1562:, in which a French Legionnaire ripped off the hijab of a woman, contributed to the sparking of public unrest and led to the first shot being fired against the French occupying forces. There was also another incident in which 20 Turkish 'notables' of the city would be killed during the beginning of the occupation, and 20 more would be injured. The Reverend Pascal Maljian was hit by a stone thrown through a window and cut his cheek. According to his account, "Hovnan Pasha had summoned several of the new Armenian recruits and demanded that my blood should not be allowed to dry without being avenged on that very Sunday afternoon... He fired at the lamp, and taking advantage of the confusion when it flared up, tossed a German hand grenade into the cafe". The explosion wounded some twenty of the Turkish notables and killed another twenty." The cafe was chosen due to its closeness to where the Reverend had been hit, and due to the fact that respected members of the community, or 'notables', often gathered there in the evenings.
1409:
77:
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376:
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1969:
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making use of loopholes prepared in advance. Anyone seen moving was shot, for it was only the
Christians who knew nothing of the plan. In the patrols used for policing the city composed of both Turkish gendarmes and French soldiers, the gendarmes turned suddenly on their French companions and killed them. The orders given by the general for the seizure of certain strategic positions could not be carried out, for the Turks themselves performed that maneuver only half an hour before the French zero hour
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buildings were filled with food, clothes, house furnishings, etc. I was displeased by all this... At nightfall, as if to avenge the deeds of the Turks, the
Armenians set mosques and Turkish houses on fire and killed a few Turks they found here and there. The Armenians were rejoicing at the defeat of the Turks—not knowing that the French were in the process of evacuating the city.
1231:
4746:
103:
1491:, victims were women, children, and the elderly. In response, the Turkish army began a siege of Fundijak under Ali Bey on August 1. 91 captured fighters were executed, and another 100 were deported. The Turkish losses were estimated at 2,000 soldiers and between 4,000 and 5,000 villagers, while the Armenians lost 2,100, mostly civilians.
1906:, victims were women, children, and the elderly. This would severely accelerate the deportation process for Armenians in Marash. A total of 20,000 Armenians from Marash would be deported, as local officials intentionally grouped the local population under the deportation orders for 'foreign armies' due to French association.
3421:
1924:
In modern Turkey, data on the ethnic makeup of the country is not officially collected, though estimates exist. Kahramanmaraş is currently predominantly populated by
Turkish and also Kurdish people, with a small Armenian population. The population of the city was 571,266 as of 2022. In February 2023,
1897:
The
Armenian population of Maraş, like many other Armenian communities in Turkey. Maraş was the site of massacres and deportations of Armenians, who were subjected to violence, harassment, looting and appropriation of property, and were forced to flee. In 1915, Armenians from Marash villages attacked
1656:
Dr. Mustafa, a leader of the Turks, planned to surrender under the condition that
Turkish women and children would be protected, but was murdered after meeting with French leaders. His letter stating his willingness to surrender and his terms was initially hidden by Nazaret Bilezikjian, who protested
1613:
The French responded with cannon fire, shelling
Turkish houses and subjecting the city to 'heavy bombardment'. Lieutenant Colonel Thibault recorded that General Querette was head of much of the operations, and told ordered his men to flush out enemy troops from the houses, though Turkish rebels would
1608:
The city was deserted except for groups of heavily armed Turks who were all headed in one direction... It was apparent that the insurrection had been carefully planned. Groups of armed men occupied houses at street intersections and shot down French soldiers on the street and sentries at their posts,
1621:
Previously, a telegram sent to the French
Commander by the most respected elders of Marash stated that British occupation had been understandable and no incident had occurred and they did not object to a French occupation, but the majority of the occupying force was Armenian, and "from the moment of
1646:
In a telegraph, General
Dufieux advised the immediate evacuation of Marash if there was no ceasefire. The French secretly planned to withdraw, but Armenian legionnaires spread the word to their neighbors. That morning, Turkish rebels told their families to evacuate the city. Upon hearing this news,
1642:
churches alongside soldiers. All of the churches were set alight. When the 2,000 Armenians who had taken shelter in the
Catholic cathedral attempted to leave, they were shot. The official French report stated that the victims did "not exceed 5,000". Early reports put the number of Armenians dead at
1494:
In the months following the end of the war, Cilicia had also become a source of dispute between the
British and French, who both aspired to establish influence in the region. The British government, however, was under strong domestic pressure to withdraw and demobilize its forces in the Middle East
1651:
The Armenians—learning that the city was now evacuated by the Turks—rushed out from their imprisonment and began to help themselves to everything they could carry out of the empty Turkish houses. They soon reached our center with the news and our people, too, ran for booty. In a few hours our two
1633:
On 8 February, General Querette gave the order to bombard houses rebel Turks were in, in addition to the previous bombardment of Turkish houses. During the battle, a massacre of Christian civilians took place. Most died within the first three days, and those that fled were held in French military
1600:
Immediately after the remaining notables had left the French headquarters, the Turkish rebellion began. The plan was to strike suddenly. The very first shots fired were witnessed by nurse Osanna Maksudian, who "noted a Turkish gendarme escorting four Muslim women to a house. When they were safely
1592:
On 20 January, the French Captain Fontaine and his battalion were ambushed by Turkish rebels, losing twelve legionnaires. When General Querette of the French learned of these events, he summoned Marash 'notables' (respected leaders of the city) and charged them with complicity in the attacks. The
1450:
Marash was ruled by Dulkadirs as vassals of the Mamluks from 1337 to 1515 before being annexed to the Ottoman Empire. In the early days of Ottoman rule (1525–6) there were 1,557 adult males (total population 7,500); at this time all the inhabitants were Muslims, but later a substantial number of
1893:
recorded Marash as a city inhabited by Armenians and Turks. Ephraim K. Jernazian estimated that in 1913 the city was home to 45 thousand Turks and 30 thousand Armenians, while other ethnic groups had very small representation. Stanley Kerr reported Turks comprised 75% of the population. Ottoman
474:
from the surrounding northern areas. Summers are very hot and dry with a daytime average of 35 °C (95 °F) but temperatures can reach 40 °C (104 °F) quite easily. The highest recorded temperature is 47.2 °C (117.0 °F) on 14 August 2023. Winters are cool and wet with
368:
4999:
1913:, the French army occupied Maraş, and some Armenians returned to the city as French legionnaires, in addition to returning locals. In February 1920, Turkish nationalist forces regained control from the French, resulting in a
1745:
struck near Kahramanmaraş, causing widespread damage to the city, leaving more than 50,000 people dead. The city center was hardest-hit as many homes were destroyed. An estimated 17.37 percent of the city was destroyed.
1482:
Around Maras, Armenians from Kishifli, Dere Keoy, and Fundijak chose to fight the Ottoman army to oppose deportation. On the morning of 26 July 1915, they attacked and burned six Turkish villages and their crops. Due to
1618:-doused rags on Armenian houses and laid a constant barrage upon the American relief hospital. Thibault recorded "the vigilance and boldness of the rebels, who seemed to be animated by an ardent offensive spirit."
3144:
Robert A. Lambert to Major Nicol, 11 March 1920, "Western Turkey, igzo-August 1924," American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions, vol. 4, Document 91, Houghton Library, Harvard University, Cambridge,
5019:
1657:
allowing surrender by turning it in to French authorities in a confrontation with Stanley Kerr, saying "Let the Turks get the punishment that they deserve!" According to Dr. Robert Lambert's report to the
1565:
On 27 November 1919, a group of Turks gathered in secret at the home of Mehmet Veziroghlu to organize resistance to the French occupation. A committee of eight was decided upon, and all members took this
1570:"For the security of our Nation we swear to Allah to sacrifice our lives; and to punish by death —even if it should be our brothers—any treachery made against our organization; and to guard all secrets".
4430:
3407:
Behar, Cem, ed. 1996. Osmanlı Đmparatorluğu'nun ve Türkiye'nin nüfusu, 1500-1927. Ankara: T.C. Basbakanlık Devlet Đstatistik Enstitüsü = State Institute of Statistics Prime Ministry Republic of Turkey.
1699:). In 1973, Marash's name was changed to Kahramanmaraş when the Turkish government added "Kahraman" to the name, in reference to the resistance to the French occupation after the First World War.
1643:
no less than 16,000, although this was later revised down to 5,000–12,000. Stanley Kerr, who served the remaining Christians, stated that 9,700 Armenians were in Marash after the battle.
4606:
4994:
383:
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states that the motivation for many joining up was "revenge for the cruel deportation and massacres", which led to inciting incidents such as the 'bomb carrying priest' and the
1918:
1658:
4423:
2687:
1578:, with the members of each cell only knowing the activities and identities of members of their own group of ten. Additional recruits were sought from neighboring villages.
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notables refused responsibility, but agreed to paying the French a compensation to replace supplies. However, they also stated that France was violating the terms of the
1519:
went unfulfilled. The French units were thus deprived of armoured cars and air support and lacked automatic weapons, heavy artillery and even wireless transmitters and
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1917:. The official French report stated that the victims did "not exceed 5,000", though the initial estimates varied. According to Dr. Robert Lambert's report to the
76:
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that stated Turkish people had the right to resist in majority Turkish speaking lands. On the first day of the French occupation, he was able to telegraph with
1894:
censuses from the time are not fully reliable for many reasons, one of which being that during census taking every household was assumed to have 5 residents.
1734:, incited the violence that left more than 100 dead. The incident was important in the Turkish government's decision to declare martial law, and the eventual
475:
daytime temperatures typically in the 5–10 °C (41–50 °F) range. The coldest temperature recorded is −9.6 °C (14.7 °F) on 6 February 1997.
1432:
4268:
3290:
Wang, Xiuhua; Feng, Guangcai; He, Lijia; An, Qi; Xiong, Zhiqiang; Lu, Hao; Wang, Wenxin; Li, Ning; Zhao, Yinggang; Wang, Yuedong; Wang, Yuexin (2023).
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1405:. In 1135, the Danishmends besieged Germanikeia unsuccessfully, but captured it the next year. However, the Crusaders retook it in 1137.
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and burned six Turkish villages and their crops. 4,000-5,000 Turkish villagers died, and the Turkish forces lost 2,000 soldiers. Due to
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and succeeded in requesting support from the Turkish National Forces in Marash, though they would not arrive in time for the battle.
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2028:- Turkish politician and academic from the Justice and Development Party (AKP) who served as the Minister of Culture and Tourism
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1899:
1484:
2532:
2055:
2278:
2022:- Turkish politician from the Justice and Development Party (AKP) who currently serves as a Deputy Prime Minister of Turkey
1503:
to have the French formally assume control of Cilicia. The transfer of command took place on 4 November, but Field Marshal
4640:
3770:
1692:
1622:
their arrival had shown nothing but hatred for the Muslims". Recruitment for the occupying forces began at Fort Said, and
61:
1585:. Before the battle, they obtained 850 rifles, two machine guns and two cannons (not used during the fighting), from the
3627:
2073:
302:
176:
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2007:
1910:
1735:
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1338:. After the fall of the Armenian kingdoms in the 11th century the city became an important stronghold for the exiled
2159:
375:
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article, the first ruins of Germanicia have already been unearthed in the Dulkadiroğulları quarters of the city.
428:
417:
310:
246:
188:
32:
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4662:
3292:"Evaluating Urban Building Damage of 2023 Kahramanmaras, Turkey Earthquake Sequence Using SAR Change Detection"
236:
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inside he turned and fired his rifle into the air three times. Immediately fire replied from every quarter."
1581:
The Turkish forces in Marash numbered 2,500. Some of them were armed with old hunting rifles and others with
5009:
5004:
4076:
3840:
1968:
1961:, started their business in Kahramanmaraş, and thousands of people visit the city because of its ice cream (
1589:
building in Marash. Those without firearms armed themselves with rifles acquired from dead French soldiers.
1575:
1323:
28:
2260:"Present and future Köppen-Geiger climate classification maps at 1-km resolution". Nature Scientific Data.
1929:
struck near Kahramanmaraş, causing widespread damage to the city and leaving more than 50,000 people dead.
4485:
4344:
3815:
2458:
The Decline of Eastern Christianity Under Islam: From Jihad to Dhimmitude : Seventh-twentieth Century
1985:
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1281:
395:
3423:
The Young Turks' Crime against Humanity: The Armenian Genocide and Ethnic Cleansing in the Ottoman Empire
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2859:
2509:
Medieval Fortifications in Cilicia: The Armenian Contribution to Military Architecture in the Middle Ages
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1343:
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3926:
3805:
3799:
3546:"Address-based population registration system (ADNKS) results dated 31 December 2022, Favorite Reports"
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quarters or otherwise military defended churches and schools. Christians found shelter in Marash's six
4585:
4333:
4253:
4081:
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1997:
1958:
1950:
1419:, Sultan of Rum captured Marash in 1208. Seljuk rule lasted to 1258, when Marash was captured by the
3619:
4291:
4134:
3895:
3866:
3757:
1954:
1946:
1727:
1661:, 4,500 Turks were killed during the battle, but were ultimately victorious against French forces.
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1574:
They named the organization The Committee for the Defense of Rights, and split their forces into a
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1243:
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183:
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2013:
1937:
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1370:
1139:
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171:
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1914:
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adopt this strategy to greater success using fire rather than cannons. Turkish rebels threw
1548:
1444:
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1402:
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1358:
1297:
318:
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4114:
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4035:
4010:
3965:
3946:
3872:
3810:
2753:
1532:
1520:
4904:
4303:
3684:
4408:
3545:
3318:
3291:
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4505:
4475:
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4016:
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3914:
3719:
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1504:
1460:
1330:
the whole Christian population of the Germanikeia valley was deported and resettled at
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228:
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1668:
on 12 February without outside support arriving, and is commemorated by the naming of
4983:
4771:
4643:'s address-based calculation from 31 December 2023 published at 7th of February 2024.
4565:
4258:
4201:
4195:
3908:
3709:
3190:
2752:Çarpışmaların Başlaması (Beginning of the engagements) Archived 11 April 2013 at the
2688:"First Victory of The National Struggle: The National Struggle and Heroism of Marash"
2131:
2103:
2031:
2025:
2016:- consort of Sultan Bayezid II and the mother of Sultan Selim I of the Ottoman Empire
1669:
1362:
882:
322:
3689:
3674:
1381:
in the Armenian year 563 (November 29, 1114). In 1100, the city was captured by the
4595:
4314:
3479:
The Lions of Marash: Personal Experiences with American Near East Relief, 1919-1922
3392:
The Lions of Marash: Personal Experiences with American Near East Relief, 1919-1922
3017:
The Lions of Marash: Personal Experiences with American Near East Relief, 1919-1922
2641:
The Lions of Marash: Personal Experiences with American Near East Relief, 1919-1922
2620:
The Lions of Marash: Personal Experiences with American Near East Relief, 1919-1922
2598:
The Lions of Marash: Personal Experiences with American Near East Relief, 1919-1922
2184:
2019:
1623:
1582:
1536:
1416:
1293:
349:
4891:
3729:
3344:
Dar-ul-Islam: A Record of a Journey Through Ten of the Asiatic Provinces of Turkey
1507:'s promise to reinforce the existing forces in the area with at least 32 infantry
3155:
Rustow, Dankwart A. (1959). "The Army and the Founding of the Turkish Republic".
2507:
2209:
4963:
4915:
3714:
3265:"Footage from drone over Kahramanmaraş shows scale of earthquake damage – video"
2978:
2319:"World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991–2020: Kahramanmaras"
2116:
2061:
2037:
1903:
1586:
1540:
1488:
1382:
333:
2265:
1547:. Dr. Mustafa, a Turkish revolutionary and leader in Marash, heard news of the
2891:, ed. Richard G. Hovannisian & Simon Payaslian. Mazda Publishers. p. 509.
2545:
2210:"Turkey earthquake: One ruined neighbourhood at the centre of the devastation"
2093:
1890:
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209:
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2003:
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1339:
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219:
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3001:
Un épisode de la tragédie arménienne: le massacre de Marache (février 1920)
1326:. The city was lost to the Arabs in the 7th century and during the rule of
1691:. On 7 April 1925, Marash became one of two cities in Turkey to receive a
4939:
4784:
4740:
4715:
4697:
4510:
3779:
3694:
3669:
2887:
Hovannisian, Richard G. (2008-01). "The Postwar Contest for Cilicia". In
2564:
The Supreme Muslim Council: Islam Under the British Mandate for Palestine
1972:
1962:
1615:
1239:
353:
337:
1242:(late 11th century BC to ca. 711 BC), Maraş was the capital city of the
4843:
4832:
3176:
2372:
The World of The Neo-Hittite Kingdoms: A Political and Military History
1720:
1431:
archbishop, it became for a very short period of time, the seat of the
1398:
1394:
1386:
1347:
1319:
1270:
1266:
313:. After 1973, Maraş was officially named Kahramanmaraş with the prefix
3308:
2757:. (History of Kahramanmaraş); Kahramanmaraş Official Governor Website.
17:
4867:
4819:
4760:
4726:
4707:
3704:
3655:
1723:
1688:
1472:
1443:, King of Cilician Armenia, in 1299. Marash was finally taken by the
1351:
1258:
1246:
306:
224:
164:
3168:
3271:. Guardian News & Media Limited. The Guardian. February 8, 2023
2279:"Resmi İstatistikler: İllerimize Ait Mevism Normalleri (1991–2020)"
1342:
and the city became the capital of the short-lived principality of
4880:
4856:
4808:
4795:
4750:
3614:
3609:
1967:
1407:
1331:
1221:
1213:
2034:- Armenian-American journalist, news media critic and commentator
1975:, also known as Kahramanmaraş Ice cream originates from the city.
1304:
Julius Caesar rather than the German people. According to a 2010
5000:
Recipients of the Medal of Independence with Red Ribbon (Turkey)
3532:
Great Catastrophe: Armenians and Turks in the Shadow of Genocide
2325:
1194:
4610:
4412:
3623:
482:
Climate data for Kahramanmaraş (1991–2020, extremes 1930–2023)
1672:, a district of Marash. Marash was an important battle in the
1451:
non-Muslims migrated to the city, mainly in the 19th century.
386:
Köppen map of Kahramanmaraş Province and surrounding regions:
1687:
would be established and Marash would become part of the new
1539:
troops between 22 February 1919 and 30 October 1919, then by
3737:
3728:
2040:- principal consort of Sultan Mehmed I of the Ottoman Empire
2070:- European and World champion and Olympic medalist wrestler
2185:"Kahramanmaraş depremi: 16 bin 546 kişi hayatını kaybetti"
1676:, and was one of the first major Turkish victories in the
1377:
and 40,000 people were killed on the 12th of the month of
328:
On 6 February 2023, much of the city was destroyed in the
3604:
2769:, Türkiye Ekonomik ve Toplumsal Tarih Vakfı, 1995, p. 29.
1945:
Several internationally known ice cream companies, like
1361:
took over the city and hosted the exhausted army of the
1357:
After Philaretos' death, another Armenian general named
1318:
During the Byzantine Empire, Germanikeia was seat of an
356:
is the most important hydrological feature in the city.
3039:
tt. . Erevan: Armenian Academy of Sciences, pp. 150–52.
3574:"Yedikuyular Kayak Merkezi'ne mevsimin ilk karı yağdı"
3360:
Judgement Unto Truth: Witnessing the Armenian Genocide
3037:
Turk-Fransiakan haraberutyunnere ev Kilikian 1919-1921
1984:
At 2,300 m (7,500 ft) elevation, the nearby
1197:(humidity, 1991–2020), Meteomanz(snow days 2017-2023)
5020:
Former Armenian communities in Kahramanmaraş Province
2483:
From Edessa to Urfa: The Fortification of the Citadel
1919:
American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions
1659:
American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions
4324:
4267:
4217:
4170:
4105:
4050:
3987:
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1499:begrudgingly accepted a proposal by Prime Minister
317:(Turkish word meaning "heroic") to commemorate the
245:
235:
218:
207:
202:
194:
182:
170:
158:
43:
3050:The Republic of Armenia: The first year, 1918-1919
2303:[General statistical data for provinces].
2281:(in Turkish). Turkish State Meteorological Service
1269:. In 711 BC, the land of Gurgum was annexed as an
352:, which originates from the mountains surrounding
38:Metropolitan municipality in Mediterranean, Turkey
3233:
3231:
2546:"Kahramanmaraş Tarihi Gelişimi - www.k-maras.com"
1322:and one of the city's eparch participated in the
2433:The Cambridge Companion to the Council of Nicaea
2347:"Kahramanmaras Havali: (TURKEY): Data by months"
1439:, Mamluk Sultan, in 1292. It was recaptured by
1273:province and renamed Marqas after its capital.
348:The city center is 568 meters above sea level.
3363:. London: Transaction Publishers. p. 16.
2460:. Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press. p. 88.
2326:National Centers for Environmental Information
4622:
4424:
3635:
2860:Eyewitness Tells How Armenians were Massacred
2736:Ahmet Hulki Saral, Turk Istikldl Harbi, 4:75.
1921:, 4,500 Turks were killed during the battle.
27:"Marash" redirects here. For other uses, see
8:
1433:Catholicossate of the Great House of Cilicia
1226:A statue in Kahramanmaraş Archaeology Museum
1218:A statue in Kahramanmaraş Archaeology Museum
2485:. Archaeopress Publishing Ltd. p. 39.
1463:rule, the city was initially the centre of
4995:Populated places in Kahramanmaraş Province
4629:
4615:
4607:
4431:
4417:
4409:
3750:
3642:
3628:
3620:
2660:Kehyayan, in Kaloustain, Marash, pp. 45-55
2307:(in Turkish). Meteoroloji Genel Müdürlüğü.
2301:"İllerimize Ait Genel İstatistik Verileri"
478:
374:
321:. The city lies on a plain at the foot of
40:
5025:Populated places destroyed by earthquakes
3610:Kahramanmaraş Official Government Website
3505:Minorities and nationalism in Turkish law
3317:
3307:
3052:. University of California Press, p. 41.
2393:Iron Age Hieroglyphic Luwian Inscriptions
2154:
2152:
1495:and on 15 September 1919, Prime Minister
1471:) and then an administrative centre of a
1234:Trabzon street, Kahramanmaraş city center
4651:
2137:Kahramanmaraş Sütçüimam University (KSU)
2000:- Byzantine emperor (717 - June 18, 741)
1936:
1764:
1365:for four days before it moved on to the
1229:
115:Location of Kahramanmaraş within Turkey.
3507:. Cultural Diversity and Law. Farnham:
3003:. Brussels: Société Belge de Libraire.
2909:Historique du 412 regiment d'injanterie
2148:
1683:In the years following the battle, the
244:
234:
217:
201:
193:
157:
122:
88:
70:
58:
3534:. Oxford University Press. p. 15.
3140:
3138:
2973:
2971:
2969:
2959:
2957:
2883:
2881:
2854:
2852:
2710:
2708:
4440:Metropolitan municipalities in Turkey
3079:
3077:
2921:
2919:
2917:
2842:
2840:
2838:
2797:
2795:
2793:
2746:
2744:
2742:
2682:
2680:
2670:
2668:
2666:
2614:
2612:
2610:
2592:
2590:
2588:
264:
206:
181:
169:
102:
7:
2232:
2230:
1187:Turkish State Meteorological Service
81:Emblem of Kahramanmaraş Municipality
3069:Documents on British Foreign Policy
1915:massacre of the Armenian population
3605:Kahramanmaraş Sütçüimam University
3477:Kerr, Stanley Elphinstone (1973).
3390:Kerr, Stanley Elphinstone (1973).
3015:Kerr, Stanley Elphinstone (1973).
2723:Pascal Maljian, in Naslian, ed., L
2639:Kerr, Stanley Elphinstone (1973).
2618:Kerr, Stanley Elphinstone (1973).
2596:Kerr, Stanley Elphinstone (1973).
2421:Cumhuriyet, 20 December 2010 p. 20
25:
4637:Largest cities or towns in Turkey
3615:Kahramanmaraş Town Office Website
3346:. Bickers & Son. p. 261.
2725:es memoires de Mgr. Jean Naslian,
1988:offers winter sports activities.
1375:it was destroyed by an earthquake
309:and the administrative centre of
4744:
4734:
4701:
4691:
3450:Akçam, Taner (2012), pp. 192-193
3048:Hovannisian, Richard G. (1971).
2949:La France en Syrie et en Cilicie
2506:Vandekerckhove, Dweezil (2019).
2096:
2078:witness to the Armenian Genocide
1369:. According to the Chronicle of
367:
101:
94:
75:
60:
3332:Kupferschmidt 1987, pp. 508–509
2582:Kupferschmidt 1987, pp. 508-509
2242:kahramanmaras.tarimorman.gov.tr
1253:Kurkuma). It was known as "the
3357:Jernazian, Ephraim K. (1990).
2562:Kupferschmidt, Uri M. (1987).
2533:Chronique de Matthieu d'Édesse
2435:. Cambridge University Press.
1:
3582:(in Turkish). 8 December 2021
1741:In February 2023, a powerful
1703:means "heroic" or “brave” in
1693:Turkish Medal of Independence
1647:an Armenian pastor recounted:
1423:, following the war with the
332:which had their epicentre in
330:2023 Turkey–Syria earthquakes
3112:Neither to Laugh Nor to Weep
2702::10.26650/iuturkiyat.665123.
4398:Metropolitan municipalities
3468:Akçam, Taner (2012), p. 357
3459:Akçam, Taner (2012), p. 306
3035:Sahakyan, Ruben G. (1970).
2767:Toplumsal tarih (Edition 3)
2481:Tonghini, Cristina (2021).
2431:Kim, Young Richard (2021).
2395:. Society of Biblical Lit.
2127:Dulkadiroğlu, Kahramanmaraş
1911:Turkish War of Independence
1678:Turkish War of Independence
1421:Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia
955:Average precipitation days
741:Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
601:Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
340:in Kahramanmaraş province.
5046:
5030:Capitals of former nations
4733:
4690:
3742:Districts of Kahramanmaraş
3428:Princeton University Press
3019:. SUNY Press, pp. 95–142.
2643:. SUNY Press, pp. 95–142.
2622:. SUNY Press, pp. 95–142.
2600:. SUNY Press, pp. 95–142.
2076:- American missionary and
1941:Maraş view from Seyir hill
1753:
1726:took place in the city. A
1664:The battle was won by the
1535:, Maras was controlled by
1285:
1192:
1184:
481:
198:568 m (1,864 ft)
26:
4649:
4446:
4394:
3753:
3749:
3726:
3214:Zürcher, Erik J. (2017).
2979:The Massacre Of Armenians
2058:- Turkish poet and writer
1711:Post Turkish Independence
1666:Turkish National Movement
1604:As Stanley Kerr recounts:
1435:. Marash was captured by
1429:Armenian Apostolic Church
1137:
1090:
1042:
998:
954:
880:
810:
740:
670:
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530:
525:
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489:
486:
298:
286:
123:
89:
71:
66:A view of the city center
59:
53:Metropolitan municipality
50:
3530:De Waal, Thomas (2015).
3239:"M 7.8 - Central Turkey"
3216:Turkey: A Modern History
2238:"Kahramanmaraş ve Tarım"
2191:(in Turkish). 2023-02-06
1927:7.8 magnitude earthquake
1743:7.8 magnitude earthquake
1397:retook it with aid from
1300:empires, probably after
266:[kahɾaˈmanmaɾaʃ]
3218:. I.B. Tauris. p. 267.
2989:(subscription required)
1576:clandestine cell system
1346:that at times included
29:Marash (disambiguation)
3743:
3733:
3652:Kahramanmaraş Province
3511:. pp. 88–89, 203–204.
3485:. Introduction, p. xxi
3195:Dokuz Eylül University
2999:Muré, Materne (1921).
2391:Payne, Annick (2012).
2370:Bryce, Trevor (2012).
2266:10.1038/sdata.2018.214
2083:Necmettin Hacıeminoğlu
1986:Yedikuyular Ski Resort
1976:
1942:
1750:Ecclesiastical history
1715:In December 1978, the
1695:(the other city being
1654:
1611:
1572:
1469:Eyalet of Zûlkâdiriyye
1413:
1324:First Council of Nicea
1235:
1227:
1219:
472:continental influences
311:Kahramanmaraş province
278:
262:Turkish pronunciation:
33:Maraş (disambiguation)
5015:Roman sites in Turkey
4269:Central East Anatolia
3741:
3732:
3503:Bayır, Derya (2013).
3398:. Introduction, p. xx
2686:Nejla, Günay (2019).
2512:. BRILL. p. 27.
2056:Necip Fazıl Kısakürek
2046:- Turkish businessman
1971:
1940:
1736:military coup in 1980
1649:
1606:
1568:
1412:Panorama view (c1875)
1411:
1344:Philaretos Brachamios
1292:) in the time of the
1233:
1225:
1217:
452:Mediterranean climate
3430:. pp. 188–189.
3342:Sykes, Mark (1904).
2938:, pp. 124-26,Annex 4
2936:Operations au Levant
2692:Journal of Turkology
1640:Armenian Evangelical
1527:The Battle of Marash
531:Record high °C (°F)
450:Kahramanmaraş has a
303:Mediterranean region
301:), is a city in the
3243:earthquake.usgs.gov
3110:Abraham Hartunian,
3071:, vol. vii, p. 303.
2987:. 28 February 1920.
2947:Gustave Gautherot,
2866:. 29 February 1920.
2812:Turk Istiklal Harbi
2456:Bat, Ye'or (1996).
2412:Bryce 2012, p. 128.
1900:Muslim conscription
1728:Turkish nationalist
1628:Sütçü İmam incident
1595:Armistice of Mudros
1560:Sütçü İmam incident
1545:Armistice of Mudros
1517:artillery batteries
1485:Muslim conscription
1278:Germanicia Caesarea
1261:inhabitants and as
1251:Hieroglyphic Luwian
999:Average snowy days
811:Record low °C (°F)
671:Daily mean °C (°F)
139: /
4326:Southeast Anatolia
4219:Northeast Anatolia
3744:
3734:
3509:Ashgate Publishing
3083:Kerr 1973, p. 196.
2864:The New York Times
2050:Soner Sarikabadayi
1977:
1943:
1685:Treaty of Lausanne
1674:Franco-Turkish War
1636:Armenian Apostolic
1543:troops, after the
1501:Georges Clemenceau
1497:David Lloyd George
1465:Eyalet of Dulkadir
1414:
1389:in 1103. In 1107,
1385:, followed by the
1244:Syro-Hittite state
1236:
1228:
1220:
247:Licence plate
4977:
4976:
4972:
4971:
4604:
4603:
4406:
4405:
4401:
4390:
4389:
3650:Kahramanmaraş in
3517:978-1-4094-7254-4
3437:978-0-691-15333-9
3309:10.3390/s23146342
3224:978-1-78673-183-8
3132:Kerr 1973, p. 159
3123:Kerr 1973, p. 176
3101:Kerr 1973, p. 154
3092:Kerr 1973, p. 153
3058:978-0-520-01805-1
3025:978-0-87395-200-2
2963:Kerr 1973, p. 150
2897:978-1-56859-154-4
2649:978-0-87395-200-2
2628:978-0-87395-200-2
2401:978-1-58983-658-7
2380:978-0-19-921872-1
2164:citypopulation.de
1973:Turkish Ice Cream
1887:
1886:
1756:Diocese of Marash
1477:Vilayet of Aleppo
1371:Matthew of Edessa
1276:Maraş was called
1201:
1200:
1045:relative humidity
255:
254:
143:37.583°N 36.933°E
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4052:Central Anatolia
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2925:Kerr 1973, p. 63
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2889:Armenian Cilicia
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2875:Kerr 1973, p. 99
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2566:. Brill, p. 508
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2085:, Turkish writer
2052:- Turkish singer
1765:
1689:Turkish Republic
1549:Erzurum Congress
1437:Al-Ashraf Khalil
1403:Cilician Armenia
1367:Siege of Antioch
1287:
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3191:"Kahramanmaras"
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2074:George E. White
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1994:
1992:Notable natives
1982:
1959:Ferah Pastanesi
1951:Yaşar Pastanesi
1935:
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1713:
1533:First World War
1529:
1521:carrier pigeons
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1427:. Served by an
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4172:East Black Sea
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4159:
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4149:
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4107:West Black Sea
4103:
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3841:Afyonkarahisar
3837:
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3599:External links
3597:
3594:
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3522:
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3496:
3487:
3481:. SUNY Press.
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3409:
3400:
3394:. SUNY Press.
3383:
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3182:
3163:(4): 513–552.
3157:World Politics
3147:
3145:Massachusetts.
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2382:, pp. 125-128.
2374:. OUP Oxford.
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2044:Serdar Bilgili
2041:
2035:
2029:
2023:
2017:
2014:Gülbahar Hatun
2011:
2006:- 5th century
2001:
1993:
1990:
1981:
1978:
1934:
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1754:Main article:
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1717:Maraş Massacre
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1505:Ferdinand Foch
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1140:sunshine hours
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4990:Kahramanmaraş
4988:
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4536:Kahramanmaraş
4534:
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4323:
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4307:
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4055:
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4038:
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4033:
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4030:
4029:Kahramanmaraş
4026:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4018:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4006:
4002:
4000:
3999:
3995:
3994:
3992:
3990:
3989:Mediterranean
3986:
3980:
3979:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3967:
3963:
3962:
3960:
3958:
3957:West Anatolia
3954:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3942:
3938:
3936:
3935:
3931:
3929:
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3924:
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3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
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3797:
3796:
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3792:
3788:
3782:
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3777:
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3774:
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3759:
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3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3680:Çağlayancerit
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3667:
3665:
3661:
3657:
3653:
3645:
3640:
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3608:
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3598:
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3533:
3526:
3523:
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3506:
3500:
3497:
3491:
3488:
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3474:
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3453:
3447:
3444:
3439:
3433:
3429:
3425:
3424:
3419:
3413:
3410:
3404:
3401:
3397:
3393:
3387:
3384:
3372:
3370:9781412827027
3366:
3362:
3361:
3353:
3350:
3345:
3338:
3335:
3329:
3326:
3320:
3315:
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3297:
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3257:
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3211:
3208:
3196:
3192:
3186:
3183:
3178:
3174:
3170:
3166:
3162:
3158:
3151:
3148:
3141:
3139:
3135:
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3126:
3120:
3117:
3113:
3107:
3104:
3098:
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2784:
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2775:
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2768:
2763:
2760:
2756:
2755:
2750:(in Turkish)
2747:
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2589:
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2579:
2576:
2573:
2572:9789004079298
2569:
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2534:
2529:
2526:
2521:
2519:9789004417410
2515:
2511:
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2494:
2492:9781789697575
2488:
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2477:
2474:
2469:
2467:9780838636886
2463:
2459:
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2442:9781108427746
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2110:
2109:
2105:
2104:Turkey portal
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2042:
2039:
2036:
2033:
2032:Ben Bagdikian
2030:
2027:
2024:
2021:
2018:
2015:
2012:
2009:
2005:
2002:
1999:
1996:
1995:
1991:
1989:
1987:
1979:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1965:in Turkish).
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1939:
1932:
1930:
1928:
1922:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1907:
1905:
1904:World War One
1901:
1895:
1892:
1882:
1879:
1878:
1874:
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1870:
1866:
1863:
1862:
1858:
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1660:
1653:
1648:
1644:
1641:
1637:
1631:
1629:
1625:
1619:
1617:
1610:
1605:
1602:
1598:
1596:
1590:
1588:
1584:
1583:melee weapons
1579:
1577:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1561:
1556:
1554:
1553:Mustafa Kemal
1550:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1526:
1524:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1511:, 20 cavalry
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1492:
1490:
1489:World War One
1486:
1480:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1467:(also called
1466:
1462:
1455:Modern period
1454:
1452:
1448:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1410:
1406:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1363:First Crusade
1360:
1355:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1313:
1311:
1309:
1308:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1283:
1282:Ancient Greek
1279:
1274:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1245:
1241:
1238:In the early
1232:
1224:
1216:
1210:Early history
1209:
1204:
1196:
1191:
1188:
1183:
1179:
1176:
1173:
1170:
1167:
1164:
1161:
1158:
1155:
1152:
1149:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1136:
1132:
1129:
1126:
1123:
1120:
1117:
1114:
1111:
1108:
1105:
1102:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1091:Mean monthly
1089:
1085:
1082:
1079:
1076:
1073:
1070:
1067:
1064:
1061:
1058:
1055:
1052:
1049:
1046:
1041:
1037:
1034:
1031:
1028:
1025:
1022:
1019:
1016:
1013:
1010:
1007:
1004:
1001:
997:
993:
990:
987:
984:
981:
978:
975:
972:
969:
966:
963:
960:
957:
953:
947:
942:
937:
932:
927:
922:
917:
912:
907:
902:
897:
892:
887:
884:
883:precipitation
879:
873:
868:
863:
858:
853:
848:
843:
838:
833:
828:
823:
818:
813:
809:
803:
798:
793:
788:
783:
778:
773:
768:
763:
758:
753:
748:
743:
739:
733:
728:
723:
718:
713:
708:
703:
698:
693:
688:
683:
678:
673:
669:
663:
658:
653:
648:
643:
638:
633:
628:
623:
618:
613:
608:
603:
599:
593:
588:
583:
578:
573:
568:
563:
558:
553:
548:
543:
538:
533:
529:
485:
480:
476:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
441:
433:
430:
422:
419:
411:
408:
400:
397:
389:
388:
384:
377:
370:
359:
357:
355:
351:
343:
341:
339:
335:
331:
326:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
296:
292:
284:
280:
276:
272:
267:
259:
258:Kahramanmaraş
250:
248:
240:
238:
230:
226:
223:
221:
213:
211:
208: •
197:
190:
189:Kahramanmaraş
187:
185:
178:
177:Mediterranean
175:
173:
166:
163:
161:
152:
124:Coordinates:
109:Kahramanmaraş
97:
78:
63:
54:
49:
45:Kahramanmaraş
42:
34:
30:
19:
4374:
4362:
4350:
4343:
4313:
4296:
4246:
4206:
4194:
4144:
4064:
4034:
4027:
4015:
4003:
3996:
3976:
3964:
3939:
3932:
3925:
3913:
3896:East Marmara
3878:
3871:
3859:
3852:
3845:
3820:
3798:
3791:West Marmara
3778:
3755:
3685:Dulkadiroğlu
3584:. Retrieved
3577:
3568:
3558:19 September
3556:. Retrieved
3540:
3531:
3525:
3504:
3499:
3490:
3478:
3473:
3464:
3455:
3446:
3422:
3418:Akçam, Taner
3412:
3403:
3391:
3386:
3376:24 September
3374:. Retrieved
3359:
3352:
3343:
3337:
3328:
3302:(14): 6342.
3299:
3295:
3285:
3275:February 10,
3273:. Retrieved
3269:The Guardian
3268:
3259:
3247:. Retrieved
3242:
3215:
3210:
3198:. Retrieved
3185:
3160:
3156:
3150:
3128:
3119:
3114:, pp. 145-46
3111:
3106:
3097:
3088:
3068:
3064:
3049:
3044:
3036:
3031:
3016:
3011:
3000:
2995:
2982:
2948:
2943:
2935:
2930:
2908:
2903:
2888:
2871:
2863:
2828:
2819:
2811:
2806:
2783:
2774:
2766:
2762:
2751:
2732:
2724:
2719:
2698:(1): 47–74.
2695:
2691:
2656:
2640:
2635:
2619:
2597:
2578:
2563:
2558:
2549:
2540:
2535:, p. 287-90.
2528:
2508:
2501:
2482:
2476:
2457:
2451:
2432:
2426:
2417:
2408:
2392:
2387:
2371:
2366:
2354:. Retrieved
2350:
2341:
2329:. Retrieved
2313:
2304:
2295:
2283:. Retrieved
2273:
2256:
2245:. Retrieved
2241:
2218:. Retrieved
2216:. 2023-02-09
2213:
2204:
2193:. Retrieved
2188:
2179:
2167:. Retrieved
2163:
2068:Şeref Eroğlu
2020:Veysi Kaynak
1983:
1944:
1923:
1908:
1896:
1888:
1761:Demographics
1740:
1714:
1700:
1682:
1663:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1632:
1624:Stanley Kerr
1620:
1612:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1591:
1580:
1573:
1569:
1564:
1557:
1530:
1493:
1481:
1458:
1449:
1417:Kaykhusraw I
1415:
1356:
1317:
1305:
1289:
1277:
1275:
1262:
1254:
1237:
885:mm (inches)
467:
459:
449:
350:Ceyhan River
347:
327:
314:
290:
270:
257:
256:
4400:are bolded.
3586:21 February
3249:February 6,
3005:(in French)
2117:Cilicia War
2062:Hasibe Eren
2038:Emine Hatun
1925:a powerful
1909:During the
1771:Population
1732:Grey Wolves
1730:group, the
1587:gendarmerie
1383:Danishmends
1290:Germanikeia
1286:Γερμανίκεια
1138:Mean daily
299:Γερμανίκεια
146: /
4984:Categories
4968:1,127,612
4944:1,161,702
4920:1,167,059
4896:1,273,519
4872:1,377,546
4848:1,445,683
4824:1,475,716
4800:1,544,640
4776:1,818,133
4772:Diyarbakır
4731:1,938,389
4720:15,655,924
4486:Diyarbakır
4345:Diyarbakır
3816:Kırklareli
3710:Onikişubat
2934:M.Abadie,
2907:Thibault,
2305:mgm.gov.tr
2247:2023-03-08
2220:2023-02-10
2195:2023-02-09
2169:23 January
2143:References
2132:Onikişubat
2026:Mahir Ünal
1891:Mark Sykes
1670:Onikişubat
1638:and three
1531:After the
1509:battalions
1307:Cumhuriyet
1302:Germanicus
1193:Source 2:
1185:Source 1:
323:Mount Ahır
291:Germanicea
203:Population
4957:2,102,907
4933:2,164,134
4929:Gaziantep
4909:2,213,964
4905:Şanlıurfa
4892:Balıkesir
4885:2,270,298
4861:2,320,241
4837:2,696,249
4813:3,214,571
4789:4,479,525
4765:5,803,482
4581:Şanlıurfa
4501:Gaziantep
4496:Eskişehir
4471:Balıkesir
4376:Şanlıurfa
4352:Gaziantep
4190:Gümüşhane
4162:Zonguldak
4140:Kastamonu
4072:Kırıkkale
3927:Eskişehir
3806:Çanakkale
3800:Balıkesir
3758:provinces
3663:Districts
3579:TRT Haber
2984:The Times
2814:, 4:90-91
2351:meteomanz
2122:Domuztepe
2008:religious
2004:Nestorius
1889:In 1904,
1513:squadrons
1447:in 1304.
1441:Hethum II
1425:Ilkhanate
1391:Crusaders
1340:Armenians
1336:Palestine
1328:al-Mansur
1298:Byzantine
1267:Assyrians
1257:" to its
464:Trewartha
344:Geography
237:Area code
220:Time zone
195:Elevation
4916:Tekirdağ
4716:Istanbul
4698:Istanbul
4586:Tekirdağ
4511:İstanbul
4334:Adıyaman
4242:Erzincan
4082:Nevşehir
4077:Kırşehir
4042:Osmaniye
3822:Tekirdağ
3780:Istanbul
3771:Istanbul
3756:List of
3720:Türkoğlu
3715:Pazarcık
3695:Elbistan
3420:(2012).
3319:10385665
2951:, p. 135
2911:, p. 242
2727:2:276-77
2331:2 August
2214:BBC News
2090:See also
1963:dondurma
1933:Industry
1883:559,873
1875:513,582
1867:458,860
1859:399,783
1851:178,557
1843:110,761
1701:Kahraman
1616:kerosene
1271:Assyrian
1240:Iron Age
1133:2,423.9
1043:Average
950:(29.56)
881:Average
596:(117.0)
581:(101.5)
576:(108.5)
571:(117.0)
566:(113.4)
561:(107.6)
556:(102.7)
338:Elbistan
334:Pazarcık
315:kahraman
283:Armenian
184:Province
4953:Kocaeli
4844:Kayseri
4833:Antalya
4591:Trabzon
4571:Sakarya
4541:Malatya
4526:Kocaeli
4521:Kayseri
4491:Erzurum
4481:Denizli
4461:Antalya
4309:Tunceli
4298:Malatya
4292:Hakkâri
4248:Erzurum
4237:Bayburt
4232:Ardahan
4208:Trabzon
4185:Giresun
4135:Karabük
4125:Çankırı
4066:Kayseri
4060:Aksaray
4023:Isparta
4005:Antalya
3972:Karaman
3941:Sakarya
3934:Kocaeli
3904:Bilecik
3867:Kütahya
3854:Denizli
3690:Ekinözü
3675:Andırın
3296:Sensors
3200:6 March
3177:2009591
2810:Saral,
2651:. p. 41
2630:. p. 19
2604:. p. 18
2403:, p. 7.
2356:15 July
1998:Leo III
1835:54,447
1827:34,641
1819:33,104
1811:27,744
1803:25,672
1795:32,700
1787:13,500
1721:leftist
1705:Turkish
1697:İnebolu
1537:British
1515:and 14
1475:in the
1461:Ottoman
1459:During
1445:Mamluks
1399:Toros I
1395:Tancred
1393:led by
1387:Seljuks
1348:Antioch
1265:to the
1205:History
945:(4.98)
940:(3.52)
935:(1.78)
930:(0.68)
925:(0.07)
920:(0.09)
915:(0.27)
910:(1.68)
905:(2.94)
900:(3.77)
895:(4.65)
890:(5.13)
876:(14.7)
871:(18.3)
866:(24.1)
861:(32.0)
856:(39.2)
851:(54.5)
846:(54.3)
841:(43.9)
836:(40.5)
831:(28.8)
826:(18.3)
821:(14.7)
816:(15.8)
806:(53.8)
801:(38.5)
796:(45.3)
791:(56.8)
786:(66.6)
781:(73.4)
776:(73.0)
771:(67.1)
766:(58.6)
761:(50.5)
756:(43.3)
751:(36.9)
746:(35.4)
736:(63.0)
731:(44.4)
726:(53.2)
721:(67.3)
716:(78.1)
711:(84.6)
706:(84.0)
701:(78.3)
696:(69.1)
691:(60.1)
686:(51.8)
681:(44.1)
676:(41.4)
666:(74.3)
661:(52.3)
656:(64.0)
651:(79.9)
646:(91.6)
641:(98.4)
636:(97.7)
631:(91.0)
626:(81.3)
621:(71.2)
616:(61.7)
611:(52.9)
606:(49.1)
591:(75.2)
586:(85.3)
551:(96.8)
546:(85.6)
541:(77.5)
536:(65.7)
470:) with
360:Climate
275:Turkish
214:571,266
160:Country
134:36°56′E
131:37°35′N
4868:Samsun
4820:Manisa
4761:Ankara
4727:Mersin
4708:Ankara
4576:Samsun
4556:Mersin
4551:Mardin
4546:Manisa
4456:Ankara
4382:Şırnak
4364:Mardin
4339:Batman
4287:Elazığ
4282:Bitlis
4277:Bingöl
4180:Artvin
4146:Samsun
4120:Bartın
4115:Amasya
4097:Yozgat
4036:Mersin
4011:Burdur
3966:Ankara
3947:Yalova
3873:Manisa
3833:Aegean
3811:Edirne
3762:region
3705:Nurhak
3700:Göksun
3656:Turkey
3434:
3367:
3316:
3245:. USGS
3222:
3175:
3056:
3023:
2895:
2647:
2626:
2570:
2516:
2489:
2464:
2439:
2399:
2378:
2285:6 July
2010:leader
1980:Sports
1784:1564–5
1779:7,500
1776:1525–6
1724:Alevis
1541:French
1473:sanjak
1379:Mareri
1359:Tatoul
1352:Edessa
1320:eparch
1263:Marqas
1259:Luwian
1247:Gurgum
1127:135.0
1124:198.4
1121:252.0
1118:297.6
1115:319.3
1112:297.0
1109:248.0
1106:195.0
1103:164.3
1100:115.8
1097:102.3
961:10.07
958:10.77
487:Month
456:Köppen
438:
436:
427:
425:
416:
414:
405:
403:
394:
392:
307:Turkey
289:) and
271:Marash
172:Region
165:Turkey
18:Marqas
4940:Aydın
4881:Adana
4857:Konya
4809:Bursa
4796:Hatay
4785:İzmir
4751:Bursa
4741:İzmir
4561:Muğla
4531:Konya
4516:İzmir
4506:Hatay
4476:Bursa
4466:Aydın
4451:Adana
4370:Siirt
4358:Kilis
4254:Iğdır
4157:Tokat
4152:Sinop
4130:Çorum
4092:Sivas
4087:Niğde
4017:Hatay
3998:Adana
3978:Konya
3921:Düzce
3915:Bursa
3880:Muğla
3861:İzmir
3847:Aydın
3670:Afşin
3549:(XLS)
3173:JSTOR
2322:(CSV)
1768:Year
1332:Ramla
1294:Roman
1162:10.3
1130:99.2
1086:58.0
1083:71.0
1080:63.1
1077:54.4
1074:49.3
1071:51.5
1068:50.3
1065:49.6
1062:54.6
1059:57.4
1056:59.3
1053:65.5
1050:70.1
994:76.4
991:9.23
988:7.20
985:6.40
982:2.47
979:0.77
976:0.50
973:2.10
970:7.23
967:9.73
964:9.90
948:750.9
943:126.4
893:118.0
888:130.2
526:Year
295:Greek
287:Մարաշ
279:Maraş
225:UTC+3
210:Urban
4683:Pop.
4678:Name
4673:Rank
4668:Pop.
4663:Name
4658:Rank
4641:TÜİK
4566:Ordu
4259:Kars
4227:Ağrı
4202:Rize
4196:Ordu
3909:Bolu
3886:Uşak
3588:2022
3560:2023
3553:TÜİK
3513:ISBN
3483:ISBN
3432:ISBN
3396:ISBN
3378:2022
3365:ISBN
3277:2023
3251:2023
3220:ISBN
3202:2014
3054:ISBN
3021:ISBN
2893:ISBN
2645:ISBN
2624:ISBN
2602:ISBN
2568:ISBN
2514:ISBN
2487:ISBN
2462:ISBN
2437:ISBN
2397:ISBN
2376:ISBN
2358:2024
2333:2023
2287:2021
2171:2024
1957:and
1947:MADO
1902:for
1880:2021
1872:2017
1864:2013
1856:2009
1848:1980
1840:1970
1832:1960
1824:1950
1816:1945
1808:1940
1800:1927
1792:1914
1566:vow:
1558:The
1487:for
1350:and
1296:and
1195:NOAA
1180:6.6
1177:3.2
1174:4.5
1171:6.4
1168:8.4
1165:9.6
1159:9.9
1156:8.0
1153:6.5
1150:5.3
1147:4.1
1144:3.3
1047:(%)
1038:3.8
1035:0.1
1008:0.3
1005:0.8
1002:2.6
938:89.5
933:45.3
928:17.3
908:42.7
903:74.6
898:95.8
874:−9.6
869:−7.6
864:−4.4
849:12.5
844:12.4
829:−1.8
824:−7.6
819:−9.6
814:−9.0
804:12.1
789:13.8
784:19.2
779:23.0
774:22.8
769:19.5
764:14.8
759:10.3
734:17.2
724:11.8
719:19.6
714:25.6
709:29.2
704:28.9
699:25.7
694:20.6
689:15.6
684:11.0
664:23.5
659:11.3
654:17.8
649:26.6
644:33.1
639:36.9
634:36.5
629:32.8
624:27.4
619:21.8
614:16.5
609:11.6
594:47.2
589:24.0
584:29.6
579:38.6
574:42.5
569:47.2
564:45.2
559:42.0
554:39.3
549:36.0
544:29.8
539:25.3
534:18.7
523:Dec
520:Nov
517:Oct
514:Sep
511:Aug
508:Jul
505:Jun
502:May
499:Apr
496:Mar
493:Feb
490:Jan
336:and
241:0344
31:and
4964:Van
4596:Van
4315:Van
4304:Muş
3760:by
3654:of
3314:PMC
3304:doi
3165:doi
2981:."
2862:."
2700:doi
2262:DOI
1955:EDO
1719:of
1401:of
1334:in
923:1.9
918:2.4
913:6.8
859:0.0
854:4.0
839:6.6
834:4.7
799:3.6
794:7.4
754:6.3
749:2.7
744:1.9
729:6.9
679:6.7
674:5.2
604:9.5
460:Csa
440:Dsc
429:Dsb
418:Dsa
407:Csa
396:BSk
305:of
229:TRT
4986::
4960:20
4949:10
4936:19
4912:18
4888:17
4864:16
4840:15
4816:14
4792:13
4768:12
4723:11
3576:.
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