2048:
229:
gradually supplanted the periodic markets, while peddlers or itinerant sellers continued to fill in any gaps in distribution. The physical market was characterised by transactional exchange and bartering systems were commonplace. Shops had higher overhead costs, but were able to offer regular trading hours and a relationship with customers and may have offered added value services, such as credit terms to reliable customers. The economy was characterised by local trading in which goods were traded across relatively short distances. Braudel reports that, in 1600, grain moved just 5–10 miles (8.0–16.1 km); cattle 40–70 miles (64–113 km); wool and woollen cloth 20–40 miles (32–64 km). However, following the
European age of discovery, goods were imported from afar – calico cloth from India, porcelain, silk and tea from China, spices from India and South-East Asia and tobacco, sugar, rum and coffee from the New World.
1980:
1772:
1129:
2047:
1703:
1572:
1888:
711:
1715:
1860:
2171:
962:
942:
1588:
1936:
930:
1904:
1557:
1920:
1676:
1526:
1477:
432:
2095:
1691:
2064:
1788:
1948:
739:
1996:
898:
136:
1462:
1816:
405:
1002:
1832:
1450:
2143:
1158:
1542:
607:
2083:
974:
1756:
324:
2127:
2111:
459:
378:
2159:
1876:
2016:
1964:
884:), which was a port or harbor with a monopoly to import and export goods and materials in both the port and a surrounding outlying district. Typically, these were locations for exporting timber, and importing grain and goods. Local farm goods and timber sales were all required to pass through merchants at either a small seaport or a market town prior to export. This encouraged local merchants to ensure trading went through them, which was so effective in limiting unsupervised sales (
1848:
217:
1804:
2032:
914:
1229:
1496:
659:
1511:
643:
351:
1293:
49:
33:
723:
1347:
986:
627:
213:
congregated in market towns – peddlers, retailers, hucksters, stallholders, merchants and other types of trader. Some were professional traders who occupied a local shopfront such as a bakery or alehouse, while others were casual traders who set up a stall or carried their wares around in baskets on market days. Market trade supplied for the needs of local consumers whether they were visitors or local residents.
163:
were accorded market town status through custom and practice if they had been in existence prior to 1199. From an early stage, kings and administrators understood that a successful market town attracted people, generated revenue and would pay for the town's defences. In around the 12th century, European kings began granting charters to villages allowing them to hold markets on specific days.
2589:
700:
depending on the era from which various parts of the city originate. Market towns were characterized as a transition between a village and a city, without a unified, definite city core. A high level of urban planning only marks an era starting from the 17th-18th centuries. This dating is partially related to the modernization and resettlement waves after the liberation of
1416:. It is generally accepted that, in these cases, when a town was granted a market, it gained the additional autonomy conferred to separate towns. Many of the early market towns have continued operations into recent times. For instance, Northampton market received its first charter in 1189 and markets are still held in the square to this day.
565:. Conrad created a number of market towns in Saxony throughout the 11th century and did much to develop peaceful markets by granting a special 'peace' to merchants and a special and permanent 'peace' to market-places. With the rise of the territories, the ability to designate market towns was passed to the princes and dukes, as the basis of
1645:: a place where the right to hold a regular market or fair was granted by a ruling authority (either royal, noble, or ecclesiastical). As in the rest of the UK, the area in which the cross was situated was almost always central: either in a square; or in a broad, main street. Towns which still have regular markets include:
1310:
As the number of charters granted increased, competition between market towns also increased. In response to competitive pressures, towns invested in a reputation for quality produce, efficient market regulation and good amenities for visitors such as covered accommodation. By the thirteenth century,
1148:
Until about 1200, markets were often held on
Sundays, the day when the community congregated in town to attend church. Some of the more ancient markets appear to have been held in churchyards. At the time of the Norman conquest, the majority of the population made their living through agriculture and
228:
Braudel and
Reynold have made a systematic study of European market towns between the 13th and 15th century. Their investigation shows that in regional districts markets were held once or twice a week while daily markets were common in larger cities. Over time, permanent shops began opening daily and
699:
The successors of these settlements usually have a distinguishable townscape. The absence of fortification walls, sparsely populated agglomerations, and their tight bonds with agricultural life allowed these towns to remain more vertical compared to civitates. The street-level urban structure varies
240:
A good number of local histories of individual market towns can be found. However, more general histories of the rise of market-towns across Europe are much more difficult to locate. Clark points out that while a good deal is known about the economic value of markets in local economies, the cultural
1153:
and their families brought their surplus produce to informal markets held on the grounds of their church after worship. By the 13th century, however, a movement against Sunday markets gathered momentum, and the market gradually moved to a site in town's centre and was held on a weekday. By the 15th
1144:
was granted, it gave local lords the right to take tolls and also afforded the town some protection from rival markets. When a chartered market was granted for specific market days, a nearby rival market could not open on the same days. Across the boroughs of
England, a network of chartered markets
845:
Norway developed market towns at a much later period than other parts of Europe. The reasons for this late development are complex but include the sparse population, lack of urbanisation, no real manufacturing industries and no cash economy. The first market town was created in 11th century Norway,
162:
or monasteries, not only to enjoy their protection, but also because large manorial households and monasteries generated demand for goods and services. Historians term these early market towns "prescriptive market towns" in that they may not have enjoyed any official sanction such as a charter, but
785:
in the 19th and 20th century. In the latter half of the 20th century, the special rights granted to market towns mostly involved a greater autonomy in fiscal matters and control over town planning, schooling and social care. Unlike rural municipalities, the market towns were not considered part of
150:
The primary purpose of a market town is the provision of goods and services to the surrounding locality. Although market towns were known in antiquity, their number increased rapidly from the 12th century. Market towns across Europe flourished with an improved economy, a more urbanised society and
684:
In
Hungarian, the word for market town "mezőváros" means literally "pasture town" and implies that it was unfortified town: they were architecturally distinguishable from other towns by the lack of town walls. Most market towns were chartered in the 14th and 15th centuries and typically developed
212:
A number of studies have pointed to the prevalence of the periodic market in medieval towns and rural areas due to the localised nature of the economy. The marketplace was the commonly accepted location for trade, social interaction, transfer of information and gossip. A broad range of retailers
1279:
The
English system of charters established that a new market town could not be created within a certain travelling distance of an existing one. This limit was usually a day's worth of travelling (approximately 10 kilometres (6.2 mi)) to and from the market. If the travel time exceeded this
232:
The importance of local markets began to decline in the mid-16th century. Permanent shops which provided more stable trading hours began to supplant the periodic market. In addition, the rise of a merchant class led to the import and exports of a broad range of goods, contributing to a reduced
1342:
A study on the purchasing habits of the monks and other individuals in medieval
England, suggests that consumers of the period were relatively discerning. Purchase decisions were based on purchase criteria such as consumers' perceptions of the range, quality, and price of goods. This informed
1734:
was known as the "great painter of the market" Painters' interest in markets was due, at least in part, to the changing nature of the market system at that time. With the rise of the merchant guilds, the public began to distinguish between two types of merchant, the
1979:
1743:
which described a new, emergent class of trader who dealt in goods or credit on a large scale. Paintings of every day market scenes may have been an affectionate attempt to record familiar scenes and document a world that was in danger of being lost.
1571:
1771:
1887:
1284:
to close down illegal markets in other towns. These distances are still law in
England today. Other markets can be held, provided they are licensed by the holder of the Royal Charter, which tends currently to be the local
688:
Archaeological studies suggest that the ground plans of such market towns had multiple streets and could also emerge from a group of villages or an earlier urban settlement in decline, or be created as a new urban centre.
710:
1859:
1935:
1714:
941:
1702:
1311:
counties with important textile industries were investing in purpose built market halls for the sale of cloth. Specific market towns cultivated a reputation for high quality local goods. For example, London's
1919:
1675:
1690:
1587:
1903:
4975:
2094:
2170:
431:
3199:
891:
Norwegian "market towns" died out and were replaced by free markets during the 19th century. After 1952, both the "small seaport" and the "market town" were relegated to simple town status.
929:
846:
to encourage businesses to concentrate around specific towns. King Olaf established a market town at Bergen in the 11th century, and it soon became the residence of many wealthy families.
404:
501:
797:
in 1983 and from that point there were 24 market towns until a municipal reform in 1986 essentially abolished the concept. Many of the existing market towns would continue to be named
1614:. These often arcaded buildings performed marketplace functions, frequently with a community space on the upper floor. The oldest surviving structures date from the mid-17th century.
961:
4955:
1209:, who established a Fair and Market in 1232. Travelers were able to meet and trade wares in relative safety for a week of "fayres" at a location inside the town walls. The reign of
2990:
685:
around 13th-century villages that had preceded them. A boom in the raising of livestock may have been a trigger for the upsurge in the number of market towns during that period.
2850:
305:, market towns were merged with neighboring parishes, and the market towns lost their special status and privileges, though many still advertise themselves using the moniker of
173:
is a notable example of a market situated near a fortified building. Additionally, markets were located where transport was easiest, such as at a crossroads or close to a river
155:
of 1086 lists 50 markets in
England. Some 2,000 new markets were established between 1200 and 1349. The burgeoning of market towns occurred across Europe around the same time.
127:
in
Scotland). They were and are typically open one or two days a week. In the modern era, the rise of permanent retail establishments reduced the need for periodic markets.
1947:
1236:
Market towns grew up at centres of local activity and were an important feature of rural life and also became important centres of social life, as some place names suggest:
1995:
1815:
1128:
1476:
2063:
458:
1831:
1556:
1118:
2142:
2110:
2082:
738:
1787:
1525:
3192:
3613:
1461:
323:
1541:
606:
377:
2126:
1847:
4970:
2602:
2158:
111:, but this is a relatively recent development. Historically the markets were open-air, held in what is usually called (regardless of its actual shape) the
1963:
1449:
1149:
livestock farming. Most lived on their farms, situated outside towns, and the town itself supported a relatively small population of permanent residents.
3222:
2015:
2974:
Remarks on London: Being an Exact Survey of the Cities of London and Westminster, Borough of Southwark, and the Suburbs and Liberties Contiguous to Them
286:
4344:
3185:
1214:
897:
3006:
92:. In Britain, small rural towns with a hinterland of villages are still commonly called market towns, as sometimes reflected in their names (e.g.
913:
2509:
4250:
2888:
1755:
2851:
http://www.northamptonshireheritage.co.uk/learn/built-heritage-and-the-historic-environment/Pages/market-squares.aspx#expand-NorthamptonMarket
2466:
2031:
1276:
verb meaning "to buy". A major study carried out by the University of London found evidence for least 2,400 markets in English towns by 1516.
1001:
973:
862:. This practice served to encourage growth in areas which had strategic significance, providing a local economic base for the construction of
350:
1400:
A "market town" may or may not have rights concerning self-government that are usually the legal basis for defining a "town". For instance,
1381:, as well, with administrative or civic quarters on the upper floor, above a covered trading area. Market towns with smaller status include
1181:, which held a market in late Roman Britain. The term derived from markets and fairs first established in 13th century after the passage of
5011:
5006:
4464:
3502:
2816:
2294:
1875:
1413:
658:
2275:
1435:, there is no single register of modern entitlements to hold markets and fairs, although historical charters up to 1516 are listed in the
763:
642:
2988:
5016:
4469:
3897:
3401:
1052:
5021:
5001:
4396:
3563:
1803:
1420:
1280:
standard, a new market town could be established in that locale. As a result of the limit, official market towns often petitioned the
4282:
4230:
4139:
3150:
3143:
3129:
3115:
2938:
2444:
1114:
888:) that customs revenues increased from less than 30% of the total tax revenues in 1600 to more than 50% of the total taxes by 1700.
1140:
was generally seen to be a royal prerogative. However, the granting of charters was not systematically recorded until 1199. Once a
4419:
4359:
4319:
4225:
4203:
3987:
3642:
3637:
3308:
4484:
4245:
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1145:
sprang up between the 12th and 16th centuries, giving consumers reasonable choice in the markets they preferred to patronise.
4926:
4479:
3728:
3659:
1102:
985:
2680:
Cate, J.L., "The Church and Market Reform in England During the Reign of Henry III," in J.L. Cate and E.N. Anderson (eds.),
722:
2812:
Koot, G.M.,"Shops and Shopping in Britain: from market stalls to chain stores," University of Dartmouth, 2011, <Online:
2290:
Koot, G.M.,"Shops and Shopping in Britain: from market stalls to chain stores," University of Dartmouth, 2011, <Online:
4778:
3853:
2596:
1510:
1076:
842:
over the purchase and sale of wares, and operation of other businesses, both in the town and in the surrounding district.
135:
1730:
Dutch painters of Antwerp took great interest in market places and market towns as subject matter from the 16th century.
838:) was a town which had been granted commerce privileges by the king or other authorities. The citizens in the town had a
4596:
4403:
4215:
4193:
3753:
3630:
3469:
1910:
1257:
302:
4339:
4084:
2749:
2621:
626:
4454:
3965:
3553:
3172:
2884:
1157:
1739:
which referred to local merchants including bakers, grocers, sellers of dairy products and stall-holders, and the
4654:
4626:
4444:
4208:
3960:
3573:
2149:
1654:
1431:, has around 32,000 members and close links with market traders' federations throughout Europe. According to the
1106:
494:
854:
was to be conducted only through market towns, to allow oversight of commerce and to simplify the imposition of
4659:
4424:
3765:
3442:
1778:
193:, several market towns close together were designated to take advantage of the new trains. The designation of
2558:
Den urbane underskog: Stadsbygge i bondeland – ett forskningsfält med teoretiska och metodiska implikationer,
5031:
5026:
4706:
4267:
4127:
4105:
3870:
3462:
3209:
3065:
2101:
1681:
1662:
1394:
1374:
194:
4783:
4619:
4614:
4144:
3982:
3882:
3618:
3538:
2638:
1986:
1866:
1170:
952:
490:
1193:
of 1258 were only possible because of the foundation of a town and university at a crossing-place on the
4996:
4879:
4115:
3799:
3783:
3743:
3733:
3568:
3432:
3414:
3260:
2498:
Zsolt, V., ed., Department of Monuments of the Ministry of National Cultural Heritage, 2003, pp 368–372.
2494:
Laszlovszky, J., Miklós, Z., Romhányi, B and Szende, K., "The Archaeology of Hungary’s Medieval Towns,"
2263:
2069:
1443:
includes "A List of all the Market Towns in England and Wales; with the Days of the Week whereon kept".
1365:
in the centre of the town, to obtain God's blessing on the trade. Notable examples of market crosses in
1296:
3167:
3010:
1022:
2862:
1361:. These provided room for people to set up stalls and booths on market days. Often the town erected a
4846:
3738:
3298:
2915:
2227:
2197:
1432:
1273:
1210:
1190:
1056:
863:
696:. Their long-lasting feudal subordination to landowners or the church is also a crucial difference.
3177:
2437:
Kingship and Politics in the Late 9th Century: Charles the Fat and the End of the Carolingian Empire
216:
185:
were first built, market towns were given priority to ease the transport of goods. For instance, in
4854:
4691:
4349:
4277:
3972:
3930:
3818:
3748:
3723:
3510:
3457:
3270:
3265:
2463:
2117:
1954:
1401:
1228:
787:
561:
221:
2532:
600:. Nevertheless, the title has no further legal significance, as it does not grant any privileges.
4965:
4686:
4674:
4609:
4604:
4324:
4110:
3994:
3877:
3760:
3693:
3585:
3543:
3383:
2799:
Casson, M. and Lee, J., "The Origin and Development of Markets: A Business History Perspective,"
2786:
Casson, M. and Lee, J., "The Origin and Development of Markets: A Business History Perspective,"
2310:
Casson, M. and Lee, J., "The Origin and Development of Markets: A Business History Perspective,"
1794:
1405:
874:
820:
767:
552:
278:
2813:
2291:
613:
1622:
In Scotland, borough markets were held weekly from an early stage. A King's market was held at
4728:
4716:
4364:
4354:
3977:
3955:
3860:
3824:
3718:
3605:
3595:
3580:
3437:
3370:
3146:
3139:
3125:
3111:
2440:
2177:
2073:
1838:
1822:
1611:
1241:
1137:
693:
285:
were among the first. As of 1801, there were 74 market towns in Denmark (for a full list, see
1412:. In England, towns with such rights are usually distinguished with the additional status of
4773:
4571:
4134:
4040:
3793:
3677:
3548:
3528:
3492:
3365:
3275:
2006:
1370:
1265:
1222:
1048:
920:
867:
777:, would lose their market rights in 1836. New market towns would be designated by acts from
525:
69:
2345:
273:) emerged during the Iron Age. It is not known which was the first Danish market town, but
4960:
4821:
4449:
4152:
4055:
3999:
3936:
3907:
3892:
3672:
3667:
3625:
3590:
3390:
3355:
3330:
2994:
2820:
2556:
Holt, R., "Medieval Norway’s urbanizationin a European perspective," in S. Olaffson (ed),
2470:
2298:
2237:
2054:
2038:
1428:
1292:
1253:
1060:
701:
566:
505:
298:
290:
266:
174:
48:
2946:
992:
2669:
Provincial Towns in Early Modern England and Ireland: Change, Convergence and Divergence
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4292:
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4122:
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4050:
4045:
3865:
3831:
3699:
3649:
3600:
3293:
2133:
1970:
1894:
1762:
1731:
1382:
1346:
1312:
1261:
1249:
1237:
1068:
794:
198:
190:
101:
93:
32:
4990:
4474:
4314:
4076:
3925:
3788:
3558:
3533:
3376:
3087:
2775:
The Growth of the Medieval City: From Late Antiquity to the Early Fourteenth Century,
2371:
Medieval Market Morality: Life, Law and Ethics in the English Marketplace, 1200-1500,
2333:
Medieval Market Morality: Life, Law and Ethics in the English Marketplace, 1200-1500,
1594:
1358:
1174:
1064:
904:
859:
468:
464:
441:
437:
414:
410:
387:
383:
356:
333:
329:
314:
310:
202:
182:
152:
112:
37:
4874:
4866:
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4329:
4240:
3710:
3360:
3336:
3322:
3255:
1642:
1607:
1482:
1362:
1357:
As traditional market towns developed, they featured a wide main street or central
1286:
1245:
1194:
1110:
855:
139:
124:
120:
116:
108:
97:
4768:
774:
4945:
Used by ten or more countries or having derived terms. Historical derivations in
2972:
233:
reliance on local produce. At the centre of this new global mercantile trade was
4681:
4494:
4439:
4302:
4297:
4287:
4017:
3915:
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3452:
3447:
3314:
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2909:
2736:
2720:
2642:
2485:
Vol. II The First Renaissance, 1100-1190 AD, London, John Murray, 1914, pp 41–42
2328:
2212:
2207:
1926:
1547:
1378:
1206:
1182:
1178:
1008:
873:
Norway included a subordinate category to the market town, the "small seaport" (
810:
745:
665:
649:
597:
556:
529:
166:
81:
73:
4381:
3920:
3775:
3474:
2022:
2002:
1941:
A Poultry Market Before a Village Inn by Barent Gael, n.d. (late 17th century)
1650:
1578:
1562:
1532:
1467:
1386:
1202:
1166:
1026:
780:
545:
364:
360:
186:
158:
Initially, market towns most often grew up close to fortified places, such as
57:
41:
3062:
A Revolution from Above; The Power State of 16th and 17th Century Scandinavia
1154:
century, towns were legally prohibited from holding markets in church-yards.
4800:
4758:
4733:
4591:
4546:
4434:
4376:
4198:
3947:
2533:"KISALFÖLDI ÉS ALFÖLDI MEZŐVÁROSOK KÜLÖNBÖZŐSÉGE, KISVÁROSI ÉRTÉKEK VÉDELME"
2202:
1696:
Square in front of St Giles' Church, Elgin, is the site of a medieval market
1646:
1501:
1390:
1304:
1198:
885:
832:
472:
418:
206:
178:
17:
4836:
4831:
3173:
Cheshire Market Towns – council maintained guide to Cheshire's Market Towns
2708:
Archaeology in British Towns: From the Emperor Claudius to the Black Death,
1111:
Market cross § Towns and villages in Great Britain with a market cross
1059:
at the end of the 18th-century, these settlements became widespread in the
766:
until 1786. With the abolishment of the trading monopoly, six market town (
255:
2384:
The Wheels of Commerce: Civilization and Capitalism, 15th to 18th Century,
2278:
The Wheels of Commerce: Civilization and Capitalism, 15th to 18th Century,
1626:
on a specific day from about the year 1171; a Thursday market was held at
4896:
4790:
4641:
4586:
4556:
4386:
4309:
4220:
4032:
3810:
3520:
2217:
1631:
1623:
1516:
1486:
1424:
1218:
1177:
occupation of Britain's southern regions. Another ancient market town is
866:
and sufficient population to defend the area. It also served to restrict
839:
422:
2693:
Postan, M.M., Rich, E.E. and Miller, E., "Early Markets and Fairs," in
1132:
The Fish Market at Hastings Beach by Joseph Mallord William Turner, 1810
237:, which by the mid-16th century, was the largest market town in Europe.
4891:
4816:
4646:
4636:
4576:
4489:
4459:
4391:
4272:
3484:
3285:
2832:
Dyer, C., "Market Towns and the Countryside in Late Medieval England,"
2242:
2222:
2192:
1658:
1635:
1627:
1409:
1366:
1332:
1328:
1316:
1300:
1281:
1150:
1080:
948:
759:
729:
589:
585:
581:
521:
517:
449:
445:
395:
391:
341:
234:
170:
85:
72:
most common in Europe that obtained by custom or royal charter, in the
2625:, vol. 5, 1990, published online by the Electronic Jewish Encyclopedia
4921:
4911:
4906:
4841:
4795:
4711:
4581:
4566:
4561:
4551:
4235:
3842:
3424:
2616:
2264:
https://archaeologywordsmith.comlookup.php?terms=central+place+theory
2232:
1324:
1093:
had a special administrative status other than that of town or city.
1085:
851:
847:
816:
617:
274:
159:
4666:
4916:
4901:
4886:
4763:
4748:
4738:
4723:
4701:
4696:
4631:
4429:
4371:
4255:
2733:
Online Gazetteer of Markets and Fairs in England and Wales to 1516
2325:
Online Gazetteer of Markets and Fairs in England and Wales to 1516
1666:
1345:
1336:
1291:
1227:
1205:
in the stream. Early patronage included Thomas Furnyvale, lord of
1156:
1127:
633:
593:
476:
215:
134:
47:
31:
4743:
4009:
3347:
3134:
Dyer, Christopher, "The Consumer and the Market," Chapter 13 in
3078:
The English Market Town: A Social and Economic History 1750-1914
2464:
http://www.neckar-magazin.de/english/cities/esslingen/index.html
337:
282:
89:
4523:
4175:
3237:
3220:
3181:
2314:, Vol 85, Spring, 2011, pp 9–37. doi:10.1017/S0007680511000018
4541:
1684:
Farmers Market, Scotland with cobbled square in the foreground
716:
Hungarian fruit market, original drawing by Wilhelm Hahn, 1868
2814:
https://www1.umassd.edu/ir/resources/consumption/shopping.pdf
2292:
https://www1.umassd.edu/ir/resources/consumption/shopping.pdf
1853:
Fruit and vegetable market, Holland by Sybrand van Beest 1652
1213:
witnessed a spike in established market fairs. The defeat of
870:
merchants from trading in areas other than those designated.
241:
role of market-towns has received scant scholarly attention.
1641:
In Scotland, market towns were often distinguished by their
3163:
Gazetteer of Markets and Fairs in England and Wales to 1516
2911:
Gazetteer of Markets and Fairs in England and Wales to 1516
2635:
Gazetteer of Markets and Fairs in England and Wales to 1516
1669:. Not all still possess their mercat cross (market cross).
1319:
became associated with a particular type of cloth known as
1136:
From the time of the Norman conquest, the right to award a
773:) were founded around the country. All of them, except for
2987:
Britnell, R., "Markets and Fairs in Britain Before 1216,"
2803:
Vol 85, Spring, 2011, doi:10.1017/S0007680511000018, p. 27
2274:
Britnell, R., "Markets and Fairs in Britain Before 1216,"
1225:
in 1295 to perambulate the boundaries of forest and town.
1173:
recorded market town, dating to at least the time of the
2346:
http://www.buildinghistory.org/buildings/townwalls.shtml
2088:
Town hall and market by Cornelis Springer, 1864 (detail)
1748:
Paintings and drawings of market towns and market scenes
1327:
was known for producing fine woollen cloth, the town of
551:
Market rights were designated as long ago as during the
2750:"Bracton: Thorne Edition: English. Volume 3, Page 198"
2164:
Market in Poltava by Vladimir Egorovich Makovsky, n.d.
1377:
and Devizes, Wiltshire. Market towns often featured a
2939:"A List of all the Market Towns in England and Wales"
2439:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 12.
801:
even after the term lost any administrative meaning.
151:
the widespread introduction of a cash-based economy.
2496:
Hungary's Archaeology at the Turn of the Millennium,
2399:, Berkeley, CA, University of California Press, 1992
692:
Frequently, they had limited privileges compared to
4809:
4534:
4412:
4186:
4095:
4069:
4031:
4008:
3946:
3906:
3841:
3809:
3774:
3709:
3686:
3658:
3519:
3501:
3483:
3423:
3400:
3346:
3321:
3307:
3284:
3248:
2595:
1720:
Weekly Farmers' Market at Castle Terrace, Edinburgh
1437:
Gazetteer of Markets and Fairs in England and Wales
3110:, Newton Abbot, Devon, David & Charles, 1974.
3046:Painting & the Market in Early Modern Antwerp,
3033:Painting & the Market in Early Modern Antwerp,
2410:Painting & the Market in Early Modern Antwerp,
2386:Berkeley, CA, University of California Press, 1992
2281:Berkeley, CA, University of California Press, 1992
1119:List of market houses in the Republic of Ireland
935:Market square, Youngstorget Nytorvet, c. 1915-20
2571:Heimskringla: or, The Lives of the Norse Kings,
1343:decisions about where to make their purchases.
1289:. Failing that, the Crown can grant a licence.
778:
762:was under Danish rule, Danish merchants held a
2658:London, Hambledon and London, 1994, pp 283-303
2360:London, Hambledon and London, 1994, pp 283–303
1708:Orkney Auction Mart, Hatston Industrial Estate
1232:London's Clare market by Thomas Shepherd, 1815
1161:The Fish Market by Joachim Beuckelaer, c. 1568
793:The last town to be granted market rights was
224:, where the market dates back to at least 1356
3193:
2737:http://www.history.ac.uk/cmh/gaz/gazweb2.html
2721:https://www.sodburytowncouncil.gov.uk/history
2643:http://www.history.ac.uk/cmh/gaz/gazweb2.html
2329:http://www.history.ac.uk/cmh/gaz/gazweb2.html
572:The local ordinance status of a market town (
8:
2671:, , Oxford University Press (2002), pp 65-66
1057:partitions of Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
265:In Denmark, the concept of the market town (
27:Settlement granted the right to host markets
4971:List of administrative divisions by country
3124:, London, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1985.
3080:, Jonathan Brown, (The Crowood Press, 1986)
2603:Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary
1217:increased the sample testing of markets by
1032:
4531:
4520:
4183:
4172:
3245:
3234:
3230:
3217:
3200:
3186:
3178:
3168:Pictures of England, Historic Market Towns
2719:Chipping Sodbury Town Council, "History",
2695:The Cambridge Economic History of Europe,
2577:, Princeton University Press, 2015, p.121
2100:Pwllheli Market in Wales, watercolour by
1985:'Returning from Market', oil painting by
532:. Other terms used for market towns were
2697:London, Cambridge University Press, 1965
2425:Cambridge University Press, 2002, p. 124
2373:Cambridge University Press, 2012, pp 6-9
2335:Cambridge University Press, 2012, p. 144
289:). The last town to gain market rights (
2255:
1777:Rustic Market (Nundinae Rusticorum) by
1751:
1671:
1581:, given its charter in the 13th century
1455:Holyhead market in Wales, woodcut, 1840
1445:
1339:were strongly associated with cheeses.
1331:became synonymous with a type of yarn;
1079:; these are known in English under the
1051:similar to a market town in the former
893:
706:
602:
319:
3094:The Oxford History of Medieval England
2573:Courier Corp., 2012 p.567; Larsen,L.,
1969:Market at Aberystwith, sepia print by
1165:Archaeological evidence suggests that
559:granted the title of a market town to
3138:London, Hambledon & London, 2000
2863:"National Market Traders' Federation"
1925:A Fish Market in a Village Square by
1351:The Market Place, Ely, Cambridgeshire
181:in the Vale of Glamorgan. When local
80:, which allowed it to host a regular
7:
3074:, Paul Brand, (Hambledon Press 1992)
3048:Yale University Press, 1998, pp 6-10
2053:A market scene in Constantinople by
1893:Flemish Market and Washing Place by
1075:had significant or even predominant
580:) is perpetuated through the law of
499:The medieval right to hold markets (
2423:Small Towns in Early Modern Europe,
1881:Market Scene by Jan van Horst, 1569
3136:Everyday Life in Medieval England,
2656:Everyday Life in Medieval England,
2459:"The Medieval City of Esslingen,"
2358:Everyday Life in Medieval England,
1809:At the Market by Jonge Lange, 1584
1550:Market, established in around 1255
1421:National Market Traders Federation
25:
3035:Yale University Press, 1998, p.24
2682:Essays in Honor of J.W. Thompson.
2412:Yale University Press, 1998, p. 6
1865:Village Market with the Quack by
1610:were a common feature across the
1115:Market houses in Northern Ireland
3988:Organized incorporated territory
2918:Institute of Historical Research
2587:
2169:
2157:
2141:
2125:
2109:
2093:
2081:
2062:
2046:
2030:
2025:by Elias Pieter Van Bommel, 1852
2014:
1994:
1978:
1962:
1946:
1934:
1918:
1902:
1886:
1874:
1858:
1846:
1837:Vegetable market in Holland, by
1830:
1814:
1802:
1786:
1770:
1754:
1713:
1701:
1689:
1674:
1586:
1570:
1555:
1540:
1524:
1509:
1494:
1475:
1460:
1448:
1000:
984:
972:
960:
940:
928:
912:
896:
737:
721:
709:
657:
641:
625:
605:
457:
430:
403:
376:
349:
322:
4976:Slavic administrative divisions
3090:, (Yale University Press, 1990)
1577:Corner of the market square in
1185:, and the first laws towards a
84:; this distinguished it from a
4525:Non-English terms or loanwords
3729:Direct-controlled municipality
3096:, (ed.) Nigel Saul, (OUP 1997)
2754:amesfoundation.law.harvard.edu
2667:Borsay, P. and Proudfoot, L.,
2116:A Moonlit Vegetable Market by
1821:Peasants going to the market,
1103:List of market towns in London
1071:Empires. The vast majority of
1053:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
979:Market (illustration), c. 1927
764:monopoly on trade with Iceland
744:Heti vásár (weekly market) at
516:of the names of many towns in
287:this table at Danish Knowledge
1:
3854:Special administrative region
2777:Oxon, Routledge, 2014, p. 182
2483:The Making of Western Europe,
2395:Braudel, F. and Reynold, S.,
2382:Braudel, F. and Reynold, S.,
2276:Braudel, F. and Reynold, S.,
1470:Market Charters 1166 and 1189
991:Traditional Winter market at
669:
648:Market place, with fountain,
512:) is reflected in the prefix
368:
143:
3754:Mountain resort municipality
3631:Intermediate school district
3614:Educational service district
3470:Regional county municipality
3072:The Making of the Common Law
3007:"Historic Towns of Scotland"
2959:SOURCE: 'Remarks on London'
2834:Canadian Journal of History,
2641:, no. 32, 2003, <Online:
1911:Jan Baptist van Meunincxhove
967:Norwegian Market, c. 1921-35
819:, the medieval market town (
107:Modern markets are often in
5012:Local government in Germany
5007:Local government in England
4085:Autonomous territorial unit
2790:Vol 85, Spring, 2011, p. 28
2710:London, Routledge, pp 44-45
2622:Shorter Jewish Encyclopedia
2512:. Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó
1909:Market Square in Bruges by
1315:became a centre for cloth,
1047:) was a historical type of
5048:
5017:Local government in Norway
3966:National capital territory
3687:Indian reserve/reservation
3554:Indian government district
3208:Designations for types of
3064:; Editor: Leon Jesperson;
2977:. T. Norris, and H. Tracy.
1929:, n.d. (late 17th century)
1100:
1097:United Kingdom and Ireland
1020:
919:Market and customs house,
808:
488:
253:
60:, a market town in Germany
5022:Local government in Wales
5002:Government of South Tyrol
4956:Autonomous administration
4943:
4530:
4519:
4182:
4171:
3961:Federal capital territory
3574:Non-metropolitan district
3564:Local government district
3244:
3233:
3229:
3216:
2510:"Magyar néprajzi lexikon"
2150:Frederick Arthur Bridgman
1957:, first half 18th century
1897:, first half 17th century
1634:, and a Sunday market at
1107:List of markets in London
779:
495:List of markets in Vienna
119:, sometimes centred on a
3766:Specialized municipality
3443:Consolidated city-county
2993:6 September 2018 at the
2801:Business History Review,
2788:Business History Review,
2684:Chicago, 1938, pp. 27–65
2148:North African market by
1779:Pieter Bruegel the Elder
536:in northern Germany, or
303:municipal reform of 1970
44:, an English market town
4128:Military exclusion zone
4106:Exclusive economic zone
3871:National capital region
3463:Non-metropolitan county
3210:administrative division
3108:Market Towns of England
3066:Odense University Press
2435:MacLean, Simon (2003).
2312:Business History Review
2262:Archaeology Wordsmith,
2102:Frances Elizabeth Wynne
1630:, a Saturday market at
1404:, is in the borough of
1395:Stroud, Gloucestershire
1375:Malmesbury Market Cross
1219:Edward I the "lawgiver"
209:is an example of this.
4145:Self-administered zone
3983:Incorporated territory
3850:Administrative region
3619:Local service district
3539:Congressional district
2971:Stow, William (1722).
2937:Stow, William (1722).
2865:. Rosiewinterton.co.uk
2845:Northampton Heritage,
2639:List and Index Society
2619:, an article from the
2397:The Wheels of Commerce
2041:by John J Walker, 1856
1987:Augustus Wall Callcott
1867:Cornelis Pietersz Bega
1439:. William Stow's 1722
1354:
1353:by W. W. Collins, 1908
1307:
1233:
1162:
1133:
953:Storfjord Municipality
728:Main market street in
509:
491:Market halls in Berlin
294:
270:
225:
220:Modern market hall in
147:
61:
45:
4116:Special economic zone
3800:Praetorian prefecture
3784:Autonomous prefecture
3744:Regional municipality
3734:District municipality
3569:Metropolitan district
3433:Administrative county
3415:Residential community
3261:Local government area
2889:The National Archives
2819:6 August 2019 at the
2469:27 March 2017 at the
2297:6 August 2019 at the
1726:In art and literature
1408:but is separate from
1349:
1295:
1231:
1201:, where it formed an
1160:
1131:
1101:Further information:
489:Further information:
219:
142:in a market, French,
138:
51:
35:
4707:Njësi administrative
3739:Neutral municipality
3678:Subdivision of India
3410:Autonomous community
3299:Metropolitan borough
3239:Common English terms
3122:English Market Towns
2916:University of London
2836:Vol. 31, No. 1, 1996
2228:Plantation of Ulster
2198:History of marketing
1433:UK National Archives
1191:Provisions of Oxford
955:, Troms county, 1917
485:German-language area
277:(part of modern-day
4350:Autonomous republic
4278:Enclave and exclave
4177:Other English terms
3973:Dependent territory
3819:Autonomous province
3749:Resort municipality
3724:County municipality
3511:Overseas department
3458:Metropolitan county
3271:Unincorporated area
3120:Chamberlin, E. R.,
2885:"Markets and Fairs"
2606:(in Russian). 1906.
2331:>: ; Davis, J.,
2176:Fair in Ukraine by
2136:, late 19th century
2118:Petrus van Schendel
2001:The Fish market in
1955:Alessandro Magnasco
1593:Farmers' market on
1402:Newport, Shropshire
1303:, a market town in
1272:was derived from a
1268: –
1221:, who summoned the
562:Esslingen am Neckar
295:købstadsprivilegier
52:The market square (
4966:Electoral district
4283:Federal dependency
4111:Free economic zone
3995:Overseas territory
3878:Development region
3761:Rural municipality
3694:Indian reservation
3586:Municipal district
3544:Electoral district
3384:Free imperial city
2731:Samantha Letters,
2344:Building History,
2132:A Market Scene by
1795:Joachim Beuckelaer
1565:, Chartered Market
1406:Telford and Wrekin
1355:
1308:
1234:
1163:
1134:
1077:Jewish populations
947:Norwegian market,
553:Carolingian Empire
313:on their historic
279:Schleswig-Holstein
226:
148:
62:
46:
4984:
4983:
4939:
4938:
4935:
4934:
4515:
4514:
4511:
4510:
4507:
4506:
4503:
4502:
4167:
4166:
4163:
4162:
4081:Territorial unit
3978:Federal territory
3956:Capital territory
3861:Autonomous region
3825:Overseas province
3719:City municipality
3610:Service district
3606:Sanitary district
3596:Regional district
3581:Military district
3438:Autonomous county
3371:Incorporated city
2575:History of Norway
2178:Vladimir Makovsky
2074:Cornelis Springer
1839:Sybrand van Beest
1823:Peter Paul Rubens
1612:island of Ireland
1441:Remarks on London
1242:Market Harborough
1124:England and Wales
1023:Przywilej targowy
907:, Norway, c. 1890
694:free royal cities
16:(Redirected from
5039:
4572:Regierungsbezirk
4532:
4521:
4184:
4173:
4135:Free speech zone
4041:Charter township
3794:Super-prefecture
3638:Special district
3549:Federal district
3529:Capital district
3493:Overseas country
3366:Independent city
3337:Imperial capital
3276:Unorganized area
3246:
3235:
3231:
3218:
3202:
3195:
3188:
3179:
3084:The English Town
3049:
3042:
3036:
3029:
3023:
3022:
3020:
3018:
3009:. Archived from
3003:
2997:
2985:
2979:
2978:
2968:
2962:
2961:
2956:
2954:
2945:. Archived from
2934:
2928:
2927:
2925:
2923:
2906:
2900:
2899:
2897:
2895:
2881:
2875:
2874:
2872:
2870:
2859:
2853:
2843:
2837:
2830:
2824:
2810:
2804:
2797:
2791:
2784:
2778:
2773:Nicholas, D.M.,
2771:
2765:
2764:
2762:
2760:
2746:
2740:
2729:
2723:
2717:
2711:
2704:
2698:
2691:
2685:
2678:
2672:
2665:
2659:
2652:
2646:
2632:
2626:
2614:
2608:
2607:
2599:
2597:"Местечки"
2593:
2591:
2590:
2584:
2578:
2569:Sturluson, S. ,
2567:
2561:
2554:
2548:
2547:
2545:
2543:
2531:Somfai, Attila.
2528:
2522:
2521:
2519:
2517:
2508:Ortutay, Gyula.
2505:
2499:
2492:
2486:
2479:
2473:
2461:Neckar Magazine,
2457:
2451:
2450:
2432:
2426:
2419:
2413:
2406:
2400:
2393:
2387:
2380:
2374:
2367:
2361:
2354:
2348:
2342:
2336:
2321:
2315:
2308:
2302:
2288:
2282:
2272:
2266:
2260:
2173:
2161:
2145:
2129:
2113:
2097:
2085:
2066:
2050:
2037:A market day in
2034:
2018:
2007:Jan Weissenbruch
1998:
1982:
1966:
1950:
1938:
1922:
1906:
1890:
1878:
1862:
1850:
1834:
1818:
1806:
1790:
1774:
1761:Market Scene by
1758:
1717:
1705:
1693:
1678:
1590:
1574:
1559:
1544:
1528:
1519:chartered market
1513:
1504:chartered market
1498:
1479:
1464:
1452:
1371:Chichester Cross
1266:Chipping Sodbury
1223:Model Parliament
1171:England's oldest
1049:urban settlement
1046:
1043:
1040:
1037:
1034:
1004:
988:
976:
964:
944:
932:
916:
900:
868:Hanseatic League
784:
783:
741:
725:
713:
674:
671:
661:
645:
629:
609:
526:Markt Berolzheim
504:
467:on the historic
461:
440:on the historic
434:
413:on the historic
407:
380:
370:
353:
326:
301:in 1958. At the
222:Frankfurt-Höchst
145:
21:
5047:
5046:
5042:
5041:
5040:
5038:
5037:
5036:
4987:
4986:
4985:
4980:
4961:Census division
4931:
4805:
4526:
4499:
4450:Imperial Circle
4408:
4178:
4159:
4153:Free-trade zone
4091:
4065:
4056:Survey township
4027:
4004:
4000:Union territory
3942:
3937:Sovereign state
3902:
3893:Overseas region
3837:
3805:
3770:
3705:
3696:(United States)
3682:
3673:Police division
3668:Census division
3654:
3626:School district
3591:Police district
3515:
3497:
3479:
3419:
3396:
3391:Royal free city
3356:Autonomous city
3342:
3331:Federal capital
3317:
3303:
3280:
3240:
3225:
3212:
3206:
3159:
3103:
3101:Further reading
3068:; Denmark; 2000
3053:
3052:
3043:
3039:
3030:
3026:
3016:
3014:
3013:on 21 June 2015
3005:
3004:
3000:
2995:Wayback Machine
2986:
2982:
2970:
2969:
2965:
2952:
2950:
2949:on 29 June 2012
2943:London Ancestor
2936:
2935:
2931:
2921:
2919:
2908:
2907:
2903:
2893:
2891:
2883:
2882:
2878:
2868:
2866:
2861:
2860:
2856:
2844:
2840:
2831:
2827:
2821:Wayback Machine
2811:
2807:
2798:
2794:
2785:
2781:
2772:
2768:
2758:
2756:
2748:
2747:
2743:
2730:
2726:
2718:
2714:
2705:
2701:
2692:
2688:
2679:
2675:
2666:
2662:
2653:
2649:
2633:
2629:
2615:
2611:
2594:
2588:
2586:
2585:
2581:
2568:
2564:
2555:
2551:
2541:
2539:
2530:
2529:
2525:
2515:
2513:
2507:
2506:
2502:
2493:
2489:
2480:
2476:
2471:Wayback Machine
2458:
2454:
2447:
2434:
2433:
2429:
2420:
2416:
2407:
2403:
2394:
2390:
2381:
2377:
2368:
2364:
2355:
2351:
2343:
2339:
2322:
2318:
2309:
2305:
2299:Wayback Machine
2289:
2285:
2273:
2269:
2261:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2238:Town privileges
2188:
2181:
2174:
2165:
2162:
2153:
2146:
2137:
2130:
2121:
2114:
2105:
2098:
2089:
2086:
2077:
2067:
2058:
2055:Ivan Aivazovsky
2051:
2042:
2035:
2026:
2019:
2010:
1999:
1990:
1983:
1974:
1967:
1958:
1951:
1942:
1939:
1930:
1923:
1914:
1907:
1898:
1891:
1882:
1879:
1870:
1863:
1854:
1851:
1842:
1835:
1826:
1819:
1810:
1807:
1798:
1793:Fish Market by
1791:
1782:
1775:
1766:
1759:
1728:
1721:
1718:
1709:
1706:
1697:
1694:
1685:
1679:
1620:
1605:
1598:
1591:
1582:
1575:
1566:
1560:
1551:
1545:
1536:
1531:Market Square,
1529:
1520:
1514:
1505:
1499:
1490:
1489:erected in 1446
1480:
1471:
1465:
1456:
1453:
1429:South Yorkshire
1258:Chipping Norton
1254:Market Weighton
1126:
1121:
1099:
1044:
1041:
1038:
1035:
1029:
1021:Main articles:
1019:
1012:
1005:
996:
989:
980:
977:
968:
965:
956:
945:
936:
933:
924:
917:
908:
901:
813:
807:
756:
749:
742:
733:
726:
717:
714:
702:Ottoman Hungary
682:
675:
672:
662:
653:
646:
637:
630:
621:
614:Invalidenstraße
610:
567:German town law
524:, for example,
500:
497:
487:
480:
462:
453:
435:
426:
408:
399:
381:
372:
354:
345:
327:
263:
258:
252:
247:
177:, for example,
133:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5045:
5043:
5035:
5034:
5032:Types of towns
5029:
5027:Retail markets
5024:
5019:
5014:
5009:
5004:
4999:
4989:
4988:
4982:
4981:
4979:
4978:
4973:
4968:
4963:
4958:
4953:
4944:
4941:
4940:
4937:
4936:
4933:
4932:
4930:
4929:
4924:
4919:
4914:
4909:
4904:
4899:
4894:
4889:
4884:
4883:
4882:
4877:
4869:
4864:
4859:
4858:
4857:
4849:
4844:
4839:
4834:
4829:
4824:
4819:
4813:
4811:
4807:
4806:
4804:
4803:
4798:
4793:
4788:
4787:
4786:
4776:
4771:
4766:
4761:
4756:
4751:
4746:
4741:
4736:
4731:
4726:
4721:
4720:
4719:
4709:
4704:
4699:
4694:
4689:
4684:
4679:
4678:
4677:
4669:
4664:
4663:
4662:
4657:
4649:
4644:
4639:
4634:
4629:
4624:
4623:
4622:
4617:
4612:
4607:
4599:
4594:
4589:
4584:
4579:
4574:
4569:
4564:
4559:
4554:
4549:
4544:
4538:
4536:
4528:
4527:
4524:
4517:
4516:
4513:
4512:
4509:
4508:
4505:
4504:
4501:
4500:
4498:
4497:
4492:
4487:
4482:
4477:
4472:
4467:
4462:
4457:
4452:
4447:
4442:
4437:
4432:
4427:
4422:
4416:
4414:
4410:
4409:
4407:
4406:
4401:
4400:
4399:
4389:
4384:
4379:
4374:
4369:
4368:
4367:
4357:
4352:
4347:
4342:
4337:
4332:
4327:
4322:
4317:
4312:
4307:
4306:
4305:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4270:
4265:
4264:
4263:
4253:
4248:
4243:
4238:
4233:
4228:
4223:
4218:
4213:
4212:
4211:
4201:
4196:
4190:
4188:
4180:
4179:
4176:
4169:
4168:
4165:
4164:
4161:
4160:
4158:
4157:
4156:
4155:
4147:
4142:
4137:
4132:
4131:
4130:
4123:Exclusion zone
4120:
4119:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4102:Economic zone
4099:
4097:
4093:
4092:
4090:
4089:
4088:
4087:
4079:
4073:
4071:
4067:
4066:
4064:
4063:
4061:Urban township
4058:
4053:
4051:Paper township
4048:
4046:Civil township
4043:
4037:
4035:
4029:
4028:
4026:
4025:
4020:
4014:
4012:
4006:
4005:
4003:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3991:
3990:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3969:
3968:
3963:
3952:
3950:
3944:
3943:
3941:
3940:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3912:
3910:
3904:
3903:
3901:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3874:
3873:
3866:Capital region
3863:
3858:
3857:
3856:
3847:
3845:
3839:
3838:
3836:
3835:
3832:Roman province
3828:
3821:
3815:
3813:
3807:
3806:
3804:
3803:
3796:
3791:
3786:
3780:
3778:
3772:
3771:
3769:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3757:
3756:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3715:
3713:
3707:
3706:
3704:
3703:
3700:Indian reserve
3697:
3690:
3688:
3684:
3683:
3681:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3664:
3662:
3656:
3655:
3653:
3652:
3650:Urban district
3647:
3646:
3645:
3635:
3634:
3633:
3623:
3622:
3621:
3616:
3608:
3603:
3601:Rural district
3598:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3577:
3576:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3525:
3523:
3517:
3516:
3514:
3513:
3507:
3505:
3499:
3498:
3496:
3495:
3489:
3487:
3481:
3480:
3478:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3466:
3465:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3429:
3427:
3421:
3420:
3418:
3417:
3412:
3406:
3404:
3398:
3397:
3395:
3394:
3387:
3380:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3352:
3350:
3344:
3343:
3341:
3340:
3333:
3327:
3325:
3319:
3318:
3313:
3311:
3305:
3304:
3302:
3301:
3296:
3294:County borough
3290:
3288:
3282:
3281:
3279:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3252:
3250:
3242:
3241:
3238:
3227:
3226:
3221:
3214:
3213:
3207:
3205:
3204:
3197:
3190:
3182:
3176:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3158:
3157:External links
3155:
3154:
3153:
3132:
3118:
3102:
3099:
3098:
3097:
3091:
3081:
3075:
3069:
3051:
3050:
3037:
3024:
2998:
2980:
2963:
2929:
2901:
2876:
2854:
2847:Market Squares
2838:
2825:
2805:
2792:
2779:
2766:
2741:
2724:
2712:
2699:
2686:
2673:
2660:
2647:
2627:
2609:
2579:
2562:
2549:
2523:
2500:
2487:
2481:Fletcher, O.,
2474:
2452:
2445:
2427:
2414:
2401:
2388:
2375:
2362:
2349:
2337:
2316:
2303:
2283:
2267:
2254:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2183:
2182:
2175:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2156:
2154:
2147:
2140:
2138:
2134:Alberto Pasini
2131:
2124:
2122:
2120:, 19th century
2115:
2108:
2106:
2099:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2080:
2078:
2068:
2061:
2059:
2052:
2045:
2043:
2036:
2029:
2027:
2021:Market Day at
2020:
2013:
2011:
2000:
1993:
1991:
1984:
1977:
1975:
1971:Samuel Ireland
1968:
1961:
1959:
1952:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1933:
1931:
1924:
1917:
1915:
1908:
1901:
1899:
1895:Joos de Momper
1892:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1873:
1871:
1864:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1845:
1843:
1836:
1829:
1827:
1820:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1801:
1799:
1792:
1785:
1783:
1776:
1769:
1767:
1763:Pieter Aertsen
1760:
1753:
1732:Pieter Aertsen
1727:
1724:
1723:
1722:
1719:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1688:
1686:
1680:
1673:
1619:
1616:
1604:
1601:
1600:
1599:
1592:
1585:
1583:
1576:
1569:
1567:
1561:
1554:
1552:
1546:
1539:
1537:
1530:
1523:
1521:
1515:
1508:
1506:
1500:
1493:
1491:
1481:
1474:
1472:
1466:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1447:
1423:, situated in
1383:Minchinhampton
1313:Blackwell Hall
1262:Chipping Ongar
1250:Market Deeping
1238:Market Drayton
1197:up-river from
1125:
1122:
1098:
1095:
1018:
1015:
1014:
1013:
1011:, Norway, 2010
1006:
999:
997:
990:
983:
981:
978:
971:
969:
966:
959:
957:
946:
939:
937:
934:
927:
925:
923:, c. 1891-1910
918:
911:
909:
902:
895:
864:fortifications
860:customs duties
809:Main article:
806:
803:
755:
752:
751:
750:
743:
736:
734:
727:
720:
718:
715:
708:
681:
678:
677:
676:
664:Market place,
663:
656:
654:
647:
640:
638:
632:Market place,
631:
624:
622:
611:
604:
555:. Around 800,
486:
483:
482:
481:
463:
456:
454:
436:
429:
427:
409:
402:
400:
382:
375:
373:
355:
348:
346:
328:
321:
315:market squares
311:public markets
262:
259:
254:Main article:
251:
250:Czech Republic
248:
246:
243:
199:Sowerby Bridge
191:West Yorkshire
132:
129:
102:Market Drayton
94:Downham Market
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5044:
5033:
5030:
5028:
5025:
5023:
5020:
5018:
5015:
5013:
5010:
5008:
5005:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4995:
4994:
4992:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4954:
4951:
4950:
4948:
4942:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4920:
4918:
4915:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4881:
4878:
4876:
4873:
4872:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4856:
4853:
4852:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4814:
4812:
4808:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4789:
4785:
4782:
4781:
4780:
4777:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4767:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4747:
4745:
4742:
4740:
4737:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4727:
4725:
4722:
4718:
4715:
4714:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4680:
4676:
4673:
4672:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4653:
4652:
4651:Kommun/Kunta
4650:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4602:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4539:
4537:
4533:
4529:
4522:
4518:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4478:
4476:
4475:Roman diocese
4473:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4417:
4415:
4411:
4405:
4402:
4398:
4395:
4394:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4366:
4363:
4362:
4361:
4358:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4315:Neighbourhood
4313:
4311:
4308:
4304:
4301:
4300:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4262:
4259:
4258:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4210:
4207:
4206:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4194:Alpine resort
4192:
4191:
4189:
4185:
4181:
4174:
4170:
4154:
4151:
4150:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4129:
4126:
4125:
4124:
4121:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4103:
4101:
4100:
4098:
4094:
4086:
4083:
4082:
4080:
4078:
4077:Regional unit
4075:
4074:
4072:
4068:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4038:
4036:
4034:
4030:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4015:
4013:
4011:
4007:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3989:
3986:
3985:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3958:
3957:
3954:
3953:
3951:
3949:
3945:
3939:
3938:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3926:Federal state
3924:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3913:
3911:
3909:
3905:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3872:
3869:
3868:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3855:
3852:
3851:
3849:
3848:
3846:
3844:
3840:
3834:
3833:
3829:
3827:
3826:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3816:
3814:
3812:
3808:
3802:
3801:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3789:Subprefecture
3787:
3785:
3782:
3781:
3779:
3777:
3773:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3755:
3752:
3751:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3716:
3714:
3712:
3708:
3701:
3698:
3695:
3692:
3691:
3689:
3685:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3665:
3663:
3661:
3657:
3651:
3648:
3644:
3641:
3640:
3639:
3636:
3632:
3629:
3628:
3627:
3624:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3611:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3575:
3572:
3571:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3559:Land district
3557:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3534:City district
3532:
3530:
3527:
3526:
3524:
3522:
3518:
3512:
3509:
3508:
3506:
3504:
3500:
3494:
3491:
3490:
3488:
3486:
3482:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3464:
3461:
3460:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3430:
3428:
3426:
3422:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3407:
3405:
3403:
3399:
3393:
3392:
3388:
3386:
3385:
3381:
3379:
3378:
3377:Imperial city
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3353:
3351:
3349:
3345:
3339:
3338:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3328:
3326:
3324:
3320:
3316:
3312:
3310:
3306:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3291:
3289:
3287:
3283:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3253:
3251:
3247:
3243:
3236:
3232:
3228:
3224:
3223:English terms
3219:
3215:
3211:
3203:
3198:
3196:
3191:
3189:
3184:
3183:
3180:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3160:
3156:
3152:
3151:1-85285-112-0
3148:
3145:
3144:1-85285-201-1
3141:
3137:
3133:
3131:
3130:0-2977-8528-1
3127:
3123:
3119:
3117:
3116:0-7153-6798-6
3113:
3109:
3106:Hogg, Garry,
3105:
3104:
3100:
3095:
3092:
3089:
3088:Mark Girouard
3085:
3082:
3079:
3076:
3073:
3070:
3067:
3063:
3060:
3059:
3058:
3057:
3047:
3044:Honig, E.A.,
3041:
3038:
3034:
3031:Honig, E.A.,
3028:
3025:
3012:
3008:
3002:
2999:
2996:
2992:
2989:
2984:
2981:
2976:
2975:
2967:
2964:
2960:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2933:
2930:
2917:
2913:
2912:
2905:
2902:
2890:
2886:
2880:
2877:
2864:
2858:
2855:
2852:
2848:
2842:
2839:
2835:
2829:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2815:
2809:
2806:
2802:
2796:
2793:
2789:
2783:
2780:
2776:
2770:
2767:
2755:
2751:
2745:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2728:
2725:
2722:
2716:
2713:
2709:
2706:Ottaway, P.,
2703:
2700:
2696:
2690:
2687:
2683:
2677:
2674:
2670:
2664:
2661:
2657:
2651:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2631:
2628:
2624:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2610:
2605:
2604:
2598:
2583:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2566:
2563:
2559:
2553:
2550:
2538:
2534:
2527:
2524:
2511:
2504:
2501:
2497:
2491:
2488:
2484:
2478:
2475:
2472:
2468:
2465:
2462:
2456:
2453:
2448:
2446:0-521-81945-8
2442:
2438:
2431:
2428:
2424:
2418:
2415:
2411:
2408:Honig, E.A.,
2405:
2402:
2398:
2392:
2389:
2385:
2379:
2376:
2372:
2366:
2363:
2359:
2353:
2350:
2347:
2341:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2323:Letters, S.,
2320:
2317:
2313:
2307:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2293:
2287:
2284:
2280:
2279:
2271:
2268:
2265:
2259:
2256:
2249:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2190:
2185:
2179:
2172:
2167:
2160:
2155:
2151:
2144:
2139:
2135:
2128:
2123:
2119:
2112:
2107:
2103:
2096:
2091:
2084:
2079:
2075:
2072:, Antwerp by
2071:
2065:
2060:
2056:
2049:
2044:
2040:
2033:
2028:
2024:
2017:
2012:
2008:
2004:
1997:
1992:
1988:
1981:
1976:
1972:
1965:
1960:
1956:
1949:
1944:
1937:
1932:
1928:
1921:
1916:
1912:
1905:
1900:
1896:
1889:
1884:
1877:
1872:
1868:
1861:
1856:
1849:
1844:
1840:
1833:
1828:
1824:
1817:
1812:
1805:
1800:
1796:
1789:
1784:
1780:
1773:
1768:
1764:
1757:
1752:
1750:
1749:
1745:
1742:
1738:
1733:
1725:
1716:
1711:
1704:
1699:
1692:
1687:
1683:
1677:
1672:
1670:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1639:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1617:
1615:
1613:
1609:
1608:Market houses
1602:
1597:, Wales, 2008
1596:
1595:Monnow Bridge
1589:
1584:
1580:
1573:
1568:
1564:
1558:
1553:
1549:
1543:
1538:
1534:
1527:
1522:
1518:
1512:
1507:
1503:
1497:
1492:
1488:
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1473:
1469:
1463:
1458:
1451:
1446:
1444:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1417:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1398:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1359:market square
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1288:
1283:
1277:
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1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
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1239:
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1216:
1212:
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1196:
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1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1159:
1155:
1152:
1146:
1143:
1139:
1130:
1123:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1096:
1094:
1092:
1088:
1087:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1028:
1024:
1016:
1010:
1003:
998:
994:
987:
982:
975:
970:
963:
958:
954:
950:
943:
938:
931:
926:
922:
915:
910:
906:
903:Fish market,
899:
894:
892:
889:
887:
883:
879:
876:
871:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
843:
841:
837:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
812:
804:
802:
800:
796:
791:
789:
782:
776:
772:
769:
765:
761:
753:
747:
740:
735:
731:
724:
719:
712:
707:
705:
703:
697:
695:
690:
686:
679:
667:
660:
655:
651:
644:
639:
635:
628:
623:
619:
615:
612:Market hall,
608:
603:
601:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
574:Marktgemeinde
570:
568:
564:
563:
558:
554:
549:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
496:
492:
484:
478:
474:
470:
469:market square
466:
465:Public market
460:
455:
451:
447:
443:
442:market square
439:
438:Public market
433:
428:
424:
420:
416:
415:market square
412:
411:Public market
406:
401:
397:
393:
389:
388:market square
385:
379:
374:
366:
362:
358:
352:
347:
343:
339:
335:
334:market square
331:
325:
320:
318:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
260:
257:
249:
244:
242:
238:
236:
230:
223:
218:
214:
210:
208:
204:
203:Hebden Bridge
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
183:railway lines
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
161:
156:
154:
153:Domesday Book
141:
137:
130:
128:
126:
122:
118:
114:
113:market square
110:
109:special halls
105:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
59:
55:
50:
43:
39:
38:market square
34:
30:
19:
4997:Market towns
4946:
4867:Maalaiskunta
4827:Heerlijkheid
4667:Län (Sweden)
4335:Protectorate
4330:Principality
4251:Constituency
4140:Neutral zone
4022:
3935:
3830:
3823:
3798:
3711:Municipality
3389:
3382:
3375:
3361:Charter city
3335:
3266:Special area
3256:Insular area
3135:
3121:
3107:
3093:
3083:
3077:
3071:
3061:
3056:Bibliography
3055:
3054:
3045:
3040:
3032:
3027:
3015:. Retrieved
3011:the original
3001:
2983:
2973:
2966:
2958:
2951:. Retrieved
2947:the original
2942:
2932:
2920:. Retrieved
2910:
2904:
2892:. Retrieved
2879:
2867:. Retrieved
2857:
2846:
2841:
2833:
2828:
2808:
2800:
2795:
2787:
2782:
2774:
2769:
2757:. Retrieved
2753:
2744:
2732:
2727:
2715:
2707:
2702:
2694:
2689:
2681:
2676:
2668:
2663:
2655:
2650:
2634:
2630:
2620:
2612:
2601:
2582:
2574:
2570:
2565:
2560:, p. 231-246
2557:
2552:
2540:. Retrieved
2536:
2526:
2514:. Retrieved
2503:
2495:
2490:
2482:
2477:
2460:
2455:
2436:
2430:
2422:
2417:
2409:
2404:
2396:
2391:
2383:
2378:
2370:
2365:
2357:
2352:
2340:
2332:
2324:
2319:
2311:
2306:
2286:
2277:
2270:
2258:
1747:
1746:
1740:
1736:
1729:
1643:mercat cross
1640:
1621:
1606:
1483:Market cross
1440:
1436:
1418:
1399:
1363:market cross
1356:
1350:
1341:
1320:
1309:
1297:Market Cross
1287:town council
1278:
1269:
1246:Market Rasen
1235:
1195:River Thames
1186:
1164:
1147:
1141:
1135:
1090:
1084:
1072:
1055:. After the
1031:Miasteczko (
1030:
890:
881:
877:
872:
856:excise taxes
844:
835:
828:
824:
814:
798:
792:
770:
757:
698:
691:
687:
683:
596:province of
577:
573:
571:
560:
550:
541:
537:
533:
513:
498:
306:
264:
239:
231:
227:
211:
165:
157:
149:
140:Market cross
125:mercat cross
121:market cross
117:market place
106:
98:Market Rasen
78:market right
77:
65:
63:
53:
29:
18:Market towns
4862:Landskommun
4754:Savivaldybė
4620:Switzerland
4615:South Tyrol
4495:Viceroyalty
4288:Governorate
4246:Condominium
4149:Trade zone
4023:Market town
4018:Census town
3916:Proto-state
3888:Microregion
3453:County town
3448:County seat
3315:Half-canton
2421:Clark, P.,
2369:Davis, J.,
2213:Market hall
2208:Marketplace
2070:Grote Markt
1927:Barent Gael
1737:meerseniers
1548:Northampton
1379:market hall
1321:Bristol red
1215:de Montfort
1207:Hallamshire
1183:Magna Carta
1179:Cirencester
1091:Miasteczkos
1073:miasteczkos
746:Nagykanizsa
673: 1895
668:, Austria,
666:Floridsdorf
598:South Tyrol
557:Charlemagne
530:Marktbergel
167:Framlingham
74:Middle Ages
66:market town
4991:Categories
4810:Historical
4774:Shahrestān
4717:Autonomous
4465:Presidency
4413:Historical
4382:Suzerainty
4365:Autonomous
4209:Autonomous
3931:Free state
3921:City-state
3883:Mesoregion
3776:Prefecture
3503:Department
2953:18 January
2654:Dyer, C.,
2617:"Местечко"
2356:Dyer, C.,
2250:References
2023:Zaltbommel
2003:Woudrichem
1953:Market by
1651:St Andrews
1579:Horncastle
1563:Altrincham
1533:Huntingdon
1468:Birmingham
1387:Nailsworth
1203:oxbow lake
1167:Colchester
1042:small town
1027:Miasteczko
799:kaupstaður
771:kaupstaður
592:, and the
546:Westphalia
510:Marktrecht
384:Market day
365:Copenhagen
357:Market day
330:Market day
245:By country
187:Calderdale
70:settlement
58:Wittenberg
54:Marktplatz
42:Shrewsbury
4851:Landskap
4847:Län/Lääni
4801:Vingtaine
4769:Seniūnija
4759:Selsoviet
4734:Poblacion
4671:Landskap
4601:Gemeinde
4592:Freguesia
4547:Apskritis
4470:Residency
4435:Exarchate
4377:Sultanate
4268:Eldership
4199:Bailiwick
3948:Territory
3898:Subregion
3643:in the US
3475:Viscounty
3402:Community
2869:3 January
2203:Marketing
2104:, c. 1866
1989:, c. 1834
1825:, c. 1602
1781:, 1555–56
1647:Inverurie
1502:Salisbury
1391:Painswick
1305:Wiltshire
1211:Henry III
1199:Runnymede
1187:parlement
921:Porsgrunn
886:smuggling
878:lossested
875:Norwegian
836:kaupstaðr
833:Old Norse
831:from the
821:Norwegian
775:Reykjavík
768:Icelandic
652:, Germany
636:, Germany
620:, Germany
588:state of
502:‹See Tfd›
473:Svendborg
419:Aakirkeby
361:Haymarket
344:, 1897-98
309:and hold
207:Todmorden
179:Cowbridge
4952:See also
4687:Maakunta
4682:Località
4627:Gemeente
4587:Frazione
4557:Barangay
4387:Townland
4325:Precinct
4310:Muftiate
4261:District
4221:Cadastre
4033:Township
3811:Province
3702:(Canada)
3660:Division
3521:District
2991:Archived
2817:Archived
2467:Archived
2295:Archived
2218:Merchant
2186:See also
1741:koopman,
1632:Arbroath
1624:Roxburgh
1618:Scotland
1517:Sedbergh
1487:Lambourn
1425:Barnsley
1369:are the
1270:chipping
1061:Austrian
1009:Tønsberg
1007:Market,
882:ladested
840:monopoly
829:kaupstad
825:kjøpstad
811:Kjøpstad
795:Ólafsvík
788:counties
650:Schmölln
538:Freiheit
423:Bornholm
4947:italics
4907:Satrapy
4892:Pargana
4817:Commote
4675:Finland
4655:Finland
4647:Kampong
4637:Hromada
4610:Germany
4605:Austria
4577:Comarca
4535:Current
4490:Tithing
4460:Monthon
4445:Hundred
4392:Village
4345:Regency
4340:Quarter
4273:Emirate
4241:Commune
4231:Circuit
4187:Current
3485:Country
3323:Capital
3286:Borough
3017:21 June
2542:27 July
2516:27 July
2223:Peddler
2193:Charter
1659:Wigtown
1655:Selkirk
1636:Brechin
1628:Glasgow
1603:Ireland
1414:borough
1410:Telford
1367:England
1333:Banbury
1329:Worsted
1317:Bristol
1301:Devizes
1282:monarch
1151:Farmers
1142:charter
1138:charter
1081:Yiddish
1069:Russian
1036:
949:Skibotn
781:Alþingi
760:Iceland
754:Iceland
730:Miskolc
680:Hungary
594:Italian
590:Bavaria
582:Austria
542:Wigbold
534:Flecken
522:Germany
518:Austria
450:Zealand
396:Zealand
386:on the
359:on the
342:Jutland
332:on the
307:købstad
271:købstad
261:Denmark
235:Antwerp
195:Halifax
171:Suffolk
160:castles
131:History
86:village
4922:Syssel
4912:Socken
4880:Greece
4855:Sweden
4842:Korale
4837:Köping
4832:Komunë
4796:Tehsil
4712:Oblast
4660:Sweden
4582:Comune
4567:Bezirk
4562:Bashki
4552:Bakhsh
4425:Barony
4420:Agency
4397:Summer
4360:Sector
4355:Riding
4320:Parish
4293:Hamlet
4236:Colony
4226:Circle
4204:Banner
3843:Region
3425:County
3309:Canton
3149:
3142:
3128:
3114:
2922:9 July
2894:9 July
2759:23 May
2592:
2537:sze.hu
2443:
2233:Retail
2180:, 1882
2152:, 1923
2076:, 1862
2057:, 1860
2039:Bangor
2009:, 1850
1973:, 1797
1913:, 1696
1869:, 1654
1841:, 1648
1797:, 1568
1765:, 1550
1665:, and
1389:, and
1325:Stroud
1264:, and
1189:. The
1117:, and
1086:shtetl
1065:German
1017:Poland
995:, 2001
905:Bergen
852:export
848:Import
817:Norway
805:Norway
758:While
748:, 1901
732:, 1884
618:Berlin
586:German
584:, the
506:German
479:, 2019
452:, 2015
425:, 2010
398:, 1915
299:Skjern
297:) was
291:Danish
281:) and
275:Hedeby
267:Danish
256:Městys
205:, and
82:market
4917:Subah
4902:Rreth
4897:Plasă
4887:Pagus
4875:Egypt
4871:Nome
4791:Sýsla
4784:China
4764:Sitio
4749:Raion
4739:Purok
4729:Ostān
4724:Okrug
4702:Mukim
4697:Muban
4692:Megye
4642:Județ
4632:Gmina
4485:Tenth
4455:March
4430:Burgh
4372:Shire
4303:Royal
4298:Manor
4256:Duchy
4216:Block
3908:State
1682:Kelso
1667:Cupar
1663:Kelso
1393:near
1337:Essex
1274:Saxon
1175:Roman
1083:term
993:Røros
634:Weeze
578:Markt
514:Markt
477:Funen
100:, or
68:is a
56:) of
4927:Zhou
4744:Qark
4480:Seat
4440:Hide
4404:Ward
4096:Zone
4070:Unit
4010:Town
3348:City
3249:Area
3147:ISBN
3140:ISBN
3126:ISBN
3112:ISBN
3019:2015
2955:2023
2924:2012
2896:2012
2871:2011
2823:>
2761:2022
2739:>
2735:<
2645:>
2544:2024
2518:2024
2441:ISBN
2327:<
2301:>
2243:Târg
1419:The
1335:and
1067:and
1033:lit.
1025:and
858:and
850:and
827:and
786:the
540:and
520:and
493:and
446:Køge
392:Sorø
371:1900
338:Ribe
283:Ribe
175:ford
146:1400
90:city
76:, a
36:The
4822:Gau
4779:Sum
4542:Amt
2005:by
1299:at
1169:is
951:in
880:or
815:In
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