2043:
229:
gradually supplanted the periodic markets, while peddlers or itinerant sellers continued to fill in any gaps in distribution. The physical market was characterised by transactional exchange and bartering systems were commonplace. Shops had higher overhead costs, but were able to offer regular trading hours and a relationship with customers and may have offered added value services, such as credit terms to reliable customers. The economy was characterised by local trading in which goods were traded across relatively short distances. Braudel reports that, in 1600, grain moved just 5–10 miles (8.0–16.1 km); cattle 40–70 miles (64–113 km); wool and woollen cloth 20–40 miles (32–64 km). However, following the
European age of discovery, goods were imported from afar – calico cloth from India, porcelain, silk and tea from China, spices from India and South-East Asia and tobacco, sugar, rum and coffee from the New World.
1975:
1767:
1124:
2042:
1698:
1567:
1883:
706:
1710:
1855:
2166:
957:
937:
1583:
1931:
925:
1899:
1552:
1915:
1671:
1521:
1472:
432:
2090:
1686:
2059:
1783:
1943:
734:
1991:
893:
136:
1457:
1811:
405:
997:
1827:
1445:
2138:
1153:
1537:
602:
2078:
969:
1751:
324:
2122:
2106:
459:
378:
2154:
1871:
2011:
1959:
879:), which was a port or harbor with a monopoly to import and export goods and materials in both the port and a surrounding outlying district. Typically, these were locations for exporting timber, and importing grain and goods. Local farm goods and timber sales were all required to pass through merchants at either a small seaport or a market town prior to export. This encouraged local merchants to ensure trading went through them, which was so effective in limiting unsupervised sales (
1843:
217:
1799:
2027:
909:
1224:
1491:
654:
1506:
638:
351:
1288:
49:
33:
718:
1342:
981:
622:
213:
congregated in market towns – peddlers, retailers, hucksters, stallholders, merchants and other types of trader. Some were professional traders who occupied a local shopfront such as a bakery or alehouse, while others were casual traders who set up a stall or carried their wares around in baskets on market days. Market trade supplied for the needs of local consumers whether they were visitors or local residents.
163:
were accorded market town status through custom and practice if they had been in existence prior to 1199. From an early stage, kings and administrators understood that a successful market town attracted people, generated revenue and would pay for the town's defences. In around the 12th century, European kings began granting charters to villages allowing them to hold markets on specific days.
2584:
695:
depending on the era from which various parts of the city originate. Market towns were characterized as a transition between a village and a city, without a unified, definite city core. A high level of urban planning only marks an era starting from the 17th-18th centuries. This dating is partially related to the modernization and resettlement waves after the liberation of
1411:. It is generally accepted that, in these cases, when a town was granted a market, it gained the additional autonomy conferred to separate towns. Many of the early market towns have continued operations into recent times. For instance, Northampton market received its first charter in 1189 and markets are still held in the square to this day.
560:. Conrad created a number of market towns in Saxony throughout the 11th century and did much to develop peaceful markets by granting a special 'peace' to merchants and a special and permanent 'peace' to market-places. With the rise of the territories, the ability to designate market towns was passed to the princes and dukes, as the basis of
1640:: a place where the right to hold a regular market or fair was granted by a ruling authority (either royal, noble, or ecclesiastical). As in the rest of the UK, the area in which the cross was situated was almost always central: either in a square; or in a broad, main street. Towns which still have regular markets include:
1305:
As the number of charters granted increased, competition between market towns also increased. In response to competitive pressures, towns invested in a reputation for quality produce, efficient market regulation and good amenities for visitors such as covered accommodation. By the thirteenth century,
1143:
Until about 1200, markets were often held on
Sundays, the day when the community congregated in town to attend church. Some of the more ancient markets appear to have been held in churchyards. At the time of the Norman conquest, the majority of the population made their living through agriculture and
228:
Braudel and
Reynold have made a systematic study of European market towns between the 13th and 15th century. Their investigation shows that in regional districts markets were held once or twice a week while daily markets were common in larger cities. Over time, permanent shops began opening daily and
694:
The successors of these settlements usually have a distinguishable townscape. The absence of fortification walls, sparsely populated agglomerations, and their tight bonds with agricultural life allowed these towns to remain more vertical compared to civitates. The street-level urban structure varies
240:
A good number of local histories of individual market towns can be found. However, more general histories of the rise of market-towns across Europe are much more difficult to locate. Clark points out that while a good deal is known about the economic value of markets in local economies, the cultural
1148:
and their families brought their surplus produce to informal markets held on the grounds of their church after worship. By the 13th century, however, a movement against Sunday markets gathered momentum, and the market gradually moved to a site in town's centre and was held on a weekday. By the 15th
1139:
was granted, it gave local lords the right to take tolls and also afforded the town some protection from rival markets. When a chartered market was granted for specific market days, a nearby rival market could not open on the same days. Across the boroughs of
England, a network of chartered markets
840:
Norway developed market towns at a much later period than other parts of Europe. The reasons for this late development are complex but include the sparse population, lack of urbanisation, no real manufacturing industries and no cash economy. The first market town was created in 11th century Norway,
162:
or monasteries, not only to enjoy their protection, but also because large manorial households and monasteries generated demand for goods and services. Historians term these early market towns "prescriptive market towns" in that they may not have enjoyed any official sanction such as a charter, but
780:
in the 19th and 20th century. In the latter half of the 20th century, the special rights granted to market towns mostly involved a greater autonomy in fiscal matters and control over town planning, schooling and social care. Unlike rural municipalities, the market towns were not considered part of
150:
The primary purpose of a market town is the provision of goods and services to the surrounding locality. Although market towns were known in antiquity, their number increased rapidly from the 12th century. Market towns across Europe flourished with an improved economy, a more urbanised society and
679:
In
Hungarian, the word for market town "mezőváros" means literally "pasture town" and implies that it was unfortified town: they were architecturally distinguishable from other towns by the lack of town walls. Most market towns were chartered in the 14th and 15th centuries and typically developed
212:
A number of studies have pointed to the prevalence of the periodic market in medieval towns and rural areas due to the localised nature of the economy. The marketplace was the commonly accepted location for trade, social interaction, transfer of information and gossip. A broad range of retailers
1274:
The
English system of charters established that a new market town could not be created within a certain travelling distance of an existing one. This limit was usually a day's worth of travelling (approximately 10 kilometres (6.2 mi)) to and from the market. If the travel time exceeded this
232:
The importance of local markets began to decline in the mid-16th century. Permanent shops which provided more stable trading hours began to supplant the periodic market. In addition, the rise of a merchant class led to the import and exports of a broad range of goods, contributing to a reduced
1337:
A study on the purchasing habits of the monks and other individuals in medieval
England, suggests that consumers of the period were relatively discerning. Purchase decisions were based on purchase criteria such as consumers' perceptions of the range, quality, and price of goods. This informed
1729:
was known as the "great painter of the market" Painters' interest in markets was due, at least in part, to the changing nature of the market system at that time. With the rise of the merchant guilds, the public began to distinguish between two types of merchant, the
1974:
1738:
which described a new, emergent class of trader who dealt in goods or credit on a large scale. Paintings of every day market scenes may have been an affectionate attempt to record familiar scenes and document a world that was in danger of being lost.
1566:
1766:
1882:
1279:
to close down illegal markets in other towns. These distances are still law in
England today. Other markets can be held, provided they are licensed by the holder of the Royal Charter, which tends currently to be the local
683:
Archaeological studies suggest that the ground plans of such market towns had multiple streets and could also emerge from a group of villages or an earlier urban settlement in decline, or be created as a new urban centre.
705:
1854:
1930:
1709:
936:
1697:
1306:
counties with important textile industries were investing in purpose built market halls for the sale of cloth. Specific market towns cultivated a reputation for high quality local goods. For example, London's
1914:
1670:
1685:
1582:
1898:
4970:
2089:
2165:
431:
3194:
886:
Norwegian "market towns" died out and were replaced by free markets during the 19th century. After 1952, both the "small seaport" and the "market town" were relegated to simple town status.
924:
841:
to encourage businesses to concentrate around specific towns. King Olaf established a market town at Bergen in the 11th century, and it soon became the residence of many wealthy families.
404:
792:
in 1983 and from that point there were 24 market towns until a municipal reform in 1986 essentially abolished the concept. Many of the existing market towns would continue to be named
1609:. These often arcaded buildings performed marketplace functions, frequently with a community space on the upper floor. The oldest surviving structures date from the mid-17th century.
956:
4950:
1204:, who established a Fair and Market in 1232. Travelers were able to meet and trade wares in relative safety for a week of "fayres" at a location inside the town walls. The reign of
2985:
680:
around 13th-century villages that had preceded them. A boom in the raising of livestock may have been a trigger for the upsurge in the number of market towns during that period.
2845:
305:, market towns were merged with neighboring parishes, and the market towns lost their special status and privileges, though many still advertise themselves using the moniker of
173:
is a notable example of a market situated near a fortified building. Additionally, markets were located where transport was easiest, such as at a crossroads or close to a river
155:
of 1086 lists 50 markets in
England. Some 2,000 new markets were established between 1200 and 1349. The burgeoning of market towns occurred across Europe around the same time.
127:
in
Scotland). They were and are typically open one or two days a week. In the modern era, the rise of permanent retail establishments reduced the need for periodic markets.
1942:
1231:
Market towns grew up at centres of local activity and were an important feature of rural life and also became important centres of social life, as some place names suggest:
1990:
1810:
1123:
1471:
2058:
458:
1826:
1551:
1113:
2137:
2105:
2077:
733:
1782:
1520:
3187:
3608:
1456:
323:
1536:
601:
377:
2121:
1842:
4965:
2597:
2153:
111:, but this is a relatively recent development. Historically the markets were open-air, held in what is usually called (regardless of its actual shape) the
1958:
1444:
1144:
livestock farming. Most lived on their farms, situated outside towns, and the town itself supported a relatively small population of permanent residents.
3217:
2010:
2969:
Remarks on London: Being an Exact Survey of the Cities of London and Westminster, Borough of Southwark, and the Suburbs and Liberties Contiguous to Them
286:
4339:
3180:
1209:
892:
3001:
92:. In Britain, small rural towns with a hinterland of villages are still commonly called market towns, as sometimes reflected in their names (e.g.
908:
2504:
4245:
2883:
1750:
2846:
http://www.northamptonshireheritage.co.uk/learn/built-heritage-and-the-historic-environment/Pages/market-squares.aspx#expand-NorthamptonMarket
2461:
2026:
1271:
verb meaning "to buy". A major study carried out by the University of London found evidence for least 2,400 markets in English towns by 1516.
996:
968:
857:. This practice served to encourage growth in areas which had strategic significance, providing a local economic base for the construction of
350:
1395:
A "market town" may or may not have rights concerning self-government that are usually the legal basis for defining a "town". For instance,
1376:, as well, with administrative or civic quarters on the upper floor, above a covered trading area. Market towns with smaller status include
1176:, which held a market in late Roman Britain. The term derived from markets and fairs first established in 13th century after the passage of
5006:
5001:
4459:
3497:
2811:
2289:
1870:
1408:
653:
2270:
1430:, there is no single register of modern entitlements to hold markets and fairs, although historical charters up to 1516 are listed in the
758:
637:
2983:
5011:
4464:
3892:
3396:
1047:
5016:
4996:
4391:
3558:
1798:
1415:
1275:
standard, a new market town could be established in that locale. As a result of the limit, official market towns often petitioned the
4277:
4225:
4134:
3145:
3138:
3124:
3110:
2933:
2439:
1109:
883:) that customs revenues increased from less than 30% of the total tax revenues in 1600 to more than 50% of the total taxes by 1700.
1135:
was generally seen to be a royal prerogative. However, the granting of charters was not systematically recorded until 1199. Once a
4414:
4354:
4314:
4220:
4198:
3982:
3637:
3632:
3303:
4479:
4240:
3404:
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1140:
sprang up between the 12th and 16th centuries, giving consumers reasonable choice in the markets they preferred to patronise.
4921:
4474:
3723:
3654:
1097:
980:
2675:
Cate, J.L., "The Church and Market Reform in England During the Reign of Henry III," in J.L. Cate and E.N. Anderson (eds.),
717:
2807:
Koot, G.M.,"Shops and Shopping in Britain: from market stalls to chain stores," University of Dartmouth, 2011, <Online:
2285:
Koot, G.M.,"Shops and Shopping in Britain: from market stalls to chain stores," University of Dartmouth, 2011, <Online:
4773:
3848:
2591:
1505:
1071:
837:
over the purchase and sale of wares, and operation of other businesses, both in the town and in the surrounding district.
135:
1725:
Dutch painters of Antwerp took great interest in market places and market towns as subject matter from the 16th century.
833:) was a town which had been granted commerce privileges by the king or other authorities. The citizens in the town had a
4591:
4398:
4210:
4188:
3748:
3625:
3464:
1905:
1252:
302:
4334:
4079:
2744:
2616:
621:
4449:
3960:
3548:
3167:
2879:
1152:
1734:
which referred to local merchants including bakers, grocers, sellers of dairy products and stall-holders, and the
4649:
4621:
4439:
4203:
3955:
3568:
2144:
1649:
1426:, has around 32,000 members and close links with market traders' federations throughout Europe. According to the
1101:
494:
849:
was to be conducted only through market towns, to allow oversight of commerce and to simplify the imposition of
4654:
4419:
3760:
3437:
1773:
193:, several market towns close together were designated to take advantage of the new trains. The designation of
2553:
Den urbane underskog: Stadsbygge i bondeland – ett forskningsfält med teoretiska och metodiska implikationer,
5026:
5021:
4701:
4262:
4122:
4100:
3865:
3457:
3204:
3060:
2096:
1676:
1657:
1389:
1369:
194:
4778:
4614:
4609:
4139:
3977:
3877:
3613:
3533:
2633:
1981:
1861:
1165:
947:
490:
1188:
of 1258 were only possible because of the foundation of a town and university at a crossing-place on the
4991:
4874:
4110:
3794:
3778:
3738:
3728:
3563:
3427:
3409:
3255:
2493:
Zsolt, V., ed., Department of Monuments of the Ministry of National Cultural Heritage, 2003, pp 368–372.
2489:
Laszlovszky, J., Miklós, Z., Romhányi, B and Szende, K., "The Archaeology of Hungary’s Medieval Towns,"
2258:
2064:
1438:
includes "A List of all the Market Towns in England and Wales; with the Days of the Week whereon kept".
1360:
in the centre of the town, to obtain God's blessing on the trade. Notable examples of market crosses in
1291:
3162:
3005:
1017:
2857:
1356:. These provided room for people to set up stalls and booths on market days. Often the town erected a
4841:
3733:
3293:
2910:
2222:
2192:
1427:
1268:
1205:
1185:
1051:
858:
691:. Their long-lasting feudal subordination to landowners or the church is also a crucial difference.
3172:
2432:
Kingship and Politics in the Late 9th Century: Charles the Fat and the End of the Carolingian Empire
216:
185:
were first built, market towns were given priority to ease the transport of goods. For instance, in
4849:
4686:
4344:
4272:
3967:
3925:
3813:
3743:
3718:
3505:
3452:
3265:
3260:
2458:
2112:
1949:
1396:
1223:
782:
556:
221:
2527:
595:. Nevertheless, the title has no further legal significance, as it does not grant any privileges.
4960:
4681:
4669:
4604:
4599:
4319:
4105:
3989:
3872:
3755:
3688:
3580:
3538:
3378:
2794:
Casson, M. and Lee, J., "The Origin and Development of Markets: A Business History Perspective,"
2781:
Casson, M. and Lee, J., "The Origin and Development of Markets: A Business History Perspective,"
2305:
Casson, M. and Lee, J., "The Origin and Development of Markets: A Business History Perspective,"
1789:
1400:
869:
815:
762:
547:
278:
2808:
2286:
608:
1617:
In Scotland, borough markets were held weekly from an early stage. A King's market was held at
4723:
4711:
4359:
4349:
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3950:
3855:
3819:
3713:
3600:
3590:
3575:
3432:
3365:
3141:
3134:
3120:
3106:
2435:
2172:
2068:
1833:
1817:
1606:
1236:
1132:
688:
285:
were among the first. As of 1801, there were 74 market towns in Denmark (for a full list, see
1407:. In England, towns with such rights are usually distinguished with the additional status of
4768:
4566:
4129:
4035:
3788:
3672:
3543:
3523:
3487:
3360:
3270:
2001:
1365:
1260:
1217:
1043:
915:
862:
772:, would lose their market rights in 1836. New market towns would be designated by acts from
520:
69:
2340:
273:) emerged during the Iron Age. It is not known which was the first Danish market town, but
4955:
4816:
4444:
4147:
4050:
3994:
3931:
3902:
3887:
3667:
3662:
3620:
3585:
3385:
3350:
3325:
2989:
2815:
2551:
Holt, R., "Medieval Norway’s urbanizationin a European perspective," in S. Olaffson (ed),
2465:
2293:
2232:
2049:
2033:
1423:
1287:
1248:
1055:
696:
561:
500:
298:
290:
266:
174:
48:
2941:
987:
2664:
Provincial Towns in Early Modern England and Ireland: Change, Convergence and Divergence
4748:
4287:
4255:
4117:
4055:
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4040:
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3826:
3694:
3644:
3595:
3288:
2128:
1965:
1889:
1757:
1726:
1377:
1341:
1307:
1256:
1244:
1232:
1063:
789:
198:
190:
101:
93:
32:
4985:
4469:
4309:
4071:
3920:
3783:
3553:
3528:
3371:
3082:
2770:
The Growth of the Medieval City: From Late Antiquity to the Early Fourteenth Century,
2366:
Medieval Market Morality: Life, Law and Ethics in the English Marketplace, 1200-1500,
2328:
Medieval Market Morality: Life, Law and Ethics in the English Marketplace, 1200-1500,
1589:
1353:
1169:
1059:
899:
854:
468:
464:
441:
437:
414:
410:
387:
383:
356:
333:
329:
314:
310:
202:
182:
152:
112:
37:
4869:
4861:
4856:
4821:
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4324:
4235:
3705:
3355:
3331:
3317:
3250:
1637:
1602:
1477:
1357:
1352:
As traditional market towns developed, they featured a wide main street or central
1281:
1240:
1189:
1105:
850:
139:
124:
120:
116:
108:
97:
4763:
769:
4940:
Used by ten or more countries or having derived terms. Historical derivations in
2967:
233:
reliance on local produce. At the centre of this new global mercantile trade was
4676:
4489:
4434:
4297:
4292:
4282:
4012:
3910:
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2904:
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Vol. II The First Renaissance, 1100-1190 AD, London, John Murray, 1914, pp 41–42
2323:
2207:
2202:
1921:
1542:
1373:
1201:
1177:
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Norway included a subordinate category to the market town, the "small seaport" (
805:
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660:
644:
592:
551:
524:
166:
81:
73:
4376:
3915:
3770:
3469:
2017:
1997:
1936:
A Poultry Market Before a Village Inn by Barent Gael, n.d. (late 17th century)
1645:
1573:
1557:
1527:
1462:
1381:
1197:
1161:
1021:
775:
540:
364:
360:
186:
158:
Initially, market towns most often grew up close to fortified places, such as
57:
41:
3057:
A Revolution from Above; The Power State of 16th and 17th Century Scandinavia
1149:
century, towns were legally prohibited from holding markets in church-yards.
17:
4795:
4753:
4728:
4586:
4541:
4429:
4371:
4193:
3942:
2528:"KISALFÖLDI ÉS ALFÖLDI MEZŐVÁROSOK KÜLÖNBÖZŐSÉGE, KISVÁROSI ÉRTÉKEK VÉDELME"
2197:
1691:
Square in front of St Giles' Church, Elgin, is the site of a medieval market
1641:
1496:
1385:
1299:
1193:
880:
827:
472:
418:
206:
178:
4831:
4826:
3168:
Cheshire Market Towns – council maintained guide to Cheshire's Market Towns
2703:
Archaeology in British Towns: From the Emperor Claudius to the Black Death,
1106:
Market cross § Towns and villages in Great Britain with a market cross
1054:
at the end of the 18th-century, these settlements became widespread in the
761:
until 1786. With the abolishment of the trading monopoly, six market town (
255:
2379:
The Wheels of Commerce: Civilization and Capitalism, 15th to 18th Century,
2273:
The Wheels of Commerce: Civilization and Capitalism, 15th to 18th Century,
1621:
on a specific day from about the year 1171; a Thursday market was held at
4891:
4785:
4636:
4581:
4551:
4381:
4304:
4215:
4027:
3805:
3515:
2212:
1626:
1618:
1511:
1481:
1419:
1213:
1172:
occupation of Britain's southern regions. Another ancient market town is
861:
and sufficient population to defend the area. It also served to restrict
834:
422:
2688:
Postan, M.M., Rich, E.E. and Miller, E., "Early Markets and Fairs," in
1127:
The Fish Market at Hastings Beach by Joseph Mallord William Turner, 1810
237:, which by the mid-16th century, was the largest market town in Europe.
4886:
4811:
4641:
4631:
4571:
4484:
4454:
4386:
4267:
3479:
3280:
2827:
Dyer, C., "Market Towns and the Countryside in Late Medieval England,"
2237:
2217:
2187:
1653:
1630:
1622:
1404:
1361:
1327:
1323:
1311:
1295:
1276:
1145:
1075:
943:
754:
724:
584:
580:
576:
516:
512:
449:
445:
395:
391:
341:
234:
170:
85:
72:
most common in Europe that obtained by custom or royal charter, in the
2620:, vol. 5, 1990, published online by the Electronic Jewish Encyclopedia
4916:
4906:
4901:
4836:
4790:
4706:
4576:
4561:
4556:
4546:
4230:
3837:
3419:
2611:
2259:
https://archaeologywordsmith.comlookup.php?terms=central+place+theory
2227:
1319:
1088:
had a special administrative status other than that of town or city.
1080:
846:
842:
811:
612:
274:
159:
4661:
4911:
4896:
4881:
4758:
4743:
4733:
4718:
4696:
4691:
4626:
4424:
4366:
4250:
2728:
Online Gazetteer of Markets and Fairs in England and Wales to 1516
2320:
Online Gazetteer of Markets and Fairs in England and Wales to 1516
1661:
1340:
1331:
1286:
1222:
1200:
in the stream. Early patronage included Thomas Furnyvale, lord of
1151:
1122:
628:
588:
476:
215:
134:
47:
31:
4738:
4004:
3342:
3129:
Dyer, Christopher, "The Consumer and the Market," Chapter 13 in
3073:
The English Market Town: A Social and Economic History 1750-1914
2459:
http://www.neckar-magazin.de/english/cities/esslingen/index.html
337:
282:
89:
4518:
4170:
3232:
3215:
3176:
2309:, Vol 85, Spring, 2011, pp 9–37. doi:10.1017/S0007680511000018
4536:
1679:
Farmers Market, Scotland with cobbled square in the foreground
711:
Hungarian fruit market, original drawing by Wilhelm Hahn, 1868
2809:
https://www1.umassd.edu/ir/resources/consumption/shopping.pdf
2287:
https://www1.umassd.edu/ir/resources/consumption/shopping.pdf
1848:
Fruit and vegetable market, Holland by Sybrand van Beest 1652
1208:
witnessed a spike in established market fairs. The defeat of
865:
merchants from trading in areas other than those designated.
241:
role of market-towns has received scant scholarly attention.
1636:
In Scotland, market towns were often distinguished by their
3158:
Gazetteer of Markets and Fairs in England and Wales to 1516
2906:
Gazetteer of Markets and Fairs in England and Wales to 1516
2630:
Gazetteer of Markets and Fairs in England and Wales to 1516
1664:. Not all still possess their mercat cross (market cross).
1314:
became associated with a particular type of cloth known as
1131:
From the time of the Norman conquest, the right to award a
768:) were founded around the country. All of them, except for
2982:
Britnell, R., "Markets and Fairs in Britain Before 1216,"
2798:
Vol 85, Spring, 2011, doi:10.1017/S0007680511000018, p. 27
2269:
Britnell, R., "Markets and Fairs in Britain Before 1216,"
1220:
in 1295 to perambulate the boundaries of forest and town.
1168:
recorded market town, dating to at least the time of the
2341:
http://www.buildinghistory.org/buildings/townwalls.shtml
2083:
Town hall and market by Cornelis Springer, 1864 (detail)
1743:
Paintings and drawings of market towns and market scenes
1322:
was known for producing fine woollen cloth, the town of
546:
Market rights were designated as long ago as during the
2745:"Bracton: Thorne Edition: English. Volume 3, Page 198"
2159:
Market in Poltava by Vladimir Egorovich Makovsky, n.d.
1372:
and Devizes, Wiltshire. Market towns often featured a
2934:"A List of all the Market Towns in England and Wales"
2434:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 12.
796:
even after the term lost any administrative meaning.
151:
the widespread introduction of a cash-based economy.
2491:
Hungary's Archaeology at the Turn of the Millennium,
2394:, Berkeley, CA, University of California Press, 1992
687:
Frequently, they had limited privileges compared to
4804:
4529:
4407:
4181:
4090:
4064:
4026:
4003:
3941:
3901:
3836:
3804:
3769:
3704:
3681:
3653:
3514:
3496:
3478:
3418:
3395:
3341:
3316:
3302:
3279:
3243:
2590:
1715:
Weekly Farmers' Market at Castle Terrace, Edinburgh
1432:
Gazetteer of Markets and Fairs in England and Wales
3105:, Newton Abbot, Devon, David & Charles, 1974.
3041:Painting & the Market in Early Modern Antwerp,
3028:Painting & the Market in Early Modern Antwerp,
2405:Painting & the Market in Early Modern Antwerp,
2381:Berkeley, CA, University of California Press, 1992
2276:Berkeley, CA, University of California Press, 1992
1114:List of market houses in the Republic of Ireland
930:Market square, Youngstorget Nytorvet, c. 1915-20
2566:Heimskringla: or, The Lives of the Norse Kings,
1338:decisions about where to make their purchases.
1284:. Failing that, the Crown can grant a licence.
773:
757:was under Danish rule, Danish merchants held a
2653:London, Hambledon and London, 1994, pp 283-303
2355:London, Hambledon and London, 1994, pp 283–303
1703:Orkney Auction Mart, Hatston Industrial Estate
1227:London's Clare market by Thomas Shepherd, 1815
1156:The Fish Market by Joachim Beuckelaer, c. 1568
788:The last town to be granted market rights was
224:, where the market dates back to at least 1356
3188:
2732:http://www.history.ac.uk/cmh/gaz/gazweb2.html
2716:https://www.sodburytowncouncil.gov.uk/history
2638:http://www.history.ac.uk/cmh/gaz/gazweb2.html
2324:http://www.history.ac.uk/cmh/gaz/gazweb2.html
567:The local ordinance status of a market town (
8:
2666:, , Oxford University Press (2002), pp 65-66
1052:partitions of Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
265:In Denmark, the concept of the market town (
27:Settlement granted the right to host markets
4966:List of administrative divisions by country
3119:, London, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1985.
3075:, Jonathan Brown, (The Crowood Press, 1986)
2598:Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary
1212:increased the sample testing of markets by
1027:
4526:
4515:
4178:
4167:
3240:
3229:
3225:
3212:
3195:
3181:
3173:
3163:Pictures of England, Historic Market Towns
2714:Chipping Sodbury Town Council, "History",
2690:The Cambridge Economic History of Europe,
2572:, Princeton University Press, 2015, p.121
2095:Pwllheli Market in Wales, watercolour by
1980:'Returning from Market', oil painting by
527:. Other terms used for market towns were
2692:London, Cambridge University Press, 1965
2420:Cambridge University Press, 2002, p. 124
2368:Cambridge University Press, 2012, pp 6-9
2330:Cambridge University Press, 2012, p. 144
289:). The last town to gain market rights (
2250:
1772:Rustic Market (Nundinae Rusticorum) by
1746:
1666:
1576:, given its charter in the 13th century
1450:Holyhead market in Wales, woodcut, 1840
1440:
1334:were strongly associated with cheeses.
1326:became synonymous with a type of yarn;
1074:; these are known in English under the
1046:similar to a market town in the former
888:
701:
597:
319:
3089:The Oxford History of Medieval England
2568:Courier Corp., 2012 p.567; Larsen,L.,
1964:Market at Aberystwith, sepia print by
1160:Archaeological evidence suggests that
554:granted the title of a market town to
3133:London, Hambledon & London, 2000
2858:"National Market Traders' Federation"
1920:A Fish Market in a Village Square by
1346:The Market Place, Ely, Cambridgeshire
181:in the Vale of Glamorgan. When local
80:, which allowed it to host a regular
7:
3069:, Paul Brand, (Hambledon Press 1992)
3043:Yale University Press, 1998, pp 6-10
2048:A market scene in Constantinople by
1888:Flemish Market and Washing Place by
1070:had significant or even predominant
575:) is perpetuated through the law of
499:The medieval right to hold markets (
287:this table at Danish Knowledge (XXG)
2418:Small Towns in Early Modern Europe,
1876:Market Scene by Jan van Horst, 1569
3131:Everyday Life in Medieval England,
2651:Everyday Life in Medieval England,
2454:"The Medieval City of Esslingen,"
2353:Everyday Life in Medieval England,
1804:At the Market by Jonge Lange, 1584
1545:Market, established in around 1255
1416:National Market Traders Federation
25:
3030:Yale University Press, 1998, p.24
2677:Essays in Honor of J.W. Thompson.
2407:Yale University Press, 1998, p. 6
1860:Village Market with the Quack by
1605:were a common feature across the
1110:Market houses in Northern Ireland
3983:Organized incorporated territory
2913:Institute of Historical Research
2582:
2164:
2152:
2136:
2120:
2104:
2088:
2076:
2057:
2041:
2025:
2020:by Elias Pieter Van Bommel, 1852
2009:
1989:
1973:
1957:
1941:
1929:
1913:
1897:
1881:
1869:
1853:
1841:
1832:Vegetable market in Holland, by
1825:
1809:
1797:
1781:
1765:
1749:
1708:
1696:
1684:
1669:
1581:
1565:
1550:
1535:
1519:
1504:
1489:
1470:
1455:
1443:
995:
979:
967:
955:
935:
923:
907:
891:
732:
716:
704:
652:
636:
620:
600:
457:
430:
403:
376:
349:
322:
4971:Slavic administrative divisions
3085:, (Yale University Press, 1990)
1572:Corner of the market square in
1180:, and the first laws towards a
84:; this distinguished it from a
4520:Non-English terms or loanwords
3724:Direct-controlled municipality
3091:, (ed.) Nigel Saul, (OUP 1997)
2749:amesfoundation.law.harvard.edu
2662:Borsay, P. and Proudfoot, L.,
2111:A Moonlit Vegetable Market by
1816:Peasants going to the market,
1098:List of market towns in London
1066:Empires. The vast majority of
1048:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
974:Market (illustration), c. 1927
759:monopoly on trade with Iceland
739:Heti vásár (weekly market) at
511:of the names of many towns in
1:
3849:Special administrative region
2772:Oxon, Routledge, 2014, p. 182
2478:The Making of Western Europe,
2390:Braudel, F. and Reynold, S.,
2377:Braudel, F. and Reynold, S.,
2271:Braudel, F. and Reynold, S.,
1465:Market Charters 1166 and 1189
986:Traditional Winter market at
664:
643:Market place, with fountain,
507:) is reflected in the prefix
368:
143:
3749:Mountain resort municipality
3626:Intermediate school district
3609:Educational service district
3465:Regional county municipality
3067:The Making of the Common Law
3002:"Historic Towns of Scotland"
2954:SOURCE: 'Remarks on London'
2829:Canadian Journal of History,
2636:, no. 32, 2003, <Online:
1906:Jan Baptist van Meunincxhove
962:Norwegian Market, c. 1921-35
814:, the medieval market town (
107:Modern markets are often in
5007:Local government in Germany
5002:Local government in England
4080:Autonomous territorial unit
2785:Vol 85, Spring, 2011, p. 28
2705:London, Routledge, pp 44-45
2617:Shorter Jewish Encyclopedia
2507:. Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó
1904:Market Square in Bruges by
1310:became a centre for cloth,
1042:) was a historical type of
5043:
5012:Local government in Norway
3961:National capital territory
3682:Indian reserve/reservation
3549:Indian government district
3203:Designations for types of
3059:; Editor: Leon Jesperson;
2972:. T. Norris, and H. Tracy.
1924:, n.d. (late 17th century)
1095:
1092:United Kingdom and Ireland
1015:
914:Market and customs house,
803:
488:
253:
60:, a market town in Germany
5017:Local government in Wales
4997:Government of South Tyrol
4951:Autonomous administration
4938:
4525:
4514:
4177:
4166:
3956:Federal capital territory
3569:Non-metropolitan district
3559:Local government district
3239:
3228:
3224:
3211:
2505:"Magyar néprajzi lexikon"
2145:Frederick Arthur Bridgman
1952:, first half 18th century
1892:, first half 17th century
1629:, and a Sunday market at
1102:List of markets in London
774:
495:List of markets in Vienna
119:, sometimes centred on a
3761:Specialized municipality
3438:Consolidated city-county
2988:6 September 2018 at the
2796:Business History Review,
2783:Business History Review,
2679:Chicago, 1938, pp. 27–65
2143:North African market by
1774:Pieter Bruegel the Elder
531:in northern Germany, or
303:municipal reform of 1970
44:, an English market town
4123:Military exclusion zone
4101:Exclusive economic zone
3866:National capital region
3458:Non-metropolitan county
3205:administrative division
3103:Market Towns of England
3061:Odense University Press
2430:MacLean, Simon (2003).
2307:Business History Review
2257:Archaeology Wordsmith,
2097:Frances Elizabeth Wynne
1625:, a Saturday market at
1399:, is in the borough of
1390:Stroud, Gloucestershire
1370:Malmesbury Market Cross
1214:Edward I the "lawgiver"
209:is an example of this.
4140:Self-administered zone
3978:Incorporated territory
3845:Administrative region
3614:Local service district
3534:Congressional district
2966:Stow, William (1722).
2932:Stow, William (1722).
2860:. Rosiewinterton.co.uk
2840:Northampton Heritage,
2634:List and Index Society
2614:, an article from the
2392:The Wheels of Commerce
2036:by John J Walker, 1856
1982:Augustus Wall Callcott
1862:Cornelis Pietersz Bega
1434:. William Stow's 1722
1349:
1348:by W. W. Collins, 1908
1302:
1228:
1157:
1128:
948:Storfjord Municipality
723:Main market street in
504:
491:Market halls in Berlin
294:
270:
225:
220:Modern market hall in
147:
61:
45:
4111:Special economic zone
3795:Praetorian prefecture
3779:Autonomous prefecture
3739:Regional municipality
3729:District municipality
3564:Metropolitan district
3428:Administrative county
3410:Residential community
3256:Local government area
2884:The National Archives
2814:6 August 2019 at the
2464:27 March 2017 at the
2292:6 August 2019 at the
1721:In art and literature
1403:but is separate from
1344:
1290:
1226:
1196:, where it formed an
1155:
1126:
1096:Further information:
489:Further information:
219:
142:in a market, French,
138:
51:
35:
4702:Njësi administrative
3734:Neutral municipality
3673:Subdivision of India
3405:Autonomous community
3294:Metropolitan borough
3234:Common English terms
3117:English Market Towns
2911:University of London
2831:Vol. 31, No. 1, 1996
2223:Plantation of Ulster
2193:History of marketing
1428:UK National Archives
1186:Provisions of Oxford
950:, Troms county, 1917
485:German-language area
277:(part of modern-day
4345:Autonomous republic
4273:Enclave and exclave
4172:Other English terms
3968:Dependent territory
3814:Autonomous province
3744:Resort municipality
3719:County municipality
3506:Overseas department
3453:Metropolitan county
3266:Unincorporated area
3115:Chamberlin, E. R.,
2880:"Markets and Fairs"
2601:(in Russian). 1906.
2326:>: ; Davis, J.,
2171:Fair in Ukraine by
2131:, late 19th century
2113:Petrus van Schendel
1996:The Fish market in
1950:Alessandro Magnasco
1588:Farmers' market on
1397:Newport, Shropshire
1298:, a market town in
1267:was derived from a
1263: –
1216:, who summoned the
557:Esslingen am Neckar
295:købstadsprivilegier
52:The market square (
4961:Electoral district
4278:Federal dependency
4106:Free economic zone
3990:Overseas territory
3873:Development region
3756:Rural municipality
3689:Indian reservation
3581:Municipal district
3539:Electoral district
3379:Free imperial city
2726:Samantha Letters,
2339:Building History,
2127:A Market Scene by
1790:Joachim Beuckelaer
1560:, Chartered Market
1401:Telford and Wrekin
1350:
1303:
1229:
1158:
1129:
1072:Jewish populations
942:Norwegian market,
548:Carolingian Empire
313:on their historic
279:Schleswig-Holstein
226:
148:
62:
46:
4979:
4978:
4934:
4933:
4930:
4929:
4510:
4509:
4506:
4505:
4502:
4501:
4498:
4497:
4162:
4161:
4158:
4157:
4076:Territorial unit
3973:Federal territory
3951:Capital territory
3856:Autonomous region
3820:Overseas province
3714:City municipality
3605:Service district
3601:Sanitary district
3591:Regional district
3576:Military district
3433:Autonomous county
3366:Incorporated city
2570:History of Norway
2173:Vladimir Makovsky
2069:Cornelis Springer
1834:Sybrand van Beest
1818:Peter Paul Rubens
1607:island of Ireland
1436:Remarks on London
1237:Market Harborough
1119:England and Wales
1018:Przywilej targowy
902:, Norway, c. 1890
689:free royal cities
16:(Redirected from
5034:
4567:Regierungsbezirk
4527:
4516:
4179:
4168:
4130:Free speech zone
4036:Charter township
3789:Super-prefecture
3633:Special district
3544:Federal district
3524:Capital district
3488:Overseas country
3361:Independent city
3332:Imperial capital
3271:Unorganized area
3241:
3230:
3226:
3213:
3197:
3190:
3183:
3174:
3079:The English Town
3044:
3037:
3031:
3024:
3018:
3017:
3015:
3013:
3004:. Archived from
2998:
2992:
2980:
2974:
2973:
2963:
2957:
2956:
2951:
2949:
2940:. Archived from
2929:
2923:
2922:
2920:
2918:
2901:
2895:
2894:
2892:
2890:
2876:
2870:
2869:
2867:
2865:
2854:
2848:
2838:
2832:
2825:
2819:
2805:
2799:
2792:
2786:
2779:
2773:
2768:Nicholas, D.M.,
2766:
2760:
2759:
2757:
2755:
2741:
2735:
2724:
2718:
2712:
2706:
2699:
2693:
2686:
2680:
2673:
2667:
2660:
2654:
2647:
2641:
2627:
2621:
2609:
2603:
2602:
2594:
2592:"Местечки"
2588:
2586:
2585:
2579:
2573:
2564:Sturluson, S. ,
2562:
2556:
2549:
2543:
2542:
2540:
2538:
2526:Somfai, Attila.
2523:
2517:
2516:
2514:
2512:
2503:Ortutay, Gyula.
2500:
2494:
2487:
2481:
2474:
2468:
2456:Neckar Magazine,
2452:
2446:
2445:
2427:
2421:
2414:
2408:
2401:
2395:
2388:
2382:
2375:
2369:
2362:
2356:
2349:
2343:
2337:
2331:
2316:
2310:
2303:
2297:
2283:
2277:
2267:
2261:
2255:
2168:
2156:
2140:
2124:
2108:
2092:
2080:
2061:
2045:
2032:A market day in
2029:
2013:
2002:Jan Weissenbruch
1993:
1977:
1961:
1945:
1933:
1917:
1901:
1885:
1873:
1857:
1845:
1829:
1813:
1801:
1785:
1769:
1756:Market Scene by
1753:
1712:
1700:
1688:
1673:
1585:
1569:
1554:
1539:
1523:
1514:chartered market
1508:
1499:chartered market
1493:
1474:
1459:
1447:
1366:Chichester Cross
1261:Chipping Sodbury
1218:Model Parliament
1166:England's oldest
1044:urban settlement
1041:
1038:
1035:
1032:
1029:
999:
983:
971:
959:
939:
927:
911:
895:
863:Hanseatic League
779:
778:
736:
720:
708:
669:
666:
656:
640:
624:
604:
521:Markt Berolzheim
467:on the historic
461:
440:on the historic
434:
413:on the historic
407:
380:
370:
353:
326:
301:in 1958. At the
222:Frankfurt-Höchst
145:
21:
5042:
5041:
5037:
5036:
5035:
5033:
5032:
5031:
4982:
4981:
4980:
4975:
4956:Census division
4926:
4800:
4521:
4494:
4445:Imperial Circle
4403:
4173:
4154:
4148:Free-trade zone
4086:
4060:
4051:Survey township
4022:
3999:
3995:Union territory
3937:
3932:Sovereign state
3897:
3888:Overseas region
3832:
3800:
3765:
3700:
3691:(United States)
3677:
3668:Police division
3663:Census division
3649:
3621:School district
3586:Police district
3510:
3492:
3474:
3414:
3391:
3386:Royal free city
3351:Autonomous city
3337:
3326:Federal capital
3312:
3298:
3275:
3235:
3220:
3207:
3201:
3154:
3098:
3096:Further reading
3063:; Denmark; 2000
3048:
3047:
3038:
3034:
3025:
3021:
3011:
3009:
3008:on 21 June 2015
3000:
2999:
2995:
2990:Wayback Machine
2981:
2977:
2965:
2964:
2960:
2947:
2945:
2944:on 29 June 2012
2938:London Ancestor
2931:
2930:
2926:
2916:
2914:
2903:
2902:
2898:
2888:
2886:
2878:
2877:
2873:
2863:
2861:
2856:
2855:
2851:
2839:
2835:
2826:
2822:
2816:Wayback Machine
2806:
2802:
2793:
2789:
2780:
2776:
2767:
2763:
2753:
2751:
2743:
2742:
2738:
2725:
2721:
2713:
2709:
2700:
2696:
2687:
2683:
2674:
2670:
2661:
2657:
2648:
2644:
2628:
2624:
2610:
2606:
2589:
2583:
2581:
2580:
2576:
2563:
2559:
2550:
2546:
2536:
2534:
2525:
2524:
2520:
2510:
2508:
2502:
2501:
2497:
2488:
2484:
2475:
2471:
2466:Wayback Machine
2453:
2449:
2442:
2429:
2428:
2424:
2415:
2411:
2402:
2398:
2389:
2385:
2376:
2372:
2363:
2359:
2350:
2346:
2338:
2334:
2317:
2313:
2304:
2300:
2294:Wayback Machine
2284:
2280:
2268:
2264:
2256:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2233:Town privileges
2183:
2176:
2169:
2160:
2157:
2148:
2141:
2132:
2125:
2116:
2109:
2100:
2093:
2084:
2081:
2072:
2062:
2053:
2050:Ivan Aivazovsky
2046:
2037:
2030:
2021:
2014:
2005:
1994:
1985:
1978:
1969:
1962:
1953:
1946:
1937:
1934:
1925:
1918:
1909:
1902:
1893:
1886:
1877:
1874:
1865:
1858:
1849:
1846:
1837:
1830:
1821:
1814:
1805:
1802:
1793:
1788:Fish Market by
1786:
1777:
1770:
1761:
1754:
1723:
1716:
1713:
1704:
1701:
1692:
1689:
1680:
1674:
1615:
1600:
1593:
1586:
1577:
1570:
1561:
1555:
1546:
1540:
1531:
1526:Market Square,
1524:
1515:
1509:
1500:
1494:
1485:
1484:erected in 1446
1475:
1466:
1460:
1451:
1448:
1424:South Yorkshire
1253:Chipping Norton
1249:Market Weighton
1121:
1116:
1094:
1039:
1036:
1033:
1030:
1024:
1016:Main articles:
1014:
1007:
1000:
991:
984:
975:
972:
963:
960:
951:
940:
931:
928:
919:
912:
903:
896:
808:
802:
751:
744:
737:
728:
721:
712:
709:
697:Ottoman Hungary
677:
670:
667:
657:
648:
641:
632:
625:
616:
609:Invalidenstraße
605:
562:German town law
519:, for example,
497:
487:
480:
462:
453:
435:
426:
408:
399:
381:
372:
354:
345:
327:
263:
258:
252:
247:
177:, for example,
133:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5040:
5038:
5030:
5029:
5027:Types of towns
5024:
5022:Retail markets
5019:
5014:
5009:
5004:
4999:
4994:
4984:
4983:
4977:
4976:
4974:
4973:
4968:
4963:
4958:
4953:
4948:
4939:
4936:
4935:
4932:
4931:
4928:
4927:
4925:
4924:
4919:
4914:
4909:
4904:
4899:
4894:
4889:
4884:
4879:
4878:
4877:
4872:
4864:
4859:
4854:
4853:
4852:
4844:
4839:
4834:
4829:
4824:
4819:
4814:
4808:
4806:
4802:
4801:
4799:
4798:
4793:
4788:
4783:
4782:
4781:
4771:
4766:
4761:
4756:
4751:
4746:
4741:
4736:
4731:
4726:
4721:
4716:
4715:
4714:
4704:
4699:
4694:
4689:
4684:
4679:
4674:
4673:
4672:
4664:
4659:
4658:
4657:
4652:
4644:
4639:
4634:
4629:
4624:
4619:
4618:
4617:
4612:
4607:
4602:
4594:
4589:
4584:
4579:
4574:
4569:
4564:
4559:
4554:
4549:
4544:
4539:
4533:
4531:
4523:
4522:
4519:
4512:
4511:
4508:
4507:
4504:
4503:
4500:
4499:
4496:
4495:
4493:
4492:
4487:
4482:
4477:
4472:
4467:
4462:
4457:
4452:
4447:
4442:
4437:
4432:
4427:
4422:
4417:
4411:
4409:
4405:
4404:
4402:
4401:
4396:
4395:
4394:
4384:
4379:
4374:
4369:
4364:
4363:
4362:
4352:
4347:
4342:
4337:
4332:
4327:
4322:
4317:
4312:
4307:
4302:
4301:
4300:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4270:
4265:
4260:
4259:
4258:
4248:
4243:
4238:
4233:
4228:
4223:
4218:
4213:
4208:
4207:
4206:
4196:
4191:
4185:
4183:
4175:
4174:
4171:
4164:
4163:
4160:
4159:
4156:
4155:
4153:
4152:
4151:
4150:
4142:
4137:
4132:
4127:
4126:
4125:
4118:Exclusion zone
4115:
4114:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4097:Economic zone
4094:
4092:
4088:
4087:
4085:
4084:
4083:
4082:
4074:
4068:
4066:
4062:
4061:
4059:
4058:
4056:Urban township
4053:
4048:
4046:Paper township
4043:
4041:Civil township
4038:
4032:
4030:
4024:
4023:
4021:
4020:
4015:
4009:
4007:
4001:
4000:
3998:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3986:
3985:
3975:
3970:
3965:
3964:
3963:
3958:
3947:
3945:
3939:
3938:
3936:
3935:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3907:
3905:
3899:
3898:
3896:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3869:
3868:
3861:Capital region
3858:
3853:
3852:
3851:
3842:
3840:
3834:
3833:
3831:
3830:
3827:Roman province
3823:
3816:
3810:
3808:
3802:
3801:
3799:
3798:
3791:
3786:
3781:
3775:
3773:
3767:
3766:
3764:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3752:
3751:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3710:
3708:
3702:
3701:
3699:
3698:
3695:Indian reserve
3692:
3685:
3683:
3679:
3678:
3676:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3659:
3657:
3651:
3650:
3648:
3647:
3645:Urban district
3642:
3641:
3640:
3630:
3629:
3628:
3618:
3617:
3616:
3611:
3603:
3598:
3596:Rural district
3593:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3572:
3571:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3520:
3518:
3512:
3511:
3509:
3508:
3502:
3500:
3494:
3493:
3491:
3490:
3484:
3482:
3476:
3475:
3473:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3461:
3460:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3424:
3422:
3416:
3415:
3413:
3412:
3407:
3401:
3399:
3393:
3392:
3390:
3389:
3382:
3375:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3347:
3345:
3339:
3338:
3336:
3335:
3328:
3322:
3320:
3314:
3313:
3308:
3306:
3300:
3299:
3297:
3296:
3291:
3289:County borough
3285:
3283:
3277:
3276:
3274:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3247:
3245:
3237:
3236:
3233:
3222:
3221:
3216:
3209:
3208:
3202:
3200:
3199:
3192:
3185:
3177:
3171:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3153:
3152:External links
3150:
3149:
3148:
3127:
3113:
3097:
3094:
3093:
3092:
3086:
3076:
3070:
3064:
3046:
3045:
3032:
3019:
2993:
2975:
2958:
2924:
2896:
2871:
2849:
2842:Market Squares
2833:
2820:
2800:
2787:
2774:
2761:
2736:
2719:
2707:
2694:
2681:
2668:
2655:
2642:
2622:
2604:
2574:
2557:
2544:
2518:
2495:
2482:
2476:Fletcher, O.,
2469:
2447:
2440:
2422:
2409:
2396:
2383:
2370:
2357:
2344:
2332:
2311:
2298:
2278:
2262:
2249:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2178:
2177:
2170:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2151:
2149:
2142:
2135:
2133:
2129:Alberto Pasini
2126:
2119:
2117:
2115:, 19th century
2110:
2103:
2101:
2094:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2075:
2073:
2063:
2056:
2054:
2047:
2040:
2038:
2031:
2024:
2022:
2016:Market Day at
2015:
2008:
2006:
1995:
1988:
1986:
1979:
1972:
1970:
1966:Samuel Ireland
1963:
1956:
1954:
1947:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1928:
1926:
1919:
1912:
1910:
1903:
1896:
1894:
1890:Joos de Momper
1887:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1868:
1866:
1859:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1840:
1838:
1831:
1824:
1822:
1815:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1796:
1794:
1787:
1780:
1778:
1771:
1764:
1762:
1758:Pieter Aertsen
1755:
1748:
1727:Pieter Aertsen
1722:
1719:
1718:
1717:
1714:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1683:
1681:
1675:
1668:
1614:
1611:
1599:
1596:
1595:
1594:
1587:
1580:
1578:
1571:
1564:
1562:
1556:
1549:
1547:
1541:
1534:
1532:
1525:
1518:
1516:
1510:
1503:
1501:
1495:
1488:
1486:
1476:
1469:
1467:
1461:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1442:
1418:, situated in
1378:Minchinhampton
1308:Blackwell Hall
1257:Chipping Ongar
1245:Market Deeping
1233:Market Drayton
1192:up-river from
1120:
1117:
1093:
1090:
1013:
1010:
1009:
1008:
1006:, Norway, 2010
1001:
994:
992:
985:
978:
976:
973:
966:
964:
961:
954:
952:
941:
934:
932:
929:
922:
920:
918:, c. 1891-1910
913:
906:
904:
897:
890:
859:fortifications
855:customs duties
804:Main article:
801:
798:
750:
747:
746:
745:
738:
731:
729:
722:
715:
713:
710:
703:
676:
673:
672:
671:
659:Market place,
658:
651:
649:
642:
635:
633:
627:Market place,
626:
619:
617:
606:
599:
550:. Around 800,
486:
483:
482:
481:
463:
456:
454:
436:
429:
427:
409:
402:
400:
382:
375:
373:
355:
348:
346:
328:
321:
315:market squares
311:public markets
262:
259:
254:Main article:
251:
250:Czech Republic
248:
246:
243:
199:Sowerby Bridge
191:West Yorkshire
132:
129:
102:Market Drayton
94:Downham Market
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5039:
5028:
5025:
5023:
5020:
5018:
5015:
5013:
5010:
5008:
5005:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4995:
4993:
4990:
4989:
4987:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4949:
4946:
4945:
4943:
4937:
4923:
4920:
4918:
4915:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4876:
4873:
4871:
4868:
4867:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4851:
4848:
4847:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4810:
4809:
4807:
4803:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4784:
4780:
4777:
4776:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4767:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4747:
4745:
4742:
4740:
4737:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4727:
4725:
4722:
4720:
4717:
4713:
4710:
4709:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4671:
4668:
4667:
4665:
4663:
4660:
4656:
4653:
4651:
4648:
4647:
4646:Kommun/Kunta
4645:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4597:
4595:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4535:
4534:
4532:
4528:
4524:
4517:
4513:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4478:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4470:Roman diocese
4468:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4412:
4410:
4406:
4400:
4397:
4393:
4390:
4389:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4361:
4358:
4357:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4310:Neighbourhood
4308:
4306:
4303:
4299:
4296:
4295:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4257:
4254:
4253:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4205:
4202:
4201:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4189:Alpine resort
4187:
4186:
4184:
4180:
4176:
4169:
4165:
4149:
4146:
4145:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4124:
4121:
4120:
4119:
4116:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4098:
4096:
4095:
4093:
4089:
4081:
4078:
4077:
4075:
4073:
4072:Regional unit
4070:
4069:
4067:
4063:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4033:
4031:
4029:
4025:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4010:
4008:
4006:
4002:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3984:
3981:
3980:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3953:
3952:
3949:
3948:
3946:
3944:
3940:
3934:
3933:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3921:Federal state
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3908:
3906:
3904:
3900:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3867:
3864:
3863:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3850:
3847:
3846:
3844:
3843:
3841:
3839:
3835:
3829:
3828:
3824:
3822:
3821:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3811:
3809:
3807:
3803:
3797:
3796:
3792:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3784:Subprefecture
3782:
3780:
3777:
3776:
3774:
3772:
3768:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3750:
3747:
3746:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3711:
3709:
3707:
3703:
3696:
3693:
3690:
3687:
3686:
3684:
3680:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3660:
3658:
3656:
3652:
3646:
3643:
3639:
3636:
3635:
3634:
3631:
3627:
3624:
3623:
3622:
3619:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3606:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3570:
3567:
3566:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3554:Land district
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3529:City district
3527:
3525:
3522:
3521:
3519:
3517:
3513:
3507:
3504:
3503:
3501:
3499:
3495:
3489:
3486:
3485:
3483:
3481:
3477:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3459:
3456:
3455:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3425:
3423:
3421:
3417:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3402:
3400:
3398:
3394:
3388:
3387:
3383:
3381:
3380:
3376:
3374:
3373:
3372:Imperial city
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3348:
3346:
3344:
3340:
3334:
3333:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3323:
3321:
3319:
3315:
3311:
3307:
3305:
3301:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3286:
3284:
3282:
3278:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3248:
3246:
3242:
3238:
3231:
3227:
3223:
3219:
3218:English terms
3214:
3210:
3206:
3198:
3193:
3191:
3186:
3184:
3179:
3178:
3175:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3155:
3151:
3147:
3146:1-85285-112-0
3143:
3140:
3139:1-85285-201-1
3136:
3132:
3128:
3126:
3125:0-2977-8528-1
3122:
3118:
3114:
3112:
3111:0-7153-6798-6
3108:
3104:
3101:Hogg, Garry,
3100:
3099:
3095:
3090:
3087:
3084:
3083:Mark Girouard
3080:
3077:
3074:
3071:
3068:
3065:
3062:
3058:
3055:
3054:
3053:
3052:
3042:
3039:Honig, E.A.,
3036:
3033:
3029:
3026:Honig, E.A.,
3023:
3020:
3007:
3003:
2997:
2994:
2991:
2987:
2984:
2979:
2976:
2971:
2970:
2962:
2959:
2955:
2943:
2939:
2935:
2928:
2925:
2912:
2908:
2907:
2900:
2897:
2885:
2881:
2875:
2872:
2859:
2853:
2850:
2847:
2843:
2837:
2834:
2830:
2824:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2810:
2804:
2801:
2797:
2791:
2788:
2784:
2778:
2775:
2771:
2765:
2762:
2750:
2746:
2740:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2723:
2720:
2717:
2711:
2708:
2704:
2701:Ottaway, P.,
2698:
2695:
2691:
2685:
2682:
2678:
2672:
2669:
2665:
2659:
2656:
2652:
2646:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2626:
2623:
2619:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2605:
2600:
2599:
2593:
2578:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2561:
2558:
2554:
2548:
2545:
2533:
2529:
2522:
2519:
2506:
2499:
2496:
2492:
2486:
2483:
2479:
2473:
2470:
2467:
2463:
2460:
2457:
2451:
2448:
2443:
2441:0-521-81945-8
2437:
2433:
2426:
2423:
2419:
2413:
2410:
2406:
2403:Honig, E.A.,
2400:
2397:
2393:
2387:
2384:
2380:
2374:
2371:
2367:
2361:
2358:
2354:
2348:
2345:
2342:
2336:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2318:Letters, S.,
2315:
2312:
2308:
2302:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2288:
2282:
2279:
2275:
2274:
2266:
2263:
2260:
2254:
2251:
2244:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2185:
2180:
2174:
2167:
2162:
2155:
2150:
2146:
2139:
2134:
2130:
2123:
2118:
2114:
2107:
2102:
2098:
2091:
2086:
2079:
2074:
2070:
2067:, Antwerp by
2066:
2060:
2055:
2051:
2044:
2039:
2035:
2028:
2023:
2019:
2012:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1992:
1987:
1983:
1976:
1971:
1967:
1960:
1955:
1951:
1944:
1939:
1932:
1927:
1923:
1916:
1911:
1907:
1900:
1895:
1891:
1884:
1879:
1872:
1867:
1863:
1856:
1851:
1844:
1839:
1835:
1828:
1823:
1819:
1812:
1807:
1800:
1795:
1791:
1784:
1779:
1775:
1768:
1763:
1759:
1752:
1747:
1745:
1744:
1740:
1737:
1733:
1728:
1720:
1711:
1706:
1699:
1694:
1687:
1682:
1678:
1672:
1667:
1665:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1634:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1612:
1610:
1608:
1604:
1603:Market houses
1597:
1592:, Wales, 2008
1591:
1590:Monnow Bridge
1584:
1579:
1575:
1568:
1563:
1559:
1553:
1548:
1544:
1538:
1533:
1529:
1522:
1517:
1513:
1507:
1502:
1498:
1492:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1473:
1468:
1464:
1458:
1453:
1446:
1441:
1439:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1412:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1393:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1354:market square
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1283:
1278:
1272:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
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1238:
1234:
1225:
1221:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1154:
1150:
1147:
1141:
1138:
1134:
1125:
1118:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1091:
1089:
1087:
1083:
1082:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1023:
1019:
1011:
1005:
998:
993:
989:
982:
977:
970:
965:
958:
953:
949:
945:
938:
933:
926:
921:
917:
910:
905:
901:
898:Fish market,
894:
889:
887:
884:
882:
878:
874:
871:
866:
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
838:
836:
832:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
807:
799:
797:
795:
791:
786:
784:
777:
771:
767:
764:
760:
756:
748:
742:
735:
730:
726:
719:
714:
707:
702:
700:
698:
692:
690:
685:
681:
674:
662:
655:
650:
646:
639:
634:
630:
623:
618:
614:
610:
607:Market hall,
603:
598:
596:
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
569:Marktgemeinde
565:
563:
559:
558:
553:
549:
544:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
496:
492:
484:
478:
474:
470:
469:market square
466:
465:Public market
460:
455:
451:
447:
443:
442:market square
439:
438:Public market
433:
428:
424:
420:
416:
415:market square
412:
411:Public market
406:
401:
397:
393:
389:
388:market square
385:
379:
374:
366:
362:
358:
352:
347:
343:
339:
335:
334:market square
331:
325:
320:
318:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
260:
257:
249:
244:
242:
238:
236:
230:
223:
218:
214:
210:
208:
204:
203:Hebden Bridge
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
183:railway lines
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
161:
156:
154:
153:Domesday Book
141:
137:
130:
128:
126:
122:
118:
114:
113:market square
110:
109:special halls
105:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
59:
55:
50:
43:
39:
38:market square
34:
30:
19:
18:Market rights
4992:Market towns
4941:
4862:Maalaiskunta
4822:Heerlijkheid
4662:Län (Sweden)
4330:Protectorate
4325:Principality
4246:Constituency
4135:Neutral zone
4017:
3930:
3825:
3818:
3793:
3706:Municipality
3384:
3377:
3370:
3356:Charter city
3330:
3261:Special area
3251:Insular area
3130:
3116:
3102:
3088:
3078:
3072:
3066:
3056:
3051:Bibliography
3050:
3049:
3040:
3035:
3027:
3022:
3010:. Retrieved
3006:the original
2996:
2978:
2968:
2961:
2953:
2946:. Retrieved
2942:the original
2937:
2927:
2915:. Retrieved
2905:
2899:
2887:. Retrieved
2874:
2862:. Retrieved
2852:
2841:
2836:
2828:
2823:
2803:
2795:
2790:
2782:
2777:
2769:
2764:
2752:. Retrieved
2748:
2739:
2727:
2722:
2710:
2702:
2697:
2689:
2684:
2676:
2671:
2663:
2658:
2650:
2645:
2629:
2625:
2615:
2607:
2596:
2577:
2569:
2565:
2560:
2555:, p. 231-246
2552:
2547:
2535:. Retrieved
2531:
2521:
2509:. Retrieved
2498:
2490:
2485:
2477:
2472:
2455:
2450:
2431:
2425:
2417:
2412:
2404:
2399:
2391:
2386:
2378:
2373:
2365:
2360:
2352:
2347:
2335:
2327:
2319:
2314:
2306:
2301:
2281:
2272:
2265:
2253:
1742:
1741:
1735:
1731:
1724:
1638:mercat cross
1635:
1616:
1601:
1478:Market cross
1435:
1431:
1413:
1394:
1358:market cross
1351:
1345:
1336:
1315:
1304:
1292:Market Cross
1282:town council
1273:
1264:
1241:Market Rasen
1230:
1190:River Thames
1181:
1159:
1142:
1136:
1130:
1085:
1079:
1067:
1050:. After the
1026:Miasteczko (
1025:
885:
876:
872:
867:
851:excise taxes
839:
830:
823:
819:
809:
793:
787:
765:
752:
693:
686:
682:
678:
591:province of
572:
568:
566:
555:
545:
536:
532:
528:
508:
498:
306:
264:
239:
231:
227:
211:
165:
157:
149:
140:Market cross
125:mercat cross
121:market cross
117:market place
106:
98:Market Rasen
78:market right
77:
65:
63:
53:
29:
4857:Landskommun
4749:Savivaldybė
4615:Switzerland
4610:South Tyrol
4490:Viceroyalty
4283:Governorate
4241:Condominium
4144:Trade zone
4018:Market town
4013:Census town
3911:Proto-state
3883:Microregion
3448:County town
3443:County seat
3310:Half-canton
2416:Clark, P.,
2364:Davis, J.,
2208:Market hall
2203:Marketplace
2065:Grote Markt
1922:Barent Gael
1732:meerseniers
1543:Northampton
1374:market hall
1316:Bristol red
1210:de Montfort
1202:Hallamshire
1178:Magna Carta
1174:Cirencester
1086:Miasteczkos
1068:miasteczkos
741:Nagykanizsa
668: 1895
663:, Austria,
661:Floridsdorf
593:South Tyrol
552:Charlemagne
525:Marktbergel
167:Framlingham
74:Middle Ages
66:market town
4986:Categories
4805:Historical
4769:Shahrestān
4712:Autonomous
4460:Presidency
4408:Historical
4377:Suzerainty
4360:Autonomous
4204:Autonomous
3926:Free state
3916:City-state
3878:Mesoregion
3771:Prefecture
3498:Department
2948:18 January
2649:Dyer, C.,
2612:"Местечко"
2351:Dyer, C.,
2245:References
2018:Zaltbommel
1998:Woudrichem
1948:Market by
1646:St Andrews
1574:Horncastle
1558:Altrincham
1528:Huntingdon
1463:Birmingham
1382:Nailsworth
1198:oxbow lake
1162:Colchester
1037:small town
1022:Miasteczko
794:kaupstaður
766:kaupstaður
587:, and the
541:Westphalia
505:Marktrecht
384:Market day
365:Copenhagen
357:Market day
330:Market day
245:By country
187:Calderdale
70:settlement
58:Wittenberg
54:Marktplatz
42:Shrewsbury
4846:Landskap
4842:Län/Lääni
4796:Vingtaine
4764:Seniūnija
4754:Selsoviet
4729:Poblacion
4666:Landskap
4596:Gemeinde
4587:Freguesia
4542:Apskritis
4465:Residency
4430:Exarchate
4372:Sultanate
4263:Eldership
4194:Bailiwick
3943:Territory
3893:Subregion
3638:in the US
3470:Viscounty
3397:Community
2864:3 January
2198:Marketing
2099:, c. 1866
1984:, c. 1834
1820:, c. 1602
1776:, 1555–56
1642:Inverurie
1497:Salisbury
1386:Painswick
1300:Wiltshire
1206:Henry III
1194:Runnymede
1182:parlement
916:Porsgrunn
881:smuggling
873:lossested
870:Norwegian
831:kaupstaðr
828:Old Norse
826:from the
816:Norwegian
770:Reykjavík
763:Icelandic
647:, Germany
631:, Germany
615:, Germany
583:state of
473:Svendborg
419:Aakirkeby
361:Haymarket
344:, 1897-98
309:and hold
207:Todmorden
179:Cowbridge
4947:See also
4682:Maakunta
4677:Località
4622:Gemeente
4582:Frazione
4552:Barangay
4382:Townland
4320:Precinct
4305:Muftiate
4256:District
4216:Cadastre
4028:Township
3806:Province
3697:(Canada)
3655:Division
3516:District
2986:Archived
2812:Archived
2462:Archived
2290:Archived
2213:Merchant
2181:See also
1736:koopman,
1627:Arbroath
1619:Roxburgh
1613:Scotland
1512:Sedbergh
1482:Lambourn
1420:Barnsley
1364:are the
1265:chipping
1056:Austrian
1004:Tønsberg
1002:Market,
877:ladested
835:monopoly
824:kaupstad
820:kjøpstad
806:Kjøpstad
790:Ólafsvík
783:counties
645:Schmölln
533:Freiheit
423:Bornholm
4942:italics
4902:Satrapy
4887:Pargana
4812:Commote
4670:Finland
4650:Finland
4642:Kampong
4632:Hromada
4605:Germany
4600:Austria
4572:Comarca
4530:Current
4485:Tithing
4455:Monthon
4440:Hundred
4387:Village
4340:Regency
4335:Quarter
4268:Emirate
4236:Commune
4226:Circuit
4182:Current
3480:Country
3318:Capital
3281:Borough
3012:21 June
2537:27 July
2511:27 July
2218:Peddler
2188:Charter
1654:Wigtown
1650:Selkirk
1631:Brechin
1623:Glasgow
1598:Ireland
1409:borough
1405:Telford
1362:England
1328:Banbury
1324:Worsted
1312:Bristol
1296:Devizes
1277:monarch
1146:Farmers
1137:charter
1133:charter
1076:Yiddish
1064:Russian
1031:
944:Skibotn
776:Alþingi
755:Iceland
749:Iceland
725:Miskolc
675:Hungary
589:Italian
585:Bavaria
577:Austria
537:Wigbold
529:Flecken
517:Germany
513:Austria
450:Zealand
396:Zealand
386:on the
359:on the
342:Jutland
332:on the
307:købstad
271:købstad
261:Denmark
235:Antwerp
195:Halifax
171:Suffolk
160:castles
131:History
86:village
4917:Syssel
4907:Socken
4875:Greece
4850:Sweden
4837:Korale
4832:Köping
4827:Komunë
4791:Tehsil
4707:Oblast
4655:Sweden
4577:Comune
4562:Bezirk
4557:Bashki
4547:Bakhsh
4420:Barony
4415:Agency
4392:Summer
4355:Sector
4350:Riding
4315:Parish
4288:Hamlet
4231:Colony
4221:Circle
4199:Banner
3838:Region
3420:County
3304:Canton
3144:
3137:
3123:
3109:
2917:9 July
2889:9 July
2754:23 May
2587:
2532:sze.hu
2438:
2228:Retail
2175:, 1882
2147:, 1923
2071:, 1862
2052:, 1860
2034:Bangor
2004:, 1850
1968:, 1797
1908:, 1696
1864:, 1654
1836:, 1648
1792:, 1568
1760:, 1550
1660:, and
1384:, and
1320:Stroud
1259:, and
1184:. The
1112:, and
1081:shtetl
1060:German
1012:Poland
990:, 2001
900:Bergen
847:export
843:Import
812:Norway
800:Norway
753:While
743:, 1901
727:, 1884
613:Berlin
581:German
579:, the
501:German
479:, 2019
452:, 2015
425:, 2010
398:, 1915
299:Skjern
297:) was
291:Danish
281:) and
275:Hedeby
267:Danish
256:Městys
205:, and
82:market
4912:Subah
4897:Rreth
4892:Plasă
4882:Pagus
4870:Egypt
4866:Nome
4786:Sýsla
4779:China
4759:Sitio
4744:Raion
4734:Purok
4724:Ostān
4719:Okrug
4697:Mukim
4692:Muban
4687:Megye
4637:Județ
4627:Gmina
4480:Tenth
4450:March
4425:Burgh
4367:Shire
4298:Royal
4293:Manor
4251:Duchy
4211:Block
3903:State
1677:Kelso
1662:Cupar
1658:Kelso
1388:near
1332:Essex
1269:Saxon
1170:Roman
1078:term
988:Røros
629:Weeze
573:Markt
509:Markt
477:Funen
100:, or
68:is a
56:) of
4922:Zhou
4739:Qark
4475:Seat
4435:Hide
4399:Ward
4091:Zone
4065:Unit
4005:Town
3343:City
3244:Area
3142:ISBN
3135:ISBN
3121:ISBN
3107:ISBN
3014:2015
2950:2023
2919:2012
2891:2012
2866:2011
2818:>
2756:2022
2734:>
2730:<
2640:>
2539:2024
2513:2024
2436:ISBN
2322:<
2296:>
2238:Târg
1414:The
1330:and
1062:and
1028:lit.
1020:and
853:and
845:and
822:and
781:the
535:and
515:and
493:and
446:Køge
392:Sorø
371:1900
338:Ribe
283:Ribe
175:ford
146:1400
90:city
76:, a
36:The
4817:Gau
4774:Sum
4537:Amt
2000:by
1294:at
1164:is
946:in
875:or
810:In
571:or
539:in
523:or
475:on
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