631:
586:Curse of Ham
583:
574:Curse of Ham
556:
536:
520:White people
516:Black people
497:
469:
460:
457:Christianity
420:
400:Genesis 4:15
394:
387:
370:
360:
356:
348:mark of Cain
347:
339:
335:
329:
326:Mark of Cain
299:
239:Genesis 4:12
232:
223:Wilhelm Groß
211:Genesis 4:13
206:
202:
132:circumcision
128:Genesis 9:12
116:Genesis 1:14
107:
100:Genesis 4:15
97:
62:mark of Cain
61:
57:
55:
18:Mark of Cain
2853:Sicut dudum
2814:Catholicism
2704:Land of Nod
2629:(DC Comics)
1842:Greg Prince
1696:Wilson 1904
1613:. Chicago:
1213:. Zohar.com
878:Pre-Adamite
843:Ashwatthama
731:Elijah Abel
146:before the
43:Henri Vidal
2874:Categories
2509:Literature
2244:B000TA1IZW
2066:069111465X
2029:. Leiden:
2006:LDS Church
1879:2012-09-21
1742:17 January
1517:Wikisource
1217:2020-09-01
1179:2012-09-21
1160:Byron 2011
1144:Byron 2011
1127:Gen 4:15,
1125:Tg. Ps.-J.
1121:Byron 2011
1109:Byron 2011
1061:Byron 2011
1046:Byron 2011
1034:Byron 2011
1022:Byron 2011
1010:Byron 2011
998:Byron 2011
986:Byron 2011
971:Byron 2011
959:Byron 2011
946:1498460617
918:References
858:Castration
814:See also:
740:After the
727:priesthood
658:Moses 7:22
622:See also:
563:sacraments
546:churches,
484:Franciscan
476:Protestant
453:).
372:Abba Arika
353:Septuagint
296:Septuagint
243:sentencing
229:(1956/57).
152:Exodus 4:8
106: ('
2819:Mormonism
2802:Religions
2793:The Bible
2767:Christian
2444:Abel Cain
1148:Gen. Rab.
923:Citations
889:Footnotes
633:Mormonism
389:Gen. Rab.
384:penitents
334:word for
312:soul-less
277:romanized
257:romanized
221:Print by
2678:Cainites
2586:(Titian)
2568:" (1995)
2561:" (1988)
2482:Musicals
2447:(unmade)
2436:Year One
2167:(1984).
2117:44013747
2094:51293310
1919:(2008).
1853:Archived
1817:Dialogue
1356:27 April
1084:(1996).
942:ProQuest
837:See also
559:dioceses
548:Anglican
423:Kabbalah
414:21, and
410:, Pirqé
392:22:12).
380:R. Hanin
318:and the
60:and the
2772:Islamic
2125:4922706
2016:Sources
1387:1853423
673:apostle
641:Mormons
504:slavery
500:Baptist
474:, many
439:Aramaic
433:of the
418:I.36b.
367:Judaism
320:Targums
279::
259::
227:Chi Rho
148:Pharaoh
136:Abraham
88:Origins
80:of the
68:in the
2880:Curses
2845:Quaker
2828:Topics
2777:Jewish
2535:(1917)
2501:(1968)
2493:(1991)
2474:(1821)
2439:(2009)
2431:(2005)
2423:(1984)
2415:(1984)
2407:(1955)
2259:
2242:
2223:
2200:
2177:
2152:
2123:
2115:
2092:
2082:
2063:
2037:
1933:
1790:
1656:
1621:
1582:
1544:
1512:
1485:
1445:
1433:: 27.
1385:
1317:
1264:(1843)
1242:
1092:
944:
826:, and
792:Brazil
598:Canaan
532:racism
486:friar
480:Romani
425:, the
332:Hebrew
314:. The
288:נע ונד
268:Hebrew
248:Hebrew
2687:Other
2576:Other
2551:Songs
2455:Plays
2366:Enoch
1899:(LDS
1451:JSTOR
1443:JSTOR
1429:(3).
1383:JSTOR
1280:Ebony
1150:22:12
653:Enoch
435:Torah
427:Zohar
416:Zohar
396:Rashi
308:Philo
144:Moses
124:flood
112:Torah
104:א֔וֹת
82:Bible
51:Paris
2471:Cain
2412:Caín
2396:Film
2371:Awan
2361:Abel
2356:Cain
2346:Adam
2257:ISBN
2240:ASIN
2221:ISBN
2198:ISBN
2175:ISBN
2150:ISBN
2121:OCLC
2113:LCCN
2090:OCLC
2080:ISBN
2061:ISBN
2035:ISBN
1931:ISBN
1844:and
1788:ISBN
1744:2013
1654:ISBN
1619:ISBN
1580:ISBN
1542:ISBN
1483:ISBN
1358:2012
1315:ISBN
1240:ISBN
1090:ISBN
733:and
684:Cain
626:and
594:Noah
568:Pope
361:sign
357:mark
336:mark
330:The
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176:10:1
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