268:, received 48% of the vote, an unusually high percentage for a Republican candidate in a city that had historically been strongly Democratic. This campaign was racially charged. Epton used the slogan "before it's too late" in reference to Washington being a mayor; 81 percent of white residents in Chicago voted for the Republican candidate. Much of the surge in Republican support came from traditionally Democratic "white ethnic" neighborhoods on the southwest side, made up of descendants of European immigrants. By 1986, a poll concluded that 72 percent of residents of the southwest side wanted a new mayor.
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more than 200 vehicles; someone shot an off-duty officer. On July 17, 1976, between 1,000 and 1,500 residents of
Marquette Park, including many NSPA members attacked around 100 activists protesting housing discrimination with bricks and bottles, while shouting "Marquette stays white" and "go home niggers". Over 30 people, including 16 policemen, were injured and over 60 arrests were made. The activists alleged the police made little effort to protect them, and at least eight off-duty Chicago police officers were believed to have been involved in the attacks on the marchers.
208:'s legacy attempted to march into Marquette Park after an April bombing of three houses in the neighborhood that were owned by blacks. The police did not allow them to march into the neighborhood, declaring it too dangerous; when several entered anyway, they were arrested. White residents attacked black passersby, pelting cars with stones and bottles. One car containing a woman and her three children was overturned, and all four had to be hospitalized. A total of 19 people were injured and 27 arrested.
153:. They attacked the marchers with bricks, bottles and cherry bombs while shouting racial insults. At one point King was struck in the head with a rock. He said after the march that "I have never seen — even in Mississippi and Alabama — mobs as hostile and as hate-filled as I've seen here in Chicago". The white counter-demonstrators fought with police after the marchers left. More than 40 people were arrested and more than 30 were injured over the day.
165:, who traveled to Chicago to try to recruit members. Rockwell organized a "White People's March" on September 10, 1966, in Gage Park, which attracted about 300 people. This was an unusually large amount of support for Rockwell, who was rarely taken seriously elsewhere in the country. As Sean Maschmann wrote, "It took a full decade for Rockwell to gain something more than notoriety and a reputation for political titillation and buffoonery."
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and chanted "white power", while attempting to confront the counter-protestors. A third group of about 300 protestors held a later rally at the park to honor Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Fourteen people were arrested throughout the day, mostly for disorderly conduct, but no violence occurred between the groups. Klan sympathizers did attempt to attack a black man wearing headphones, who had accidentally entered the Klan rally.
176:(NSPA) and purchased a two-story building in Marquette Park which he named "Rockwell Hall". The NSPA had a core membership of a few dozen neighborhood youths, but enjoyed some support from other locals due to their strong opposition to residential integration. Collin and the NSPA began holding rallies throughout the Chicago area. Most of them were held at Marquette Park, though they also held rallies in such suburbs such as
367:, a Roman Catholic priest and prominent activist in Chicago, grew up in Marquette Park. He first became involved in social activism after being horrified by the anger, fear and violence he saw on the day of King's Chicago Freedom Movement march. On the 50th anniversary of the march, around 1,400 people, including Pfleger, marched along the same route that King and other
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and the
America First Committee attempted to hold a rally at Marquette Park. In response, a black group calling themselves the "Crusaders for Justice" also organized a rally and picnic in counter protest. As the Klan members were gathering to enter the park in a flatbed truck, they were attacked with
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In 1960, some 53 of the neighborhood's 51,347 residents were non-white, and of those 53 residents, three were black. Some
African Americans had jobs that enabled them to improve their housing, but were limited by discrimination by real estate agents and banks in getting loans, and related approvals.
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On June 6, 1976, around 200 NSPA members and local youths gathered at
Marquette Park to confront a black group that had planned to protest inadequate housing. When the black group failed to show up, the protestors started throwing bricks and bottles at police officers and passing motorists, damaging
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The Klan members eventually made it to the park and were met by around 400 cheering local white spectators. About 15 minutes into rally, INCAR members tried to attack Klan members again but were set on by local white spectators. Police convinced the INCAR protesters to flee along 71st street, where
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Around 500 Klan members, neo-Nazis, and other white supremacists rallied at
Marquette Park on August 28, 1988. They displayed Nazi flags. More than 900 police officers kept them separate from a group of about 200 counter-protestors. Several hundred local white residents cheered on the Klan members
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On August 24, a dozen black religious leaders and civil rights activists marched into
Marquette Park and held a prayer for racial tolerance, while being guarded by 700 police officers. Afterward, several groups of white youths attempted to march along Marquette Road into a black neighborhood, but
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On August 21, 1976, around 250 civil rights activists tried again to march to
Marquette Park but were stopped eight blocks short by police. Law enforcement also stopped a crowd of about 800 whites from confronting the civil rights marchers, keeping the groups apart. No injuries or serious clashes
316:
In a third and final incident, around 75 members of the
Crusaders for Justice group tried to enter the park for a scheduled rally. They were opposed by an estimated 3,000 white residents, some of whom shouted "get out of our park" and "nigger go home". A total of seventeen people were arrested
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found that the population of
Marquette Park was 82% white, 11% Hispanic and 4.6% black, with six out of the nine census tracts in the neighborhood having zero black residents. Reflecting changes in residential patterns and new immigration from Latin America, by the time of the 1990 census, the
222:
In 1977, the City of
Chicago passed an ordinance requiring that people wishing to demonstrate at public parks have $ 250,000 in insurance in order to obtain a permit. As Collin and NSPA could not afford the insurance, they began to apply for permits to march in Chicago suburbs, including
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protest, moved to a small apartment on Chicago's west side. He intended to protest and bring attention to the poor living conditions for blacks in the city in an effort to promote fair housing, as related to real estate and bank practices. He also sought to bring attention to the racial
243:) from each side, about a third of whom were locals sympathetic to the NSPA. During the rally Collin denied that the Holocaust occurred, but said that a real one was coming. Several fights broke out between anti-Nazi protestors and the local sympathizers, leading to 72 arrests.
132:
On July 31, 1966, 550 white and black civil rights demonstrators, not including King, marched into Marquette Park. According to police reports, 700 white residents awaited the demonstrators. The white residents threw bricks and bottles at the protestors and burnt cars, and the
301:(INCAR). They had no permit to rally and had disguised themselves as softball players at a second park. The Klan truck sped away, and police intervened and clashed with the INCAR members; five officers were injured and several people were arrested.
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to a real estate office on 63rd street. King had previously led marches into white neighborhoods elsewhere in the city and been fiercely opposed. The marchers were confronted by several thousand white counter-protestors, many of whom displayed
398:(2009). Featuring a wide variety of characters, she explores the long reach of such historic events. Her protagonist V.I. Warshawski observes that the city's racial fault lines "run through my family, along with the rest of the South Side."
355:, blacks made up 53% of the population, Hispanics (of any race) comprised 35%, and whites were 10%. As of 2010, blacks were 49% of the population, Hispanics 45% and whites 4%. There is also a small, but growing Arab community as well.
238:
After the city granted the NSPA the right to return to Marquette Park, Collin held a rally on July 9, 1978. The NSPA had 25 uniformed members there, but the rally attracted around 2,000 protestors (including future Chicago mayor
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were reported in the neighborhood between 1986 and 1991, by far the most of any neighborhood in Chicago over that time frame (Marquette Park led the city neighborhoods in hate crimes every single year).
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and Collin and the NSPA won the right to rally in Skokie. But Collin agreed not to march in Skokie if the City of Chicago allowed him to hold rallies at Marquette Park again.
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throughout the day, and at least eleven people, including eight officers, suffered minor injuries. The following day, around 40 Klan members protested the
184:, where working-class ethnic whites had settled after moving out of the city. The rallies often turned violent; groups such as the Chicago chapter of the
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The median value for owner-occupied by homes in the neighborhood declined by 5% during the 1980s when accounting for inflation. A total of 148
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Throughout the 1990s, the neighborhood continued to go through dramatic demographic changes in a process of residential succession. By the
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392:, a writer who bases her mysteries in Chicago and especially its South Side, wrote about the Marquette Park events in 1966 in her novel
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organizers and activists had. A memorial to King was installed at the park around the time of the 50th anniversary as well.
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discrimination that blacks faced when trying to buy homes in such blue-collar "white neighborhoods" as Marquette Park.
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survivors and descendants. After Skokie rejected the request, Collin sued the city. The case eventually went to the
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neighborhood was 43% white, 27% Hispanic and 27% black, with only one census tract having no black residents.
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was the scene of many racially charged rallies that erupted in violence. The rallies often spilled into the
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The violent reaction to King's efforts to demonstrate in Marquette Park attracted the attention of
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1084:"Klan and Blacks Try to Hold Simultaneous Rallies : 8 Officers Hurt, 17 Held in Chicago Riot"
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appeared to do little to protect the marchers. Over 50 people were hurt and 18 cars were burnt.
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The racial demographics of Marquette Park had changed significantly throughout the 1980s. The
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On August 5, 1966, King attempted to lead 700 marchers through Marquette Park and neighboring
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occurred, but 13 people were arrested, including two black men who fired guns into the air.
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were stopped by police. They arrested 36 people for disorderly conduct and mob action.
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they were chased by whites who threw stones and bottles at them until they crossed
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Marquette Park had garnered a reputation as a place black people tried to avoid.
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in which whites attacked blacks, mostly migrants and descendants from the South.
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descent moved to the neighborhood from other south side neighborhoods, such as
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Racial tensions on Chicago's southwest side were high in the 1980s. In 1983,
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Marquette Park is the largest park on Chicago's southwest side and is in the
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685:"50 years ago: MLK's march in Marquette Park turned violent, exposed hate"
623:"Crowds mark 50th anniversary of King's march for fair housing in Chicago"
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and single-family housing. The neighborhood developed a reputation as a "
54:
The neighborhood was developed primarily in 1920s; it consists mostly of
17:
596:
649:"50th Anniversary Of MLK's March Through Marquette Park Is This Week"
793:"16 police among 33 injured during Marquette Park March; 63 seized"
30:
1230:"More Than 1,000 Recreate MLK's March In Chicago, 50 Years Later"
949:"Bernard E. Epton Is Dead at 66; Ran for Mayor of Chicago in '83"
51:. The neighborhood is also called Marquette Park by most locals.
718:. Montgomery, Alabama: Southern Poverty Law Center. p. 34.
1280:
Encyclopedia of Right-Wing Extremism In Modern American History
533:"54 Hurt as Whites in Chicago Hurl Bricks at Rights Marchers"
380:
The neo-Nazis of Marquette Park were satirized in the film
872:"Skokie History Digital Collections | 'We Are Coming...'"
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border between white and black neighborhoods in Chicago.
760:
758:
480:"The next hot neighborhood is . . . the southwest side?"
218:
National Socialist Party of America v. Village of Skokie
227:, a suburb with a largely Jewish population, including
62:" neighborhood, as many second-generation Americans of
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Antisemitic attacks and incidents in the United States
1403:
Racially motivated violence against African Americans
570:
Staying power : George Lincoln Rockwell's legacy
204:
On July 23, 1977, 20 to 30 black members inspired by
766:"Police Curb Black March And White Rally in Chicago"
715:
The Ku Klux Klan: A History of Racism & Violence
157:
Formation of the National Socialist Party of America
446:
444:
442:
440:
1373:History of racial segregation in the United States
1311:Amy Gutman, "Review: 'Hardball' by Sara Paretsky"
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98:, the official border between Marquette Park and
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292:On June 28, 1986, around 30 members of the
188:confronted the Nazis during their rallies.
896:"White Supremacists Rally in Chicago Park"
819:"8 cops reported among Marquette Park mob"
707:
705:
1423:White American riots in the United States
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876:Skokie Public Library Digital Collections
573:(Thesis). University of British Columbia.
531:United Press International (1966-08-01).
16:From the mid-1960s until the late 1980s,
1133:"March Stays Peaceful In Marquette Park"
1077:
1075:
921:"72 SEIZED AT RALLY OF NAZIS IN CHICAGO"
122:Southern Christian Leadership Conference
1393:Political violence in the United States
407:
1182:"Klan Appears On A Day To Recall King"
299:International Committee Against Racism
297:bats by members of a third group, the
264:. The Republican candidate for mayor,
26:residential areas surrounding the park
1204:"MOB ATTACKS BLACK MAN AT KLAN RALLY"
919:Kneeland, Douglas E. (10 July 1978).
7:
1155:"14 ARE ARRESTED IN CHICAGO RALLIES"
947:Saxon, Wolfgang (14 December 1987).
562:
560:
1408:Riots and civil disorder in Chicago
1180:Thornton, Jerry (August 28, 1988).
1003:"Marquette Park No Melting Pot-yet"
741:"Marquette Park No Melting Pot-yet"
174:National Socialist Party of America
1131:Zambrano, Mark (August 24, 1986).
1001:Papajohn, George (July 26, 1992).
977:"Southwest Side Wants A New Mayor"
655:. DNA Info Chicago. Archived from
260:their first black mayor, Democrat
14:
1428:White American culture in Chicago
1058:"Marquette Park Hostilities Boil"
739:Papajohn, George (26 July 1992).
621:Moreno, Nereida (6 August 2016).
35:Marquette Park, Chicago, Illinois
1258:. Chicago Tribune. 6 August 2016
1256:"MLK memorial in Marquette Park"
975:Davis, Robert (8 January 1987).
1388:Neo-Nazism in the United States
1228:Krauser, Mike (6 August 2016).
478:Joravsky, Ben (April 5, 1990).
423:encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org
325:. The event remained peaceful.
86:. The latter was the site of a
1108:Bravin, Jess (June 30, 1986).
1082:Green, Larry (June 29, 1986).
683:Grossman, Ron (28 July 2016).
1:
1317:, 2018; accessed 18 Sept 2018
1110:"Chicagoans Parade Gay Pride"
1056:Gibson, Ray (June 29, 1986).
347:Changing of the neighborhood
1277:Atkins, Stephen E. (2011).
797:archives.chicagotribune.com
1449:
1398:Protest marches in Chicago
215:
109:
453:"The Nazis' Neighborhood"
425:. Encyclopedia of Chicago
309:. At the time this was a
135:Chicago Police Department
1433:Chicago Freedom Movement
1283:. ABC-CLIO. p. 95.
1025:"1990 Hate Crime Report"
900:Equal Justice Initiative
567:Maschmann, Sean (2006).
168:In 1970, Chicago native
112:Chicago Freedom Movement
106:Chicago Freedom Movement
163:George Lincoln Rockwell
1383:Martin Luther King Jr.
712:Bullard, Sara (1997).
258:Chicago voters elected
252:Situation in the 1980s
206:Martin Luther King Jr.
118:Martin Luther King Jr.
36:
216:Further information:
186:Jewish Defense League
116:In January 1966, Dr.
34:
1234:chicago.cbslocal.com
659:on November 15, 2017
319:Chicago Pride Parade
1418:South Side, Chicago
1378:Ku Klux Klan crimes
844:"Around the Nation"
507:"THE LONGEST MARCH"
1413:Skokie Controversy
1368:History of Chicago
1159:The New York Times
954:The New York Times
926:The New York Times
849:The New York Times
770:The New York Times
593:Middlebury College
537:The New York Times
505:Bernstein, David.
383:The Blues Brothers
212:Skokie controversy
37:
1343:1980s in Illinois
1338:1970s in Illinois
1333:1960s in Illinois
1184:. Chicago Tribune
1135:. Chicago Tribune
1112:. Chicago Tribune
1088:Los Angeles Times
1060:. Chicago Tribune
1034:. City of Chicago
1032:cityofchicago.org
1005:. Chicago Tribune
979:. Chicago Tribune
799:. Chicago Tribune
743:. Chicago Tribune
599:on March 12, 2018
484:chicagoreader.com
262:Harold Washington
247:1980s KKK rallies
147:Confederate flags
88:race riot in 1949
80:Back of the Yards
74:and most notably
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1161:. 29 August 1988
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772:. 22 August 1976
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852:. 24 July 1977
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110:Main article:
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